SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:REASONS AND FAILURES

V. Sivanandan Achari

Waste management requires a concerted chain of activities starting fromservices to segregation at point of generation, transport, treatment, landfill,and disposal of refuse. Major source of solid wastes are residual materialsfrom homes, cumulative aggregation of all from municipal and commercialestablishments and industrial firms. Hazardous wastes, mainly processgenerated and medical wastes form a chunk of profit oriented disposal burdenof the society. Regarding industries, management has to follow a set ofstrict code of practical procedures to deal with hazardous wastes beinggenerated and stringent regulations are imposed upon them time to time inthe form of Central Pollution Control Board and Ministry of Environmentand Forest Regulations. The Indian society by virtue of habit adapted tofollow poor manufacturing and management practices could not always ableto cope with these regulations.

Constitutional scripts read responsibility for community health is entrustedwith the local bodies. Hence, they have committed duties to maintain thenetwork of sewerages, the disposal of wastes and other activities related tothe overall development of the township. Known and practiced health caringhas been the cleaning of the street litter transporting the piled to the suburbanland to fill with urban leftovers at the expense of the tax paid by the wardmembers.

Wastes generated from communities is all due to the limited specialrequirement of the citizens settled in the narrow lanes and bylines of thecities who came in search of better opportunities by a slow migration —displacement mechanism evolved as a part of development through decades.There is no other way for them to move to the street corners in the darknessto dispose, other than to smell the ripening of the residuals in the living flathabitats. Off course, we pay annual taxes to the local bodies, being theorganization is our health caretaker, legal authority to maintain the betterliving standards of the citizens struggles with the conventional land fillingstrategy for a deteriorating environmental status.

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This article is forming part of the book Solid waste management : challenges and prospects Ed. By K Sreekumar published by Cochin University Union in 2005.

vsachari@cusat.ac.in vsachari@gmail.com

Solid Waste management : Challenges and Prospects

Current disposal practiced everywhere in India is a hard example of thepity of the state of solid waste management lacked by a solid managementsystem and national policy accepted and adopted by all. It becomes aresponsibility of the individual rather than the commitment of agencies tolimit the generation of the wastes. Because we do, you suffer policy can nolonger survive in the changed scenario, where the extinct of the societies isthe core of all the futuristic predictions as the living conditions are worstedby harm made to the blue globe by non conservative living practices.

Cochin is not at all an exemption; as shoreline features with estuarinearms that surrounds the water logged marshy land of very high water tablecharacterize this strip of port city in the southwest. Land filling is a totalfailure in this climatic zone as the leachates can immediately transfer theharmful liquor flows enriched with, high organic carbon residuals, heavymetal hydrates, toxic aromatics consisting persistent to xenotoxins, as wellas microbial biomass. The Liquor could do better modification of the aquaticenvironment as the filling stations in the wetland are classified revenue ofthe already polluted estuarine system.

Biomedical waste generated from the over 40 hospitals, mostly find theirways to the common burial plains along the common household wastes asdiluent. Few of the multi specialties have the treatment facilities, but therewont be any guarantee at the crucial part of the final safe disposal to theland, where the quality of the refuse should be according to the acceptedlimit. Operational and maintenance costs of waste treament plants are treatedas an unnecessary part of the investment as if waste doesn't bring any profit.In these days of critical thinking for a global renaissance for a better livingfor the generations to come the primary conservation of natural resourcesbecome the fundamental right of every individual and nations they represent.

Environmental Protection Act (1986) induced the importance ofcommunity healthcare and sustainable survival on the basis of a better-preserved environment and natural resources. Altogether, the prime aim toavoid causes of risks to people's health is the foundation for the sharedresponsibility. Ultimate water scarcity and contamination of ground waterresources has been the basic instinct for safe solid waste management.

Biomedical Waste Handling Rule (1998) defines any waste as Biomedicalwaste generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beingsor animals or in research activities pertaining there to or in the production or

testing of biological including categorisaid Rules imposed an additional safegiin Rule 3(5). Rule identifies categoriestype and nature of origin.

Category No. 1 All anatomical materialsappropriate containers of

Category No. 2 Animal anatomical wast,

Category No. 3 All organic wastes to sp(generation for further pr,in Yellow bags for disin

Category No. 4 Waste sharps: different Ireuse

Category No. 5 Discarded medicines ambags — for disposal by loafter chemical treatment

Category No. 6 Body fluids to be transfcwastes contaminated witand disposal along with

Category No. 7 Wastes generated from csharps: Red bags — for cmunicipal wastes. Itemstion are to be collected i

Category No. 8 Liquid wastes (wastes gicleaning, house keeping

Category No. 9 Incineration ash — not pi

Category No.10 Chemical wastes (Solid)chemical treatment andlandfill along with muni

Category No.10 Chemical wastes (Liquit

Note : There are some general wastes, whichAll these wastes, which can be disposebe collected in Black bags.

Color-coding based segregations are pmanagement as per the national guide]the practice being they are" purely goifacilities of social welfare.

t;1> 92 q> 93

Solid Waste Management : Challenges and Prospects

verywhere in India is a hard example of thenanagement lacked by a solid managementcepted and adopted by all. It becomes arather than the commitment of agencies to;s. Because we do, you suffer policy can noenario, where the extinct of the societies isictions as the living conditions are worstedby non conservative living practices.

iption; as shoreline features with estuarineIgged marshy land of very high water tablety in the southwest. Land filling is a total:he leachates can immediately transfer thevith, high organic carbon residuals, heavy:onsisting persistent to xenotoxins, as well-could do better modification of the aquaticns in the wetland are classified revenue ofstem.

rpm the over 40 hospitals, mostly find theiris along the common household wastes asies have the treatment facilities, but there-ucial part of the final safe disposal to thefuse should be according to the accepted:e costs of waste treament plants are treatedstment as if waste doesn't bring any profit.for a global renaissance for a better living∎ rimary conservation of natural resourcesvery individual and nations they represent.

Act (1986) induced the importance ofinable survival on the basis of a better-11 resources. Altogether, the prime aim to

health is the foundation for the shared[rcity and contamination of ground waterlet for safe solid waste management.

Ile (1998) defines any waste as Biomedicalreatment or immunization of human beingspertaining there to or in the production or

testing of biological including categories mentioned in Schedule 1 of thesaid Rules imposed an additional safeguard from waste of health activitiesin Rule 3(5). Rule identifies categories of solid for disposal based on thetype and nature of origin.

Category No. 1 All anatomical materials are to be immediately transferred toappropriate containers on generation for further processing

Category No. 2 Animal anatomical waste — not considered

Category No. 3 All organic wastes to special containers immediately ongeneration for further processing. Inorganic dishes & devicesin Yellow bags for disinfection and reuse.

Category No. 4 Waste sharps: different Blue bags for disinfection & recycling/reuse

Category No. 5 Discarded medicines and Cytotoxic drugs: Collected in Blackbags — for disposal by land fill along with municipal wastesafter chemical treatment.

Category No. 6 Body fluids to be transferred to special containers. Otherwastes contaminated with blood: Yellow bag for disinfectionand disposal along with municipal wastes

Category No. 7 Wastes generated from disposable items other than wastesharps: Red bags — for disinfection and disposal along withmunicipal wastes. Items which are to be reused after disinfec-tion are to be collected in White bags.

Category No. 8 Liquid wastes (wastes generated from laboratory, washing,cleaning, house keeping and disinfecting activities.)

Category No. 9 Incineration ash — not produced

Category No.10 Chemical wastes (Solid) — collected in Black bags — forchemical treatment and appropriate disposal / disposal bylandfill along with municipal wastes.

Category No.10 Chemical wastes (Liquid) liquid wastes

Note : There are some general wastes, which are not infectious like canteen wastes etc.All these wastes, which can be disposed off along with Municipal wastes, are tobe collected in Black bags.

Color-coding based segregations are practiced by hospitals for the bettermanagement as per the national guidelines. Government hospitals has yet to startthe practice being they are" purely governmental" in functioning within poorfacilities of social welfare.

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Solid Waste Management :

TABLE 1. Recommended Collection of Biomedical sold wastes:Waste category-wise

Colour Coding Waste Category 'Treatment/ Disposal options

Yellow bags Inorganic part of category 3wastes, wastes under category6 contaminated with blood

For disinfectionand re-uses

Blue bags Category 4 waste sharp For disinfection andrecycling / reuse

Black bags Category 5 : discardedmedicines, cytotoxic drugs

For disposal with municipalwaste by land fill afterchemical treatment

Red bags Category 7: Wastes generatedfrom items other than wastesharps

For disinfection anddisposal along withmunicipal wastes

White bags Reusable glass syringes,slides, test tube etc. underCategory 7

For disinfection andre-use

Black bags Category 10 sold part :chemical wastes

For chemical treatmentand disposal by land fillalong with municipal waste

Note: Category — 1 materials are to be transferred to appropriate reactors for

processing; Category — 2 — animal wastes — not considered; Category — 3 —organic wastes to be transferred to appropriate reactors for processing;Category — 8 — liquid wastes; Category — 9 — Incineration ash — notproduced; Category — 10 (liquid part) — liquid wastes.

Reduction of waste generated in any kind of establishment, production,marketing and research facilities requires implementation of certain of codeof practices. Change of living standards, fancy to packed materials with deco-rative printing, shifts of food habits from vegetarian to animal food as costsmeans quality, mobility of the society, promotion of tourism as additionalrevenue, identification of drinking water as product, and subsequent evolu-tion of packed beverages aggravated the accumulation of residuals. Ulti-mately, piling of plastics, fibers, metals, paints, and other materials of min-eral as well as organic origin become a threat to societies.

Challenges and Prospects

Source Reduction

Limited use of essential materials againg is identified as a working managem(many of the success ful practices,

Restrictions as a measure to avoiof methods that are less wasteftwaste.

Recyclable products. Use materisite or off site.

Good management and controluseful items of consumables forchemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Classified wastes. Careful segrerial into different categories toquantity".

Small amounts of chemicals or anyeasily and cheaply. The requirement of specfor large quantities. Waste minimizationhas to spend only less amount for cost fiposal of waste becomes as a domestic cbags to the collection yard to practice didilapidated bin or the marked rotten corn

Segregation and recycling has not belrecently for the common solid wastes .Inproduct that is purchasable and hospital:strictly followed at least in the standardwaste recycling has been limited to the r,used in processing X-ray films, as they kand valuable. Metals, paper, glass and plaand their recovery can contribute toward!

Recycling is an important option, as itnate disposal methods. The cost of recyclmaterial are economically viable. Every)cies, co-ordination, better management IEstablishment of a national policy and le,

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Solid Waste Management :

Collection of Biomedical sold wastes:e category-wise

Category Treatment/ Disposal options

)f category 3under categorywith blood

For disinfectionand re-uses

ste sharp For disinfection andrecycling / reuse

;cardedtoxic drugs

For disposal with municipalwaste by land fill afterchemical treatment

Lstes generated:r than waste

For disinfection anddisposal along withmunicipal wastes

syringes,etc. under

For disinfection andre-use

Id part :s

For chemical treatmentand disposal by land fillalong with municipal waste

to be transferred to appropriate reactors for

animal wastes — not considered; Category — 3 —

'erred to appropriate reactors for processing;

:.s; Category — 9 — Incineration ash — not

liquid part) — liquid wastes.

d in any kind of establishment, production,requires implementation of certain of code

idards, fancy to packed materials with deco->its from vegetarian to animal food as costsociety, promotion of tourism as additionalig water as product, and subsequent evolu-ivated the accumulation of residuals. Ulti-metals, paints, and other materials of min-

:,ome a threat to societies.

Challenges and Prospects

Source Reduction

Limited use of essential materials against the lavish purchase and dump-ing is identified as a working management tool. This is possible adoptingmany of the success ful practices,

Restrictions as a measure to avoid purchase of supplies or selectionof methods that are less wasteful otherwise generate less harmfulwaste.

Recyclable products. Use material that may be recycled either on-site or off site.

Good management and control practices. The purchase of onlyuseful items of consumables for the requirement, minimum use ofchemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Classified wastes. Careful segregation (separation) of waste mate-rial into different categories to minimize the "problems substance

quantity".

Small amounts of chemicals or any similar substance can be disposedeasily and cheaply. The requirement of special treatment is only recommendedfor large quantities. Waste minimization benefits the producer (of waste),has to spend only less amount for cost (a balanced budgetary living). Dis-posal of waste becomes as a domestic official duty to take out polythenebags to the collection yard to practice the trajectory of throw to the rusteddilapidated bin or the marked rotten corners.

Segregation and recycling has not been much-practiced world wide tillrecently for the common solid wastes .In health care industries (Health is aproduct that is purchasable and hospitals are health processing units!) it isstrictly followed at least in the standard hospital of repute. Many placeswaste recycling has been limited to the recovery of silver from fixing bathused in processing X-ray films, as they know that silver is a semi- preciousand valuable. Metals, paper, glass and plastics form major columns of wasteand their recovery can contribute towards savings.

Recycling is an important option, as it reduces the costs of finding alter-nate disposal methods. The cost of recycling process and value of reclaimedmaterial are economically viable. Everywhere, the generation of new poli-cies, co-ordination, better management practices are implemented locally.Establishment of a national policy and legal framework, training of person-

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Solid Waste Management :

nel are the essential requirement for concerted and dedicated development.Above all, raising public awareness is the processing center of waste mini-mization, for a successful and healthy management.

Technology

Public has to shrink always as 'mere protesters' or rhetorical demand-ing' category of the population. Policy and policy maker never go togetherin Indian society. They seldom understand the value of time to take the rightdecision at right time for the betterment of the society, unless the mediareports some human sufferings either as cause or worries. That too alwaysends in the form of some exgratia grant /compensation announcement, au-thorizing somebody for the immediate action as a matter of urgency or totake the stoke of the situation that is all. Timely implementation of the suit-able project, dedicated practices, unfailing maintenance, lack of enthusiasmto make things worthful for self and society too, is being lost somewhere, asusual for the safe management of solid waste too.

Identification of suitable technology and total restructuring, fit to thelocal conditions never happens. So, the many projects in Kerala opted tohelp this area has been a failure either in its maintenance or not properlyinstalling in earmarked area, is a case we see. For a safe and acceptable formof waste disposal, new scientific innovation is required. Technology of in-cineration is good for some reason, that volume of the solid waste can bereduced. Then, other questions arises about process efficiency, operatingconditions, locations in a thickly populated state like Kerala, where the num-ber of acute asmatic cases are reported day by day. Respirable particle emis-sions, toxic gas emissions of Furan,furfuran, pyrenes, benzopyres (an eigh-teenth centaury British doctor identified the incidents of lung cancer amongworkers who clean the over 650 kitchen stacks of the King's palace due tobenzopyre found in smoke deposits).

Emission Standards

ParametersParticulate matter 150 mg/Nm3

(12% CO2 correction)

Nitrogen oxides 450 mg/Nm3 -do-HCI 50 mg/Nm3 -do-Minimum stack height shall be 30 meters above ground.

5. Volatile organic compounds in ash shall not be more than 0.01%.

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Challenges and Prospects

Note:

Suitably designed pollution contifitted with the incinerators to actnecessary.Wastes to be incinerated shall nlchlorinated disinfectants.Chlorinated plastics shall not beToxic metals in incineration ashtory quantities as defined underment and Handling Rules), 1989.

â

Only low sulphur fuel like L.D.(fuel in the incinerator.

Wind dynamics is another factor thatsoon months and north —east in the year-enamic of the particle movement in the tstudied prior to the installation of any burform electricity bills, definitely promptsmentation of failures to non-nonfunctionitions to minimize the costs.

The technologies we adopt from abrdeveloped to tackle their own problems, 1people's wish. Mostly, the environment isture 12° C (sometimes in minus). They picinerators as a part of cost effective methhospital premises in winter.

Domestic Waste

Collected in homes, public places, rimters in marked /labeled separate bins are tweek in North Western European countritslowly accelerates the biodegradation. 'Igenic menace with, the average temperaprocess draws the need for daily removasegregation at the source in household nawareness programs. Public places had tcerly designed waste bins enough numberas metals, glass, organic, paper and plasmarkets to collect used glass and plastic t

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50 mg/Nm 3 (12% CO2 correction)l50 mg/Nm 3 -do-;0 mg/Nm 3 -do-ill be 30 meters above ground.

ds in ash shall not be more than 0.01%.

Challenges and Prospects

Note:

Suitably designed pollution control devices shall be installed/retro-fitted with the incinerators to achieve the above emission limits, ifnecessary.Wastes to be incinerated shall not be chemically treated with anychlorinated disinfectants.Chlorinated plastics shall not be incinerated.Toxic metals in incineration ash shall be limited within the regula-tory quantities as defined under the Hazardous Wastes (Manage-ment and Handling Rules), 1989.

â Only low sulphur fuel like L.D.O/L.S.H.S/Diesel shall be used asfuel in the incinerator.

Wind dynamics is another factor that varies south- west in peak mon-soon months and north —east in the year-end. The humid air and the aerody-namic of the particle movement in the fragile local climate are yet to bestudied prior to the installation of any burning activity. Energy saving in theform electricity bills, definitely prompts the agencies to look for the imple-mentation of failures to non-nonfunctioning of the system to make permuta-tions to minimize the costs.

The technologies we adopt from abroad are the copies of the methoddeveloped to tackle their own problems, to fit their climatic conditions andpeople's wish. Mostly, the environment is temperate, with average tempera-ture 12° C (sometimes in minus). They practice the burning of waste in in-cinerators as a part of cost effective method of heat generation to warm thehospital premises in winter.

Domestic Waste

Collected in homes, public places, markets, recreation and people cen-ters in marked /labeled separate bins are taken away and disposed once in aweek in North Western European countries. Because, the cool climate onlyslowly accelerates the biodegradation. That we are more prone to patho-genic menace with, the average temperature of 28° C, the fast biologicalprocess draws the need for daily removal and disposal. Above all, propersegregation at the source in household needs to be well practiced throughawareness programs. Public places had to be installed/ provided with prop-erly designed waste bins enough number for separate classified collectionas metals, glass, organic, paper and plastics. Separate containers in supermarkets to collect used glass and plastic bottles are practiced everywhere in

Solid Waste Management :

it for concerted and dedicated development.ness is the processing center of waste mini-lealthy management.

as 'mere protesters' or rhetorical demand-. Policy and policy maker never go togetherinderstand the value of time to take the right)etterment of the society, unless the mediaeither as cause or worries. That too alwaystia grant /compensation announcement, au-mediate action as a matter of urgency or toat is all. Timely implementation of the suit-

unfailing maintenance, lack of enthusiasmand society too, is being lost somewhere, as)f solid waste too.

chnology and total restructuring, fit to theSo, the many projects in Kerala opted toeither in its maintenance or not properly

case we see. For a safe and acceptable forminnovation is required. Technology of in-

;on, that volume of the solid waste can bearises about process efficiency, operatingpopulated state like Kerala, where the num-)orted day by day. Respirable particle emis-an,furfuran, pyrenes, benzopyres (an eigh-mtified the incidents of lung cancer amongkitchen stacks of the King's palace due to;its).

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Solid Waste Management :

Europe ,people are happy to accept this procedure as an additional incomeon the way to the market.

We limit the expenditure for public health as the code of practice re-mains to be a failure; everywhere in Kerala. People has to throw the nastybundles to the rusty nauseating bins either in the shape of crumbled metalbox or moulded figuring built in the shape of broken kangaroos's open bellypouch or monkeys trunk or ruptured plastic penguins or even heavy rectan-gular metal cellars loaded with decomposed market waste. In monsoon sea-sons they can be the ideal hamlet for the mosquito breading. Segregation inthe public place by providing marked collection containers with lids is thefirst and prime part of the local agencies has to do with waste management,though they find happiness in sanctioning projects in other sectors of inter-est .

Research limitationsIndian scientific community, little paid attention to take local issues as

the problems for their research activities. University research programs hadbeen more submissive to work- write-publish, then perish with pension atti-tude for a long period of time. By that time the developed nations advancedwith developing technology needed for their immediate necessity. Also thegovernment agencies, being they are the true policy makers, sponsors of thescience projects, never turn to them to tap their potential.

Evolution of alternate/appropriate technologies has been in the infantstages in the state for a quiet long time. Local bodies find little interest inseeking the advice or invite the presence of experienced scientists or profes-sors working in various institutions in the area in the stage of draft prepara-tion of project to identify the gap area of the knowledge and execution.Incorporation of few members from this category who has direct involve-ment in the Research and Development in the relevant subject will be anadded advantage in seeing the things happen in a wise way through the upgradation. Because knowledge oriented society can only survive in the courseof time. Plagiarism in the level of contract outsourcing retracts this kind ofinitiation as this may affect the contractor's income and casual lab our fast-ing. Things never work better is the strengh of all trailing . In fact, this wrongperception made many harm to the overall achievement of the God's owncountry for a better living, though we dream global status with cosmopolitandevelopment initiatives with poor sanitation, meagre transportation facili-

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Challenges and Prospects

ties and poor health index (as number flbroken health status: our cities have Earworld!).

Waste management and soil pollutionness opportunities elsewhere. Many organsolid and hazardous waste treatment equipragement services, soil remediation and ofciliary equipments (containers, transportatiing and evaluation of clean technologies.ate curriculum on waste management eitl-University, Germany has a Masters progrartries waste is a raw material, product regaenue.

Environment activists have a good pro.succeed in the same procedures of failuismell the rot, itching their skin and breakoped countries adjudicate the Environmersential criteria to licentiate any industries.be conducted prior to the design to predictment to bear the future thrust the infant finthe set of predictions the capacity of the iavailability of resources (water intake) atnature altogether. Here, too we have ins tituthe plan; site or identifying the monitoringimposed by the Governments to bag the pedare enough to associate with Governmentrust with these activities, as it is meant foiterm escape from the more of the national

Lack of code of practice in the management ofsolid waste, not segregated in broken concreterings , ready to burn to smell toxic FURANS?

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ty, little paid attention to take local issues asactivities. University research programs had

- write-publish, then perish with pension atti-By that time the developed nations advanced;eded for their immediate necessity. Also theey are the true policy makers, sponsors of thethem to tap their potential.

,opriate technologies has been in the infant)ng time. Local bodies find little interest inpresence of experienced scientists or profes-ions in the area in the stage of draft prepara-gap area of the knowledge and execution.from this category who has direct involve-elopment in the relevant subject will be anthings happen in a wise way through the up>dented society can only survive in the courseof contract outsourcing retracts this kind ofcontractor's income and casual lab our fast-the strengh of all trailing . In fact, this wrongthe overall achievement of the God's own

01 we dream global status with cosmopolitan.)or sanitation, meagre transportation facili-

Challenges and Prospects

ties and poor health index (as number flies in a place is an indication ofbroken health status: our cities have largest mosquito population in theworld!).

Waste management and soil pollution markets provide potential busi-ness opportunities elsewhere. Many organizations in West invest to developsolid and hazardous waste treatment equipment, instrumentation, waste man-agement services, soil remediation and other services, development of an-cillary equipments (containers, transportation equipments), upgradation, test-ing and evaluation of clean technologies. Many universities has postgradu-ate curriculum on waste management either as core and elective. StuttgartUniversity, Germany has a Masters program on WASTE itself. In these coun-tries waste is a raw material, product regarded as a source of national rev-enue.

Environment activists have a good professional future in Kerala as if wesucceed in the same procedures of failures, enabling the local people tosmell the rot, itching their skin and breaking the head with ache!. Devel-oped countries adjudicate the Environmental Impact Assessment as the es-sential criteria to licentiate any industries. Feasibility studies are a must tobe conducted prior to the design to predict the capacity of the local environ-ment to bear the future thrust the infant firm bring as emissions. Based uponthe set of predictions the capacity of the industry is decided subject to theavailability of resources (water intake) and waste holding capacity of thenature altogether. Here, too we have institutions they do EIA without seeingthe plan; site or identifying the monitoring stations to satisfy the regulationsimposed by the Governments to bag the permissions. Entrepreneurs are notdare enough to associate with Government institutions / universities to en-trust with these activities, as it is meant for the cover up of failures for longterm escape from the more of the national guidelines.

Lack of code of practice in the management ofsolid waste, not segregated in broken concreterings , ready to burn to smell toxic FURANS?

Solid Waste Management :

tccept this procedure as an additional income

for public health as the code of practice re-here in Kerala. People has to throw the nastyg bins either in the shape of crumbled metalin the shape of broken kangaroos's open bellyptured plastic penguins or even heavy rectan-i decomposed market waste. In monsoon sea-[let for the mosquito breading. Segregation inmarked collection containers with lids is theit agencies has to do with waste managementsanctioning projects in other sectors of inter-

Proper facility for segregation at source isessential for recycling.

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Solid Waste Management :

Sewerages are waste digesters. Liquor can seepin to ground water to find way to the stomach

People's awarness and common facilities,success is the story.

Wheeled trolleys with lid for types of waste,lessen the burden of the people to manage.

Transportation is the difficult part . Innovation isrequired to suit the type of waste removed.

Make city canal as life lines than plastic piles.Surface water is safe for these sailors

Waste box maintained well and elegant. Properlydesingned for temporay collection andstorage . Unclean containers cause bacterialgrowth and fouling.

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