Solid Waste & Impact

DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE

Solid waste refers to all waste materials except hazardous waste, liquid waste, and atmospheric emissions.

SOLID WASTES AND HARZADOUS WASTE

Solid Waste

Community Waste Agricultural Waste Industrial Waste

General Waste

Household Hazardous

Waste

Non-Hazardous Waste

Hazardous Waste

Refuse GarbageSame as general

waste- Paper- elastic- bottle- glass- textile- metal- Lether- rubber- etc.

- Vegetable- Fruit- Food

- etc.

- Battery/Flash light- Fluorescent- Paint- Chemical Containers

- Toxic Waste- Radioactive Waste- Chemical Waste- Explosive Waste- Corrosive Waste

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

COLLECTION

TRANSFER/TRANSPORTATION

RECOVERY PROCESSING

DISPOSAL

STORAGE

SOLID WASTE GENERATION

SOLID WASTE

TransportationSources- Household- Commercial- Institutional- Market

Disposal• Sanitary land fill• Incineration• Decomposing

PROBLEM OF SOLID WASTE AND MANAGEMENT

Problem of source and collection

Problem of Transportation Problem of disposal

PROBLEM OF SOURCE AND COLLECTION

Source Poor disposal at

source Not separate of solid

waste and hazardous waste

Remaining solid waste

Collection Collection service

not cover all responsible area

Lack of containers Improper containers Time consuming

(due to solid waste collector spend time for separation)

ON-SITE STORAGEON-SITE STORAGE Primary containers

Communal containers

PRIMARY CONTAINERS

Bags, bins, buckets, etc. Used to collect and store the solid

waste on household level In tropical urban environment,

advised to storage not more than 24 hrs due to the serious risk of nuisance from odors and fly breeding

PROBLEM OF TRANSPORTATION

Falling of solid waste during transportation

Insufficient of transporting vehicle

Unsuitable collecting routing/time

PROBLEM OF DISPOSAL Unsuitable location/improper design Disposal site

No solid waste separation Incorrect solid waste separation (eg. scavenger) Not operated as designed (eg. Open dump

and burn instead of sanitary landfill) Lack of equipment and manpower

Inadequate of disposal area Difficult to find disposal site areas

POOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT

Technical constraint Budget constraint

Collection fee is very low Social constraint (NIMBY

SYNDROME)

THE PROBLEM OF COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT

Health Effect Collectors do not ware safety suit Collectors have high risk of infection

Communication Lack of understanding in solid waste

management Ignore to do it right Lack of participation Lack of information

Public Health Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste Management

Waste categories

Potential health impacts in the waste cycle

Waste categories

Potential health impacts in the waste cycle

Waste categories with potential public health impacts Domestic waste

General household wastes with used batteries and drugs containers, street sweepings with small quantities of excreta

Special and hazardous wastesHealth care waste (sharp and infectious components), toxic chemical, pharmaceutical and other industrial wastes, as well as radioactive wastes

Other bulky wastesUntreated abattior wastes, construction wastes with asbestos components and sludge for treatment plants

Potential health impacts in the waste cycle

Waste recovery, recycling and reuse

Collection and transfer

Generation and storageGeneration and storage

Treatment and disposal

Groups at risk from adverse public health impact of MSWM The population of unserved areas,

especially pre-school children Waste operators and waste pickers Workers in facilities that produce

infectious, toxic, and cancer-causing material

People living close to waste disposal facilities

The population supplied with water polluted by waste dumping or by inadequately protected landfill sites

Public health impacts if waste picking Minor occupational impacts from dust

and sharps Significant occupational impacts from

toxic chemicals, in recycling waste with high heavy metal content

Significant in case of recycling of poorly disinfected infectious waste

Occupational hazards associates with waste handling

Accidents

Infections

Chronic Diseases

Accidents: Muscular-skeletal disorders resulting from

the handling of heavy containers Wounds, most often infected wounds,

resulting from contact with sharp waste Intoxication and injuries resulting from

contact with small amounts of hazardous chemical wastes collected with garbage

Trauma, burns, and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste disposal sites, or from methane gas explosion on landfill sites

Infections: Dermal and blood infection resulting from

direct contact with waste and from infected wounds

Ophthalmologic and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust, especially during land filling operation

Zoonosis resulting from bites by wild or stray animals feeding on wastes

Enteric infections transmitted by insects feeding on wastes

Chronic diseases: Incineration operators are especially

exposed to chronic respiratory diseases resulting from exposure to dust; to toxic and carcinogenic impacts resulting from exposure to hazardous compounds; to cardiovascular disorders and heat stress resulting from expose to excessive temperature; and to loss of hearing function due to exposure to excessive noise.

Environmental pathways of health hazards from waste disposal facilities

Composting

Landfills

Incinerators

CompostingComposting

Minor occupational impacts from dust, sharp objects and small amounts of infectious wastes

IncineratorsIncinerators

Direct impacts: occupational accidents and chronic diseases, air pollution by particulates, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals

Indirect impacts: soil pollution by fly ash falling down, chemical water pollution from acid wastewater, and leachates from ash disposal in landfills

LandfillsLandfills

Direct impacts: accidents, fires, explosions, dust, smoke, noise, odors, insects, rodents, stray animals

Indirect impacts: Surface water pollution by runoff from the landfill, and underground water pollution by leachates

Summary of waste-linked diseases and conditions with their causes or pathway of transmission

Injuries and chronic diseases

Tropical diseases transmitted by water borne vectors in urban areas

Bacterial, virus, or parasitic infections

Injuries and chronic diseasesInjuries and chronic diseases

Cuts and infective wounds from sharp waste

Burns from fires generated in wastes Trauma from collapses of huge waste piles Burns or wounds from hazardous

chemicals in waste Toxication and cancers from exposure to

hazardous waste Chronic respiratory diseases from

exposure to dust

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections:Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections: Bacterial or viral, blood infections resulting

from injuries caused by infected sharp waste Eye and skin infections from waste generated

infect dust Respiratory infections from exposure to waste-

generated infected dust Vector borne diseases, viral or parasitic,

transmitted by vectors living or breeding in waste-generated ponds; and worm infestation transmitted by contact with polluted soil

Bacterial viral or parasitic enteric diseases, transmitted either:

- By insects and rodents feeding on wastes- By accidental ingestion of waste food- Through drinking water contaminated by

leachate from waste- Trough eating food contaminated by leachate

from waste Zoonosis carried by stray animals and rodents

feeding on waste (rabies, plangue, leishmaniasis, hydiatasis, tick-borne fevers)

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections:Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections:

Tropical diseases transmitted by water-borne vectors in urban areas:

Malaria transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes

Dengue and yellow fever transmitted by aedes mosquitoes

Filariasis (Bancroftian) transmitted by culex mosquitoes

Schistosomiasis has bored by bulinus and other snails