1 solid and hazardous waste solid and hazardous waste
TRANSCRIPT
1
Solid and Hazardous WasteSolid and Hazardous Waste
2
Wasting ResourcesWasting Resources United States
4.6% of the world's population33% of the world's solid waste 75% of its hazardous waste
Waste OverviewWaste OverviewSolid Waste
any unwanted material that is solid
The U.S. produces 11,000,000,000 tons (22,000,000,000,000 lbs) per year
Some of this solid waste can be recycled (agricultural waste), but much has to dealt with
Waste Stream: the steady flow of wastes that humans produce from all sources
4
Solid Solid WasteWasteSource ReductionSource Reduction
ReuseReuse
RecyclingRecycling
CompostingComposting
IncinerationIncineration
LandfillsLandfills
Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste
Superfund SitesSuperfund Sites
Where does U.S. waste come from?Where does U.S. waste come from?
Sources of U.S. wasteSources of U.S. wasteMining waste makes up 75% of all waste, but much of that is used soil or spoil
Industrial solid waste: scrap metal, plastics, paper, fly ash (power plants) and sludge
most is burned or buried on-site
Municipal solid waste (MSW)from homes and businesses
700kg per person per year
60% dumped, 24% recycled, 16% burned
7
Solid WasteSolid Waste Problems
Disease (Rodent and pest reduction)
Fire potential
Decrease in the aesthetic quality of the environment
www2.tltc.ttu.edu/jackson/solid%20waste.ppt
8
Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste MSW—more commonly known as trash or garbage—consists of everyday items
Product packagingGrass clippingsFurnitureClothingBottlesFood scrapsNewspapersAppliancesPaintBatteries
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm
*Includes rubber and textilesSource: EPA Office of Solid Waste, Municipal Solid Waste Fact Sheet
www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm
10
MSWMSW
In 1999, U.S. residents, businesses, and institutions produced more than 230 million tons of MSW
Approximately 4.6 pounds of waste per person per day (1680 pounds/year)
Up from 2.7 pounds per person per day in 1960
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm
11
12
MSWMSWSeveral MSW management practices prevent or divert materials from the wastestream
Source reductionReuseRecyclingComposting
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm
13
Agriculture WasteAgriculture Waste
Livestock produce sewage200,000 hens, 1200 head of cattle in a feedlot, & 10,500 hogs may produce as much waste as 20,000 people
In the U.S., there are 337 million hen, 96.1 million head of cattle & 58.7 million hogs which produce twice as much sewage as all the humans in the U.S.
14
1. Source 1. Source ReductionReduction
Source reduction (waste prevention) means consuming and throwing away less
Purchasing durable, long-lasting goods
Seeking products and packaging that are as free of toxins as possible
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm
15
Source ReductionSource ReductionMay be as complex as redesigning a product
use less raw material in production
have a longer life
be used again after its original use is completed
Source reduction actually prevents the generation of waste in the first place, it is the most preferable method of waste management and goes a long way toward protecting the environment
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm
16
Source ReductionSource ReductionSince 1977, the weight of 2-liter plastic soft drink bottles has been reduced from 68 grams each to 51 grams
That means that 250 million pounds of plastic per year has been kept out of the waste stream
17
2. Reuse2. Reuse
Reusing items by repairing them, donating them to charity and community groups, or selling them
Use a product more than once, either for the same purpose or for a different purpose
Reusing, when possible, is preferable to recycling because the item does not need to be reprocessed before it can be used again
Other Options: Reduce Other Options: Reduce WasteWaste
Reduce consumption
reduce manufacturing to produce less waste
reduce packaging (50% of domestic waste)
trash taxes
also, modify wastephotodegradable and biodegradable plastics
Other options: reuse Other options: reuse wastewaste
Glass bottles for beveragecharge high prices and give return rebate
use fabric bags for groceries
reuse car parts, motor oil etc.
20
Ways to ReuseWays to Reuse Using durable coffee mugs Using cloth napkins or towels Refilling bottles Donating old magazines or surplus equipment Reusing boxes Turning empty jars into containers for leftover
food Purchasing refillable pens and pencils Participating in a paint collection and reuse
program
21
3. Recycling3. RecyclingRecycling, including composting, diverted 64 million tons of material away from landfills and incinerators in 1999, up from 34 million tons in 1990
Typical materials that are recycled include batteries, recycled at a rate of 96.9%, paper and paperboard at 41.9%, and yard trimmings at 45.3%
These materials and others may be recycled through curbside programs, drop-off centers, buy-back programs, and deposit systems
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm
Other options: Recycle Other options: Recycle wastewaste
Recycling is defined as the process of turning discarded materials into new materials
into same product (aluminum cans)
into a different product (fleeces)
Successes:
2/3 of all aluminum cans are recycled (2 months)
paper recycling is taking off (40%)
recycling Sunday papers would save 500,000 trees per week
In Japan, 50% of all household waste is recycled (20% in U.S.)
23
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/mswdata.htm
24
BenefitsBenefitsRecycling
Prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants
Saves energy, supplies valuable raw materials to industry
Creates jobs
Stimulates the development of greener technologies
Conserves resources for our children’s future
Reduces the need for new landfills and combustors
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions that affect global climate
In 1996, prevented the release of 33 million tons of carbon into the air—roughly the amount emitted annually by 25 million cars.
25
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/mswdata.htm
Comparison of Countries’ Waste TreatmentComparison of Countries’ Waste Treatment
27
4. Composting4. CompostingComposting is the controlled biological decomposition of organic matter, such as food and yard wastes, into humus, a soil-like material
Composting is nature's way of recycling organic wastes into new soil used in vegetable and flower gardens, landscaping, and many other applications
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm
CompostingComposting
House-by-house recycling of organic material under aerobic conditions
green waste and plant food waste are broken down by soil organisms and turned into humus
29
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/mswdata.htm
30
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/mswdata.htm
31
BenefitsBenefitsComposting
Keeps organic wastes out of landfills
Provides nutrients to the soil
Increases beneficial soil organisms (e.g., worms and centipedes)
Suppresses certain plant diseases
Reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides
Protects soils from erosion
Assists pollution remediation
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm
5. Incineration and 5. Incineration and Resource RecoveryResource Recovery
Also called “energy recovery” or “waste-to-energy”
trash is burned, and the heat is used to generate electricity
1000 plants word-wide (110 in U.S.)
IncineratorsIncineratorsTwo types:
refuse-derived trash is sorted before burning
less air pollution
higher quality fuel
mass burnall trash burned
more air pollution
10-20% of original mass is ash which must be disposed of as toxic waste
recycling is so effective in places that cities are having trouble with contractual agreements
Incinerator ExampleIncinerator Example
35
36
6. Landfills6. LandfillsUnder the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), landfills that accept MSW are primarily regulated by state, tribal, and local governments EPA, however, has established national standards these landfills must meet in order to stay openThe number of landfills in the United States is steadily decreasing—from 8,000 in 1988 to 2,300 in 1999The capacity, however, has remained relatively constantNew landfills are much larger than in the past
LandfillsLandfillsBuilt to decrease problems with insect and rodent populations
litter is compacted and covered every day
newer ones have lining (only 15%)
up to 50% of all cities have used up landfill space
Landfills in Ohio
cities export trash (New Jersey)
Traditional LandfillsTraditional Landfills
39
Resource Conservation and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Recovery Act
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was enacted by Congress in 1976 and amended in 1984. The act's primary goal is to protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal. In addition, RCRA calls for conservation of energy and natural resources, reduction in waste generated, and environmentally sound waste management practices.
40
Landfill DesignLandfill DesignThe bottom liner may be layers of clay or other synthetic material (clay, plastic, or composite), which is placed on compacted soil.
The bottom of the landfill is sloped and pipes along the bottom collect leachate. This leachate collections system must be very carefully planned and built by engineers. It is usually a system of pipes. (These pipes are among a gravel and sand layer.) The leachate is then pumped away and treated at a plant.
Trash is dumped onto the landfill and consistently layered with soil to promote safer and better decomposition.
A cover is placed over the landfill to keep water out (to prevent eventual leachate formation).
Landfills also must have a system to dispose of methane gas. The structure of this system must be carefully engineered.
42
Federal Landfill Standards Federal Landfill Standards
Location restrictions ensure that landfills are built in suitable geological areas away from faults, wetlands, flood plains, or other restricted areas
Liners are geomembrane or plastic sheets reinforced with two feet of clay on the bottom and sides of landfills
Bioreactors start at 1:33
Landfill DesignLandfill Design
Advanced LandfillsAdvanced Landfills
45
Federal Landfill Standards Federal Landfill Standards
Operating practices such as compacting and covering waste frequently with several inches of soil help reduce odor; control litter, insects, and rodents; and protect public healthGroundwater monitoring requires testing groundwater wells to determine whether waste materials have escaped from the landfill
46
Exporting WastesExporting Wastes
Wastes get exported from developed (wealthy) countries to developing (poor) countries
there is little control by receiving countries about what is in trash
in 1994 there was a ban on transporting toxic wastes
also happens within countries - trash goes to poor neighborhoods (and Am. Indians)
48
Federal Landfill Standards Federal Landfill Standards
Closure and postclosure care include covering landfills and providing long-term care of closed landfillsCorrective action controls and cleans up landfill releases and achieves groundwater protection standardsFinancial assurance provides funding for environmental protection during and after landfill closure (i.e., closure and postclosure care)
49
OverviewOverviewHazardous waste - any discarded material, liquid or solid, that contains materials known to be
fatal in low doses
toxic, carcinogenic, mutagens or teratogens
ignitable at less than 60C
corrosive
explosive
265 million tons a yearlargest source is in the chemical and petroleum industries
60 million enters the waste stream
51
Household Hazardous WasteHousehold Hazardous WasteCommon household items such as paints, cleaners, oils, batteries, and pesticides contain hazardous componentsLabels – danger, warning, caution, toxic, corrosive, flammable, or poison identify products that might contain hazardous materialsLeftover portions of these products are called household hazardous waste (HHW)These products, if mishandled, can be dangerous to your health and the environment
52
HW Facts and Figures HW Facts and Figures Americans generate 1.6 million tons of HHW per year
The average home can accumulate as much as 100 pounds of HHW in the basement and garage and in storage closets
During the 1980s, many communities started special collection days or permanent collection sites for handling HHW
In 1997, there were more than 3,000 HHW permanent programs and collection events throughout the United States
Producers of Hazardous WasteProducers of Hazardous Waste
54
Proper HandlingProper HandlingThe best way to handle HHW is to reduce the amount initially generated by giving leftover products to someone else to useTo deal with household hazardous waste, many communities have set up collection programs to prevent HHW from being disposed of in MSW landfills and combustors – GlendaleThese programs ensure the safe disposal of HHW in facilities designed to treat or dispose of hazardous wasteMore than 3,000 HHW collection programs exist in the United States
55
Benefits Benefits Proper HHW Management
Reduction and recycling of HHW conserves resources and energy that would be expended in the production of more products
Reuse of hazardous household products can save money and reduce the need for generating hazardous substances
Proper disposal prevents pollution that could endanger human health and the environment
What can be done about What can be done about hazardous waste?hazardous waste?
physical treatmentdistill, charcoal, fuse in glass
incinerationburn at very hot temps
chemical processingneutralization, oxidation
biological waste treatmentbacteria
store permanentlypermanent retrievablesecure landfills
deep well disposal
Love Canal
57http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.environmental.usace.army.mil/TSDF/rp0s02_3_files/image010.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.environmental.usace.army.mil/TSDF/rp0s02_3.htm&usg=__BUrMWdev1fEExXEISS4NiawN7lc=&h=464&w=610&sz=15&hl=en&start=37&zoom=0&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=Rq2iyQGDg8xnKM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=136&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLandfills%2Bin%2BOhio%2Bsites%26start%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=t8aATeHCHsOftwfPv73dCA
58
About SuperfundAbout SuperfundYears ago, people were less aware of how dumping chemical wastes might affect public health and the environment
On thousands of properties where such practices were intensive or continuous, the result was uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites, such as abandoned warehouses and landfills
59
About SuperfundAbout SuperfundCitizen concern over the extent of this problem led Congress to establish the Superfund Program in 1980 to locate, investigate, and clean up the worst sites nationwideThe EPA administers the Superfund program in cooperation with individual states and tribal governmentsThe office that oversees management of the program is the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (OERR)
Superfund SitesSuperfund Sites
1290-4500 sites on the National Priority List
Usually sites that are leaking into ground water (56% have contaminated surface waters)
Problems EPA has only cleaned up 200 sites
money mismanagement
61
Superfund LegislationSuperfund Legislation
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liabilities Act (CERCLA); 1980
“Superfund” to clean up abandoned sites
Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
National Priority List (NPL)
Reauthorized in 1986 (SARA)
62
Intended as a solution to those previously contaminated sites with no-one to pay (no PRPs)Two levels
Emergency responseimmediate threat to human health or environment
Long term remediationif Hazard Ranking System (HRS) shows a score over 27.5, it is added to the National Priorities List (NPL) for Superfund cleanup1300 sites on NPL in 1990, more to come
Steel Mill17th Worst Site Ranked by EPA:
ARMCO Inc. Hamilton Plant in Butler OH
120 acres
Steel mill that is producing both coke and molten iron
Numerous owners since 1900
Armco has owned since 1937
Stopped production of coke in 1982
Closed completely in 1994
On PremisesCoke Production Facility and Blast Furnaces
Storage of Scrubber Sludge Waste Piles
4.5 ac. Landfill
63
Contaminants DetectedContaminants Detected
64
Ground Water Surface Water Air Soil Other2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE X
ANTHRACENE X
ANTIMONY X AROCLOR 1248 X
AROCLOR 1254 X
ARSENIC (ORGANIC OR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS)
X
BARIUM COMPOUNDS X
BENZ(A)ANTHRACENE X
BENZO(A)PYRENE X
BENZO(B)FLUORANTHENE X
BENZO(GHI)PERYLENE X
BENZO(K)FLUORANTHENE X
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS X
CADMIUM X CHROMIUM XCHRYSENE XCYANIDE COMPOUNDS X
DIBENZOFURAN X
FLUORANTHENE X
FLUORENE XLEAD X MANGANESE COMPOUNDS X
NAPHTHALENE X
NICKEL COMPOUNDS X
P-CRESOL X PHENANTHRENE X
PYRENE XSILVER COMPOUNDS X
ZINC X
AK SteelAK Steel
65
Types of Superfund SitesTypes of Superfund SitesLandfills and dumps
industries bury metal drums on own property
Waste lagoons and injection wellspumped into uncontained sitesStringfellow
bet. 1956 & 1972, 120,000,000L of toxic chemicals were dumped into ponds - now threatening LA water
Warehousing and illegal dumpingstored in warehouses and abandonedoften flammable and poisonous
Where are Superfund Sites?Where are Superfund Sites?
Superfund In OhioDIAMOND SHAMROCK CORP. (PAINESVILLE WORKS)
CHEMICAL & MINERALS RECLAMATION
Hazardous Waste LegislationHazardous Waste Legislation
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
“cradle to grave” record keeping
CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensate and Liability Act - Superfund Act - 1980
containment, clean up and remediation of abandoned toxic sites
EPA can sue for costs
anyone involved can be charged whole cost
amended in 1995 to be less strict