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Solid Waste Management in

Kuching

August 2003

COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners AS

Solid Waste Management

In Kuching

Prepared by Tang Hung Huong, Soon Hun Yang and

Ib Larsen

With

The assistance of COWI, DANWASTE, Chemsain Consultant

Universiti Putra Malaysia and Daya Rancang

1st Edition (1st Print)

August 2003

Copies: 300 copies

© The Authors and Danida Copenhagen

Quotations permitted with source credit

Printed by UM Colour Printing Company

Report No. SUD-02-35

ISBN 983-40546-8-8

Solid Waste Management in Kuching

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Table of Contents 1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 SOLID WASTE BASELINE STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 10

1.2.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Types of Indicators ..................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Outline of the Solid Waste Baseline Study .................................................................................................. 10 1.2.4 Outline of the Main Report ......................................................................................................................... 11

2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 12

2.1 SOLID WASTE WORK GROUP .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 13 2.3 COMPILATION OF EXISTING DATA .................................................................................................................. 13 2.4 FIELD SURVEYS .............................................................................................................................................. 13

2.4.1 Waste Generation and Composition ........................................................................................................... 14 2.4.2 Waste Transported and Recycled ............................................................................................................... 14 2.4.3 Waste Disposal ........................................................................................................................................... 14

2.5 ASSESSMENT OF COLLECTED DATA ................................................................................................................ 14 2.6 FRAMEWORK FOR DATA STORAGE AND DIGITAL MAPPING............................................................................ 15

3 BACKGROUND CONDITIONS .......................................................................................................................... 16

3.1 THE GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE .................................................................................................................... 16 3.2 POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLDS ..................................................................................................................... 18

3.2.1 Population Density ..................................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.2 Population Dynamics ................................................................................................................................. 19

3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PARAMETERS .................................................................................................................... 20

4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KUCHING ............................................................................................. 21

4.1 OVERALL RESPONSIBILITIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 21 4.2 STRATEGIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TASKS ........................................................................................... 22

4.2.1 Goal Setting ................................................................................................................................................ 23 4.2.2 Planning of Measures ................................................................................................................................. 24 4.2.3 Monitoring and Reporting .......................................................................................................................... 25

4.3 IMPLEMENTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TASKS .................................................................................... 26 4.3.1 Own Operation ........................................................................................................................................... 26 4.3.2 Regulatory Measures .................................................................................................................................. 27 4.3.3 Incentives .................................................................................................................................................... 30 4.3.4 Awareness ................................................................................................................................................... 30

5 WASTE GENERATION ....................................................................................................................................... 31

5.1 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR ..................................................................................................................................... 33


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5.1.1 Description of Residential Sector ............................................................................................................... 33 5.1.2 Waste Amounts ........................................................................................................................................... 36 5.1.3 Waste Fractions .......................................................................................................................................... 38

5.2 COMMERCIAL SECTOR .................................................................................................................................... 40 5.2.1 Delineating the Commercial Sector ............................................................................................................ 40 5.2.2 Description of Commercial Subsectors ...................................................................................................... 41 5.2.3 Waste Amounts ........................................................................................................................................... 44 5.2.4 Waste Fractions .......................................................................................................................................... 50

5.3 INDUSTRY SECTOR .......................................................................................................................................... 53 5.3.1 Delineating the Industry Sector .................................................................................................................. 53 5.3.2 Identifying Industries in Kuching District .................................................................................................. 53 5.3.3 Location of the Industrial Sector ................................................................................................................ 56 5.3.4 Estimating Solid Waste Amounts ................................................................................................................ 57

5.4 INSTITUTIONAL SECTOR.................................................................................................................................. 69 5.4.1 Description of the Institutional Sector ........................................................................................................ 69 5.4.2 Waste Amounts ........................................................................................................................................... 71 5.4.3 Waste Composition ..................................................................................................................................... 75

5.5 INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR .............................................................................................................................. 75 5.5.1 Description of the Infrastructure Sector ..................................................................................................... 75 5.5.2 Waste Amounts ........................................................................................................................................... 77

5.6 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION SITES ........................................................................................................ 79 5.6.1 Description of Construction and Demolition Sites ..................................................................................... 79 5.6.2 Waste Amounts ........................................................................................................................................... 79

5.7 AGRICULTURE ................................................................................................................................................ 82 5.8 SPECIAL WASTE FRACTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 84

5.8.1 Residues from Coal-Fired Power Plants .................................................................................................... 84 5.8.2 Clay Waste from Ceramic Industries .......................................................................................................... 84 5.8.3 Wood Waste from Timber and Wood-Based Industries .............................................................................. 84 5.8.4 Sludge from Wastewater and Water Treatment Plant ................................................................................ 85 5.8.5 Waste from Livestock Farms ...................................................................................................................... 86 5.8.6 Used Tyres .................................................................................................................................................. 87 5.8.7 Floatable Waste Collected from Sg. Sarawak ............................................................................................ 87 5.8.8 Aggregated Amount of Special Waste ......................................................................................................... 88

5.9 AGGREGATED WASTE GENERATION ............................................................................................................... 89

6 WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT .................................................................................................... 92

6.1 STRUCTURE OF THE SECTOR ........................................................................................................................... 92 6.1.1 Trienekens (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd. ................................................................................................................. 92 6.1.2 Local Authorities ........................................................................................................................................ 94 6.1.3 Private Transporters................................................................................................................................... 95

6.2 COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT OF SOLID WASTE............................................................................................ 98 6.2.1 Residential and Commercial Areas ............................................................................................................ 98 6.2.2 Industrial Areas ........................................................................................................................................ 102 6.2.3 Institutions and Infrastructure .................................................................................................................. 102 6.2.4 Construction Sites ..................................................................................................................................... 103 6.2.5 Collection and Transport of Waste for Reuse or Recycling ...................................................................... 103 6.2.6 Collection and Transport of Special Waste .............................................................................................. 103

7 WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ........................................................................................................ 106

7.1 LANDFILLING OF GENERAL WASTE .............................................................................................................. 106


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7.1.1 Landfilling at the Matang Dump Site ....................................................................................................... 106 7.1.2 New Sanitary Landfill ............................................................................................................................... 110 7.1.3 Dump Site for Floating Waste on River .................................................................................................... 110 7.1.4 Landfilling of Wood Waste from Wood-Based Industries ......................................................................... 110 7.1.5 Landfilling of Construction and Demolition Waste .................................................................................. 112 7.1.6 Landfilling of Coal Ash from the Sejingkat Power Station ....................................................................... 113 7.1.7 Landfilling of Residues from the Matang Sludge Treatment Plant ........................................................... 114

7.2 ILLEGAL OFF-SITE DUMPING ........................................................................................................................ 114 7.3 REUSE AND RECYCLING ................................................................................................................................ 118

7.3.1 Reuse and Recycling of General Waste in Kuching .................................................................................. 118 7.3.2 Recycling Based on Different Generators ................................................................................................ 123 7.3.3 Reuse and Recycling of Special Waste ..................................................................................................... 124 7.3.4 Recycling – Awareness and Education Activities ..................................................................................... 126

7.4 TREATMENT OF SCHEDULED WASTE ............................................................................................................ 128 7.4.1 Scheduled Waste from Industries.............................................................................................................. 128 7.4.2 Clinical Waste from Hospitals and Clinics............................................................................................... 130

7.5 AGGREGATED WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ...................................................................................... 131 7.5.1 General Waste .......................................................................................................................................... 131 7.5.2 Treatment of Special Waste ...................................................................................................................... 131

8 OVERALL WASTE GENERATION AND FLOWS ....................................................................................... 134

8.1 CURRENT WASTE FLOWS.............................................................................................................................. 134 8.1.1 Residential Sector ..................................................................................................................................... 134 8.1.2 Commercial, Institutional and Infrastructural Sectors ............................................................................. 136 8.1.3 Industrial Sectors ...................................................................................................................................... 138 8.1.4 Construction and Demolition Sector ........................................................................................................ 140 8.1.5 Aggregated Waste Flow in Kuching ......................................................................................................... 141

8.2 PROJECTED WASTE GENERATION ................................................................................................................. 141 8.2.1 Population Projection for Kuching (2000-2020) ...................................................................................... 141 8.2.2 Per Capita Waste Generation in Kuching ................................................................................................ 142 8.2.3 Total Urban General Waste Generation in Kuching ................................................................................ 143

9 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 146

Solid Waste Baseline Study, Main Report

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Abbreviations BDC Business District Centre

C&D Construction and demolition

CBD Central Business District

DANCED Danish Co-operation for Environment and Development

DBKU Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara

DOE Department of Environment

DOS Department of Statistics

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMS Environmental management system

EMT Environmental management team

EQA Environmental Quality Act

EQSR Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation

FO Forests Ordinance

GDP Gross domestic product

GIS Geographical Information System

ICA Industrial Co-ordination Act

ICC Industrial Co-ordination Committee

INTI Inti College

ISWMS Integrated solid waste management system

KBI King Business Institute

KGS Kuching Golf Club

KPA Kuching Port Authority

KURS Kuching Urban and Regional Study

LA Local authorities

LAC Local Authorities Cleanliness By-Law

LAO Local Authorities Ordinance

LSI Large-scale industries

LUO Land Use (Prescribed Activities) Ordinance

MBKS Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan

MGB Movable garbage bins

MID Ministry of Industry Development

MIDA Ministry of International Development Authority

MPP Majlis Perbandaran Padawan

MSW Municipal solid waste

NREB Natural Resources and Environment Board

NREO Natural Resources and Environmental Ordinance

PET Poly ethylene tetrachloride


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PHO Public Health Ordinance

RoRo Roll on-roll off (containers)

SHD Sarawak Health Department

SMI Small or medium-sized industry

SRB Sarawak Rivers Board

SRC Sarawak Rivers (Cleanliness) Regulation

SRO Sarawak Rivers Ordinance

SSTP Matang Septic Sludge Treatment Plant

STIDC Sarawak Timber Industries Development Co-operation

SUD Sustainable urban development

SVA State Veterinary Authority

SWM Solid Waste Management Sdn. Bhd.

UEMS Urban environmental management system

UITM University Teknologi MARA

UNIMAS UniversitiMalaysia Sarawak

UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia

VPHO Veterinary Public Health Ordinance


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List of Figures Figure 3-1 Map of Kuching District (the area encompassed by the solid waste baseline

study) ........................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 3-2 Population development in Kuching District from 1980 - 2000 and estimated

population projection towards 2020 ......................................................................... 19 Figure 4-1 The five steps of the EMS cycle ............................................................................... 22 Figure 5-1 Land use in the Core Urban Zone of Kuching .......................................................... 32 Figure 5-2 Disposal of refuse under houses in some Kampong areas ........................................ 35 Figure 5-3 Analysis of the composition of residual waste from residential areas (by

weight) ...................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 5-4 Composition of collected residual waste from commercial areas ............................ 51 Figure 5-5 Composition of special waste in Kuching (excluding agricultural waste) ............... 89 Figure 5-6 Sources of general waste (exclude special waste) .................................................... 90 Figure 6-1 Service areas covered by Trienekens and subcontractors, 2001 ............................. 100 Figure 7-1 Location of Matang dump site and other treatment facilities ................................. 107 Figure 7-2 Typical storage of wood waste along the riverbank ............................................... 111 Figure 7-3 Changes in the riverbank along Sg.Sarawak reclamation by wood waste .............. 112 Figure 7-4 Typical landfilling of building waste on site .......................................................... 113 Figure 7-5 Landfilling of sludge residues at the Matang SSTP................................................ 114 Figure 7-6a Locations of illegal dump sites within MBKS and DBKU areas ........................... 115

Figure 7-6b Locations of illegal dump sites within MPP and Trienekens areas ........................ 116

Figure 7-7 Composition of waste dumped illegally ................................................................. 117 Figure 7-8 Treatment and disposal of industrial scheduled waste from Kuching .................... 129 Figure 7-9 Treatment and disposal of general waste from Kuching ........................................ 131 Figure 7-10 Treatment of special waste in Kuching (excluding Scheduled Waste), 2001 ......... 132 Figure 8-1 Solid waste flow for the residential sector in Kuching 2001 .................................. 135 Figure 8-2 Solid waste flow from the commercial, institutional and infrastructural sectors

in Kuching in 2001 ................................................................................................. 137 Figure 8-3 Solid waste flow for the industrial sector in Kuching in 2001 ............................... 139 Figure 8-4 Solid waste flow from the construction and demolition sector in Kuching in

2001 ........................................................................................................................ 140 Figure 8-5 General solid waste flow in Kuching,2001 ............................................................. 141 Figure 8-6 Trends in MSW in DBKU, MBKS and MPP in the period 1994-1997 ................. 144


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List of Tables Table 3.1 Size of the three city and municipal councils in Kuching district ............................ 18 Table 3.2 The distribution of inhabitants and households in the three councils in Kuching

district ....................................................................................................................... 18 Table 5.1 Number. of landed properties and apartment/flat units in Kuching .......................... 34 Table 5.2 Distribution of landed property on housing types in Kuching .................................. 36 Table 5.3 Estimate of the amount of residential (household) waste generated in Kuching

district in 2001 .......................................................................................................... 37 Table 5.4 Waste generation rates in Petaling Jaya for residential areas with different

income levels ............................................................................................................ 38 Table 5.5 Comparison of waste composition results from various studies ............................... 40 Table 5.6 Commercial waste registered at the at Matang dump site in Kuching ..................... 45 Table 5.7 Composition of waste from compactor trucks .......................................................... 45 Table 5.8 Amount of waste collected by RoRo containers ....................................................... 46 Table 5.9 Waste delivered by private transporters to the Matang Dump Site .......................... 46 Table 5.10 Actual amount of commercial waste received at the Matang Dump Site ................. 46 Table 5.11 Waste generation by 3 unrecorded markets .............................................................. 47 Table 5.12 Waste generation for markets – based on UPM unit figure ...................................... 47 Table 5.13 Estimated amount of waste generated by large hotels (by unit generation) ............. 49 Table 5.14 Waste generation for main commercial entities – based on UPM unit figures ........ 50 Table 5.15 Commercial waste generated based on sub-sectors in 2001 in Kuching .................. 50 Table 5.16 Composition of residual waste disposal by the workshops and garages in

Kuching district......................................................................................................... 52 Table 5.17 Categorisation of industries ...................................................................................... 55 Table 5.18 Number of industries in Kuching district out to 9th Mile and the distribution

according to number of employees ........................................................................... 55 Table 5.19 Actual industrial waste registered at the Matang Dump Site .................................... 57 Table 5.20 Waste generation at industries surveyed during the SUD study ............................... 59 Table 5.21 Comparison of unit amounts from the SUD and other sources ................................ 60 Table 5.22 Comparison of solid waste generation using unit figures from the SUD study

and using West Malaysian/international unit figures................................................ 61 Table 5.23 Breakdown of waste generation from industrial category H into sub-categories .... 62 Table 5.24 Wood waste from wood-based industries generated in Kuching District in the

period 1997-2000 ...................................................................................................... 63 Table 5.25 Estimation of the amount of solid waste generated by the various types of

industries in Kuching District ................................................................................... 63 Table 5.26 Solid waste generation by the 72 largest industries in Kuching District ................. 64


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Table 5.27 Estimation of solid waste generated at the industries with ICA approval and

less than 75 employees ............................................................................................. 65 Table 5.28 Estimation of solid waste generated by industries with less than 75 employees

within Kuching District ............................................................................................ 66 Table 5.29 Estimated yearly generation of solid scheduled waste generated in Kuching

District. The unit figures are the averages for each category of industries

derived from the SUD survey ................................................................................... 67 Table 5.30 Amount of general industrial and special waste generated in the industrial

sector in 2001 ............................................................................................................ 67 Table 5.31 Number of health-related facilities in Kuching ........................................................ 69 Table 5.32 Waste generation by the institutional sector ............................................................. 72 Table 5.33 Kuching - hospital waste........................................................................................... 73 Table 5.34 Clinical waste generation at 5 major hospitals in Kuching in December 2000 ........ 74 Table 5.35 Division of waste from parks and greens .................................................................. 75 Table 5.36 General waste generated from port and vessels in Kuching ..................................... 77 Table 5.37 Estimation of C&D waste amount based on EIAs submitted ................................... 81

Table 5.38 Estimation of C&D waste generation based on different methods ........................... 82

Table 5.39 Kuching - construction waste fractions by weight .................................................... 82 Table 5.40 Types and amount of floating waste trapped ............................................................ 87 Table 5.41 Composition of floating waste in Kuching ............................................................... 88 Table 5.42 Estimated amount of special waste generated in Kuching District.......................... 88 Table 5.43 General solid waste generators in Kuching .............................................................. 89 Table 5.44 Aggregated solid waste generation in Kuching (excluding agriculture) .................. 91 Table 6.1 Private waste delivered to Matang prior and after Trieneken took over on 1

June 2000 .................................................................................................................. 96 Table 6.2 List of private waste transporters .............................................................................. 97 Table 6.3 Waste collection - residential and commercial sectors ........................................... 101 Table 6.4 Transport of industrial waste 2001 (excluding special waste) ................................ 102 Table 6.5 Collection and disposal of used tyres in Kuching ................................................... 104 Table 7.1 Registered number of truckloads at the Matang landfill ......................................... 108 Table 7.2 Waste registered at Matang since 1999 .................................................................. 108 Table 7.3 Amount of waste landfilled at the Matang dump site in comparison to total

amount generated (2001) ........................................................................................ 109 Table 7.4 Treatment and disposal of wood waste from wood-based industries in Kuching .. 110 Table 7.5 Amount of waste from Kuching recycled ............................................................... 122 Table 7.6 Overview of recycled material based on sectors in 2001 ....................................... 123 Table 7.7 Estimation of recycling of solid waste (excluding special waste) based on

sectors ..................................................................................................................... 123 Table 7.8 Reuse and recycling of special waste in Kuching ................................................... 126 Table 7.9 Comparison of treatment and disposal of scheduled waste generated in Kuching . 130 Table 7.10 Treatment of special waste in Kuching (excluding Scheduled Waste) in 2001...... 132 Table 8.1 Projection of total population in Kuching (2000-2020) .......................................... 142 Table 8.2 Waste generation rates for selected Malaysian cities ............................................. 142 Table 8.3 Estimates of per capita and total waste generation in Kuching District-1999 ........ 143 Table 8.4 Projected waste generation from Kuching in the period 2000-2020 ...................... 144


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1 Introduction

1.1 Background

In June 1999, the State Government of Sarawak initiated the Sustainable Urban

Development (SUD) Project in collaboration with the Danish Co-operation on Environment

and Development (DANCED1). The purpose of the project was to develop and implement

an urban environmental management system (UEMS) for the city of Kuching within two

selected areas of concern, namely river quality and solid waste management.

The project generated a generic model for a coherent UEMS which forms the basis for

developing a concrete UEMS adapted to the local context in Kuching for the two areas of

concern selected. In that way, the project contained the dual perspective of elaborating the

generic EMS and, simultaneously, to implementing it for river quality and solid waste

management.

An important part of the SUD project was the preparation of baseline studies in relation to

the two areas of concern. The baseline studies were the first step in the implementation of

the concrete UEMS for both river quality and solid waste management.

The objective of the baseline studies was to make it possible to select suitable indicators

and to set realistic goals for the future quality of the Sarawak River and for the future

management of solid waste in Kuching.

The environmental management team (EMT) of the SUD project undertook the process of

selecting preliminary goals, targets and indicators for the selected areas of concern. The

EMT consisted of representatives from the core agencies dealing with environmental

management in Kuching.

The selected goals, targets and indicators were reported in the SUD project report

“Preliminary Goals, Targets and Indicators for SUD in Kuching, Sarawak” (SUD-02-03,

SUD-02-07). The preliminary indicators constituted the starting point of the baseline

studies.

To facilitate the baseline studies, a survey of existing and lacking data related to the

selected indicators was carried out prior to the baseline studies. The results of this survey

1 In 2002, the DANCED was incorporated in the DANIDA, Danish International Development Agency


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were reported in the SUD report “Survey of Existing and Lacking Data on the SUD Project

Indicators” (SUD 02-05).

1.2 Solid Waste Baseline Study

The baseline study on solid waste management was carried out from November 2000 until

November 2001 within the jurisdiction of the three local councils in Kuching District,

namely Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara (DBKU), Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan

(MBKS) and Majlis Perbandaran Padawan (MPP).

1.2.1 Objective

The dual objective of the study was to establish a background for: 1) setting realistic goals

for solid waste management in Kuching and; 2) selecting measures to achieve the goals set.

The study aims to provide an overview of the current waste streams and waste management

in Kuching.

1.2.2 Types of Indicators

The starting point of the solid waste baseline study was the preliminary indicators selected

by the EMT as well as the necessary background data (physical and socio-economic). This

is to identify relations between the sources of waste production, the observed waste types

and amounts and the collection, transport and disposal/reuse of the waste.

The preliminary indicators of solid waste management include the following types:

• State indicators (total amount and types of waste observed and handled)

• Load indicators (waste production from the individual sources)

• Effort indicators (measures taken by the authorities to affect the production or handling

of waste (e.g. inspection and enforcement) and the outcome of the measures

(performance)

1.2.3 Outline of the Solid Waste Baseline Study

The solid waste baseline study is reported in a main report and an appendix. The main

report presents the findings and is aimed at the decision makers and other involved

stakeholders, while the appendix is more technical and presents the individual surveys

conducted during the baseline study.

Solid waste management baseline study. Main report

The main report presents the findings of the solid waste baseline study. The report also

describes how the study was carried out, and discusses the findings and how to update the

data on solid waste management in the future.


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Appendix 1. Solid waste baseline study. field surveys (Working paper)

Appendix 1 describes the findings and the methodologies of the field surveys carried out.

The problems encountered in relation to these are presented. The appendix can be used as a

guideline in case of repeating the surveys when an update of information is needed.

1.2.4 Outline of the Main Report

The report is structured as follows:

• Chapter 2 briefly outlines the methodology;

• Chapter 3 provides general background information which is relevant for the

interpretation of the findings. The chapter describes the geographical background

conditions and important socio-economic parameters, such as population size and

economic activities;

• Chapter 4 describes the present organisation of solid waste management in Kuching

and the roles of the various actors involved;

• Chapter 5 presents the generation of waste by the different waste producing sectors

(households, industries, institutions, etc.) in Kuching. A description of each sector is

given, and the types and amounts of waste are documented;

• Chapter 6 presents the waste collection and transportation system; its overall

characteristics, as well as the waste collection and transportation from each of the

waste producing sectors;

• Chapter 7 presents the waste treatment system and thus the destination of the

transported waste, that is, either landfilling, recycling, illegal dumping or export;

• Chapter 8 presents the aggregated solid waste flows in Kuching from the sources to

final disposal and/or reuse.


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2 Methodology

The study has included the following steps:

• Specification of data needed (background data and data related to the indicators);

• Determination of which of the needed data is available (going through existing files,

surveys and reports from various governmental agencies and private companies);

• Compiling the available data;

• Determination of the missing data (non-existing) and specification of methods how to

procure them;

• Specification of field surveys to procure the missing data (including validation of the

reliability of data);

• Compilation, analyses and reporting on the current solid waste management within the

jurisdiction of the 3 local councils; and

• Establishment of a framework for data storage and handling for future updating and

reporting.

2.1 Solid Waste Work Group

At its 6th meeting on 19 September 2000, the EMT decided to form a work group to

conduct the solid waste management baseline study. The work group included

representatives from the Department of Environment (DOE), the Natural Resources and

Environment Board (NREB), the State Health Department (SHD), the DBKU, the MBKS,

the MPP and Trienekens, the private contractor for solid waste collection and disposal in

Kuching.

The participating agencies were selected due to their role in solid waste management and

their expected future contribution to data compilation. All the members of agencies

currently hold information which is relevant for the solid waste baseline study.

During the study, the work group held 9 meetings. It was assisted by international and local

consultants, who took part in the procurement of data and in conducting the practical

surveys.


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2.2 Preliminary Analysis

The needed data was specified in the initial phase of the baseline study. The data included

general background data as well as data related to the selected indicators.

After listing the data needed, it was analysed which data was actually available at the time.

In order to compile the existing data, all relevant materials such as reports, files and

registers and previously performed surveys were reviewed.

2.3 Compilation of Existing Data

Existing data was compiled and provided by the following federal and state agencies as

well as private companies:

• Ministry of International Development Authority (MIDA), Sarawak branch

• Ministry of Industry (MID)

• Department of Environment (DOE), Sarawak branch

• Natural Resources and Environmental Board (NREB)

• State Health Department (SHD)

• Kuching North City Hall (DBKU)

• Kuching South City Council (MBKS)

• Padawan Municipal Council (MPP)

• Sarawak Timber Industry Development Co-operation (STIDC)

• Trienekens Sdn. Bhd.

• Faber-Mediserv Sdn. Bhd.

The members of the solid waste work group were responsible for compiling data from their

respective agencies.

2.4 Field Surveys

A number of field surveys were conducted to procure information that was not already

available. Due to the time limit of the study, the surveys were limited to include surveys

that could be implemented within this limitation and could provide representative data for

the study.

Each of the surveys was described in detail so that the description could function as a

guideline for future repetition when an update of the information is needed2. The

descriptions included survey methodology, equipment to be used, interviews to be

performed etc. The surveys were carried out during a period of approximately 8 months and

all results were recorded. The surveys performed include the following:

2 Report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study: Appendix 1: Field surveys (Working Paper),

December 2002


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2.4.1 Waste Generation and Composition

• Waste composition analysis from households, commercial activities and

workshop/garages

• Waste generation from large industries

• Waste generation from construction sites

2.4.2 Waste Transported and Recycled

• Waste transported by private collectors

• Recycling by waste collection crews

• Recycling by middlemen/resellers and recycling industries

• Recycling at the Matang Dump site

2.4.3 Waste Disposal

• Waste transported from Kuching to other legal dump sites in the region than the

Matang Dump Site

• Waste dumped illegally

The survey methodology and compiled results from the surveys are presented in Appendix

1.

In relation to each survey, a team was established to be responsible for planning and

conducting the survey. Each team consisted of staff from the relevant local councils, state

and federal authorities, Trienekens as well as external consultants, whenever appropriate.

2.5 Assessment of Collected Data

The compiled data and supplementary field surveys generally provided an adequate basis

for the baseline study. However, additional data in relation to effort indicators (e.g.

inspection, enforcement and performance measures) needs to be compiled to provide for a

more comprehensive assessment.

Inevitably, not all the existing data obtained can be considered reliable as a large part of the

data is either not updated or contains errors. The situation in Sarawak does not differ much

from the situation in most countries. Reliable data usually exists on the collection and

treatment of domestic waste collected through public collection schemes and only

rudimentary information exists on waste which is produced, transported and handled

privately. Further validation of the most indispensable data to determine the present solid

waste management in Kuching is highly recommended. The need for further validation

includes the inventories of waste generators as well as the quality of data obtained on waste

generation at the different types of waste producers. The validation will have to be

conducted stepwise in conjunction with the current accumulation of experience.

The data presented in the baseline study has to be revised and updated frequently.

Additional information will also have to be collected as this first solid baseline study is still

limited by the difficulties in obtaining data. New registration programmes e.g. registration


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of private waste transportation and disposal should be initiated. The registration includes

the collection, presentation and analysis of the data.

2.6 Framework for Data Storage and Digital Mapping

An important element of an environmental management system (EMS) is an appropriate

system to store and handle the data procured. Establishment of a database is a major

element in this. A database was procured as a separate activity under the SUD project. All

data obtained during the baseline study will ultimately be recorded in the database.

The data on waste generation will be divided into the following categories of waste

generators:

• Residential areas

• Commercial areas (markets, hotels, offices, shop lots etc.)

• Industries (large industries & small and medium-sized industries)

• Institutions (schools, hospitals, etc.)

• Infrastructure (river vessels and port operations, airports, treatment plants)

• Construction and demolition sites

• Special waste producers and fractions

- Agriculture (chicken farms, pig farms, plantations etc)

- Wood waste from wood-based industries

- Clay from ceramic industries

- Residues from coal fired stations

- Used tyres

- Sludge from wastewater treatment plant

- River floatable

GIS mapping of land use, major waste producers, waste treatment facilities and illegal

dumping sites had been initiated. The information in the GIS maps and the database,

respectively, will be directly linked a quick access to information and to allow easy

updating of data, in the future.


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3 Background Conditions

In order to prepare and present the solid waste baseline study for Kuching, certain

background data needs to be collected and analysed. This background data relates to the

physical characteristics, the population and the economic activities taking place in the area.

3.1 The Geographical Coverage

The study area includes the three local councils within the Kuching administrative district

with a total land area of 1,875 km2, viz.

• Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara (DBKU) - Kuching North City Council

• Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan (MBKS) - Kuching South City Council

• Majlis Perbandaran Padawan (MPP) - Padawan Municipal Council.

Majlis Daerah Samarahan (Samarahan District Council) is immediately adjacent to Kuching

district and is currently undergoing intense physical development. The Samarahan District

is, however, not directly included as a part of the study area. Similarly, two other

immediately adjacent districts (Serian and Bau) are not directly included in the study.

However, the surveys conducted (refer to Appendix 1) include some analysis on the waste

disposal sites in Samarahan, Serian and Bau Districts. This is to determine the possibility of

waste export for Kuching, as it was hypothesised that some waste from Kuching district

may be disposed of at these waste dump sites.

Figure 3.1 shows the extent of the study area covered by the solid waste baseline study. The

area marked by a circle denotes the core urban zone of Kuching district.


17

Figure 3-1 Map of Kuching District (the area encompassed by the solid waste baseline study)


18

Kuching district is divided in two distinguished archetypes, urban and rural. Kuching City

is classified as an urban region and is administered by the 2 city councils, the DBKU and

the MBKS, although a large part of the DBKU is still considered rural areas. Most of the

rural region is administered by the MPP, which however also encompasses important urban

areas such as Kota Sentosa (Seventh Mile Bazaar), Kota Padawan (Tenth Mile) and the

newly established New Batu Kawa Township.

In terms of geographic coverage, the MBKS and the DBKU make up only about 23% of the

district. The MPP makes up the remaining 77%. 75% of the population reside in urban

areas3. Figure 3.1 shows the geographical sizes of the local councils.

Table 3.1 Size of the three city and municipal councils in Kuching district

Council DBKU MBKS MPP Total

Size in km2 370 62 1,443 1,875

Source: Department of Statistic, Land and Survey, MPP 1999

3.2 Population and Households

A very important source of information in estimating the waste generation rate is the

demographic profile of the study area. This includes information on population, household

sizes and the number of residential units.

3.2.1 Population Density

Kuching is the most densely populated district in Sarawak with an estimated population of

496,996 people (DOS, 2001). The population of Kuching district constitutes about 25% of

the total population of Sarawak (Sibu 11 % and Miri 10% of the state population). In the

year 2000, the population of Sarawak stood at approximately 2.1 million (DOS, 2001).

Kuching is also the most densely populated district in Sarawak with an estimated

population density of 265 persons/km2 in the year 2000. This is considerably higher than

the corresponding figures of the neighbouring districts of Bau, Serian and Samarahan,

where the estimated numbers are 41, 35 and 78 persons/km2, respectively (DOS 2001).

Table 3.2 below presents the number of inhabitants and households in the three local

councils.

Table 3.2 The distribution of inhabitants and households in the three councils in Kuching

district

DBKU MBKS MPP Total

No. of inhabitants 154,000 174,000 169,000 497,000

No. of households 24,455 27,812 27,062 79,329

Source: Census 2000 and Municipal Councils

3 Department of Statistics, 1997


19

3.2.2 Population Dynamics

The population development of Sarawak as well as that of Kuching District have been very

dynamic during the last two decades and are projected to continue to be so in the years

towards 2020. The population of Sarawak has increased by 67% from 1980 until 2000, and

it is projected to continue to grow by 34% from the year 2000 until 2020, from

approximately 2.1 million to approximately 2.8 million inhabitants.

Sources: Department of Statistics, Sarawak (DOS), 2001, Kuching Urban and Regional Study (KURS),

SPU, 1998, Integrated Waste Management Study, Maierform, 1998

Figure 3-2 Population development in Kuching District from 1980 - 2000 and estimated

population projection towards 2020

During the same period, the population of Kuching District has almost followed this

increase in population; from close to 300,000 in 1980 to 496,000 in 2000, equalling a 65%

increase. The growth in the population of Kuching District is expected to continue towards

the year 2020. The most conservative of the projections estimates a 23% increase in the

population (DOS, 2001), whereas the Kuching Urban and Regional Study (KURS) projects

a 53% increase in the population of the Kuching District population from 1997. The

projection made by Maierform is in between these two projections at 39%.

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

1980 1991 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

Nu

mb

er

Statistic Department Maierform KURS


20

The projected population increase for Kuching District will imply a significant increase in

the generation of solid waste. The waste projections are presented and discussed in Chapter

8.

3.3 Socio-Economic Parameters

Waste generation and composition are strongly related to the regional socio-economic

conditions. Socio-economic factors that enable an increase in the standards of living of the

regional economy will influence the per capita rate of waste generation and the composition

of the waste generated. The per capita waste generation may generally increase

concurrently with increased standards of living. The percentage of paper, plastic and non-

combustibles (e.g. metal and glass) will generally increase at the expense of organic waste.

In turn, these increases may enhance the calorific value or the recycling potential of the

waste.

The economy of Kuching district is closely related to the state economy. During the 1980's,

the gross domestic product (GDP) of the state grew by 8-9 per cent per year, mostly due to

the expansion in the natural resource extraction sector (mining and timber) as well as very

rapid growth in the industrial sub-sector (wood-based industry).

In the late 1980‟s and through the 1990‟s, the overall industrial expansion of the state was

at about 12% per year. The rapid expansion in the industrial sector in the 1990‟s was

mainly due to the growth in industry in Bintulu and Kuching. Kuching became a centre of

SMIs involved in the processing of raw materials and the production of import substitutions

for the local market. Foreign multinational corporations such as Komag and Taiyo Yuden

also sited their operations in Kuching. The growth in population and income, the

establishment of new industrial estates and government expenditure in infrastructure in

Kuching also implied considerable expansion in the construction industry. These

developments resulted in Kuching becoming one of the major employment centres in

Sarawak. Kuching officially became a city on 1 August 1988.

In addition to becoming an industrial centre, Kuching is a centre of business and trade,

finance, tourism and public administration in the State. These activities are the main

contributors in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Presently, the secondary and tertiary

sectors contribute to about 75% of the state GDP. Based on this, it is expected that a larger

proportion of the population in Kuching will find employment in the secondary and tertiary

sectors.

In conclusion, the economic development of Kuching district and the increase in population

imply a further increase in the generation of solid waste from the residential, commercial

and industrial sectors. The following chapters will present the waste generation of each

sector in more detail.


21

4 Solid Waste Management in Kuching

4.1 Overall Responsibilities in Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management in Kuching District is primarily the responsibility of the local

authorities (LA). According to the Local Authorities Ordinance, 1996 (LAO), one of the

functions and duties of the LAs is to keep the areas under their jurisdiction clean and

hygienic and to take such steps as may be required to enhance the environment and to

prevent pollution of the areas within their jurisdiction.

In performing these functions and duties, the LAs have statutory authority - including

authority to make by-laws - to provide and maintain a system for the collection, removal,

handling and treatment, processing, recycling and disposal of all types of waste generated

within their areas of jurisdiction and to regulate the manner, process or method for the

collection, removal, handling, treatment of waste and the ownership thereof.

Several agencies have responsibilities in relation to the regulation of different types of

waste generators and the dumping of solid waste. However, a detailed survey of the specific

ordinances and provisions showed that, generally, the authority for generation, sorting and

handling of general solid waste from all types of generators remains with the local

authorities4.

According to the definition of waste in the Environmental Quality Act (EQA), the tasks of

the DOE are limited to hazardous waste. For other types of waste which has a detrimental

impact on the environment, the NREB has the authority. The SRB has the (sometimes

conflicting) power towards solid waste along river banks.

The solid waste management responsibilities can be grouped according to the five steps in

the EMS cycle see Figure 4.1.

Four of the steps of the EMS cycle constitute the strategic solid waste management tasks,

namely: 1) goal setting, 2) planning for measures, 3) monitoring and 4) reporting. These

steps include the planning and decision-making procedures and the strategic follow-up and

revision of activities to be performed.

4 Report SUD-02-45: Regulation of Illegal Dumping of Solid Waste to Land in Sarawak: A Legal

Analysis in Sarawak, January 2002


22

The fifth EMS step, implementation of measures, constitutes the actual legal and physical

performance of the measures selected, which include:

• Regulatory measures, such as prior approvals, rules and orders;

• Incentives;

• Awareness; and

• Own operation.

"Regulatory measures", "incentives" and "awareness" deal with the use of legal authority

towards the waste generators and the general public to achieve the objectives, while "own

operation" entails an authority as an operational body performing its own physical and

technical operations or contracting the activities to private parties. For solid waste

management, the operational activities include collection, treatment and disposal of waste.

Implementationof measures

Goal

setting

Planning for

measures

Reporting

Monitoring

Figure 4-1 The five steps of the EMS cycle

The responsibilities of the agencies related to solid waste management are presented below.

In regard to the strategic solid waste management tasks in the EMS cycle, goal setting,

planning of measures, monitoring and reporting are examined. In relation to the

implementation of measures, both regulatory measures and own operation will also be

elaborated upon.

4.2 Strategic Solid Waste Management Tasks

Presently, only a few legal provisions describe the strategic tasks of the EMS cycle. While

many agencies implicitly seem to be empowered to perform the tasks, only very few


23

mandates have explicitly been distributed. The only provision delineating an explicit duty is

the provision in the EQA requiring the DOE to initiate a yearly environmental report.

4.2.1 Goal Setting

Goal setting involves the different steps in decision-making concerning the objectives of

solid waste management, such as setting of ambient quality goals, selection of strategies

and preparation of plans.

Department of Environment (DOE)

At federal level, the Environment Quality Act (EQA) delegates a broad mandate to the

DOE to recommend on national environmental protection policy (Section 3(c)) and to

conduct environmental planning (Section 3(c) and (o)). State goals will, as a minimum,

have to conform to federal standards. Presently, no national waste policy has been prepared.

Natural Resources and Environment Board (NREB)

With the amendment to the Natural Resources and Environment Ordinance (NREO) in May

2001, the overall responsibility for state environmental management was explicitly

delegated to the NREB. According to section 5(m), the board may set environmental

quality goals and determine and take the necessary measures to achieving such goals.

According to section 5(c), this power includes issuing directions or orders to other

environmental authorities.

The present baseline study is conducted as a precondition for determining the future goals

for solid waste management. According to section 5(n), the NREB can direct any

environmental authority to undertake monitoring and reporting of environmental quality.

Local Authorities (LAs)

Within the framework of national and State solid waste policies and goals, the detailed

planning and goal setting have to be performed at the municipal level. Generally, the LA

has to prepare a strategy to confirm with the duty of the local authorities to keep the areas

under their jurisdiction clean and hygienic (LAO 98).

Establishing a physical solid waste management system (own operation) is one of the major

tools to fulfil this obligation. The local authorities have the authority to provide and

maintain a system for the collection, removal and disposal of all types of waste generated

within their areas of jurisdiction (LAC 9).

The goal setting also includes decisions on the level of ambition of the collection and

treatment system regarding the quality in waste disposal, the level of recycling and the level

of special treatment etc. Achieving such goals in addition to establishing and operating the

physical waste system includes regulating and motivating the different types of waste

generators in relation to waste minimisation, source sorting and handling of the individual

waste fractions (LAO 91(u) and 105a (i)).


24

4.2.2 Planning for Measures

The planning for measures includes the decision-making on the composition of the

measures to be implemented to reach the goals decided upon.


The DOE is generally empowered to issue rules and set standards for emissions. However,

the powers typically refer to emissions of substances to air, discharge of liquid substances,

noise etc. Solid waste is, in general, not regarded as an emission.

Hazardous waste is generally a task for the DOE. Hazardous waste can only be disposed of

at prescribed premises (EQA 34(B)). Specific regulations (Environmental Quality

(Scheduled Waste) Regulations 1989) have been issued to introduce a system based on

notification of the scheduled waste, and prescribe the means of handling the waste.

However, the scope of the provisions towards small producers which are not in other ways

regulated by the DOE is not clear. The Local Authorities Cleanliness By-Law (LAC) also

includes mandates for the LA to regulate toxic waste, including reduction in the amount of

toxic waste produced.


According to the NREO, the NREB has the task of planning measures, especially section

5(c) empowering the board to determine and take such measures as may be considered

necessary.

The measures available presently include orders (NREO (10)), own operation (NREO (11)),

EIA (NREO (11a)), rules (NREO (18)), prohibitions (NREO (30 a-b)) and audits.

Local authorities (LAs)

The wide mandates delegated to the LA regarding solid waste management to confirm with

the duty of the LA to keep the areas under their jurisdiction clean and hygienic (LAO 98)

include making by-laws regarding cleanliness and waste disposal (LAO 91(u)).

Being the responsible agency at the operational level, the measures adopted by the LAs for

solid waste management are widely own-operation activities. The LA may issue by-laws on

waste collection systems for any waste fraction and any type of waste producer (premises),

and the waste producers are obliged to use such systems (LAO 105a(i)). Own-operation

activities include the general waste collection system, the treatment facilities and the

specific schemes and facilities for recycling and handling of specific waste fractions (LAC

9).

The LA can delegate the actual operation of a waste collection and disposal system to a

private contractor. However, the responsibility for the performance towards the citizens and

to achieve the goals set still remain with the LA as a contracted waste collection system is

still a public system according to LAC 9. Citizens are also obliged to use systems delegated

to waste contractor according to LAC 9.

The regulatory tools include powers to issue directions on the manner in which waste from

the premises should be handled, prepared or deposited for collection and removal. These


25

directions can be made applicable to the whole area of jurisdiction, parts hereof or to any

type or class of premises.

In addition, the LAC includes provisions on storage and periodical removal of waste from

work places or premises, on illegal dumping and on final disposal.

According to section 51of the LAC, the LA may license the transport and disposal of

industrial waste. Disposal expressly includes recycling. This implies that the LA has the

power to demand that specific fractions of solid waste should be transported separately and

to withdraw licences from waste collection and treatment companies that do not comply

with the conditions of the licensing.

Sarawak Rivers Board (SRB)

In keeping the gazetted rivers and riverbanks clean and free from disposal of waste, the

SRB is mandated to take any necessary measures; this obviously also concerns planning for

such measures (SRO 5, 12 and 38 and SRC 21).

4.2.3 Monitoring and Reporting

Monitoring includes surveying the state of the environment, the pressure exerted by human

activities and the efficiency of the measures implemented.


The scope of the DOE in relation to monitoring of solid waste is generally limited by the

definition of waste in the EQA (Hazardous waste and waste imposing a detrimental impact

on the nature). The DOE is explicitly empowered to undertake surveys and investigations

on the causes, nature and extent of pollution (EQA 3.1(e)). It is the direct duty of the DOE

to produce an annually report on the state of the environment in Malaysia (EQA 3.1(i)).


The NREB is the agency overall responsible for monitoring the state of the environment at

state level.

According to section 5(n) of the NREO, the NREB may direct any environmental authority

to undertake environmental monitoring and to make periodic reports to the board on the

implementation thereof.

The present solid waste baseline study should be seen as the first report on the state of solid

waste management for the city of Kuching.


The responsibility for daily monitoring of the performance in solid waste management lies

with the LAs. As a result, the current monitoring and reporting take place at the municipal

level.

The monitoring includes the performance of the physical waste collection and treatment

system as well as waste generation and handling at the major waste generators.


26

For the physical waste collection and treatment system, the monitoring will typically be

based on reports from the contractor. This is the case for Kuching, where the waste

collection and disposal are delegated to a contractor.

In order to monitor the generation and handling of the waste from private waste generators,

the LA may, according to LAO 47, require all data needed from the waste generators,

transporters and treatment facilities. However, the request has to be concrete and has to be

repeated from time to time, which obviously sets clear limitations for the flow of data. The

request cannot, presently, be given in a general form to ensure a continuous flow of data.

Additional monitoring data will derive from the registration of public complaints on solid

waste and from inspection and enforcement activities related to licensing and nuisances5.

4.3 Implementing Solid Waste Management Tasks

The implementation of solid waste management tasks includes the actual implementation of

the measures selected. This can take place through own operation (the physical solid waste

management system) as well as through regulatory measures, incentives and awareness.

4.3.1 Own Operation


The DOE has delegated the task of treatment and disposal of the hazardous waste listed in

Schedule 1 of the EQA, to the company, Kualiti Alam. This company has established a

treatment facility for hazardous waste at Bukit Nanas, Selangor.

A disposal facility for scheduled waste is planned for Sarawak which to be operated by

Solid Waste Management Sdn. Bhd. (SWM) (Refer to section below).


In 2000, the three local councils within Kuching District delegated their waste collection

and disposal system to a company, SWM. The contract is based on section 9(1) in the LAC,

which implies that the waste collection system is still a public system for which the local

councils are responsible and with which the waste generators are still required to comply.

SWM was established in December 1998 with a 60% share held by the Government of

Sarawak and 40% by the German Company Trienekens AG. Trienekens AG has been

contracted by SWM to prepare the implementation of the Integrated Solid Waste

Management System for the State of Sarawak (ISWMS). The duration of the contract is 25

years. The contract states that the "SWM will undertake an Integrated Solid Waste

Management System (ISWMS) and provide the services required."

Waste collected by SWM becomes the property of SWM, thereby transferring the concrete

decisions as to types of waste treatment to SWM. The legal basis for the services provided

5 These types of data are discussed in the report SUD-02-44: Data Management of Public Complaints and

Licences in the Kuching Government Agencies, April 2002


27

under the contract was the relevant regulations on the day of signing. Therefore,

implementing any new goals for waste treatment and disposal will imply negotiations with

the contractor.

A disposal facility for scheduled waste to be operated by SWM is being planned. A

temporary storage facility for scheduled waste has been established at Bintawa, Kuching.

4.3.2 Regulatory Measures

Although solid waste management is generally the task of the LAs, several state agencies

possess mandates which may have a significant influence on the solid waste generation and

handling. The mandates can be divided into three types, namely: prior approvals (EIA,

licenses and permissions), rules (prohibitions and standards) and orders6.

Prior approvals

Prior approvals are regulations demanding economic activities to obtain an approval from

the authorities before the activity can be initiated. Prior approval can be in the form of

conditions in EIA, licenses or permissions.

Prior approvals may include conditions for the establishment and operation of the

businesses. The conditions may include conditions on the generation and handling of solid

waste. Today, conditions on solid waste management are generally restricted to the

presence and maintenance of bins, but in future, specified conditions in prior approvals may

constitute an important tool for improved solid waste management.

Approval of EIAs for specific activities is conducted by the DOE and the NREB

respectively. The division of tasks is specified in the regulations. Generally, the DOE deals

with industrial and infrastructure projects, while the NREB deals with land use projects and

waste treatment facilities.

Licensing of specific activities is conducted by:

• DOE (EQA 18(1) for prescribed premises (crude palm oil and raw natural rubber) and

(18(1A) for prescribed conveyance (subsidiary regulation not yet issued));

• Public Health Authorities and LAs in relation to: markets and food premises (LAO 104

(b) and PHO 21), food outlets (LAO 104(c), 105(f),(g) and PHO 21), hotels and

lodging houses (PHO 33) and petroleum storage (PHO 64(f);

• State Veterinary Authority and LAs in relation to abattoirs (VPHO 60 and LAO

104(e)(vii));

• State Veterinary Authority in relation to meat processing (VPHO 69), and livestock

(VPHO 42 and 102) and in relation to other animal-related activities such as veterinary

6 For an overview of all relevant provisions, refer to the report SUD-02-21: Current Regulations on River

and Solid Waste in Sarawak (3rd

Edition), February 2002


28

clinics, facilities for care, treatment and keeping for sale of animals and facilities for

storing or keeping of cultures and animal products are under the authority of the State

Veterinary Authority (SVA) (subsidiary regulation not yet issued for the last category);

• Local authorities in relation to collection, transport, storage and disposal and treatment

of industrial waste (LAC 51) (subsidiary regulation not yet issued);

• Land and Survey Department in relation to certain activities within prescribed urban

areas (such as garage/workshop, sawmills, printing, etc. (LUO 3) (subsidiary

regulation not yet issued)); and

• Forest Department in relation to sawmill and manufacturing of veneers, plywood,

mouldings or any other products from timber (FO 66(1)).

Permission is required for several types of businesses.

In relation to solid waste management, especially the building and occupation permits for

construction works are important. Firm solid waste conditions in such permits may lead to

considerable improvement in construction and demolition waste management. These

permits are issued by the LA. Large projects (bigger than10 ha) additionally require an EIA

from the NREB.

A number of industrial activities require a permit from the DOE, if they are located in

residential areas7.

Permission to rear, keep or maintain livestock is required by the LA (LAC 28(4)(a)) if the

activity is not licensed by the NREB.

For solid waste disposal, permission is required for both the disposal facilities and for the

disposal activities.

With regard to disposal facilities permission is required from the DOE for incinerators (EQ

Clean Air Order 78(8)), from the NREB for landfills and dump sites (NREO 30(1)) and

from the LA for all disposal facilities (LAC 43(1)).

With regard to disposal activities, permission is required from the NREB for dumping of

solid waste on land (NREO 30 (1)b). Similarly, permission is required from the DOE for

discharge of solid waste from production or manufacturing processes on any land (EQSR

79(10)). However, the scope of this provision is limited by the definition of waste in the

EQA, refer to section 4.1 above. Permission is required from the LA for disposal of non-

toxic industrial waste at public disposal facilities (LAC 49(1)).

Additionally, a permit is required from the SRB for the collection and disposal of refuse

and rubbish from any gazetted river or banks hereof (SRC 16) and from the State

Veterinary Authority for incineration or disposal of dead diseased animals (VPHO 32 and

33).

7 Refer to the Appendix D of the Report SUD-02-21: Current Regulations on River and Solid Waste in

Sarawak, February 2002


29

Notification to the SRB is required for discard of rubbish from the banks of any gazetted

river.

Rules

Rules are regulations determining the specific conditions according to which a certain type

of activity can be carried out. Rules are of a general character for all similar activities. They

can relate to the design and operation of an activity, to the discharges allowed (standards) or

they can simply prohibit certain sub-activities or emissions.

Prohibitions: Disposal of solid waste in drains, streams, rivers or lakes is generally

prohibited according to the EQA (EQSR 6), the NREO (NREO 30A(a)) and the LAO

(LAO(117)) and LAC18 (2)). In relation to gazetted rivers, the activity is additionally

prohibited according to the SRO (SRC(15)).

Disposal of solid waste on land is generally prohibited according to the NREO (NREO

(30)), the EQA (EQSR(6)) and the LAO (LAC (13) and (18/20)), if a permission has not

been obtained, refer to section on permissions above.

Standards: The LAs have issued by-laws requiring owners and occupiers of every premise

to use the system provided for collection, removal and disposal of any refuse or waste

generated (LAC 9(2)).

The SRB can issue regulations requiring owners and masters of every vessel on any river

and for wharves or passenger landing terminals to provide bins and other receptacles for the

collection of refuse (SRC 3(1) and 3(2)).

The DOE (EQA section 21) and the NREB (NREO section 18) have certain powers to issue

standards for solid waste emission. However, these powers have not yet been utilised.

Orders

Orders are specific and concrete decisions that are only valid for the individual actor to

whom the order is addressed and only for the specific issue included in the order.

The DOE can issue orders whenever waste has been or is about to be emitted, discharged or

deposited and to give notice to remove pollution (EQA Section 31). The scope of the

provision is generally limited by the definition of waste in the EQA (hazardous waste and

waste imposing a detrimental impact on the nature).

Through the NREO Section 10(h), the NREB can issue orders on any act that is necessary

for the protection and enhancement of the environment.

Through the LAO sections 111 and 112, the LA may issue orders towards nuisances within

the local authority area. In addition, the LA can issue orders on waste disposal (LAC 9(1)),

on provision of waste receptacles (LAC 10(3)), on acceptance and handling of refuse and

waste (LAC 42(2) and 43(2)), on removal of industrial waste (LAC 46) as well as on

recycling and treatment of industrial waste (LAC 48).


30

In regard to specific waste types, the municipal councils can issue orders in relation to toxic

industrial waste and derelict or unwanted vehicles (LAC (50) and 27(3)). The SRB can

issue orders for the removal or retrieval of abandoned or discarded boats, canoes or logs in

gazetted rivers and the banks of these (SRC 17). The State Veterinary Authorities can issue

orders to remove or otherwise dispose of waste from unclean, neglected or in-sanitary

premises (PHO 29).

4.3.3 Incentives

The NREB is entitled to prepare rules prescribing incentives to carry out measures, which

are necessary for environmental protection (NREO 18z). The NREB may also expend the

funds of the Natural Resources and Environmental Quality Control Fund for incentives,

grants, loans and advances to fulfil the purposes of the board (NREO 21c).

Presently, a proposal on incentives for used tyre recycling is being prepared8.

4.3.4 Awareness

The general provisions on the use of measures obviously include awareness raising as an

option for several agencies including the DOE, the NREB, the SRB and LAs. However, the

measure has not been explicitly codified.

The NREB is explicitly empowered to provide information and education to the public

(NREO 5h). A similar provision is valid for the DOE (EQA 3(1l)).

Summary

It follows from the above description that the local authorities are the responsible authority

for solid waste at the operational level.

The NREB is the responsible authority for the overall strategic tasks including goal setting,

monitoring and reporting, and the DOE is the responsible authority for hazardous waste

management.

Additional competencies and duties are distributed to several agencies. In most cases, the

additional competencies and duties are complimentary to the competencies of the LA,

covering specifically defined issues. However, in some cases, the provisions are

overlapping and may result in uncertainties as to the distribution of tasks and duties.

8 EPU-DANCED Economic Approaches Project, Recycling Facility for Used Tyres in Sarawak:

Economic Viability Analysis (Draft Final Report), May 2002


31

5 Waste Generation

In the following presentation, solid waste generation will be presented for the individual

sectors encompassing residential, commercial, industrial, institutional and infrastructure

sectors, construction sites as well as special waste producers.

For each of the sectors, the following information will be presented: a description of the

particular sector, an estimation of the amount of waste generated from the sector and an

assessment of the composition of the waste generated. Where possible, the trends in waste

generation will also be presented.

An attempt has been made to map out the location of the different sectors within the core

urban zone in Kuching District. The demarcation of the areas has been made in relation to

the urban spatial development and the existing physical and administrative boundaries.

Figure 5.1 shows the current land use within the core urban zone of the study area. The

approximate location of this core urban zone in relation to the study area is shown in Figure

5.1.


32

Figure 5-1 Land use in the Core Urban Zone of Kuching


33

5.1 Residential Sector

5.1.1 Description of Residential Sector

Residential areas can be defined as areas where the predominant land use (>80%) is made

up of single or multi-family dwelling units. Residential areas are normally provided with

neighbourhood parks or children's playgrounds. There are generally 3 types of residential

areas in Kuching. These are:

• Landed property (single-family). Landed property includes terraced houses, semi-

detached houses, detached houses, bungalows and traditional kampung houses. Some

low-cost housing schemes are also considered landed properties.

• Multi-storey property (multi-family). Multi-storey property includes flats, apartments,

condominiums which are usually high-rise and high-density residential areas. The

distinctions between the three types of multi-family housing relate to the cost, the type

of facilities provided and the density. Condominiums are, normally, most expensive

and are provided with a variety of luxury facilities such as recreational centres,

swimming pools, covered car parks and modern security systems. Flats, on the other

hand, are on the lower ends of the market. Some walk-up flats are developed as low-

cost housing.

• Informal property (squatters). These are informal houses, normally referred as

squatters, built on state land, riverbanks, etc. without any legal permits.

Residential areas are normally provided with relevant community facilities and served by

neighbourhood commercial centres. This is a typical characteristic of new neighbourhoods

such as the BDC development, the Green Height area, the Tabuan area (including Tabuan

Laru, Tabuan Desa and Tabuan Jaya) and other clusters of neighbourhoods within the MPP,

the MBKS and the DBKU.

The recent census (2000) of the Department of Statistic (DOS) does not divide the

population or other demographic figures in accordance with the local authority boundary.

Consequently, the figures on population and households within the local council areas have

to be consumed as the best estimate available. Further refinement would involve

compilation of the census figures in accordance with the boundaries of the local council

rather than the census/enumeration blocks of the DOS.


34

Table 5.1 Numbe of landed properties and apartment/flat units in Kuching

Residential types Number of units

Landed property 79,500

Apartments / flats units 3,500

Household units in commercial shop houses1 1,000

Total 84,000

1 Figure relating to landed property and apartments are from local councils, whereas the number of household units in

commercial shop houses is derived from the estimation described in the following section

Sources: DBKU, MBKS, MPP (2001)

The families of shop owner often live on the upper floors of shop houses. The estimated

number of housing units in commercial shop houses is estimated at 1,000. This figure is

based on an estimation of the relation between the number of dwellings and the number of

inhabitants in commercial areas. A calculation has been made for the Bintangor3 catchment

area which comprises the old city centre including India Street, Carpenter Street, Main

Bazaar, Padungan and etc. Without taking into account the upper floors of shop houses,

31.59 persons live in each housing unit. Adding in 500 units in shop houses will increase

this figure to 8.42 persons in each unit, which is more realistic compared with the Kuching

situation.

Assuming that the sub-catchment area of Bintangor3 has 50% of the total commercial shop

houses in Kuching, there are 1,000 housing units in commercial shop houses in Kuching.

However, the table above does not include the illegal properties (squatters).

The number of housing units can be used as an indicator to estimate the number of

households. However, there are certain limitations to this estimation. Every household does

not necessarily possess its own housing. Social and economic aspects such as the existence

of extended family units and affordability have an influence on housing demand. Taking an

average of 5 inhabitants per household and assuming that each household possesses its own

housing unit, the total number of housing units is estimated at 99,300 for Kuching

compared to 84,000 reported in Table 5.1.

For the purpose of estimating the existing waste generation within the areas of the

individual local authorities in Kuching, population figures and a calculated number of

housing units were provided by the local councils. However, in the future, actual compiled

census figures from the DOS should be considered.

Landed property

Landed property is widespread in the Kuching urban area. Some areas with concentrations

of landed property are Jalan Green and BDC. Large housing estates are also being

established around the fringe areas, such as Jalan Batu Kawa and Jalan Semeba.

Kampung houses within the DBKU area are mainly located along the northern bank of Sg.

Sarawak, primarily in the Semariang area and Siol Kandis in Petra Jaya. On the southern


35

bank of Sg. Sarawak, kampung settlements can be found in the Satok area, especially the

Sg. Bintangor catchment areas.

Within the MBKS, kampung houses are mostly concentrated along Sungai Tabuan from its

middle stream area to the confluent of Sg. Tabuan and Sg. Kuap. Some kampung houses

still exist along Jalan Sekama, Jalan Ellis and Jalan Lumba Kuda.

Solid waste management is generally a problem in kampung and squatter areas, as these

settlements are not always accessible to the public collection service. Some areas have been

provided with community waste containers at a central location, but these waste containers

are often not being fully utilised. Many villages and settlements along rivers have

traditionally resorted to disposing rubbish under the house or directly into the rivers.

Figure 5-2 Disposal of refuse under houses in some Kampong areas


36

Based on the distribution of different types of landed property as described in a SUD

Report9, the following distribution on housing types in Kuching can be elaborated:

Table 5.2 Distribution of landed property on housing types in Kuching

Types of landed property % distribution No. of units in Kuching

Terraced 41.6% 33,000

Semi-detached 19.6% 15,550

Detached 21.0% 16,660

Kampung and bungalow 17.8% 14,120

Total 100% 79,330

Source: SUD Land Use and Population Distribution Survey (2001) & Local Councils

Multi-family housing

High rise apartments and condominiums are slowly catching up in the Kuching market.

While many are located within the central urban area, some projects are located outside the

central business area, such as the Green Height Condominium in Green Height area, Satria

Court and in BDC, Kasuma Resort in Petra Jaya, and De Summit condominium near CBD.

A list of condominiums and apartments in Kuching is included in Appendix 1.

Based on the records of the local councils, there is a total of about 3,500 units of flats,

apartments and condominium in Kuching district.

5.1.2 Waste Amounts

The amount of solid waste generated in residential areas can be best estimated by compiling

data registered at the weighbridge of the only existing legal disposal site in Kuching, the

Matang Dump Site (refer to section 7.1). It is estimated that approximately 90% of the

residential waste ends up at the Matang Dump Site.

The waste received at Matang and registered as residential waste is predominantly collected

by compactor trucks. The routing system of Trienekens is not planned in such a way that

only waste from households is collected at the collection routes in residential areas. The

residential areas often contain a certain amount of commercial enterprises from where

waste is collected simultaneously. As a result, waste collected at collection routes in

residential areas may contain a certain amount of commercial waste. Similarly, as

mentioned in section 5.2.1, waste collected in commercial areas may also comprise

residential waste generated from dwellers at the upper floors of commercial shop lots.

Trienekens estimates that, of all the waste collected by compactor trucks, 70% is household

waste while the rest is commercial waste. This aspect has been incorporated in the figures

for household waste collected by compactor trucks presented in Table 5.2. The reliability of

this estimation highly influences the overall figures on waste generation. The estimation

should be reassessed for future solid waste management reporting.

9 Report SUD-02-24: Report on Landuse and Population Distribution, April 2001


37

In addition, some residential waste from multi-family houses is collected in RoRo

containers (flats and condominiums). It is estimated that 20% of the waste collected in

RoRo containers from commercial areas is residential waste.

Table 5.3 Estimate of the amount of residential (household) waste generated in Kuching district in

2001

Total (tonnes)

Compactor truck1 77,200

RoRo (residential)2 1,900

RoRo (commercial)3

4,300

Bulky waste4

2,100

Residential waste not collected5 6,800

Reused/recycled6

2,800

Total 95,100

1 70% of the waste received from compactor trucks at the weighbridge in Matang

2 3 out of the total 125 RoRo containers of Trienekens are for condominium and flats

3 20% of the waste collected from RoRo containers in commercial areas registered at the weighbridge in Matang

4Received at the weighbridge in Matang

5Estimated at 8% of the collected residential waste

6Estimated at 2,800 tonnes per year (refer to section 7.3 for more detail)

The yearly solid waste generation from residential areas in Kuching district is estimated at

95,100 tonnes.

Based on this total amount, the average household waste generation per person would be

estimated at 0.52 kg per capita per day10. This is 15% lower than the average generation

rate for Selangor of 0.61 kg per capita per day11. This implies that an increase in waste

amounts should still be expected before reaching the level of central West Malaysia.

However, it is not clear to what extend the Selangor figure includes commercial waste.

Due to incomplete data, the waste generation from the categories of residential dwellings in

the individual local council could not be determined, at this juncture. Instead, waste

estimates from residential areas have been compiled as one category. Nevertheless, it is

important to note that the waste generation from different categories of housing e.g.

different income groups may generate different amounts of waste. The following waste

generation rates from residential areas of different income levels have been recorded in

Petaling Jaya in Peninsula Malaysia:

10

According to Table 3.2, there are 497,000 inhabitants in 3 local council districts 11

Report SUD-02-50: Study on Solid Waste Generation Rates, November 2001, p. 16


38

Table 5.4 Waste generation rates in Petaling Jaya for residential areas with different income

levels

Types of residential area Average waste generation rate (per capita per day)

Low income 0.46 kg

Medium income 0.37 kg

High income 0.60 kg

Source: Master plan on solid waste management for Petaling Jaya Municipality (1990-2010)

5.1.3 Waste Fractions

Residential waste includes all solid waste fractions generated at residential premises,

including bulky waste. Residential waste can be further subdivided into:

• Collected residual household waste: waste collected from the premises by the general

public waste collection service. Waste is collected from 125-litre, 240-litre and 1,000-

litre movable waste bins provided by Trienekens (Refer to Chapter 6.1).

• Bulky waste: waste collected by Trienekens and local authorities at specific request. It

is collected free of charge if it is within 3 m3. This includes items such as old

appliances or furniture and other bulky household waste.

• Non-collected waste: presumably dumped or burnt on site or dumped into drains or

rivers. This includes waste from areas not accessible by public collection including

kampung and squatter areas. It is estimated by Trienekens that this fraction equals

approximately 8% of the total amount of residential waste collected i.e. 6,800 tonnes

per year.

• Collected waste for reuse and recycling: household recyclable waste, such as

newspaper, books, glass bottles, clothes etc., collected by street scavengers or

delivered directly by households to municipal recycling bins or to recycling agents.

There are no records on this and no study has been carried out, but the amount is

estimated to be small, around 3% of total residential waste generated i.e. 2,800 tonnes

per year.

In order to obtain figures on the composition of residual collected household waste, a waste

composition analysis was carried out during the baseline study (refer to Appendix 1). The

waste to be analysed (around 2,700 kg) was collected by a compactor truck from a typical

residential area comprising mixed types of housing units. It has to be underlined that the

analysis indicated that approximately 50% of the residual household waste is organic (food

and garden waste). The other large fractions are plastic (20%), paper (14%) and other

combustible waste (9%) (See Figure 5.3).


39

Source: SUD Composition Survey, February 2001

Figure 5-3 Analysis of the composition of residual waste from residential areas (by weight)

The results are similar to the typical waste composition of waste generated in middle

income developing countries. This is reflected in the high percentage (around 50%) of

organic waste.

However, it is unexpected that plastic constitutes about 20%, with packaging accounting for

approximately 17% and plastic bottles 3%. The high percentage of plastic is nevertheless

comparable to similar composition tests carried out by other studies within Kuching and

Kuala Lumpur. A comparison of waste composition results from different studies is

tabulated below:

Paper

7.8%

Green Wastes

7.3%

Cardboard

5.7%

Glass

3.1%

Scrap Metal

3.1%

Plastic Bottles

2.9%

Plastic Bags

16.8%

Hazardous Waste

0.5%

Other Combustible

Wastes

9%

Food Wastes

44%


40

Table 5.5 Comparison of waste composition results from various studies

Type of Waste Study and waste source

MBKS (‘86)

Kuching,

landfill waste

DBKU (‘96)

Kuching,

residential

Trienekens (‘97)

Kuching, landfill

waste

SUD (’01)

Kuching,

residential

UPM (‘01)

Kuala

Lumpur,

residential

average

Organic waste 48% 40% 50% 50% 49%

Paper & cardboard 24% 21% 15% 14% 9%

Plastics 9% 21% 16% 20% 22%

Metals 6% 6% 4% 3% 6%

Glass 4% 3% 5% 3% 4%

Textiles 4% 2% 5% - 4%

Others 5% 7% 5% 10% 6%

Sources: Various studies carried out by MBKS, DBKU, Trienekens, SUD, and UPM

When comparing the amount of plastic found in 1986 by MBKS with the amount found in

the present study, it is interesting to note a significant increase in plastic waste to more than

the double of the 1986 figures.

It has to be underlined that the survey related only to the collected residual waste. To

determine the actual composition of residential waste, the waste collected separately for

recycling or other purposes has to be added.

5.2 Commercial Sector

5.2.1 Delineating the Commercial Sector

In general terms, commercial activities are activities relating to the administration or

trading of products and services. Commercial activities can be divided into the following

sub-sectors:

• Markets - Indoor or outdoor venues consisting of small individual stalls for trading of

produce (vegetables, fruits), fish, meat, other foodstuffs and, in some cases, other

consumable products, clothes and other commodities.

• Main commercial entities – Individual premises used for wholesale or retail,

restaurants and coffee shops, offices, banks and services, clinics, small hotels (less than

30 rooms), rest houses, etc. This category includes traditional shop houses as well as

multi-storey trading and service cum office complexes including supermarkets and

department stores.

• Large hotels –hotels with more than 30 rooms.


41

• Workshops and garages – automobile and motorcycle repair as well as mechanical

workshops.

However, commercial areas also include residential uses. Often the owner or operator of the

commercial activity in a shop house resides at the upper floors of the same shop house.

For this study, a commercial area is, therefore, defined as an area where the activities are

predominantly commercial. Typically, more than 80% of the activities will be commercial.

To achieve precise information on the amount of commercial waste produced, the waste

generated by the residential component of the shop houses must be differentiated from the

commercial waste. For this study, only the amount of household waste in commercial areas

has been estimated.

5.2.2 Description of Commercial Subsectors

Markets

Markets are venue for small-stall trading activities. Markets are typically divided into dry

markets trading produce, dry food stock and other commodities and wet markets trading

fresh fish and meat. In Kuching, some markets are a combination of dry and wet markets

e.g. the Satok market. It is estimated that there are about 20 markets throughout the

Kuching district. Kuching City has 5 major markets, namely Pasar Satok (Satok market),

Pasar Gambier (Gambier market), Tabuan Jaya Wet Market, Kenyalang Wet Market and

Pasar Petanak. Other smaller markets are located at Third Mile, Kota Sentosa and Kota

Padawan. A list of markets in Kuching is included in Appendix 1.

Main commercial entities

The main commercial entities can be divided into the following categories:

• Traditional shop houses (including food outlets, offices, retail shops etc.)

• Commercial complexes (see list attached in Appendix 1)

• Government offices (see list attached in Appendix 1)

• Food centres

Traditional shop houses: The town area of Kuching is dominated by traditional two- to

four-storey shop houses.

The main traditional commercial areas in Kuching include the following:

• The Central Business District (CBD) including Jalan Padungan, Jalan Gambier, Main

Bazaar and other major streets within the „golden triangle‟ area.

• Satok/Kulas area

• Pending /Sekama area


42

• Tabuan Area: Tabuan Jaya, Tabuan Laru, Tabuan Desa and Muara Tabuan commercial

areas

• BDC area

• King Centre/Simpang Tiga area

• Rajah Court

• Third and Fourth Mile

• Batu Kawa

• Seventh Mile

• Tenth Mile

Within Kuching CBD, there is a mix of old and modern shop houses. These are mostly 2-3

storeys.

Main Bazaar, Jalan Gambier and Jalan Padungan are Kuching‟s main commercial centres in

terms of number and variety of traders. While the Main Bazaar and Jalan Gambier area

offer additional tourist attractions such as the Waterfront and the historic core, other parts

of the area, such as the Jalan Song Thian Cheok and Jalan Ban Hock areas, are mostly made

up of domestic commercial retails and offices.

Other commercial areas typically serve the local neighbourhood with daily requirements

and services.

The number of retail shops in Kuching was not obtained during this study in 1999. 7,783

trading licenses had been issued12. A recent property market survey has recorded a total of

approximately 6,000 shop houses in Kuching.

Commercial complexes: Modern multi-storey trading and service cum office complexes

mushroom throughout the city. Some complexes have a supermarket/department store or a

hotel as a major (anchor) tenant. Some complexes also have major food outlets on the

ground or top floor of the premises. The main commercial complexes are listed in

Appendix 1.

Office complexes, government offices: The principal location of the state government is

Petra Jaya, located at the north bank of the Sarawak River. This area hosts the principal

state building - Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Assembly) as well as important state

government blocks, including Wisma Bapa Malaysia, Wisma Sumber Alam, Menara Pelita,

the High Court and the building of the Sarawak Electric Corporation (SESCO). The DBKU

City Hall is also located in Petra Jaya area.

12

Statistics Department Malaysia, 2001


43

At Simpang Tiga (within the MBKS area), there are several government office complexes

hosting both federal and state government offices. These complexes include the Bangunan

Sultan Iskandar, Wisma Tuanku Hj. Bujang, the Employee Provident Fund (EPF) building,

the Malaysian Police Force Divisional HQ, the Road and Transport Department (JPJ) and

the office of Jabatan Telekom.

Other major areas for government office complexes include: Padungan and Main Bazaar,

which site, inter alia, the Treasury Department, the Judicial Department, the Sarawak

Economic Development Corporation (SEDC) and the MBKS City hall building. Within the

Satok area, there are a few government offices such as the Land Custody and Development

Authority (LCDA), the State Police HQ and a divisional office of the Lands and Survey

Department. In the vicinity of Wisma Saberkas (which houses the Drainage and Irrigation

Department), there are the Sarawak Health Department (within the General Hospital

compound), the Public Works Department (JKR) and the government printing offices. In

the Pending area, there are the Port Authority Complex, the Marine Department Complex,

the Customs and Excise and the Pepper Marketing Board.

Estimated size of offices and premises for trade and services

The amount of office space presently occupied by private entities and government agencies

has been estimated based on the Kuching Urban and Regional Study (KURS)13. KURS

estimated that, in 1995, there was about 700,000 m2 of office space in Kuching including

about 200,000 m2 recorded as being under construction. Out of this amount about 250,000

m2 was estimated to be government office complexes. Assuming that no construction of

offices took place in 1995-2000, except that recorded as being under construction in the

above study, there was a total of 0.7 million m2 of office space in Kuching in the year 2000.

Similar estimation was conducted of the amount of commercial space for trade and services

within the study area. KURS estimated that the total space for trade and services was about

0.7 million m2 in 1995. This is a rather conservative estimate as a recent property market

survey showed that the amount of shop houses in Kuching totals approx. 6,000 units in

addition to large retail outlets such as Parkson, Ngiu Kee etc. which requires a minimum of

about 5,000 m2. Assuming that each shop house occupies about 125 m2, the total area

would exceed 0.7 million m2. However, no further information was available to help verify

the amount of additional commercial space in Kuching. Therefore, the figure of 0.7 million

m2 is still used in the report.

Estimated space for office and retail employment

The rate of employment at offices and in retail per unit area of office space (private and

government) was determined by comparing various international planning standards. These

standards range from a gross area of 15 m2 per employee in New York and London to 25

m2 per employee in Hong Kong.

13

Shankland Cox, Greater Kuching Urban and Regional Study: Volume 2, Sarawak Government, 1999


44

KURS adopted a standard of 20 m2 per employee as a reasonable standard for Kuching.

Based on this assumption, employment in retail and office establishments was estimated at

70,000 persons, in the year 2000.

Large hotels

Hotels are considered as one of the primary components of the commercial sector. The

definition of hotels includes holiday resorts, special function hotels, common hotels and

common inns. The principal locations of hotels are normally within the city centre and

coastal area, while a handful is located within commercial buildings. The number of hotels

in Kuching is approximately 70. Of these, 30 have more than 30 rooms available. In the

context of this baseline study, hotels with more than 30 rooms are considered large hotels.

Workshops and garages

Workshops and garages are trading or business activities dealing with repair of

automobiles, motorcycles and machinery including engine and body works as well as other

related servicing, engine maintenance, electrical and mechanical works.

The majority of the workshops and garages are located within the Batu Kawa area and in

the Pending and Padungan areas on the ground floor of shop houses along secondary

streets. However, many are located within residential areas such as in Sekama, Jalan Tun

Razak towards Pending as well as in the vicinity of Kuching Airport towards Kota Sentosa

(7th Mile Bazaar). In these areas, workshops and garages are set up by converting single

family residential units. Due to the non-existence of statutory zoning or land use plans,

many of the workshops and garages are established and operating in areas which are

unsuitable or incompatible with adjacent uses resulting in both environmental problems and

nuisances to the neighbours affected.

According to the local authorities the total number of automobile workshops is estimated at

247 (77 in DBKU, 92 in MBKS and 78 in MPP). Since workshops and garages are not

licensed by the local councils, no official registration of the number and locations exists.

The SUD project14 recorded a total of 551 workshops and garages in MBKS and part of

DBKU, which is at least twice the number reported by the local councils. However, the

number estimated by the local councils only includes automobile workshops, while the

SUD survey also includes machinery workshops. For the purpose of waste estimation, the

total of 551 was used.

5.2.3 Waste Amounts

The total generation of commercial waste in Kuching in 2001 is estimated at 52,020 tonnes.

If the amount of waste collected or delivered for reuse or recycling is excluded, the

estimated amount of residual commercial waste is approximately 41,200 tonnes.

14

Report SUD-02-24: The Land Use and Population Distribution Survey, April 2001


45

The amount of commercial waste registered by Trienekens includes waste from other

sectors like institutions and infrastructure and a small amount from industries. However, it

is possible to determine the actual amount of commercial waste by subtracting from the

total amount of commercial waste collected by Trienekens, the estimated amount generated

by industries, institutions and infrastructure.

Table 5.6 Commercial waste registered at the at Matang dump site in Kuching15

Total (tonnes/year)

Compactor truck1 33,100

RoRo (commercial)2 17,100

Trade3 & others 1,000

Total 51,200

1 Based on 30% of the waste received from compactor trucks over the weighbridge at Matang

2 Based on 80% of the waste received from RoRo containers in commercial areas over the weighbridge at Matang

3 Waste received from private transporters over the weighbridge at Matang

The proportion of waste from compactor trucks estimated by Trienekens as commercial

waste (30%) can further be divided by the ratio of 8:1:1 for

commercial:industrial:institutions. This assessment is based on a rough estimation of the

number of the premises covered by compacter trucks and assuming that an equal amount of

waste is generated by each type of premises. This is regarded reasonable as only few

industries and institutions are served by compactor trucks. Therefore, approximately

26,500 tonnes of commercial waste is collected by compactor trucks.

Table 5.7 Composition of waste from compactor trucks

Total (tonnes/year)

Commercial 26,500

Industrial 3,300

Institutional 3,300

Total 33,100

Trienekens has a total of 122 RoRo containers, 51 of which serve the commercial sector. 40

(22 fixed and 18 not fixed) are located at main commercial entities, 2 at large hotels and 9

at markets. The amount of waste from the 2 large hotels and 9 markets registered at the

Matang weighbridge is about 9,500 tonnes in total. Assuming that the amount of waste

collected from the remaining 111 RoRo containers is equal, it can be estimated that the

waste collected by the 40 RoRo containers at main commercial entities is about 2,700

15

Commercial waste registered at Matang Landfills consists of waste from commercial, infrastructure,

institution, industries' sectors


46

tonnes. The amount of waste collected by RoRo containers can be hereafter estimated as

follow:

Table 5.8 Amount of waste collected by RoRo containers

Total (tonnes/year)

Markets 9,100

Hotels* 400

Commercial 2,700

Industry, institution and infrastructure 4,900

Total 17,100

* Only involves Crowne Plaza and Hilton Hotel

The estimated amount of commercial waste (main commercial entities, markets, hotels)

from RoRo containers is approximately 12,200 tonnes.

The waste delivered by private transporters is mostly generated by the commercial and

industrial sectors. The ratio is assumed at to be 50:50. Therefore, about 500 tonnes of the

trade waste comes from the commercial sector.

Table 5.9 Waste delivered by private transporters to the Matang Dump Site

Total (tonnes/year)

Commercial 500

Industrial 500

By adding all commercial waste estimated above, approximately of 39,200 tonnes of

commercial waste are received at Matang Dump site yearly.

Table 5.10 Actual amount of commercial waste received at the Matang Dump Site

Total (tonnes/year)

Compactor truck 26,500

RoRo containers 12,200

Trade and others 500

Total 39,200

Markets

Most markets are supplied with RoRo containers and serviced by hook lift trucks. Tonnage

figures for every RoRo container at 9 markets are recorded by Trienekens based on the

amounts registered at the Matang weighbridge. The total waste collected amounts to 9,113

tonnes per year. The only market tonnage figures that are not recorded are the Batu Lintang


47

Market, the Sg Apong Market and the Bintawa Market. However, by compiling data (refer

to Annex 3) on the type and size of bins, the collection frequency and conversion factor

(kg/l) for waste, tabulated figures are produced.

Table 5.11 Waste generation by 3 unrecorded markets

Location Size of bin No. of

bin

Times per

week

Weeks Unit

source16

Kg per

year

Tonnes /year

Sg Apong 240 8 7 48 0.27 174,182 174

Bintawa 240 3 7 48 0.27 65,318 65

Batu Lintang 1,000 2 7 48 0.27 181,440 181

Total 420

The total amount of waste generated at markets is 9,533 tonnes per year.

In order to validate the estimated amount, a calculation based on unit generation figures17 of

5.18 kg/stall/day was used. The results of calculation can be seen in Table 5.10:

Table 5.12 Waste generation for markets – based on UPM unit figure

UPM No. of Stalls Unit Source Day/Year kg/year Tonnes/year

MPP 925 5.18 365 1,748,898 1748.9

MBKS 837 5.18 365 1,582,516 1582.5

DBKU 4026 5.18 365 7,611,958 7612.0

Total 10,943

The unit generation calculation estimates a waste generation of 10,943 tonnes per year,

which differs by a comparable 14%. It must be noted that the unit figure is only based on

one particular market, while the figure based on actual tonnage collected is based on an

assumption that all waste generated in a market are collected. For this baseline study, 9,533

(9,600) tonnes per year has, therefore, been used as the actual amount of waste collected.

Workshops and Garages

There are no current waste registration specifically for workshops and garages. They are

also serviced by Trienekens using 120-litre and 1,000- litre wheel bins.

The amount has, therefore, been estimated based on the surveys conducted18 during the

SUD study, including the waste composition analysis and the interviews with the

16

Figure derived based on the total amount of waste collected per market divided by 365 days and by

RoRo bin volume which is around 10,000 L per bin 17

Report SUD-02-50: Study on Solid Waste Generation Rates, November 2001


48

workshops and garages. The actual amount of waste collected from 11 workshops in the

surveys was 867 kg during a 2.5-day period. Based on this figure, an average amount of

31.52 kg of waste is disposed of by each workshop to the waste bins every day19. Assuming

that workshops operate 6 days a week, this amounts to 9.8 tonnes per workshop per year.

The total amount of collected residual waste for all 551 workshops is thus estimated to be

5,400 tonnes per year.

A small fraction of scrap metal (1.2%) is included in this amount. However, according to

the four interviewed workshops, a large amount of scrap metals is recycled through

middlemen.

Based upon the interviews20, it is estimated that around 1.5 tonnes of scrap metal is

recycled annually from each workshop. This totals approximately 800 tonnes of scrap metal

from the 551 workshops and garages annually.

The 800 tonnes of waste being reused or recycled is included in the total of 12,000 tonnes

of waste being reused or recycled from the commercial sector.

In a study on used oil and grease generated in Kuching (NREB, 1997), it was estimated that

around 2,500 litres of waste oil is produced daily in Kuching21. This equals 820 tonnes per

year using a conversion factor of 0.9-kg/litre waste oil. This amount is included in the

scheduled waste section below.

Large Hotels

Based on the information provided by the local authorities, it is estimated that there are

approximately 30 hotels with more than 30 rooms in Kuching. Hotels may request RoRo

containers and larger MGBs due to the considerable amount of waste. The total amount of

waste generated by large hotels in Kuching has been estimated based on the actual amount

collected by hook lift compact trucks and MGBs supplied.

The estimated amount of waste from large hotels is 3,600 tonnes a year22.

This figure has been validated by comparing it to a calculation based on unit generation

figures supplied in the SUD Report SUD-02-5023 (see Table 5.11).

18

Surveys on the composition of waste from workshops and garages which is documented in the report

SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study: Appendix 1: Field surveys (Working Paper), December 2002 19

According to the Trienekens' workers, waste collection takes place on request. It is, generally, done

every 2-3 days. 20

Surveys on the composition of waste from workshop and garages which is documented in the report

SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study: Appendix 1: Field surveys (Working Paper), December 2002 21

Survey on Used Oil in Kuching by the NREB in 1997 22

Refer to the Appendix 3: Tables 3 and 4 23



49

Table 5.13 Estimated amount of waste generated by large hotels (by unit generation)

UPM No. in Kuching Unit Source days per

year

metric

tonne/year

Hotels with more than 100 rooms 10 0.376 365 1,372

Hotels with less than 100 rooms and

more than 30 rooms

20 0.25 365 1,825

Total 3,197

In comparison, the total waste generation calculated differs by 11%. This difference can be

justified in terms of hotel activities. In Kuching, some of the large hotels operate consistent

weekly functions while some are seasonal holiday resorts. In addition, the monthly waste

generation differs due to holiday seasons and spring cleaning activities. Thus, the UPM unit

source may not be applicable as an annual average figure since the amount was a one-off

tabulated figure. Furthermore, recycling of waste may also be more developed in hotels in

peninsula Malaysia, which contributes to the lower unit generation figure.

The total amount waste generated by large hotels is estimated to be 3,596 (3,600) tonnes

per year.

Hotel with less than 30 rooms (inn) which are generally established at the normal shop lots

are usually supplied with 120-litre MGBs (twice-a-week collection). Thus, the waste

generated by this type of smaller inn falls into the main commercial entity subsector.

Main Commercial Entities

The amount of collected residual waste from main commercial entities is derived from data

collected by Trienekens. It is estimated by subtracting the actual amount of commercial

waste (39,200 tonnes) received at Matang from the identified waste amounts from the sub-

sectors of markets, workshops and garages and hotels. The remaining 20,600 tonnes,

therefore, comes from the sub-sector of main commercial entities. Adding the amount of

recycled commercial waste, the total amount of waste24 from this subsector can be

estimated at 33,020 tonnes.

In order to validate this figure, a calculation based on unit generation figures25 of 0.68

kg/employee/day for office space and 2.61 for commercial areas was made. The results of

calculation can be seen in Table 5.14:

24

Refer to Table 5.15 25



50

Table 5.14 Waste generation for main commercial entities – based on UPM unit figures

Total area

(m²)

Employee per unit

area (m²)

Waste generated

(kg/employee/day)

Waste generated

(tonnes/year)

Office space for private

entities and government

building

700,000 0.05 0.68 8,687

Commercial space for

trading and service

1,000,000 0.05 2.61 47,633

Total 56,320

The unit generation calculation estimates a waste generation of 56,320 tonnes per year,

which differs by a comparable 71%. The lower amount for Kuching may be due to a delay

in the full implementation of the Trienekens wheel bins system.

Total waste amount for the commercial sector

Table 5.15 presents the waste amounts from the commercial subsector.

Table 5.15 Commercial waste generated based on sub-sectors in 2001 in Kuching

Total (tonnes/year)

Markets 9,600

Main commercial entities 20,600

Workshop and garages 5,400

Hotels 3,600

Not collected2 2,000

Recycling3 10,820

Total 52,020

2It is estimated that an amount equalling about 5% of the total commercial waste registered at Matang is not collected

3It is estimated about 10,820 tonnes per year (refer to Section 7.3 for more detail)

5.2.4 Waste Fractions

Main commercial entities

The composition of collected residual waste from commercial areas has been determined

based on a solid waste composition survey carried out by the SUD project. A typical

sample of commercial waste was collected via a compactor truck from a representative

business zone – Ban Hock Road. Common commercial activities within the area include

retail and trading, food outlets, offices etc.


51


determine the actual composition of commercial waste, the waste collected separately for

recycling or other purposes has to be added.

Figure 5.4 illustrates the result of the composition analysis

Source : SUD Waste Composition Study, February 2001

Figure 5-4 Composition of collected residual waste from commercial areas

The composition of collected residual waste from commercial areas differs slightly from

that of residential waste. The quantity of cardboard is considerably higher (20%) while the

percentage of paper is low (4%). The amount of food waste is high (52%).

The high amount of food waste is most likely due to the fact that commercial areas

comprise restaurants and food stalls. The high percentage of cardboard in the collected

residual waste is unexpected, as it would have been assumed that this fraction would be

collected separately at source for recycling.

As regards paper, most likely a large part is taken directly to a reseller or recycling industry

which decreases the percentage of paper collected in the waste bins. Paper and cardboard

collected separately for recycling amounts to 8,370 tonnes per year. This amount includes

collection from institutions and a small fraction from industries (refer to Section 7.3.1).

Food Wastes (Mixed)

52%

Cardboard

20%

Plastic Wastes

13%

Wood Wastes

1%

Other Combustible

Wastes

3%

Glass

4%

Scrap Metals

3%

Paper

4%

Hazardous Wastes

0%

Non Combustible Wastes

0%


52

Workshops and garages

The composition of residual waste collected from workshops and garages has been

estimated based on a solid waste composition survey carried out by the SUD project.

Solid waste was collected separately from 11 workshop and garages within the MBKS

jurisdiction and sorted. The results of the composition survey are presented below:

Table 5.16 Composition of residual waste disposal by the workshops and garages in Kuching

district

Fraction Percentage

Paper/cardboard 28

Food waste 5

Wood waste 5

Scrap metal 1

Plastic waste 12

Glass 2

Scheduled waste 9

Other combustible waste 38

Total 100

Source: SUD composition surveys, November 2000 and reseller survey April 2001, (Appendix 1).


determine the actual composition of waste from workshops and garages, the waste collected

separately for recycling or other purposes has to be added.

It appears that the waste is predominantly made up of paper and cardboard and plastic

waste and a very high fraction of other combustible waste. The rather high percentage of

scheduled waste is partly due to packaging for lubricants and other scheduled chemicals

(listed in the EQA schedule).

In connection with the composition analysis, a number of interviews have been carried out

with operators of workshops and garages in order to estimate how much and what types of

waste were recycled directly. The interviews26 showed that the waste types recycled are

scrap metal, waste oil and car batteries. It is thus not surprising that these fractions were not

detected in the waste collected for the waste composition analysis.

26

Report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study: Appendix 1: Field Surveys (Working Paper),

December 2002


53

Other commercial sectors

No specific analysis was carried out to determine the composition of waste from markets

and large hotels.

5.3 Industry Sector

5.3.1 Delineating the Industry Sector

The industry sector includes manufacturing businesses which use raw material and

machinery to generate products within its premises. Service businesses such as accounting

and construction services are not included as industries.

There is no single government agency which has data on all the industries in Kuching

District, as the authority for approval and registration of individual industries depends upon

the number of employees and/or the size of the capital investment.

The Malaysia International Development Authority (MIDA) evaluates applications for

manufacturing licences for industries with shareholders' fund of MYR 2.5 million or

engaging more than 75 employees. This is mandated under the Industrial Co-ordination Act

(ICA) 1975.

In relation to projects with capital investment below MYR 2.5 million or less than 75

employees, applications are handled and approved by the State Ministry of Industrial

Development (MID), the secretariat for Industrial Co-ordination Committee (ICC).

Based on the MID/MIDA principles, the following distinction of the industry categories has

been made:

• A large-scale industry (LSI) is characterised as an industry which has been approved

by the ICA or an industry which has 75 or more employees.

• A small or medium-sized industry (SMI) is characterised as an industry having less

than 75 employees. However, if an industry has below 75 employees, but has been

approved by the ICA, this industry will be characterised as an LSI and not as an SMI.

Since this distinction is basically based upon whether an industry has been approved by the

ICA or the ICC, the main criterion is the size of the capital investment. In that regard, the

(few) ICA approved industries with less than 75 employees are considered LSIs due to the

higher capital investment needed for their manufacturing processes.

5.3.2 Identifying Industries in Kuching District

In order to establish an overview of the industrial sector in Kuching District, data from the

different government agencies which possess data on the industries in Kuching District has

been examined. The following lists have been used:

• A list of industries approved by the MIDA


54

• A list of industries approved by the MID in the period from 1965 to 1999. This list

includes the industries approved by the MIDA

• A list of industries approved by the MID in the period from 1988 to 2001. This list also

includes the industries approved by the MIDA

• A list of industries from the DOE. This list also includes certain non-manufacturing

businesses, such as trade and service businesses. In addition, the DOE list duplicates

some industries and includes some in Kota Samarahan.

In order to derive the best estimates for solid waste generation from the industrial sector,

the lists from the MID, the MIDA, the DOE have been cross-examined27. The result is the

best possible list of all the industrial establishments in Kuching District. The list includes

industrial establishments out to 9th Mile. A total of 716 industries with 35,229 employees

were identified in the survey. However, two companies: Yen Chin Machinery Works

Development Sdn. Bhd. and Yek Chin Machinery Works Development Sdn. Bhd., were later

identified as the same company, but mistakenly inserted as two different companies.

Some industries identified during the SUD Project do not appear in any of the lists of

industries reviewed. This applies for CMS Steel Sdn. Bhd., See Hua Daily News Sdn.

Bhd., PPES Ternak Sdn. Bhd. and Shell Timur. This indicates there may potentially be

more waste generating industries. It is, however, assumed that the number is marginal. In

some cases, the information obtained for the list needs to be updated.

The industries are categorised as follows (including 3 industries identified in the survey)

(refer to Appendix 1):

27

Report SUD-04-32: Manufacturing Industries in Kuching, April 2002


55

Table 5.17 Categorisation of industries

Types of industries No. of industries No. of employees

Manufacture of electrical machinery (J) 42 11,217

Wood-based and rattan product (C) 178 6,694

Food manufacturing (A) 127 4,584

Basic metal industries (I) 139 4,519

Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products (H) 51 3,357

Miscellaneous manufacturing industry (Z) 57 1,983

Printing, publishing and related industries (D) 34 1,004

Manufacture of transport equipment (K) 13 518

Beverages manufacturing industries (B) 14 485

Manufacturing of rubber products (E) 17 405

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (F) 20 366

Manufacture of products of petroleum and others (G) 7 227

Warehouses, godowns, etc. (W) 12 172

Textiles and garments (L) 8 142

Total 719 35,673

As appears from Table 5.18, the total number of manufacturing industries in Kuching

District is 719. On top of this number, are 91 enterprises which are included in the list from

the DOE, such as construction, trading and forwarding. These have been excluded in the list

above, as they are not considered manufacturing industries.

The number of LSIs in Kuching District is 107. Except for 12 of these which have between

250 and above 3,000 employees, the industries have between 75-249 employees. The group

of LSIs is thus characterised by a few large industries, while the bulk of the LSIs are in the

smaller end of the spectrum. The number of SMIs is 612. It appears that 542 of these have

less than 50 employees.

Thus, the manufacturing sector in Kuching District is predominantly characterised by small

industries with less than 50 employees (75.3%).


56

Table 5.18 Number of industries in Kuching district out to 9th

Mile and the distribution

according to number of employees

Number of Industries

No. of employees Pending Demak

Laut

Samajaya Scattered out to

9th Mile

Total

3,000-3,999 0 0 1 0 1

2,000-2,999 0 0 1 0 1

1,000-1,999 0 0 2 1 3

500-999 1 0 1 1 3

250-499 3 1 0 0 4

75-249 or ICA-approved

industry**

42 (12, 10) 29 (13, 5) 12 (5, 3) 12 (5, 1) 95 (35, 19)

Total no. of industries above

75 employees or approved by

the ICA

46 30 17 14 107

50-74 16 44 0 10 70

25-49 49 94 3 22 168

Less than 24 or ICC-

approved industry

120 106 (1) 6 142 (1) 374 (1)

Total no. of industries below

74 employees

185 244 9 174 612

Total no. of industries 231 274 26 188 719

*Numbers in brackets indicates how many of the ICA-/ICC-approved industries are listed without any number of

employees in any of the lists. On top of these, the numbers in Italics indicate the number of ICA-approved industries

that appear in the lists with less than 75 employees.

**An ICA-approved industry is categorised as having a capital investment of more than MYR 2.5 million, but can, in

the lists reviewed, still be listed as having less than 75 employees.

Most of the LSIs are in the electronic and high technology sector (12 industries employing

10,396 people), although the wood-based industry is dominant (15 industries employing

2,398 people). The other three large types of industries in Kuching District are the ceramic

industry, the food industry and the basic metal industry.

Most of the SMIs are in the wood-based industry (163 industries employing 3,757 people),

the food industry (115 industries employing 2,889 people) and the basic metal industry

(127 industries employing 2,861 people).

5.3.3 Location of the Industrial Sector

The industries in Kuching District are mainly located in the three industrial estates. Almost

74% of all manufacturing industries in Kuching District are located in these estates (see

Table 5.18). The industrial estates are:


57

• Pending Industrial Estate. This 483-hectare estate was one of the first to be

established and it comprises industries involved in food processing, wood, wood/cork

processing, furniture manufacturing, chemical products and plastic product processing.

The number of LSIs in Pending is 46, almost all of which (42) have less than 250

employees. The number of SMIs is 185 of which almost 64.7% have less than 24

employees.

• Demak Laut Industrial Estate north of the barrage. This 1,255-hectare estate comprises

industries involved in wood and wood/cork processing, furniture manufacturing and

food processing, in addition to metal, petrochemical and ship repair industries. In

Demak Laut, the number of LSIs is 30, of which 29 have less than 250 employees. The

number of SMIs is 244, most of which have between 25 and 74 employees.

• Sama Jaya Free Industrial Zone in Muara Tabuan. This 374-hectare estate is

dominated by large electronic industries, four of which have more than 1,000

employees. One of them has more than 3,000 employees and is the biggest industry in

Kuching District. In total, there are 17 LSIs in Samajaya, 12 of which have less than

250 employees. The number of SMIs is very small in that only 6 industries with less

than 24 employees are found here.

The remaining 26% of the industries in Kuching District out to the 9th Mile are more

scattered. In this group, 14 LSIs are found, 12 of which have less than 250 employees. The

number of SMIs is 174 almost all of which are small with less than 24 employees.

5.3.4 Estimating Solid Waste Amounts

Only a minor part of the industrial waste in Kuching is collected by Trienekens. In 2001,

Trienekens collected approximately 4,100 tonnes of waste from 60 RoRo containers. In

addition, 3,300 and 500 tonnes were delivered by compactor trucks and private transporters,

respectively, to the Matang Landfill and added up to the total waste amount of 7,900 tonnes

(Table 5.19).

Table 5.19 Actual industrial waste registered at the Matang Dump Site

Total (tonnes/year)

Compactor trucks1 3,300

RoRo containers2 4,100

Trade and others3 500

Total 7,900

1 Estimated amount of commercial waste received at Matang Weighbridge can be further divided into the ratio of

8:1:1 for commercial:industrial:institutional

2 60 out of 122 RoRo containers are fixed at industries

3 Total trade waste registered at Matang weighbridge is in the ratio of 1:1 for industrial:commercial


58

The major part of the industrial waste is presently not recorded. A different approach to

determining the amount of the industrial solid waste is therefore required.

In order to estimate the amounts and fractions of solid waste generated by the industrial

sector in Kuching District a survey was carried out at 25 industries. 23 of these industries

are located in Kuching District and two paper mills outside Kuching District were included

to estimate the waste flow to and from Kuching District. A primary criterion for selecting

the industries in each category was the expected amount of solid waste generated; thus, the

largest waste generators should be selected first. The industries covered in the survey have

been grouped according to the MIDA categories and sub-categories, see Appendix 2.

The number of employees of the industries surveyed within Kuching District is 12,668 or

approximately one third of the total number of employees (35.5%) in the industrial sector in

Kuching District.

The survey encompassed the 5 biggest industries in Kuching District with between 1,000

and 3,400 employees. In the group of industries between 250-999 employees, the survey

covered 3 industries out of the existing 7. The average number of employees in these 3

industries is 433. In the group of industries with between 75-249 employees, the survey

covered 10 industries out of the 95 industries present in this group. The average number of

employees in these 10 industries is 126. The remaining 7 industries covered by the survey

all had less than 75 employees. Two of these are located outside of Kuching District.

The survey revealed that there are no organised records of solid waste generation in most of

the industries. The waste data from the individual industries was, therefore, based on any

source made available by the industries during the survey and on the judgement of the

interviewed staff. As a result, the data includes considerable uncertainties28.

International experience shows that the only way to obtain accurate data on the amount of

solid waste generated from industries is actual concrete measurements at the individual

premises29. It is, however, very time consuming to obtain accurate data.

Generally such data will have to be generated by legal obligation requiring the industries to

record and report their waste generation to the authorities. Such recording and reporting are

currently introduced in a number of countries worldwide.

As most waste is typically derived from a few large industries, waste generation can be

estimated by measuring the actual amount of waste from these industries which,

individually, have a significant direct influence on the total amount of waste. Subsequently,

the total amount of waste produced by smaller industries may be calculated based on unit

amounts. Unit amount are calculated by measuring the amount of waste at a defined sample

28


December 2002

29 Proceedings of 1

st International Conference on Waste Minimization and Clean Technology - Moving

towards the 21st Century. “Furthering Cleaner Technology: The Role of the Decentral Authorities”.

Geneva - May 29-June 1, 1989


59

of industries and making an extrapolation based on the findings to get an idea of the

situation in the full industrial sector.

For the present study, unit amount calculations are used to estimate the amount of industrial

waste for all generators including the large industries. This adds an uncertainty to the

surveys which should be avoided in later updates.

Unit amounts can be related to the number of employees, economic turnover, investments

production rates, etc. However, information related to investment, production rate etc. is

often considered “classified” information and thus not released for purposes such as this.

Therefore, the estimation of waste generation for industries in this study is based on the

only available information on the size of industries, i.e. the number of employees.

Due to the limited amount of data acquired during the survey and the uncertainties related

to the data, the project has also procured an overview of West-Malaysian and international

unit amounts for solid waste generation from businesses30. This overview was used to

assess and supplement the data of acquired during the SUD survey, whenever required.

Considering the fact that the industrial sector in Kuching District is mainly characterised by

small industries with less than 50 employees, it may be considered appropriate to estimate

the amount of solid waste generated by industries on the basis of unit figures per employee

for each industrial sub-sector.

The solid waste generation identified per employee for the 25 industries surveyed by the

SUD project is listed in Table 5.20. Two industries that are located at Samarahan are not

included.

Table 5.20 Waste generation at industries surveyed during the SUD study

Sub-category of industry (category) Wastea

(tonnes/year)

No. of

em-

ployees

Kg/

employee/

day

Scheduled

waste

(tonnes/

year)

Assembly of batteries (J) 86.27 100 2.36 -

Electronic products & components (J) 1449.00 1,350 2.94 921.60

Electronic products and components (J) 3,379.20 3,329 2.78 1,162.80

Electronic products and components (J) 1,884.60 1,500 3.44 601.20

Electronic products and components (J) 1,725.26 2,800 1.68 10.68

Electronic products and components (J) 553.32 750 2.02 1,139.40*

Manufacture of architectural metal products (I) 272.28 130 5.74 12.84




30



60


Ceramics (H) 18,368.64 1,000 50.32 -

Manufacturing of plastic products (Z)** 1.44 25 0.16 -

Meehoon, noodles & related products (A) 414.00 131 8.66 -

Fish preparation & preservince (A) 1,048.64 250 11.49 -

Miscellaneous food preparation (A) 1,350.00 100 36.99 -

Miscellaneous food preparation (A) 81.48 14 15.94 -

Oxygen and petrol kiosk (G) 504.00 40 34.52 216.00

Paints & related products (F) 89.88 10 24.62 48.00

Miscellaneous chemical industries (F) 273.60 79 9.49 18.00

Printing, publishing (D) 207.12 100 5.67 -

Sawmill/sawn timber (C) 7,567.15 300 69.10 -

Soft drinks and carbonated beverages manufacturing

(B)

67.51 87 2.13 -

Total 39,778.89 12,668 4,363.68

Total excluding ceramics 61,189.14 11,668 4,363.68

The categories follow MIDA's categorisation. Data derived from SUD survey a Exclusive of scheduled waste

* Inclusive of 604.8 tonnes of "packed" hazardous liquid waste per year

** The weight of 960 empty drums identified at the factory are not included as the weight of the drum was not

estimated during the survey

Estimating unit figures for solid waste generation

In Table 5.21, the waste generation per employee is aggregated into unit amounts for the

industrial sub-sectors based on the SUD survey. These unit amounts are compared to the

West Malaysia and international unit amounts31. For wood-based industries, additional unit

amounts are obtained from STIDC.

Table 5.21 Comparison of unit amounts from the SUD and other sources

Types of industries (MIDA categories) Unit

amounts.

Surveys in

Kuching

(average)*a

Unit amounts by UPM STIDC

West

Malaysia

Denmark America** Tchobano

glous et

al. (1993)

Food manufacturing industries (A) 16.02 (4) 23.23 - - - -

Beverages manufacturing industries (B) 2.13 (1) - - - - -

Wood-based & rattan products (C) 69.10 (1) - - - 68.55 70.96

Printing, publishing & allied industries (D) 5.67 (1) - 4.88 - - -

Manufacture of rubber product (E) - - - - 4.81 -

31



61

Manufacture of chemical & chemical product

(F)

17.06 (2) - 3.15 - - -

Manufacture of products of petroleum &

others (G)

34.52 (1) - - - - -

Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products

(H)

50.32 (1) - 10.96 - - -

Basic metal industries (I) 1.88 (5) - 2.16 - - -

Manufacture of electrical machinery,

apparatus, appliances and supplies (J)

1.63 (6) 1.85 - - 10.67 -

Manufacture of transport equipment (K) - - - - 9.31 -

Textiles and garments (L) - 0.63 - - - -

Warehouse, godown etc. (W) - - - 6.27 - -

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries (Z) 9.08 (3)b - - - - -

* The numbers in brackets indicate the number of industries surveyed during the SUD project a Where more than one industry were surveyed, the average unit amounts is obtained by dividing the total waste

amount by the total number of employees of the industries surveyed b Unit amount derived from average unit amount from all other manufacturing industries from either SUD surveys, or

UPM excluding wood-based and non-metallic mineral products ** Final Report 1992 Washington State Waste Characterisation Study: Volume 3: Generator Survey Approach,

Washington State Department of Ecology

Table 5.22 presents the amounts of solid waste in Kuching based on the unit amounts. The

table compares the estimated amounts for subsectors where 2 unit amount figures are

available.

Table 5.22 Comparison of solid waste generation using unit figures from the SUD study and

using West Malaysian/international unit figures

Category of industry SUD survey

(tonnes/year)

West Malaysian/

international

(tonnes/year)

Difference

(%)

Wood-based & rattan product (C) 168,832.72 167,488.90 0.80

Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products (H) 61,657.35 13,429.34 78.22

Food manufacturing industries (A) 26,804.02 38,867.51 -45.01

Printing, publishing & allied industries (D) 2,077.83 1,788.32 13.93

Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus,

appliances and supplies (J)

6,673.55 7,574.28 -13.50

Basic metal industries (I) 3,100.94 3,562.78 -14.89

Manufacture of chemicals & chemical products (F) 2,279.05 420.81 81.54

Total 271,425.46 233,131.94 14.11

Source: Compiled list of industries in Kuching District and Study on Solid Waste Generation Rates (SUD 02-50).

Note: For manufacturing of electrical machinery (J), it should be noted that the international unit figures (in

Tchobanoglous et al (1993) set at 10.67 kg/employee/day) are used. The unit figures from the SUD survey and from

West Malaysia are both low (2.58 and 1.85, respectively)

As can be seen from Table 5.22, the differences mostly relate to the industry types H and F.

As no other representative unit figures were available, the international unit figures were


62

taken from Denmark. This is possibly one reason why the unit figures are lower, especially

in relation to chemical and chemical products.

The SUD project survey covered two industries in the industry category F, and the average

unit figure obtained from the survey is considered reliable and representative of Kuching

District. This unit figure will thus be used in the subsequent estimation of solid waste from

industries in this category.

For the industry category H (manufacture of non-metallic mineral products), the difference

in the unit figures is equally substantial (50.32 and 10.96 kg/employee/day, respectively).

This type of industry encompasses ceramic products and manufacture of pottery (where

most of the waste is recycled) as well as manufacture of cement and concrete products. The

differences may therefore, be explained by different composition of the category,

internationally and in Kuching. A break down into subcategories has, therefore, been

conducted to optimise the unit figure, see Table 5.23. Thus, a unit figure of 35.77

kg/employee/day appears to better accommodate the differences in unit figures across the

sub-categories.

Table 5.23 Breakdown of waste generation from industrial category H into sub-categories

Sub-categories of Industry Category H No. of

industries

No. of

employees

Kg/

employee/da

y

Tonnes/ year

Ceramic products (1) 10 1,899 51.32 35,571.69

Manufacture of pottery and earth ware (1) 7 112 51.32 2,097.96

Manufacture of structural clay products (1) 3 53 51.32 992.79

Manufacture of cement and concrete products (2) 23 1,101 10.96 4,404.44

Miscellaneous non-metallic mineral products (2) 8 192 10.96 768.08

Total 51 3,357 43,834.96

Source: Compiled list of industries in Kuching District

(1) Unit figures have been taken from the Study on Solid Waste Generation Rates (SUD-02-50) and (2) from the

Danish Environmental Protection Agency as stated in the UPM report

In relation to wood waste generated by wood-based industries, data from the Sarawak

Timber Development Corporation (STIDC) has been examined, see Table 5.24. It is clear

that the average yearly generation of wood waste as estimated by the STIDC is very close

to both the figures obtained using unit figures. Using the data from the STIDC, the average

unit figure for a wood-based industry is 71.60 kg/employee/year. This unit figure will be

applied below, as it is based upon comprehensive data sets from the STIDC.


63

Table 5.24 Wood waste from wood-based industries generated in Kuching District in the period

1997-2000

Year Installed

capacity

(m3/year)

Utilised

capacity

(m3/year)

Solid residue Sawdust Total wood

waste

(tonnes/year) (m3/year) (tonnes/year) (m3/year) (tonnes/year)

1997 1,726,800 837,250 333,701 166,183 80,545 23,439 189,622

1998 1,726,800 712,090 259,920 129,440 73,655 21,434 150,874

1999 1,726,800 771,980 300,670 149,734 70,430 20,495 170,229

2000 1,735,200 897,500 331,080 164,878 82,865 24,114 188,992

Average 1,728,900 804,705 306,343 152,559 76,874 22,370 174,929

Source: STIDC (2001). Conversion factors are the typical averages for mixed wood (498kg/m3) and sawdust

(291kg/m3) obtained from Tchobanoglous et al. (1993).

Applying unit figures to estimate solid waste amounts

In Table 5.25, the final unit figures have been used to derive an estimate of the amount of

the solid waste generated in Kuching District for all types of industries.

Table 5.25 Estimation of the amount of solid waste generated by the various types of industries

in Kuching District

Category of industry No. of

industries

No. of

employees

Kg/employ

ee/day

Tonnes/year

Wood-based and rattan product (C)*** 178 6,694 71.60 174,941.00

Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products (H) 51 3,357 35.77 43,829.16

Miscellaneous manufacturing industry (Z) 57 1,983 9.08 6,572.06

Food manufacturing (A) 127 4,584 16.02 26,804.02

Manufacture of electrical machinery (J) 42 11,217 1.63 6,673.55

Basic metal industries (I) 139 4,519 1.88 3,100.94

Manufacture products of petroleum and others (G) 7 227 34.52 2,860.15

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (F) 20 366 17.06 2,279.05

Printing, publishing and related industries (D) 34 1,004 5.67 2,077.83

Manufacture of transport equipment (K)** 13 518 9.31 1,760.24

Manufacturing of rubber products (E)** 17 405 4.81 711.04

Warehouses, godown, etc. (W)** 12 172 6.27 393.63

Beverage manufacturing industries (B) 14 485 2.13 377.06

Textiles and garments (L)* 8 142 0.63 32.65

Total 719 35,673 272,412.38

The unit figures are derived from the SUD survey, see Table 5.21 except * where unit figures from West Malaysia

have been used, ** where international unit figures have been applied derived from Study on Solid Waste Generation

Rates (SUD-02-50) and *** where unit figure from the STIDC have been used


64

It appears from Table 5.25 that the wood-based industry alone is, by far, the most dominant

in terms of solid waste generation. 64.2% of the estimated solid waste generation in

Kuching District comes from the wood-based industries.

The manufacture of non-metallic mineral products (ceramics, pottery, cement and concrete

products) is second largest industry in terms of solid waste generation. Thus, 16.1% of the

solid waste comes from this category. The remaining 12 industry categories thus account

for the remaining 20% of the solid waste generation.

Although the manufacture of electrical machinery is, by far, the biggest sector in terms of

number of employees, the solid waste generated from these industries accounts for less than

2.4% of the estimated total amount generated.

Large-scale industries (LSI) and small to medium-size industries (SMI)

As the solid waste generation of LSIs and SMIs varies due to the differences in size, the

total solid waste generated in Kuching District has been grouped according to these two

categories.

Solid waste generation from LSIs

Table 5.26 shows the estimated amount of solid waste generated by the 72 industries which

have more than 75 employees, but excluding those with ICA approval and less than 75

employees'.

Table 5.26 Solid waste generation by the 72 largest industries in Kuching District


industries

No. of

employees

Kg/

employee/da

y

Tonnes/year

Wood-based and rattan product (C) 15 2,937 71.60 76,755.56

Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products (H) 6 2,398 35.77 31,308.41

Miscellaneous manufacturing industry (Z) 5 759 9.08 2,515.48





Printing, publishing and related industries (D) 4 466 5.67 964.41

Manufacture of transport equipment (K)** 2 184 9.31 625.26

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (F) 1 79 17.06 491.93


Total 72 20,953 132,248.32

The unit figures have been derived from the SUD survey, see Table 5.21, except ** where international unit figures

have been applied derived from Study on Solid Waste Generation Rates (SUD-02-50).


65

As it appears from Table 5.26, these 72 industries account for 10% of all the industries in

Kuching District, and almost half (48.5 %) of the estimated amount of solid waste

generated in Kuching, yearly.

The predominant waste generators are the wood-based industries (58%), non-metallic

mineral products manufacturing (24%), food manufacturing (7%) and manufacture of

electrical machinery (5%).

If the ICA-approved industries with less than 75 employees are added, they account for 21

industries with a total of 717 employees. In addition, there are 31 industries with ICA

approval for which the number of employees is unknown. Some of these industries may not

have started up production yet, others may well be in production. The waste generated by

these groups of industries may, therefore, will cause an increase in the solid waste amounts.

There is also another industry in Category D: Printing and Publishing which has neither

ICA nor ICC approval and for which the number of employees is not known.

Table 5.27 Estimation of solid waste generated at the industries with ICA approval and less than

75 employees


industries

No. of

employees

Kg/empl

./day

Tonnes/ year

Beverage manufacturing industry (B) 2 112 2.13 87.07

Wood-based and rattan product (C) 3 175 71.60 4,573.45


Manufacture products of petroleum and others (G) 1 7 34.52 88.20

Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products (H) 3 71 35.77 926.98

Basic metal industries (I) 9 272 1.88 186.65

Manufacture of electrical machinery (J) 1 33 1.63 19.63

Miscellaneous manufacturing industry (Z) 1 22 9.08 72.91

Total 21 717 6,110.56

The unit figures have been derived from the SUD survey, see Table 5.21

Solid waste generation from SMIs

The 594 SMIs identified in Kuching District account for almost half the estimated total

amount of solid waste generated by the industrial sector in Kuching District.

As appears from Table 5.28, most of the solid waste generated by SMIs originates from

wood-based industries. Thus, the 153 wood-based SMIs generate almost two thirds (69.8%)

of the estimated total amount of solid waste generated by SMIs. The second largest

category in terms of solid waste generation is the 106 food manufacturing which generate

some 12.6% of the total solid waste of SMIs. The third largest solid waste generator among

SMIs is the manufacture of non-metallic mineral products industries accounting for around

8.6% of the solid waste generated by the SMIs.


66

Table 5.28 Estimation of solid waste generated by industries with less than 75 employees within

Kuching District


industries

No. of

employees

Kg/empl./

day

Tonnes/year

Wood-based and rattan product (C) 153 3,582 71.60 93,611.99



Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products (H) 37 888 35.77 11,593.77


Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products (F) 18 262 17.06 1,631.45

Manufacture of transport equipment (K)** 11 334 9.31 1,134.98

Printing, publishing and related industries (D) 29 538 5.67 1,113.42

Manufacturing of rubber products (E)** 17 405 4.81 711.04

Manufacture of electrical machinery (J) 25 788 1.63 468.82

Warehouses, godown, etc. (W)** 12 172 6.27 393.63


Manufacture products of petroleum and others (G) 2 46 34.52 579.59

Textiles and garments (L)* 8 142 0.63 32.65

Total 594 14,003 134,053.49

The unit figures have been derived from the SUD survey, see Table 5.21, except * where unit figures from West

Malaysia have been used and ** where international unit figures have been applied derived from the Study on Solid

Waste Generation Rates (SUD-02-50).

Scheduled (hazardous) waste

Hazardous waste is also referred to as scheduled waste in Malaysia. Scheduled waste

includes the categories of waste listed in the First Schedule of the Environmental Quality

(Scheduled Waste) Regulations 1989. For the purpose of this report, hazardous waste will

be referred to as scheduled waste.

As shown in Table 5.20 above, the survey of large industries also revealed the amount of

scheduled waste generated at some of these. Based on these figures, five industrial

categories in Kuching District generate an estimated 32,294.28 tonnes of scheduled waste

per year, see Table 5.26.

1) The largest contributor is the category: miscellaneous manufacturing industries,

consisting of plastic, paper, box industries etc., which produces 77% of the total

scheduled waste generated in Kuching District.

2) The second largest contributor is the manufacturing of electrical appliances which

accounts for 13.56% of the scheduled waste and employs almost 61.2% of the total

number of employees in these five industrial categories. The scheduled waste

generated in this category is mostly liquid waste.


67

3) The industrial category: manufacture products of petroleum and others, has a rather

high generation of scheduled waste per employee, most notably in relation to

petroleum products. Thus, although few people are employed in these industries, the

scheduled waste output is high.

The remaining main generators of scheduled waste are basic metal industries and

manufacturers of chemical products.

Table 5.29 Estimated yearly generation of solid scheduled waste generated in Kuching District.

The unit figures are the averages for each category of industries derived from the

SUD survey


industries

No. of em-

ployees

Kg/em-

ployee/d

ay

Tonnes/year






Total 265 18,312 4.73 32,294.28

* For category Z: miscellaneous manufacturing industries, the average figures of kg/employee/day have been

calculated based on the scheduled waste generated by the 3 industries surveyed which include two paper industries

surveyed in Kota Samarahan divided by the total number of employees of the 3 industries surveyed Table 5.20

Approximately 4,400 tonnes of scheduled waste is produced by the 23 large industries

(refer to Table 5.20). This represents around 14% of the total estimated amount of

scheduled waste generated by industries in Kuching.

Scheduled waste has been included in the special waste category.

General and special industrial waste

From the above, it has been estimated that the overall solid waste generation from the

industrial sector in Kuching District excluding scheduled waste is approximately 300,000

tonnes per year (refer to Table 5.25).

However, due to the huge amount and the characteristics of the waste, wood waste from

wood-based industries and ceramic waste will typically be handled separately and not be

included in the general waste collection and disposal system. In this study, these types of

waste are, therefore, considered as special waste. These fractions are discussed in section

5.8. By subtracting special waste (wood (175,000) and ceramic (35,000)) from the above

amount, a total of 62,500 tonnes of general industrial waste is generated per year (excluding

scheduled waste).

Table 5.30 Amount of general industrial and special waste generated in the industrial sector in

2001


68

Waste type Amount generated (tonnes/year)

General industrial waste 62,500 tonnes

Special waste

- wood waste from wood-based industries 175,000 tonnes

- ceramic waste from ceramic industries 35,000 tonnes

Total special waste 210,000 tonnes

Discussion of industrial waste estimations

It can be assumed that the amount of industrial waste estimated is a conservative estimate

and that, potentially, greater solid waste generation can be expected. There are at least two

reasons for this assumption.

First of all, the unit figures have been derived from the SUD survey which mostly targeted

large industries in Kuching District. Since large industries, in general, tend to be more

efficient and dispose of less waste per employee than smaller industries, these unit figures

are probably on the low side in terms of estimating the average solid waste generation.

However, as no unit figures have been available for SMIs, specifically, and as no survey

was carried out of the SMIs in Kuching District, the unit figures from the survey of the

large industries was considered the best estimate. In addition, the comparison with unit

figures from West Malaysia and with international unit figures revealed that the unit figures

derived at through the SUD survey are valid.

Secondly, the number of employees at 31 of the industries approved by the ICA is unknown

and therefore not included in the calculations. In addition, the number of employees at 21 of

the industries with ICA approval is listed to be below 75. The employment numbers may

have changed since the date of approval. This uncertainty extends to most of the

employment numbers derived from the MIDA, as the employment numbers given are the

original ones specified when the applications were submitted.

It is, thus, likely that a review of the employment numbers at the industries would reveal a

higher number of employees than what has been presented above. However, the data used

above has been considered the best available source of information at the current point in

time.


69

5.4 Institutional Sector

5.4.1 Description of the Institutional Sector

Institutions are defined as government and private facilities catering for public needs. These

include hospital and clinics, educational establishments including kindergartens, primary

and secondary schools, tertiary institutions and other public facilities such as community

and sports complexes and stadiums.

Hospitals and clinics

This category of institution includes public and private hospitals, government clinics,

polyclinics and government clinics in rural areas (Klinik Desa). There are 5 large hospitals

in Kuching with a total of 1,288 beds. The Sarawak General Hospital located at Jalan Tun

Haji Openg (DBKU) has a capacity of 736 beds, and it is the largest hospital in the State

with a full range of specialist services. The hospital is also a general referral centre for

Sarawak.

Two private hospitals are located in Kuching. They are the Normah Medical Specialist

Centre (72 beds) in Petra Jaya (DBKU) and the Timberland Hospital (72 beds) at Third

Mile (MBKS). Within the MPP areas, there is the Sarawak Mental Hospital (388 beds) at

Seventh Mile and the Rajah Charles Brooke Memorial Hospital (RCBM) at Penrissen (20

beds).

Beside hospitals, Kuching has 2 government polyclinics – one opposite the Padang

Merdeka in the central of the Kuching area and one at Tanah Puteh in Pending. In addition,

there are about 20 rural clinics (Klinik Desa) within the district.

Other types of clinics and dental clinics are summarised in the following table:

Table 5.31 Number of health-related facilities in Kuching

Types of health facilities No. of facilities

General hospital 1

Public hospital 4

Polyclinic 2

Dental clinics 92

Pharmacies 54

Outpatient clinics 76

Community health centre 10

Total 239

Source: Sarawak Health Department, 1999


70

Educational facilities

The educational facilities include pre-schools, primary and secondary schools as well as

private and public post-secondary educational institutions.

Within the urban envelope of Kuching, there is a huge number of pre-schools. Many are

located in residential areas as the authorities allow residential units to be converted and

used as kindergartens and nurseries. Kuching has 2 large pre-school establishments. These

are the Lodge School in Tabuan Jaya and Tadika Rhema in Tabuan Desa.

Altogether, 165 primary schools are registered in Kuching, many of which are located

within the Kuching urban envelope along Jalan Ridgeway, Jalan Tun Razak, Jalan Astana

and Jalan Green.

It is rather difficult to estimate the school population as some schools are larger than the

others.

Primary schools encompass 6 grades (standard 1 to 6). Sometimes, schools have more than

one class for each grade. Some primary schools have 3-4 classes for each grade. Assuming

that there are 2 classes at each grade with 35 pupils in each class, primary schools, on

average, have about 420 pupils. Based on the above assumptions, the primary school

population in the study area is estimated at about 69,300 students. Taking an overall student

to staff ratio of 20:1, there is support, teaching and management staff within the primary

school structure in Kuching total about 3,465.

Secondary schools also encompass 6 grades (form 1 to 6). In Kuching district, a total of 39

secondary schools were registered in 200032. These schools are located in urban areas

adjacent or near to the primary schools. Some schools, such as SMK Agama, Vocational

and Technical schools, provide boarding facilities where students live on campus.

Accordingly, the amount and composition of waste generated from boarding schools would

be higher than from regular schools. Secondary schools also vary in size. Some urban

schools, such as SMB Kuching High, SMK Bandar Kuching, have more than 2,000

students while those located in the periphery have less than 1,000 students. Selective

boarding schools, such as SMK Agama, Petra Jaya, have about 500 students. Based on the

assumption that, on average, each school has about 1,000 students, the student population

of secondary schools has been estimated to be in the vicinity of 39,000 pupils.

Post secondary education facilities provide education and training at certificate, diploma

and degree levels. Among the facilities established within the study area, is the INTI

College located near Jalan Laksamana Cheng Ho, which has its own campus. Other

establishments are normally are located in shop houses or within commercial complexes or

office buildings such as the King's Business Institute (KBI) at the King Centre in Simpang

Tiga area, the Stamford College at Jalan P. Ramlee and the Institute of Business &

Management Studies near the Gateway Complex.

One of the largest tertiary education facilities within the study area is the Swinburn

University located at the State government office complex at Simpang Tiga. The building is

presently housing both Swinburn and 2 other government departments.

32

Based on information from the Ministry of Education


71

In addition, Kuching has a number of government training facilities. These are the Joint

Sarawak/Sabah Survey, the Youth Development Training Institute, the Sarawak Civil

Service Training Centre, the Telecom Training Unit, the Malaysian Agricultural Research

Institute and the JKR Training School. These facilities are mostly located in the vicinity of

existing government office complexes in the Tabuan and Simpang Tiga areas.

Currently, Kota Samarahan is developing into a centre of education for Sarawak. The

UNIMAS (University Malaysia Sarawak), and the UITM (formerly located in Semariang

Petra Jaya) have their permanent campus in Kota Samarahan. With the planning and

development of Kota Samarahan as a centre of education and research, it is not expected

that the post secondary educational sector in Kuching will be further developed.

Parks, playgrounds and landscape areas

This category of waste generators include town parks like Taman Reservoir, the

Amphitheatre and the Taman Muzeum, recreational areas like the Taman Rimba Sama Jaya

(Setutong) and all neighbourhood parks and playgrounds and street landscapes in the city.

There is an estimated 30-40 smaller neighbourhood parks in Kuching.

Excluding the town parks and street landscapes, based on a minimum planning requirement

of 1 ha per 1,000 population, there is an estimated 497 ha (5 sq. km) of neighbourhood

parks and recreational space in Kuching.

Sport complexes and stadiums

Kuching has 3 stadiums in Petra Jaya and 1 sport complex in Pending. The 3 stadiums in

Petra Jaya are the Stadium Negeri (old stadium - capacity 35,000 people), the Stadium

Sarawak (new stadium - capacity 40,000 people) and the Stadium Perpaduan (indoor

stadium - capacity 10,000 people). The sport complex in Pending has various sports

facilities (excluding track and field) and a total capacity of 1,000 people. The Pending

complex has outdoor tennis and basketball courts.

Social and recreational clubs

Kuching has 4 major recreational clubs. These are the Sarawak Club, located at the opposite

of Dewan Suarah, the Kuching Golf Club (KGS) in Petra Jaya, the Tabuan Laru

Recreational Centre and the BDC Recreational Club. The Sarawak Club and the KGS are

within the DBKU area while the Tabuan Laru and BDC recreation clubs are in the MBKS.

5.4.2 Waste Amounts

The total amount of solid waste generated by the institutional sector is estimated at

approximately 5,300 tonnes per year. Trienekens operates 3 RoRo containers for

institutions. The amount collected is estimated at 200 tonnes per year. In addition, an

estimated 3,300 tonnes is collected from compactor trucks and 1,300 tonnes of garden

waste are is delivered in tipper trucks. It is estimated that an amount corresponding to 5%

of the collected institutional waste is not collected. The waste can be categorised as shown

in Table 5.32 below.


72

Table 5.32 Waste generation by the institutional sector

Institutional categories Solid waste (tonnes/year)

Hospital/clinics 2,150

Parks and playground 1,300

Schools, stadiums and sports complexes, community halls 1,350

Institutional waste not collected1 250

Recycling2 280

Total 5,330

1 Estimated at 5% of the collected institutional waste

2 It is estimated approximately 280 tonnes per year (refer to section 7.3 for more detail)

Source: Trienekens, 2001

Hospitals

The total waste production of the hospitals in Kuching in 2000 was estimated at 2,200

tonnes. It must be noted that this amount does not include non-infectious waste generated

by private clinics, pharmacies, dentists etc. Non-infectious waste from private clinic,

pharmacies and dentist is collected under the commercial entities category, from where the

actual amount cannot be determined at this stage.

The waste can be divided into two distinct types of waste: clinical and non-clinical waste.

Clinical waste is typically classified into seven categories as indicated:

• Pathological waste. Including all human tissue (whether infected or not) such as limbs,

organs, foetuses, blood and other body fluids; animal carcasses and tissue from

laboratories, together with all related swabs and dressings

• Infectious waste. Including soiled surgical dressings, swabs and other contaminated

waste from treatment areas; material which has been in contact with persons or animals

suffering from infectious diseases; cultures and stocks of infectious agents from

laboratory work; dialysis equipment, apparatus and disposable gowns, aprons, gloves,

towels, etc., from dialysis treatment areas, waste from patients in isolation wards; all

other materials such as bed linen, etc., which may contain pathogens in sufficient

concentration or quantity that exposure to it could result in disease

• Sharps. Including needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, saws, nails, broken glass and any

other items which could cut or puncture

• Pharmaceutical waste. Including pharmaceutical products, drugs and chemicals which

have been returned from wards, have been spilled or soiled, are out of date or

contaminated, or are to be discarded for any reason


73

• Chemical waste. For example, discarded solid, liquid or gaseous chemicals from

laboratories or other sources such as diagnostic work, experimental work, cleaning,

house keeping and disinfection procedures. Chemical waste may be scheduled or non-

scheduled

• Aerosols and pressurised containers. Including those used for treatment, instruction or

demonstration purposes, those containing innocuous or inert gases and other containers

which may explode if incinerated or punctured

• Radioactive waste. Including radioactive by-products of medical procedures or

therapy.

The non-clinical or general waste is produced by a wide range of services:

• Kitchen and canteen waste. Including waste generated in the preparation and serving of

food, for instance, food packaging, waste and surplus food, cleaning materials etc.

• Commercial and clerical waste. Including office materials and equipment, for instance,

metal, paper, cardboard and laundry waste

• Used disposable bed pan liners, urine containers, faeces, incontinence pads and stoma

bags

• Non-infectious animal bedding

• Other substances that do not pose a special handling problem or hazard to human

health or the environment.

Data on waste from the hospitals is derived from the SHD (clinical waste) and Trienekens

(non-clinical waste).

In total, government hospitals in Kuching district generate 1,500 kg of clinical waste per

month. This is approximately 38% of total amount of clinical waste generated in Sarawak.

Clinical waste from hospitals in Kuching is treated in a treatment facility in Sibu. This

facility can handle about 30,000 kg of clinical waste per month.

Table 5.33 Kuching - hospital waste

Fraction Tonnes in 2000, potential

Clinical waste 50

Non-clinical waste 2,150

Total 2,200

Source: SHD and Trienekens, 2001


74

Non-infectious waste includes waste collected from the hospitals and the surrounding areas

e.g. rooms and flats for nurses, doctors, etc. It is disposed of at the Matang dump site.

The clinical waste derives from the following hospitals:

Table 5.34 Clinical waste generation at 5 major hospitals in Kuching in December 2000

No. Name of hospital Total infectious waste per month (kg)

1 Sarawak General Hospital 991

2 Raja Charles Brooke Memorial Hospital 182

3 Hospital Sentosa 322

4 Normah Medical Specialist Centre 2,070

5 Timberland Medical Centre 263

Total 3,827

Source: Faber Mediserve Sdn. Bhd., 2001

The amount of clinical waste is considered relatively low (50 tonnes per year) compared to

the quantity of non-infectious waste. According to Trienekens, no clinical waste has been

noticed in the bins and containers collected from the hospital areas.

Parks and playgrounds

The total waste production related to public areas (garden waste/green waste) in Kuching

was estimated at 1,300 tonnes in 2000. The figure is based on the amount collected by

Trienekens under the category garden waste (waste transported by tipper trucks which

resembles garden waste).

In addition, floating river and bank vegetation is collected from the river by the DBKU.

Based on data from the DBKU, according to which 80% of the floating waste collected

from the river is river and river bank vegetation, the amount of green waste was estimated

at around 5,000 tonnes in 2000. However, this amount is not included in the figures as the

waste mainly derives from areas upstream of Kuching District.

Scavenging is considered not to take place for green waste. The only recycling which takes

place is the quantity composted by the DBKU of approximately 50 tonnes. This composting

activity has taken place since 1997, and it is mainly based on green waste received from

public areas.

Other institutional use

Waste amounts from other institutions have been calculated based on the data on waste

collected by Trienekens. These institutions include schools, sports complex and stadiums,

community halls and social and recreation clubs. In the year 2000, Trienekens collected

about 1,350 tonnes of waste from such institutions.


75

5.4.3 Waste Composition

No composition analysis has been carried out for institutions. Based on literature review of

waste management practices in other countries, waste generated by institutions is normally

included and categorised as commercial waste (White et. al, 1995). It is important to note

that there would be a certain degree of uniqueness of waste composition from these sources,

and this uniqueness needs to be analysed and verified.

However, as the waste from parks and greens is collected as green waste, the following

division can be made:

Table 5.35 Division of waste from Institutional Sector

Type of waste Amount

General waste 3,980 tonnes

Green waste 1,350 tonnes

5.5 Infrastructure Sector

5.5.1 Description of the Infrastructure Sector

River vessels and port operations

Kuching is a major regional hub for water transport and a major manufacturing and trading

centre in Sarawak.

The Kuching Port Authority (KPA) operates three terminals, namely the Pending Terminal,

the Sejingkat Terminal and the recently completed Senari Terminal. These terminals are

located in industrial zones. The old Tanah Puteh terminal ceased its operation a few years

ago to make way for the second bridge crossing from Pending to Petra Jaya. Its role has

now been taken over by the Senari Terminal.

The number of arrivals at the KPA was 4 million N.R.T (vessels of 75 net registered

tonnage and over) in 200033.

The KPA handles approximately 5-6 million tonnes of cargo per year (1996/97), and the 3

terminals have a combined cargo handling capacity of about 9 million tonnes per year

(KPA, 1999). The amount of cargo loaded at the KPA was recorded at 1,398,000 freight

tonnes, while amount of cargo discharged was recorded at 3,903,000 freight tonnes in

200134.

33

Maierform, Integrated Waste Management System for Kuching: Inception report (Solid Waste), May

1998 34

Maierform, Integrated Waste Management System for Kuching :Inception report (Solid Waste), May

1998


76

In addition to the KPA, Kuching has a few wharves and jetties for fish landing and handling

of local and regional riverine transport passengers. These wharves and jetties are located at

strategic locations along Sg. Sarawak. While the KPA is expected to be a major waste

generator, these wharves and jetties, on the other hand, are not expected to contribute much

to the amount of waste generated in Kuching.

Kuching International Airport

Kuching International Airport is the gateway to the capital of Sarawak. The airport handles

both international and domestic flights.

The total number of landings and take-offs of Kuching International Airport was recorded

to be 37,190 (91% domestic and 9% international) in 1997. The total number of incoming

passengers was recorded to be 1,245,000, while 1,238,000 outgoing passengers were

recorded35.

Power production plants

Sejingkat Power Corporation Sdn. Bhd. (SPC): SPC is operating two units of 50 MW coal-

fired turbines located at Kampung Goebilt, Sejingkat in Kuching. This power station was

commissioned in 1997.

Tun Abdul Rahman (TAR) Power Station (Biawak Sesco Power Station): The TAR oil-fired

power station located at Bintawa operates a total of 6 units of diesel- and oil-fired turbines

with an installed capacity of 114 MW, accounting for around 14% of SESCO‟s power

capacity for the State.

Matang Septic Sludge Treatment Plant (SSTP)

The Matang Septic Sludge Treatment Plant was built in 1999 as part of the integrated waste

management effort of the state government. The operation of the plant was officially

handed over to the DBKU in June 2000. The plant is designed to treat septic sludge

collected from individual wastewater treatment facilities (household and commercial septic

tanks, wastewater treatment plants in industries, etc.) and communal water and wastewater

treatment plants.

The sludge collected is mechanically dewatered using 4 screw presses, and the wastewater

generated is treated using the Sequencing Batch Reactor process. The dewatered sludge is

stabilised with lime and bagged before being conveyed to the designated landfill on site.

The plant is designed to handle 350 m3 of wet sludge per day or 122,000 m3 /year.

Batu Kitang Water Treatment Plant

The Batu Kitang Water Treatment Plant is situated on the bank of Sungai Sarawak Kiri

about 40 miles from the sea. Raw river water undergoes conventional treatment of

coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection.

35

Maierform, Integrated Waste Management System for Kuching :Inception report (Solid Waste), May

1998


77

The first module of the plant was commissioned in 1957. In total, the Batu Kitang

Treatment Plant accounts for more than 95% of the total potable water production in

Kuching.

Currently, the Kuching Water Board operates the plant.

5.5.2 Waste Amounts

The amount of general waste generated by the infrastructure sector is estimated at (889) 900

tonnes per year. Out of this, only approximately 600 tonnes is collected by the public

collection services. Private transport of waste from the infrastructure sector is expected to

be insignificant.

The figure excludes special waste fractions such as sludge and fly ash, which is discussed

in section 5.8.

Ports and vessels

Waste from ports derives from the activities at the premises of the ports as well as from

vessels calling at the ports.

Trienekens has provided a 10 m3 RoRo container each of the KPA's ports at Pending and

Senari. These bins are to cater for mixed waste generated from office buildings and limited

amounts of municipal solid waste from vessels.

The ports have inadequate reception facilities for waste oil from vessels.

Table 5.36 shows the total waste generation of the two main ports at Pending and Senari.

Table 5.36 General waste generated from port and vessels in Kuching

Fraction Tonnes in 2000, potential

Waste oil (scheduled waste) 5,500

Mixed waste from office buildings and from ships 200

Total 5,700


The total waste production from activities at river vessels and port operations in Kuching

was estimated at 5,700 tonnes in 2001, of which 200 tonnes was domestic waste. The

amount of waste dumped directly from ships at sea is not known, and further survey is

required. However, high concentrations of organo-tin from ship paints have been found in

the river bed sediments.

By far, the greatest part of the waste is oil from the vessels (5,500 tonnes).


78

Ship repair

Other types of scheduled waste from port areas include sandblasting and painting of ships.

However, no information is presently available on the specific quantities and types.

Scheduled waste generated during sandblasting and ship painting should be surveyed

further.

Kuching International Airport

Data on the solid waste production at the airport has been provided by Trienekens. The total

estimated amount of waste is approximately 430 tonnes per year. The airport is served with

2 RoRo containers.

Power production

The Sejingkat Power Corporation has been provided with 3 units of 1 m3 MGBs with a

collection frequency of 4 times per week. If a specific weight of 270 kg/m3 is used, the

amount of waste produced can be estimated at 104 tonnes per year.

No actual data can be obtained for the Tunku Abdul Rahman Biwak Power Station.

Ashes from the power stations are included in the special waste category.

Matang Septic Sludge Treatment Plant

The amount of domestic waste generated is recorded to be 40 tonnes per year. The

stabilised sludge generated is discussed in the section on special waste fractions (section

8.5).

Batu Kitang Water Treatment Plant

Data on the total waste production from the Batu Kitang water treatment plant has been

provided by Trienekens. The amount of waste produced can be estimated at 115 tonnes per

year. The water treatment plant is provided with 1 RoRo container.

The sludge production from the water treatment process is discussed in the section on

special waste fractions (Section 5.8).

Roads

The amount of waste generated from street sweeping is not specifically recorded, and the

total amount in comparison to the total waste generation is considered minimal. Waste from

street sweeping is normally transferred to the communal bins (e.g. RoRo or 1,000 l bins)

located closest to the point of collection. The waste from public bins (e.g. bus stops) is

collected by the local council and delivered to the Matang dump site. The amount of this

waste is included in the green and bulky waste delivery records described in estimation of

residential waste.


79

5.6 Construction and Demolition Sites

5.6.1 Description of Construction and Demolition Sites

As a rapidly growing city, Kuching‟s construction and demolition (C&D) sector constitutes

a major line of businesses. The C&D sector can be divided as follows:

• Real estate development: includes all property development projects such as housing,

industry and commercial developments

• Infrastructure development: includes projects such as roads, bridges, bunds, canals,

drains, pipes, wires etc.

• Renovations and demolition: includes renovation and demolition of existing real estate

and infrastructure buildings and structures

Real estate development

Despite the recent regional and global economic downturn, Sarawak has been able to

maintain positive economic growth. In 1997/98, the state economic growth was recorded at

about 2%. The positive growth was, to some extent, due to the dampening impact of the

construction sector which provided employment and business activities.

The major real estate development projects are concentrated in the CBD, Petra Jaya and the

Tabuan/BDC areas.

Preliminary observation of the volume of the existing projects in Kuching indicates that

approximately one million m² of building areas are constructed per year36.

Infrastructure development

The state government is currently implementing a large number of infrastructure projects.

The projects include the second Sg. Sarawak crossing (bridge) at Batu Puteh in Pending.

Other infrastructure projects include urban drainage improvements and new roads.

Renovation, demolition

As Kuching is still a young city, which grows mainly by expanding its spatial area, the

amount of renovation and demolition in the existing built-up areas is still limited.

Road maintenance usually involves adding new layers of asphalt, without reusing or

removing the old asphalt.

5.6.2 Waste Amounts

It is difficult to estimate the amount of construction waste generated in Kuching due to the

lack of data on the number and size of construction works. Furthermore, the developers or

36

Report SUD-02-42: Workshop Report for Seminar on Integrated Building Waste Management, May

2001, pg. 15


80

contractors have no proper waste registration system, and no registration takes place at the

disposal site as C& D waste is not currently delivered to the Matang dump site.

Presently, the amount of construction waste in Kuching can only be estimated based on

experience from other countries. In addition, some information can be extracted from

applications for EIAs for construction works. The next step would be to base the estimation

on the amount and size of construction and demolition works conducted combined with

assessed unit figures on the production of waste from construction works. In the future,

actual recording could be introduced by inserting reporting requirements in building

permits and public contract. Different methodologies which have been be used to estimate

the amount of construction waste are described below.

C&D waste estimation based on waste generation rate per inhabitant

In Europe, an average of 500 kg of C&D waste is produced per inhabitant per year37. In

Hong Kong, the equivalent amount is approximately 1,600 kg38. However, in Europe and

Hong Kong demolition waste constitutes the major part of C&D waste. A conservative

guess concerning the situation in Kuching based on the existing low amount of demolition

works would be 200 kg/inhabitant/year. This implies that around 100,000 tonnes of C&D

waste per year, when estimating the population of Kuching at 497,000 inhabitants.

C&D waste estimation based on building area

Hobbs (2001) estimates an average production of 10.2 m3 of waste from every 100 m2 of

construction area. Based on preliminary observations39, it is estimated that one million m² is

constructed per year in Kuching. Applying this figure and an average specific weight of

mixed building waste of 600 kg/m3, the total amount of construction waste generated in

Kuching can be estimated at approximately 60,000 tonnes per year.

On top of construction waste, it is estimated that around 10,000 tonnes of demolition waste

and another 10,000 tonnes from infrastructural projects are generated in Kuching per year.

Taking into consideration the above estimation, the total waste production from

construction sites in Kuching in 2000 is estimated at 80,000 tonnes. This estimation is

comparable with the estimate based on C&D waste generated per inhabitant.

Waste estimation based on waste transportation

The amount of construction waste can be estimated based on information obtained from

EIA reports on construction sites. These reports contain information on the number of

truckloads of waste carried away from the site, and the amount of waste stored at the site.

For projects that are developed in phases, the waste generated is normally piled up at the

adjacent land designated for future phases. For development projects without much land

(e.g. high rise building in urban area), waste is normally transported daily due to the

shortage of land for waste storage.

37

SUD-02-42: Workshop Report for Seminar on Integrated Building Waste Management, May 2001 38

SUD-02-42: Workshop Report for Seminar on Integrated Building Waste Management, May 2001 39

Estimation made by Mr. Erik Lauritzen, DEMEX, Denmark to the city of Kuching during May 2001


81

Assuming that all large construction sites have submitted EIA reports prior to construction,

the number of construction projects that are active in 2001 in Kuching is listed in Table

5.37.

Table 5.37 Estimation of C&D waste amount based on EIAs submitted

Types of

construction

projects in

2001

No. of

active

projects in

2001

Average no.

of waste

truckloads/d

ay*

Estimated amount

of waste

transported

(tonnes/year)**

Estimated average

no. of truckloads

not transported/day

Estimated amount

of waste stored on

site

(tonnes/day)***

Total

C&D

waste

Residential 7 0.5 3,675 2 14,700 18,375

Commercial 6 1 6,300 3 18,900 25,200

High rise

buildings

3 5 15,750 2 6,300 22,050

Industrial 3 5 15,750 4 12,600 28,350

Total 19 41,475 52,500 93,975

Source: EIAs submitted to the NREB and estimations by the SUD project (2001)

* Average no. of trips of C&D waste transported out of the site

** Based on 3.5 tonnes of waste per truck, 300 days a year

*** Waste not transported but stored on site

Some assumptions are adopted for the calculations made:

• All major waste producing projects require EIA;

• Construction works are carried out over 300 working days a year;

• The included construction works continued throughout 2001.

These assumptions are considered reasonable as construction projects normally take more

than a year to complete.

Apart from these large projects, building waste from smaller projects not requiring an EIA

and from renovation and demolition should also be included. Assuming that waste from

small construction works and renovation account for an extra 15% of the total amount of

waste generated at large construction sites, the total amount of waste from real estate

development can be estimated at 108,000 tonnes. To this amount, around 10,000 tonnes of

infrastructure demolition waste should be added.

Aggregated estimates

Table 5.38 summarises values from the 3 methods how the average value is derived.


82

Table 5.38 Estimation of C&D waste generation based on different methods

Amount (tonnes)

Waste generation rate per inhabitant 100,000

Building area 80,000

Waste transportation 118,000

Taking an average among different methods of estimation, a yearly total of 99,000 tonnes

of construction and demolition waste is estimated to be generated in Kuching.

Waste fractions

A specific composition survey of construction waste has not been carried out as part of the

baseline study. The data in Table 5.39 below on the composition of construction waste is

mainly based on interviews carried out in December 2000 at three construction sites40,

information from middlemen/recyclers41 detailing the types and quantities of waste recycled

from construction sites and secondary references.

Table 5.39 Kuching - construction waste fractions by weight

Fraction Commercial

development1

High rise

buildings1

UK figures2 Danish figures3

Concrete, bricks and

stones

82% 78% 59% 78%

Wood 18% 12% 11% 15%

Plastic/packaging material 0% 2% 16% 5% (plastic)

2% (paper and

cardboard)

Metal 0% 6% 5%

Miscellaneous 0% 2% 14%

Source: 1SUD surveys and 2Hobbs (2001) and 3Erik Lauritzen (2001)

5.7 Agriculture

Agriculture includes cultivation of crop (including trees that are cultivated for specific

downstream products such as rubber, oil palm etc.), vegetable gardening and other

horticulture activities, livestock farming and aquaculture (SPA, 1991; IPPG, 1999).

Agriculture activities can be categorised as follows:

40


Construction sites surveys, December 2002 41


Recycling/Middlemen surveys, December 2002


83

• Cash crop farming – farming of crops for both commercial and self-consumption

purposes. The crops include paddy, corn, pepper, cocoa, coffee, pineapple and other

fruit, vegetables etc.;

• Livestock farming – breeding and rearing of livestock as a commercial undertaking.

Such livestock farming includes chickens, ducks, sheep, goats and pigs;

• Aquaculture – commercial rearing of fish, crabs and prawns in natural or artificial

environments (marine, brackish or freshwater);

• Plantation – large-scale monoculture activities usually more than 40 ha. Most

plantations are tree cultivation namely oil palm, rubber, sago and other species (e.g.

Akacia) for pulp and paper; and

• Small holder – traditional farming or small-scale planting for self-consumption or for

sale in the local markets.

Agricultural activities are found scattered within Kuching District. However, the activities

are mainly located in the Kuching rural region within the MPP area including in the western

part of Kuching between the Batu Kawa and Batu Kitang roads. There are, however,

occasional small pockets of agricultural uses within the built-up area, including livestock

farming. Some of these are private small holders, but most of the urban farming is carried

out within road and river reserves (state land).

The agricultural land area in Kuching (division) is estimated at 278,710 ha (DOA, 1997)42.

For the purpose of this study, crop residues are not considered urban waste, as they are

usually composted naturally on the spot. However, as no proper methodology has been

introduced in Sarawak for shredding and composting of large amounts of plant waste, the

farms and plantations today practise burning in the open in order to get rid of the waste

from land clearing, replanting, cutting of old oil palm trees, etc.

The waste to be included in this section is only the domestic waste from the agricultural

households. There is no exact figure concerning the number of agricultural houses in the

Kuching district and, in many areas, the waste is not formally collected. However, the

amount of household waste from agricultural areas is expected to be insignificant compared

to waste from the residential areas in the city. The main issue related to domestic waste

from agricultural area is public health and the aesthetic deterioration in connection with

indiscriminately dumping of the waste.

Waste from livestock farms is discussed under special waste fractions. Refer to section 5.8

below.

Data on other major solid waste fractions from agricultural activities including pesticides

and fertiliser residues and packaging and containers for fertilisers and pesticides needs to be

elaborated on and included in future status reports. Even if the amount of such waste is

42

SPU-DANCED, Coastal Zone Environmental Profile Report (Final Draft), 1999


84

considered minimal compared to the total solid waste amount; there are considerable

environmental risks associated with these types of waste.

5.8 Special Waste Fractions

Special waste can be defined as the types of solid waste which are not expected to be

included in the general solid waste stream due to amounts, place of origin, composition or

for other reasons. Special waste will typically be disposed of at specific designated sites

and/or may have a high potential of reuse and recycling. The following categories of special

waste fractions are described below: residues from coal-fired power plants, ceramic waste

from the ceramic industry, wood waste from wood processing industries, septic sludge,

waste from livestock farms, used tyres, floatable waste collected from the river surface and

scheduled waste.

5.8.1 Residues from Coal-Fired Power Plants

Sejingkat Power Corporation Sdn. Bhd. (SPC) is the only coal-based power plant. Fly ash

and slags (bottom ash) are the major solid waste fractions generated in the combustion

process.

Based on a yearly power production of 100 Mwh, the SPC coal-fired station is expected to

generate 100 tonnes of ash per day. Assuming 300 days of operation per year, it can be

estimated that 30,000 tonnes of ash is generated per year. Differentiation between fly ash

and slags (bottom ash) was not made available for this study.

5.8.2 Clay Waste from Ceramic Industries

Ceramic industries in Kuching are dominated by a few large companies (see section 5.3).

Waste from ceramic industries comprises mainly clay generated during the manufacturing

process. This amount is estimated to be approximately 35,000 tonnes per year43.

5.8.3 Wood Waste from Timber and Wood-Based Industries

The timber and wood-based industry in Kuching is a major producer of solid waste.

Kuching is one of the 4 appointed centres for wood-based industry for Sarawak. They are

mainly located in the Bintawa and Demak Laut Industrial Areas.

Based on data from the STIDC44, the utilised capacity for the years 1997-2000 ranged from

712,000 and 897,500 m3/year with an average of 804,700 m3 (Refer to Table 5.24). The

utilised capacity is a little above half the installed capacity.

Wood chips and sawdust are the two major components of waste generated. The solid

residues (wood chips) generated from the utilised capacity ranges from 260,000 to 333,400

m3 per year whereas the sawdust generated ranges from 70,400 to 82,900 m3/year. In the

43

Surveys on Large Industries which is documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study:

Appendix 1: Field Surveys (Working Paper), December 2002 44

Information given by STIDC in year 2001


85

period 1997-2000, this gives an average amount of wood waste of 175,000 tonnes per

year45.

5.8.4 Sludge from Wastewater and Water Treatment Plant

The sludge generated in Kuching comprises sludge from individual wastewater treatment

facilities (household and commercial septic tanks, wastewater treatment plants in industries

etc.) and communal water and wastewater treatment plants.

The total amount of sewage sludge generated in Kuching is estimated46 at 152,000 m3 per

year, equivalent to 152,000 tonnes with an average density of 1,000 kg/m3. 80% of the

sludge is generated from individual septic tanks, whereas another 19% is from imhoff tanks

and less than 1% (234 m3) is derived from communal septic tanks. Sludge from desludging

is delivered to the Matang SSTP by 15 sludge tankers.

For the purpose of this study, the treated dried sludge from the sludge treatment facilities is

considered as solid waste.

As compulsory desludging requirement has not been fully implemented in Kuching, the

septic sludge treatment plant is not running at full design capacity. The total amount of wet

sludge received by the Matang SSTP in 2001 was 10,861 tonnes (on average, 905 tonnes

per month). The average amount of processed and stabilised sludge generated was

approximately 30 tonnes (around 6-8 bags a week, at 1 tonne per bag, on average) of treated

dried sludge per month.47 Therefore, the amount of treated sludge generated per year from

the SSTP was estimated around 360 tonnes. The stabilised sludge is currently being

landfilled on site in bags.

When the compulsory desludging scheme is fully implemented the total amount of dried,

stabilised sludge will amount to 4,100 tonnes per year.

There are two other sludge-receiving facilities in Kuching. One of them situated at Jln.

Upper Chawan, Kenyalang, is operated by the MBKS. The facility consists of a sludge

drying bed. This facility receives an average 1,800 m3 of wet sludge per year. Assuming a

drying rate of 70%, the amount of treated sludge is therefore estimated to be 540 tonnes per

year (using a density of 1,000 kg/m3 for wet sludge).

The other sludge receiving facility is operated by a private company, ENV Sdn. Bhd. The

facility, which is located at 6th Mile Jalan Penrissen, near the airport receives approximately

1,200 m3 of sludge per year. Since the operation of the Matang SSTP commenced at the end

of 2001, the amount of sludge received at the facility has declined by almost 70%. This

facility mainly receives residues from pump sump cleaning, grease traps and other

industrial applications. The facility comprises a sludge drying bed. Using the same

45

Based on a typical average specific weight of 291kg/m3 for sawdust and 498 kg/m

3 for mixed wood

(Tchobanoglous et al (1993)

46 Personal interview with the operator of the Septic Sludge Treatment Plant (SSTP)

47 Personal interview with the operator of the Septic Sludge Treatment Plant (SSTP)


86

assumptions as above, the treated sludge amount was estimated to be 360 tonnes per year

until 2001, currently declining to 108 tonnes per year.

The total amount of treated sludge produced at the 3 sludge treatment facilities is estimated

to be 1,260 tonnes per year.

The Batu Kitang Water Treatment Plant generates approximately 21,000 tonnes of sludge

per year from the sedimentation ponds. The sludge is currently being discharged back to the

Sungai Sarawak Kiri.

The amounts of sludge from industrial wastewater plants, which are not delivered to the

above facilities, were not investigated as part of this study. The disposal hereof is unknown.

Sludge containing scheduled chemicals is listed as scheduled waste and is included in the

scheduled waste section. A detailed survey on the wastewater treatment system and sludge

handling in industries is required.

5.8.5 Waste from Livestock Farms

The NREB has recorded 59 pig farms within the administrative areas of the DBKU, DBKS

and MPP. Based on the NREB records, it is estimated that these farms have an annual

turnover around 60,000 pigs.

A total of 78 poultry farms (73 chicken and 5 duck farms) have been recorded in the study

area. The annual turnover of chicken and duck population is about 3 million birds.

Waste amounts

No field survey has been carried out on agricultural farms for this study. However, based on

information obtained from the NREB and applying standard waste generation figures, the

amount of solid waste generated by livestock farms can be estimated.

For pig farms, the waste generated by pigs is generally removed from the pig pens using

water to channel it into a series of treatment ponds (usually 3). A standard key figure for the

waste production per pig is 10 tonnes annually. By applying this estimate to the average pig

population in Kuching, the amount of waste generated from pig farms is estimated to be

600,000 tonnes per year.

For the purpose of this study, the solid waste fraction generated from livestock waste is the

sludge generated from the treatment ponds. The amount of sludge generated from these

ponds is estimated to be 30% of the total waste generation from pigs i.e. 180,000 tonnes per

year.

As to solid waste from poultry farms, the main fraction of the solid waste is chicken dung

that is collected directly from the bottom of the poultry pens. The waste production figure

for chickens is approximately 45 tonnes per 1,000 birds (standard key figures) per year.

This corresponds to approximately 135,000 tonnes per year in Kuching.


87

Based on these estimates, pig and poultry farms generate about 315,000 tonnes of solid

waste per year.

Livestock waste is generally handled on site at the farms either as soil conditioner on own

land, as a fertiliser at other fields or by being disposed of in open land for natural

composting.

5.8.6 Used Tyres

Data on used tyres generation in Kuching has been obtained from a feasibility study48 on

recycling of used tyres in Sarawak. Based on this report, it is estimated that the annual used

tyre generation is about 2,750 tonnes per year.

Approximately 200,000 passenger car tyres and 30,000 truck tyres are generated each year.

The unit weight of passenger car and truck tyres is estimated at 7 kg and 45 kg,

respectively.

5.8.7 Floatable Waste Collected from Sg. Sarawak

A considerable amount of floatable solid waste ends up in Sungai Sarawak due to falling of

riverbank vegetation, land clearing and indiscriminate dumping by inhabitants along the

river as well as from the city.

Waste amounts

The annual volume of floatable waste collected by the DBKU from the Sg. Sarawak is

estimated at approximately 20,000 m³49. Considering an average density of the waste of

about 300 kg per m3, the following amount of floatable river waste is collected:

Table 5.40 Types and amount of floatable waste trapped

Floating waste category Volume collected (m³) Weight (metric tonnes)

River and river bank vegetation 16,000 4,800

Wood waste 3,000 900

Municipal solid waste 1,000 300

Total 20,000 6,000

(Source: Sungai Sarawak Environmental Study, 1996)

Waste composition

The composition of floating waste was analysed in 1991 and 199650, respectively. The

composition of floating waste was determined as follows:

48

DANIDA-EPU Economic Approaches Project, Used Tyres Collection and Treatment System in

Sarawak: Economic Viability Studies, May 2002 49

Based on the information given by the DBKU in 2001


88

Table 5.41 Composition of floatable waste in Kuching

Types of floatable waste Percentage

River and river bank vegetation (bamboo, palm, water hyacinth, branches etc.) 80%

Wood waste (tree branches, logs, sawdust, sawn timber planks, off cuts) 15%

Municipal solid waste (plastic, steal/aluminium cans, paper, packaging material) 5%

The observed composition may change during the dry season, when land clearing increases,

and the flow of the river becomes relatively slow. The proportion of wood waste may be

significantly higher.

5.8.8 Aggregated Amount of Special Waste

The total amount of special waste generated in Kuching is estimated to be approximately

624,000 tonnes per year. The types of special waste can be seen in Figure 5.5 Agricultural

waste is considered non-urban waste. Excluding the agricultural waste, the amount of

special waste generated in Kuching totals 307,000 tonnes per year.

Table 5.42 Estimated amount of special waste generated in Kuching District

Waste fraction (sources) Tonnes Weight %

Special Waste:

Clay (ceramic) 35,000 11.3

Wood waste (wood-based) 175,000 56.7

Ash (power plants) 30,000 9.7

Sludge (Matang, Kenyalang, Env) 1,300 0.4

Sludge (Batu Kitang) 21,000 6.8

Floatable waste (Sg. Sarawak) 6,000 1.9

Used tyres 2,800 0.9

Sub total 271,110

Scheduled waste (clinics, infrastructure, industries) 37,600 12.2

Grand total (excluding agriculture waste) 308,700

Agriculture (livestock) 315,000

Sub total 586,100

50

DHV Consultants, Study on Control of Floating Waste on the Sarawak River, March 1991 and KTA

Sdn. Bhd., Sg. Sarawak Environmental Control and River Management Study (Volume 4: Floating Waste

Management Plan), 1996


89

Figure 5-5 Composition of special waste in Kuching (excluding agricultural waste)

5.9 Aggregated Waste Generation

The solid waste generated in Kuching can be divided into general waste and special waste.

The generation of general solid waste excluding special waste based on sources is outlined

in Table 5.43.

Table 5.43 General solid waste generators in Kuching

Source of waste Tonnes in 2000 Percentage

Residential 95,100 30.2

Commercial 52,020 16.5

Industrial 62,500 19.9

Institutional 5,330 1.7

Infrastructure 900 0.3

Construction and demolition sites 99,000 31.4

Total 314,850 100

Distribution of Special Waste in Kuching (excluding agriculture

waste)

Ash

9.7%

Sludge (Matang,

Kenyalang, Env)

0.4%

Sludge (Batu Kitang)

6.8%

Floatable waste

1.9%

Scheduled waste

12.2%

Used tyres

0.9%

Clay

11.3%

Wood waste

56.7%


90

Figure 5-6 Sources of general waste (exclude special waste)

It must be stressed that the above table excludes special waste. Based on the analysis, it can

be seen that there are two major general waste generators in Kuching: households and

construction and demolition sites. The next large waste producer is the industries

(excluding special waste).

Aggregated waste generation figures including special waste are shown in Table 5.44.

Taking into consideration all solid waste generation in Kuching, it can be seen that solid

waste from industries, construction and demolition waste and wood waste from wood-based

industries constitute almost 54% of the total amount of solid waste generated in Kuching.

Commercial

16.5%

Construction and

demolition sites

31.4%

Institutional

1.7%

Infrastructure

0.3%

Industrial

19.9%

Residential

30.2%


91

Table 5.44 Aggregated solid waste generation in Kuching (excluding agriculture)

Source of waste Tonnes in 2000 Percentage

Residential 95,100 15.3

Commercial 52,020 8.3

Industrial 62,500 10.0

Institutional 5,330 0.9

Infrastructure 900 0.1

Construction and demolition sites 99,000 15.9

Clay (ceramic) 35,000 5.6

Wood waste (wood-based industry) 175,000 28.1

Ash (power plants) 30,000 4.8

Sludge (Matang, Kenyalang, Env) 1,300 0.2

Sludge (Batu Kitang) 21,000 3.4

Floatable waste (Sg. Sarawak) 6,000 1.0

Used tyres 2,800 0.4

Scheduled waste (hospitals, infrastructure, industries) 37,600 6.0

Total 623,550 100.0


92

6 Waste Collection and Transportation

This chapter presents an overview of the system of waste collection and transportation

within the 3 local councils in Kuching.

6.1 Structure of the Sector

Prior to 1998, waste collection and disposal in Kuching were provided by the local councils

as well as private transporters. The private transporters either collected waste as

subcontractors to the local councils or directly contracted by industries or by other

producers not included in the public collection of domestic waste.

In 1998, a joint venture between the Sarawak State Government and Trienekens AG,

Germany was established to form the Sarawak Waste Management Sdn. Bhd. (SWM). The

SWM was awarded a concession of 25 years for the collection and treatment of solid waste

within the administrative boundaries of the 3 local councils in Kuching.

Trienekens Sarawak Sdn. Bhd. (Trienekens) was established and appointed by the SWM as

the operating company for solid waste collection and treatment for the administrative areas

of the DBKU, MBKS and MPP. The operations were officially taken over by Trienekens in

June 2000.

Despite the contracting of the waste collection and treatment, the local councils still

maintain a minimum fleet of waste collection trucks to provide services based on special

requests from the citizens and for collection of waste from street cleaning, landscaping and

gardens.

A number of private transporters are still operating. These transporters are either

subcontracted by Trienekens or engaged by individual companies to collect and transport

their solid waste. However, these private waste transporters are presently not officially

registered.

6.1.1 Trienekens (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd.

Apart from its own operation, Trienekens (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd. has engaged two sub-

contractors (Yong Fatt and Phang Miau Long) to collect and handle waste in specific areas.

Its operations in relation to solid waste collection officially started in June 2000.


93

Trienekens currently employs approximately 150 employees in total. The area covered for

collection of waste includes the administrative area under jurisdictions of the DBKU,

MBKS and MPP.

In principle, the contract held by Trienekens includes all solid waste from residential,

commercial, institutional, infrastructural and industrial sources. However, the collection of

industrial waste is based on individual contracts between Trienekens and the individual

companies. Presently Trienekens collects around 8.2% of the industrial waste (excluding

special waste). Construction waste and special waste as well as most industrial waste are

collected by private waste collectors. Other Trienekens services include the collection and

storage of scheduled waste, mainly from industries located in the Samajaya Industrial Zone.

Scheduled waste is collected and stored at Trieneken's temporary scheduled waste storage

facility located at Bintawa (refer Map 7.1). A new storage site as well as a treatment facility

for scheduled waste in Mambong is in the planning phase.

It is estimated that the waste collection service provided by Trienekens covers about 90% of

the households within the collection area. The remaining 8% of households are not covered

by waste collection services. These households are mainly located in rural areas which are

inaccessible to collection trucks, including traditional kampung houses and informal

settlements. The majority of such rural residential areas are within the MPP administrative

area.

In these rural areas, waste management is normally handled and monitored by the State

Health Department (SHD) with the assistance of the respective municipal councils. Some of

the programmes implemented include the construction of a mini-incinerator, local dump

sites and public education on waste disposal and hygienic practices.

In areas where they are partly accessible, kampungs are provided with communal bins.

Inaccessibility of roads is caused by narrow roads, small bridges with low tonnage criteria

and low hanging telephone/power cables. Some rural residents are still indiscriminately

dumping their domestic waste directly into the river or, under their houses or burning waste

in the open.

Vehicles

Trienekens presently operates a total of 30 trucks for its waste collection and transportation

services. 20 of these are compactor trucks (13 new and 7 upgraded from old trucks), 8 are

hook lift type (5 new and 3 old, upgraded) and 2 trucks are tipper trucks for scheduled

waste collection.

Bin lifters are installed on the compactor trucks which are specially designed to load

movable garbage bins (MGB). The hook lift trucks are used to service roll-on/roll-off

(RoRo) containers, and the tipper trucks are used for bin distribution and scheduled waste

services.

In addition, Trienekens has engaged two sub-contractors for waste collection, one with 3

compactor trucks and the other with 8 compactor trucks.


94

Waste bins

The current bin used by Kuching residents is the 120-litre MGB wheel bin, which has been

distributed by Trienekens since July 2000.

Prior to the introduction of the MGB wheels bins by Trienekens, 60-litre round lid waste

bins were used in most area. In 1996, DBKU introduced the 120-litre wheel bin as a pilot

scheme in some residential areas along Jalan Kubah Ria and Jalan Satok (Jalan Ajibah

Abol). About 9,000 containers were deployed (Maierform, 1998). In the pilot scheme, the

collection frequency in the Kubah Ria residential area was twice per week, and for Satok

residential area, it was three times per week.

Trienekens is planning to achieve 100% coverage with the 120-litre wheel bins in the near

future. The wheel bins are distributed by Trienekens or the residential and commercial

customers collect them themselves.

Commercial premises are provided with a variety of waste bins. Normally, shop houses

utilise the 120-litre or 240-litre MGB provided. Trienekens also provides 1,000-litre MGBs

and 10 m3 RoRo containers to market areas, large shop-house areas, shopping centres and

industries.

In the year 2001, Trienekens serviced approximately 125 RoRo containers in Kuching. 3

RoRo containers are fixed in residential condominium areas, and the remaining are fixed at

commercial, industrial, institutional and infrastructure sectors. 106 of these are fixed (60 at

industries, the rest at restaurants, etc.).

The collection of waste from residential areas is carried out twice a week. The frequency of

collection from commercial and industrial premises depends on the requirement. The

collection frequency ranges from 3 times a week to daily collection. Extra collection based

on request can be arranged.

6.1.2 Local Authorities

The local authorities are still taking care of the collection and disposal of garden and

landscaping waste from public areas including tree trimming and waste from street

cleaning. The cleaning and maintenance of public parks and playground areas are handled

by the councils‟ park & landscape divisions. The councils as well as Trienekens both

respond to requests from the public for household bulky waste (e.g. broken furniture etc.)

and collection through community-based programmes such as gotong-royong.

The councils utilise tipper trucks for their waste services. All waste collected from street

cleaning, landscaping and gardens as well as public parks is transported to the Matang

dump site.

Apart from the collection of bulky waste, the local councils also set up collection scheme

for recyclable items such as newspaper, aluminium cans, corrugated cardboard etc. All in

all, the three municipal councils have established approximately 250 to 300 recycling drop-

off points in Kuching.


95

Recycling drop-off points are located in residential areas, schools, petrol kiosks, shopping

and commercial centres and government buildings. Certain drop off points are more

developed with shades and large collection bins, while most drop off points are only

equipped with colour coded recycling collection bins distributed by the Ministry of

Housing and Local Government as part of the recent 2nd National Recycling Campaign.

6.1.3 Private Transporters

Besides Trienekens and its sub-contractors, a number of private waste transporters are

involved in collecting and transporting waste. These collectors include:

• large commercial businesses and industries which transport their waste themselves,

• recyclers and middlemen who undertake their own collection of recyclables from the

generators, and

• other private transporters who are employed by commercial businesses, industries or

developers to transport their waste.

The private waste transporters can further be divided into the following two categories:

• The first category is those collecting waste with the purpose of recycling parts or all of

the waste. The business of these transporters is not primarily based on transporting the

waste, but rather on using the waste or part of it for recycling themselves or on selling

the recyclable fractions to other buyers.

• The second category is those that collect waste for direct disposal at either the Matang

dump site or at illegal dump sites at private land or road reserves. The amount and

types of waste transported by private transporters are only registered if the waste is

sent to Matang dump site. Waste disposed of illegally is not registered and its final

destination is not known. Some of the regular illegal dumping spots have been

registered during the illegal dumping survey of this study (Section 7.2).

Currently, there is no exact record of the number of private transporters operating in

Kuching. Records from the Matang dump site document that 609 different transporters

companies delivered waste to the Matang dump site before Trienekens took over the

operation of the site in June 2000. However, this figure does not include the transporters

who transport waste for reuse and recycling and for indiscriminate dumping.

One of the major obstacles to registration of the number of transporters is the fact that many

private waste transporters are part of businesses whose core business is not collection and

transport of waste. These businesses are, therefore, registered under other lines of business.

These secondary transporters can be categorised as follows:

• Paper manufacturers and printing companies. These companies buy old newspapers

and other used paper products to be reused in their manufacturing of new products


96

• Recycling agents/middlemen collecting pre-sorted or mixed waste from different

sources for sorting and transfer for recycling and disposal

• Timber and timber processing companies transporting their own waste for disposal

• Construction companies transporting their own waste for disposal

• Transport and/or forwarding companies which have transport of other types of goods

and/or forwarding as their core business

• Livestock farmers transporting waste from farms

Since Trienekens took over the management of the Matang dump site in June 2000, the

number of private waste transporters delivering waste to the Matang dump site has

decreased significantly. This is illustrated in Table 6.1. The decrease takes place

simultaneous with an increase in the disposal charges at Matang from MYR 8 per truck to

MYR 50 per tonne.

Table 6.1 Private waste delivered to Matang prior and after Trieneken took over on 1 June

2000

Companies Before 1 June 2000 After 1 June 2000 (Jun-Sep)

No. of companies Tonnes/month No. of companies Tonnes/month

15 largest deliverers 15 356.3 15 92.3

Remaining deliverers 595 537.1 115 42.3

Total 609 893.4 130 134.6


The figure indicates that, most probably, considerable amounts of waste are presently

transported to other sites not designated for that purpose.

Private transporters use tipper trucks of various sizes for their waste services (except for

See Hua Papermill Sdn. Bhd. which uses a compactor truck to collect waste paper and

cardboard).

A compilation of private waste transporters from the various surveys is shown in Table 6.2.

The data on the average amount of waste transported by each of the private transporters is

not complete and further elaboration is needed


97

Table 6.2 List of private waste transporters

No. Name of transporters Waste fractions transported Sources of information51

Main waste fraction: Construction waste

1 Eastern Sun Trading Co. Construction waste (i.e. scrap iron) Construction waste survey

2 Fook Hin Transport Construction waste Construction waste survey

3 SLKS Construction Construction waste Private transporters survey

4 Thian Sui Choi Transport Sdn. Bhd. Construction waste, scrap metal Illegal dumping surveys

Main waste fraction: Aluminium/scrap metals/car batteries

5 CHL Mechindustrial Sdn. Bhd. Scrap metal, aluminium Recycling surveys

6 Chua Koic Been Car batteries, aluminium Private transporters survey

7 CMS Steel Sdn. Bhd. Scrap metal Large industries survey

8 DinKargo Sdn. Bhd. Scrap metal, aluminium cans, bottles

etc.

Recycling surveys

9 Kah Heng Chan (Kch) Sdn. Bhd. Scrap metal Recycling surveys

10 Kien San Metal Sdn. Bhd. Scrap metal Recycling surveys

11 Pheck Nam Trading Co. Scrap metals, aluminium Recycling surveys

12 Specast Industries (Kch) Sdn. Bhd. Scrap metal, copper wire, aluminium,

car batteries

Recycling surveys

Main waste fraction: Paper and cardboard

13 Buddhist Organization (Tzu-Chi) Paper, cardboard, aluminium cans, oil

clothing, etc.

Recycling surveys

14 Jai Xing Trading Company (formerly

Jade Paper Industries)

Paper, cardboard, aluminium Recycling surveys

15 Kam Kam Sanitary Waste Paper, cardboard Large industries survey

16 Preserved Green Sdn. Bhd. Paper, cardboard Recycling surveys

17 See Hua Paper Mill Paper, cardboard Recycling surveys

18 Teck San Sdn Bhd Paper, cardboard, aluminium, plastic Recycling surveys

19 Wide Prospect Sdn. Bhd. Paper, cardboard Large industries survey

Main waste fraction: Glass

20 Apek Botol (Jalan Ellis) Glass bottles Recycling surveys

Main waste fraction: Organic waste

21 Chen Nyuk Poh Farm Food waste from industrial canteens Recycling surveys

22 Evergain Agriculture Farm Food waste Recycling surveys

23 Hoest (S.E.A) Sdn. Bhd. Vegetative waste Recycling surveys

24 Long Shining Farm Food waste Large industries survey

51

Report SUD report, SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study: Appendix 1: Field Surveys (Working Paper),

December 2002


98

No. Name of transporters Waste fractions transported Sources of information51

25 Premium Bioproduce Sdn. Bhd. Food waste Recycling surveys

26 Shong Shin Sdn. Bhd. Chicken intestines and offal Large industries survey

27 Sia Siam Noi Farm Food waste Recycling surveys

28 Voon Sin Heo Farm Food waste Recycling surveys

Main waste fraction: Used tyres

29 Zhen Hak Ann Sdn. Bhd. Used tyres Recycling surveys

Main waste fraction: Plastics

30 Major Plastic Industries Sdn. Bhd. Chemical bottles Large industries survey

31 Saplastic Sdn. Bhd. Plastics, paper, cardboard Large industries survey

Main waste fraction: Wood waste

32 Diamond Eagles Sdn. Bhd. Wood bark Large industries survey

33 Ee Sheng Ent. Co. Reject wood Private transporters survey

Main waste fraction: All

34 Chen Voon Sze Transport No information obtained Private transporters survey

35 Classic Emas Sdn. Bhd. Domestic waste Private transporters survey

36 East Coast Freight Forwarder (S) Sdn.

Bhd. (Shipping Co.)

Chemical and other scheduled waste Private transporters survey

37 Gold Coin Co. Empty bags and other packing

material

Private transporters survey

38 Ho Ann Construction No information obtained Private transporters survey

39 KTS Timber Ind. (Plywood) Paper, wood, lead waste Private transporters survey

40 Lian Hua Seng Plastic bags, paper, feed meal, office

waste


41 Sinar Mekar Hazardous waste Private transporters survey

42 Tang Container & Service Sdn. Bhd. Paper, plastic, usual rubbish from

office


Note: List of private transporters dropping of at the Matang landfill is partially included based in the private

transporters surveys.

Source: SUD report, SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study: Appendix 1: Field Surveys (Working Paper),

December 2002

6.2 Collection and Transport of Solid Waste

6.2.1 Residential and Commercial Areas

Most of the collection routes served by Trienekens cover both residential and commercial

areas. Therefore, the waste collected constitutes a mixture of residential and commercial

waste. Trienekens estimates the residential/commercial ratio of waste collected in the

compactor trucks at approximately 70:30.


99

Trienekens has divided the concession area into 100 service areas, in which Trienekens

directly serves the 73. These 73 service areas are designed in accordance with the capacity

of one standard compacting truck. One area thus represents the amount of waste that can be

collected by one truck per day by Trienekens. For the remaining service areas, which are

served by subcontractors, one truck serves between 2 and 3 areas. The service areas served

by sub-contractors include:

• DBKU northern region up to Kg. Santubong (Jalan Santubong) and Kg. Bako (Jalan

Bako);

• Simpang Tiga up to Jln. Foochow near Pending;

• BDC area along Jalan Stutong;

• Rural areas of the MPP including Matang and Batu Kawa; and

• Areas along Kuching Serian Road (except for 7th Mile and 10th Mile Bazaar).

Figure 6.1 shows the service areas within Kuching which are serviced by Trienekens and

its sub-contractors.


100

Figure 6-1 Service areas covered by Trienekens and subcontractors, 2001


101

Approximately 8%52 of the residential waste generated is, presently, not collected due to

accessibility constraint, illegal dumping on land or into the rivers or streams. As regards

commercial waste, approximately 5% of the amount generated is not collected due to

indiscriminate dumping.

Bulky and garden waste

Bulky and garden waste collection is carried out by Trienekens and the local authorities.

The waste producers may contact either local councils or Trienekens for bulky waste

collection, and there is no clear division between the roles of Trienekens and local councils.

For the DBKU area, the collection of bulky waste is mainly undertaken by the local

authority.

The collection of bulky and garden waste is based on request or complaint from the public.

Bulky waste is also collected from the premises around MGBs in bin centres and from

illegal dump sites.

The local authorities collect bulky and garden waste from tipper or hook lift trucks. The

waste is delivered to the Matang dump site. For the DBKU, green waste generated from

tree trimming and landscaping activities is collected separately for composting (refer to

section 7.3.1).

Trienekens collects bulky waste by hook lift in the case of large items such as refrigerators,

while smaller items are collected by compactor trucks.

Recyclable waste

Recyclable waste from both residential and commercial areas is mostly collected for

recycling by private transporters. These transporters could be recycling agents, charitable

organisations etc. In comparison, relatively small fractions of recyclables are delivered

directly by the waste producers themselves to recycling agents. Comprehensive data is not

available on the number of private transporters collecting waste from the residential and

commercial sectors. The data on waste collected privately has been obtained from the SUD

recycling survey53. Further surveys and elaboration are required.

Table 6.3 Waste collection - residential and commercial sectors

Source of waste Tonnage generated

2001

Tonnage collected by

Trienekens and local

councils

Tonnage transported

privately

Tonnage not

transported

Residential 95,100 85,500 2,800 6,800

Commercial 52,020 38,700 11,320 2,000

Total 147,120 124,200 14,120 8,800

Source : Trienekens and SUD Survey 2000-2001

52

Estimation by Trienekens 53

Surveys on the Informal Recycling Sectors documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline

Study: Appendix 1: Field Surveys (Working Paper), December 2002


102

6.2.2 Industrial Areas

It is estimated that Trienekens collects only approximately 11.8% (see table 6.4) of the total

amount of waste generated from industries (excluding special waste). This is mainly

collected from the RoRo bins that are fixed at the 60 industries in Kuching and an estimated

3,300 tonnes from 1,000 litre MGBs. According to the SUD survey on industries54, it is

anticipated that 14.2% of the amount of waste generated is stored on site or treated within

own premises. Therefore, the remaining 74% of waste generated by industries (excluding

special waste) are privately transported. Among the waste transported, 34,500 tonnes are

identified recycled and the remaining is for dumping illegally.

Industrial areas serviced by Trienekens are provided with RoRo containers, 1,000-litre

MGBs or 240-litre MGBs. In 2001, the use of RoRo containers and MGBs has been

consistent for large industries, while the pattern was more differentiated among small and

medium-size industries. In some cases, industrial customers had decided to use 1,000-litre

MGBs rather than RoRo bins due to the difference in collection cost.

The transportation of industrial waste is summarised in Table 6.4.

Table 6.4 Transportation of industrial waste 2001 (excluding special waste)

Source of waste Tonnage generated Tonnage collected by

Trienekens*

Tonnage collected

privately

Tonnage stored on site

Total 62,500 7,4001 46,300 8,800

* This amount is derived from the total amount registered at the Matang landfill less residential and commercial,

infrastructure and institutional waste

Source: Trienekens and SUD Survey 2000-2001

6.2.3 Institutional and Infrastructure

Trienekens transports around 90% and 67% of the total amount of waste generated by the

institutional and infrastructure sectors for disposal. The remaining 5% and 33%,

respectively, of the total amount of waste is mostly not collected. Private transporters are

only involved in the collection of a minor amount of recyclable waste (5%). The amount

collected is, thus, insignificant and has been accounted for in the section above on the

commercial sector.

Institutional and infrastructure premises serviced by Trienekens are provided with RoRo

containers or 1,000-litre or 240-litre MGB wheel bins.

54

Surveys on the Large Industries Sectors documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline



103

6.2.4 Construction Sites

The disposal of waste from construction sites is the responsibility of the developer or

contractor. This responsibility is normally stipulated by the authorities in the conditions for

approval of the projects. Most construction waste is transported by private contractors.

There are five main private transporters for construction waste in Kuching. These

transporters mainly dispose the waste at their own premises (informal landfilling) or

reallocate it within the construction site (landfilling for future construction phases). There

are also other small waste transporters that collect and dispose of construction waste from

small building and renovation works. The waste transported from such renovation works is

believed, to a high degree, to be disposed of at illegal dump sites. This assumption is

supported by the illegal dump site field surveys55. The information on small private

transporters needs to be further elaborated.

Approximately 50 private tipper trucks are currently transporting construction waste in

Kuching. The major industrial sites or commercial complexes under construction require,

on average, 5 trips per day to dispose of the waste generated. Based on an average of 3.5

tonnes of waste transported per trip, it can be estimated that approximately 17.5 tonnes of

construction waste is transported per construction site per day. For smaller construction

sites such as the development of shop houses, only 1 trip is required per day. The

construction of residential houses typically requires 0.5 trip per day.

One of the possible reasons for developers using private contractors to transport and

dispose of construction waste instead of using Trienekens is the fee charged. Private

contractors charge MYR 200 per trip to transport and disposal of waste, whereas

Trienekens charges rental fees for containers based on tonnage or per trip fee which vary

but are higher than the fees of the private contractors.

It is estimated that only 41% of the total amount of construction waste generated is

transported and disposed of at private land while another 10% is transported for reuse and

recycling. The remaining 49% is used on site for backfilling of access roads and land, or it

is burnt in the open.

6.2.5 Collection and Transportation of Waste for Reuse or Recycling

The collection and transportation of waste for reuse and recycling is currently not

documented. It is usually carried out by private transporters.

6.2.6 Collection and Transportation of Special Waste

Special waste is mainly collected by private transporters. The collection and transport of the

various types of special waste are described below.

55

Surveys on the illegal dump sites documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study:

Appendix 1: Field Surveys (Working Paper), December 2002


104

Used tyres

The collection and transportation of used tyres are undertaken by private transporters.

Traditionally, used tyres have been delivered to tyre retreaders or dumped at the Matang

dump site. From 1996, used tyres have also been delivered to the tyre storage managed by

the Fisheries Department located in the Bintawa area. The tyres delivered to this site have

been used by the Fisheries Department to build artificial reefs in coastal areas. By the year

1998, it was found that artificial reefs made from used tyres are not suitable, and the

Fisheries Department decided to abandon the use of used tyres and make concrete reefs

instead.

Therefore, used tyres which were not retreaded could only be delivered to the Matang dump

site. However, a private company, Zhen Hak Ann Tyre Recycle Sdn. Bhd., began to collect

and receive used tyres for future recycling since 1998. The used tyres are currently stored at

the temporary sites located the 9th Mile, Jln. Penrissen, while plans for setting up a tyre

recycling facility are in the pipeline.

Since Trienekens took over the management of the Matang dump site in 2000, the number

of used tyres received at the dump site has declined tremendously. A survey on used tyre

generation in Kuching carried out by the SUD project in 200156 indicates that

approximately 50% of the used tyres are now being delivered to Zhen Hak Ann. It can be

estimated that, additionally, approximately 16% of the used tyres are sent for retreading,

while the rest are being illegally disposed of or burnt.

Table 6.5 Collection and disposal of used tyres in Kuching

Path of Transportation Tonnes/year Percentage

Collected or delivered to Zhen Hak Ann 1,375 50%

Retreaded 440 16%

Illegally disposed of or burnt 880 32%

Other uses 55 2%

Total 2,750 100%

Source: SUD used tyre generation survey, 2001

Wood waste from wood-based industries

Based on a survey carried out by the NREB in 200057, it is estimated that 32% of the wood

waste generated by wood-based industries in Kuching, or approximately 55,000 tonnes, is

stored or incinerated on site.

It is estimated that 68% of the waste is transported from the site. The transportation is often

undertaken by trucks which belong to the timber industries themselves.

56

Report SUD-02-28: Survey on Used Tyre Generation and Handling in Kuching, April 2001 57

Survey on Solid Waste Management at Wood-based Industries in Kuching 2001 by NREB


105

The waste is used as secondary material for other wood-based industries or indiscriminately

dumped.

Wood waste from wood-based industries is typically not received at the Matang dump site.

Ceramic waste from the ceramic industry

Based on the SUD survey of the ceramic industry58, approximately 95% (33,000 tonnes) of

the ceramic waste is either stored on site or landfilled at own premises or at land adjacent to

the industry premises. The remaining 5% is assumed to be transported from the premises by

own transportation or private transporters and used as secondary raw materials for other

companies.

Livestock waste

It is assumed that 90% of the total livestock waste (82% from pig farms and 8% from

chicken and duck farms) is dumped on site or at adjacent land. The remaining 10% is

privately transported for use as a fertiliser or fodder. The waste transported for use as a

fertiliser derives mainly from poultry farms.

58

Survey on Large Industries Sectors which is documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline



106

7 Waste Treatment and Disposal

This section discusses the treatment and disposal of solid waste in Kuching. The treatment

and disposal of general and scheduled waste are described, respectively.

The present treatment options for general waste include:

• landfilling at legal and illegal dump sites

• reuse and recycling locally or abroad

• illegal discharge into drains and rivers

• legal or illegal burning in the open

The present treatment and disposal of scheduled waste treatment include:

• export for landfilling at approved facilities

• reuse and recycling locally or abroad

• incineration locally or abroad

• storage on site until further treatment becomes available

• illegal dumping or discharge into drains and rivers

The following sections describe the different options in detail.

7.1 Landfilling of General Waste

7.1.1 Landfilling at the Matang Dump Site

The only legal facility that is available for disposal of solid waste within the Kuching city

boundaries is the Matang dump site. The site is owned by the MBKS, but currently

operated by Trienekens. All waste collected by Trienekens and the sub-contractors is

delivered to the Matang dump site.

Figure 7.1 shows the location of the Matang dump site and other waste treatment sites to

Kuching.


107

Figure 7-1 Location of Matang dump site and other treatment facilities


108

The Matang disposal site is located about 14 km northwest of the Kuching city centre at

Jalan Matang. The disposal site is a low-lying, flat and marshy area covered with different

tropical trees, bushes, ferns and rank vegetation undergrowth. Usually, the site is

waterlogged. During the monsoon season, the level of surface water rises and drops again

as soon as the dry period starts. The site is located at a distance of about 0.5 km from the

main road and approximately 0.75 km from the nearest residential area.

The facility began operation on 1 March 1983. The total landfillable area at Matang covers

approximately 7.7 hectares (19 acres). The remaining life span without further extension

measures has been officially estimated to expire in 2000. Nevertheless, the site will still

have to be used until a new facility has been constructed and is ready for operation. This is

achieved by elevating the site surface beyond ground level.

From 1994 until 1997, the number of truckloads and the estimated amount of waste were

registered by the local councils (Table 7.1).

Table 7.1 Registered number of truckloads at the Matang landfill

Year Truckloads (total no.) Total estimated weight (tonne/year)

1994 33,052 115,600

1995 46,676 163,400

1996 48,758 170,600

1997 44,594 156,200

Average 43,300 151,500

Source: DBKU, MBKS and MPP, 2000

The waste estimation was based on the number of truckloads entering the dump site. It is

assumed that every truckload carried an average of 3.5 metric tonnes of waste.

Actual weighting of waste entering the Matang dump site was only established in February

1999, when the current weighbridge was installed. Since then, the waste amount has been

recorded and stored in a database. The amount of waste registered is summarised below.

Table 7.2 Waste registered at Matang since 1999

Year Total amount of solid waste registered (tonnes/year)

2000 123,073

2001 137,961


The sources of the waste delivered to Matang are described in Chapter 5. It may be noted

that the amount of solid waste registered at Matang increases by about 12% from 2000 to

2001. This increase is most probably due to improved collection schemes.


109

The waste received at Matang is registered as residential or trade (commercial) waste

mainly based on the types of collection bin and route covered, as discussed in Chapter 6.

However, based on the analysis and adjustments of the data as discussed above, estimations

on the distribution of the waste on the different sectors can be presented. The distribution of

waste delivered to Matang according to sectors can be seen in Table 7.3:

Table 7.3 Amount of waste landfilled at the Matang dump site in comparison to total amount

generated (2001)

Source of waste Amount received at

Matang

Total amount generated % of total landfilled at

Matang

Residential 85,500 95,100 90

Commercial 39,200* 52,020 75

Industrial 7,900** 62,500 12.6

Institutional 4,800 5,330 90

Infrastructure 600 900 67

Total 138,000 217,450

Source : Weighbridge Data, Trienekens(2001) and SUD estimation 2001

*38,700 tonnes collected by Trienekens, and 800 tonnes from drop-in customers (trade)

**3,300 tonnes from compactor trucks, 4,100 tonnes from RoRo containers, and 500 tonnes from drop-in customers

(trade)

The disposal fee for private waste transporters delivered to Matang was increased from

MYR 8 per truck entry to MYR 90 per tonne for private delivery when Trienekens took

over the operation in June 2000. The increase in disposal fee was a result of the adoption of

the integrated solid waste management system with the objectives of improving waste

management in Kuching. The improvement includes a better waste collection system,

rehabilitation of the Matang dump site and the establishment of new sanitary landfill etc.

According to Trienekens, as from May 2001, the tipping fees for waste delivered to Matang

have been reduced to MYR 50 per tonne and an entry fee of MYR 6, while the tipping fee

for the construction sectors was reduced to MYR 12.50 per tonne for clean, sorted fractions

such as stone or concrete.

Other public dump sites are located in Samarahan, Bau and Serian. A survey conducted by

the SUD project59 documented that no waste from Kuching is presently received at these

sites.

59

Surveys on the legal dump sites documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study:



110

7.1.2 New Sanitary Landfill

A new sanitary landfill for the disposal of domestic waste from Kuching and for scheduled

waste from the whole of Sarawak for the next 25 years is presently being planned.

The proposed site for the new landfill is situated close to Mambong. Trienekens expects

that the facility can be in operation 12-15 months after the final approval of the site by the

government.

The total size of the sanitary landfill will be 87 hectares, and the estimated area for

landfilling will be 32.5 hectares.

The landfill will be divided into cells of approximately 44,000 m2 each.

7.1.3 Dump Site for Floatable Waste on River

Floating waste collected from Sarawak River is dumped in the open at an area along the

riverbank designated for that purpose near Kpg. Paroh. Waste collected by boats is

transferred to the dump site using an excavator.

Due to a high content of organic matter, the waste is expected to degrade naturally at the

dump site.

7.1.4 Landfilling of Wood Waste from Wood-Based Industries

Based on a survey on wood-based industries carried out by the NREB in 200060, Table 7.4

shows the means of treatment and disposal of wood waste identified in Kuching:

Table 7.4 Treatment and disposal of wood waste from wood-based industries in Kuching

Type of treatment / disposal Estimated amount

(tonnes/year)

% weight

Secondary uses (reused or recycled) 75,600 43.2

Incinerated 9,450 5.4

Landfilled on site 47,250 27

Dumped off site 42,700 24.4

Total 175,000 100%

Source: STIDC (2001) and NREB survey (2000)

It can be estimated that 25% of the total amount of wood waste generated, corresponding to

approximately 42,700 tonnes per year, is dumped off site, while another 27% (47,000

tonnes per year) is landfilled on site.

60

Survey on Solid Waste Management at Wood-Based Industries in Kuching 2001 by NREB


111

There are currently no proper records of on-site dumping or storage of wood waste, but land

reclamation along the riverbank can be observed.

Figure 7-2 Typical storage of wood waste along the riverbank

The SUD project has initiated a screening of dumping and land reclamation along

riverbanks (Figure 7.2). A comparison was made of aerial photographs from 1982, 1991

and 2000 showing the riverbank contours of the existing Demak Laut Industrial Estate

where some of the timber-based industries are located. The changes in the shoreline could

be clearly observed. In the present example, it was observed that the riverbank was eroded

by 1991 (green line) as compared to 1982 (red line) while in 2000, the riverbank had been

reclaimed (blue line).


112

Figure 7-3 Changes in the riverbank along Sg.Sarawak reclamation by wood waste

7.1.5 Landfilling of Construction and Demolition Waste

Currently, there are no official facilities in Kuching for treatment of C&D waste.

Based on the survey of construction sites61, it is anticipated that most of the construction

waste is informally landfilled, either on or off site. It can be observed that some of the

building waste is dumped illegally at rural spots and road reserves. Some of the waste is

landfilled on private land. An insignificant amount of C&D waste is received at the Matang

dump site.

61

Surveys on Construction Sites documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study:



113

Construction and demolition waste from small-scale projects is often disposed of illegally

either to nearby empty land, on road reserves or to illegal dump sites as observed during the

illegal dump site surveys (refer to Section 7.2 for details).

Figure 7-4 Typical landfilling of building waste on site

No reliable information is available regarding the final treatment of C&D waste. Based on

the limited information from the SUD survey on construction sites, it can estimated that all

the 41% of the waste which is transported is informally landfilled or dumped, while another

40% of the waste which is not transported is informally landfilled on site. 10% of the waste

is recycled (mainly scrap metal) and 9% is burnt in the open. The above figures indicate

that the treatment of construction and demolition waste in Kuching has not been formalised,

and there is an urgent need to establish a proper handling facility or other legal means of

treatment.

Therefore, it is estimated that 81% of the total construction waste is landfilled per year,

corresponding to almost 80,200 tonnes of construction waste informally landfilled on or off

site every year.

7.1.6 Landfilling of Coal Ash from the Sejingkat Power Station

The mixed coal ash (fly ash and slag) generated is currently being placed in ash ponds

located next to the Sejingkat coal-fired power plant. There are plans to utilise the ash for

square and spun piles and will be discussed in Section 7.3.5.


114

7.1.7 Landfilling of Residues from the Matang Sludge Treatment Plant

The sludge residues that are stabilised at the Matang Septic Sludge Treatment Plant are

landfilled on site in 1-tonne polyethylene bags (Figure 7-5). The landfill is tar sealed and

the bags are not covered, as there may be future applications for the use of the sludge

residues.

Figure 7-5 Landfilling of sludge residues at the Matang SSTP

7.2 Illegal Off-Site Dumping

Illegal dumping is becoming a serious solid waste management problem for the local

authorities in Kuching, especially since the disposal fee of the landfill was increased

significantly in 1999.

The amount of waste delivered by private transporters to the Matang dump site has

significantly decreased since 1999 (refer to Table 6.1). It can be anticipated that parts of the

diverted waste is dumped illegally at various spots within Kuching District. This can be

supported by the increasing number of cases of illegal dumping registered by the local

authorities.

A survey on illegal dump sites conducted by the SUD project62 located about 60 illegal

dump sites within Kuching district (2000-2001). The location of these illegal dump sites is

shown in Figure 7.6 a and b.

62

Surveys on illegal dump sites documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study:



115

Figure 7-6a Locations of illegal dump sites within MBKS and DBKU areas


116

Figure 7.6 b Locations of illegal dump sites within MPP and Trieneken areas


117

The composition of the waste dumped illegally was also determined by the SUD survey

(refer to Figure 7.7). Based on site observations, the majority of the waste dumped is

related to construction activities. Around 70% of scrap metals and wooden crates for

packaging and shipping are observed to originate from construction sites. Therefore, it is

estimated that not less than 50% of the waste dumped illegally relate to construction works.

The remaining portion of scrap metals and wooden crates is observed to be from industries.

Source: SUD waste baseline survey, 2001

Figure 7-7 Composition of waste dumped illegally

As part of the illegal dump site survey, 15 large and active illegal off-site dump sites were

inspected two or three times during a period of one month63. The purpose was to follow the

development in amount of waste dumped illegally. The survey showed an increase in the

amount of waste dumped for the selected 15 sites corresponding to 35 tonnes. Up scaling

this into an annual amount for all 60 sites indicates that approximately 600 tonnes of which

is dumped illegally every year. This amount is insignificant compared to the total waste

generation in Kuching.

However, it must be noted that this estimation is only based on waste dumped at the 60

identified dump sites and does not include waste dumped on site, into rivers and drains or at

informal dump sites on private land or waste which is burnt.

Based on the assessment of waste not collected64, it can be estimated that a total of 73,700

tonnes of general solid waste are dumped illegally or burnt every year. This amount only

includes non-scheduled waste. Special waste is only included when dumped at scattered

63

Surveys on illegal dump sites documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study:

Appendix 1: Field Surveys (Working Paper), December 2002 64

A remaining amount out of the total after subtracting the waste disposed of at the Matang Dump Site,

recycling and waste stored on site

Composition of Illegally Dumped Waste

Saw Dust Waste

8%

Rubbish (non

combustible)

10%

Green Waste

5%

Scrap Metal

16%

Wooden Crates

25%

Construction

Waste

25%

Rubbish

(combustible)

11%


118

off-site dump sites. Special waste and construction and demolition waste that is illegally or

informally dumped at specific sites are discussed separately above.

7.3 Reuse and Recycling

7.3.1 Reuse and Recycling of General Waste in Kuching

Most recycling and reuse in Kuching are undertaken on a private, commercial basis. Public

recycling schemes are generally scarce and restricted to collection sites for recyclables and

to minor composting schemes.

The parties involved in commercial recycling include waste generators, waste transporters,

scavengers, agents and middlemen, recycling industries and other secondary users.

Some households, workshops, commercial enterprises, industries and institutions sort out

materials such as paper, cardboard, scrap metals etc. for recycling at source. Sorted

recyclable items are normally collected by recycling agents (middlemen) or recycling

industries or transported by the producers themselves to the agents or recycling industries.

Recyclables are either processed locally or shipped to other places e.g. Peninsula Malaysia

for processing.

Reuse and recycling of the specific waste fractions are discussed below:

Food waste

Food waste is separated at source at some large food outlets and collected for pig fodder.

The outlets include large canteens e.g. canteens of industries located at the Samajaya Free

Trade Industrial Zone and some large restaurants and food centres. According to the SUD

surveys65, approximately 4,900 tonnes of food waste is collected per year to be recycled at

livestock farms. This amount is anticipated to be an underestimate, as the SUD survey was

not comprehensive.

The company Premium Bioproduce, which is involved in organic farming, also collects

small amounts of organic waste, mainly food waste, which are composted for use as a

fertiliser in its organic farm. The amount used is unknown, but assumed to be negligible.

The NREB recently introduced a pilot backyard composting bin programme involving both

kitchen and green waste from individual households. The amount of food waste composted

at this stage is insignificant (refer to the section on green waste below).

65

Surveys of Recycling and Surveys of Large Industries Sectors documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid

Waste Baseline Study: Appendix 1: Field Surveys (Working Paper), December 2002


119

Green waste

Green waste derives from gardens and from parks and greens. Currently, small portions of

green waste, which are mainly generated from landscape trimming, are collected separately

by the DBKU for composting. In addition, the DBKU also provides a collection service for

garden/vegetation waste from private households upon request.

Presently, the DBKU operates three composting sites located at 1) DBKU Old Depo, 2)

Demak Laut and 3) Cloud Estate.

Shredders are used at the composting sites to reduce the volume of the collected green

waste. The composting is based on a simple open windrow composting system.

Approximately 54 tonnes is composted yearly and used as a soil conditioner by the DBKU

internally or sold at markets in bags.

As part of the SUD project, the NREB has initiated a pilot backyard composting

programme introducing composting bins for kitchen and green waste at individual

households and at other types of sources. The programme currently involves individual

households, a restaurant cum plant nursery and schools. The amount of kitchen and garden

waste put into the bins is estimated to be approximately 2 kg per household of 5 persons per

day (0.4 kg/day per inhabitant). This corresponds to approximately 14 tonnes of waste

being composted per year under the programme. The pilot programme will be expanded

gradually.

The company Premium Bioproduce also collects small amounts of green waste. The

amount is about 36 tonnes a year.

Hoest Sdn. Bhd. collects and composts empty fruit bunches from oil palm plantations using

an open windrow system. The waste is, however, collected at the Lundu area, outside the

area covered by this study.

In total, it is estimated that approximately 100 tonnes of green waste from Kuching is

composted per year.

Paper and cardboard

Paper and cardboard recycling is the only industrial recycling activity currently carried out

in Sarawak. 2 paper mills, namely See Hua Paper Mill and Hai Ming Sdn. Bhd., recycle

paper and corrugated cardboard (Fig 7.8). The mills also recycle black and white office

paper, newspaper, magazines, telephone books etc. The products include notepads, paper

folders, tissues, egg containers etc.

Two other large paper recycling agents, Preserved Green Sdn. Bhd. and Teck San Sdn.

Bhd. also collect paper and cardboard (Figure 7.2). The materials are sent to See Hua or Hai

Ming or shipped to West Malaysia.


120

Based on the SUD survey on recycling agents and middlemen66, it is estimated that

approximately 15,600 tonnes of paper and cardboard are recycled per year. For industries, it

is estimated that the middlemen surveys underestimate the actual recycling of paper and

cardboard. By scaling up the findings for the surveys of 25 LSIs, it is estimated that the

actual recycling by industries should be increase by approximately 20%. The total amount

of paper and cardboard recycling is then estimated to 16,500 tonnes.

It is estimated that 2,430 tonnes of these recycle material are from residential, 8,570 tonnes

from commercial and institutional while 5,500 tonnes are from industry.

Scrap metal

Scrap metal collected in Kuching for recycling is sorted into ferrous metal, copper, lead,

aluminium etc. and into different grades achieving different prices. Car batteries are also

recovered as scrap metal. The sorting takes place at the premises of the recycling agents.

Aluminium cans collected from the households and commercial entities are also included as

scrap metal. This only constitutes a small portion as aluminium cans are very light in

weight. It is assumed that less than 100 tonnes from household.

800 tonnes of metal are recycled from workshops and garages (refer to section 5.4.1).

Another 100 tonnes for the aluminium cans collected from main commercial entities

particularly originated from food outlets.

9,900 tonnes of scrap metals is recycled in the construction sites.

According to SUD middlemen surveys, the total amount of scrap metals recycled in

Kuching is 34,500 tonnes. Deducting the metals recycled from household, commercial and

construction sites, remaining 23,600 tonnes scrap metals are estimated recycled from

industries67.

The sorted metal is shipped to Peninsula Malaysia for recycling. There is no recycling

industry for scrap metal in Sarawak.

66

Surveys on the Recycling Sector documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study:


67 However, the middlemen surveys underestimate the actual recycling of scrap metal. By scaling up the

findings for the surveys of 25 LSIs, it is estimated that the actual recycling by industries should be

increase by approximately 20%. Adding up, it is about 28,300 tonnes of metals recycled in industrial

sector.


121

Glass bottles

Glass bottles are collected from individual households and restaurants as well as recovered

from the Matang Dump Site by scavengers. The bottles are mainly collected by Dinkargo

Sdn. Bhd. located off Batu Kawa Road. The bottles are cleaned manually at the premises of

Dinkargo, packed and sold back to bottling factories for reuse.

Only bottles which are used by the local bottling factories are reused. Reuse and recycling

of other types of glass are not observed in Kuching.

The amount of glass bottles recovered from Kuching is estimated at only approximately

500 tonnes per year.

Plastic

Recycling of plastic in Kuching is relatively new. The recycling is mainly associated with

PET soft drink and mineral water bottles. The bottles are collected for recycling from

restaurants, special events etc. and shipped (Peninsula Malaysia, Sabah, China etc.). There

are currently no plastic recycling industries in Kuching.

The DBKU and other community groups e.g. the Buddhist Tze Chi Association and the

Kuching Community Centre conducts mineral water bottle recovery programmes. The

bottles are reshaped into different hand-made items such as small flowerpots or plastic

flowers.

Based on the SUD surveys on LSIs, there were a lot of plastic in the 25 industries

interviewed were recycled. They are mainly plastic drums and containers.

Therefore, it is estimated that the amount of plastic collected in Kuching for recycling is

estimated at less than 1,700 tonnes per year.

Construction waste

Recycling at construction sites is mainly associated with scrap metal e.g. scaffolding. Based

on the SUD survey on construction sites68, it is estimated that approximately 9,900 tonnes

of scrap metal from construction sites is recycled per year. Some of the scaffolding is also

reused for other construction projects.

Reuse or recycling of other waste fractions have not been reported or observed during the

study.

The amount of waste recycled excludes the use of construction waste for land reclamation

and levelling on site. The amount of C&D waste (e.g. crushed concrete, bricks etc.)

estimated to be used for levelling on site is approximately 40% (39,600 tonnes) of the total

amount of construction waste reported in Section 7.1.5.

68


December 2002


122

Waste oil

No information on reuse or recycling of waste oil has been compiled during the SUD

survey.

Aggregated summary

The amount of solid waste reused or recycled in Kuching is summarised in Table 7.5.

Table 7.5 Amount of waste from Kuching recycled

Type of waste reused / recycled Tonnage per year

Paper and corrugated cardboard 16,500

Glass 500

Plastic 1,700

Scrap metal 34,500

Food waste 4,900

Green waste 100

Wood pallet 100

Total 58,300

Source : SUD surveys on middlemen and large industries, 2001

Table 7.5 indicated that scrap metal constitutes the major fraction of waste recycled in

Kuching with 34,500 tonnes, followed by paper and cardboard with 16,500 tonnes a year.

However, it must be noted that there is no official registration of middlemen / recycling

agents or recycling industries nor of the amount of waste handled by these. The SUD

survey only covered industries and middlemen identified by the NREB and local councils

during the survey. It is anticipated that some companies that are handling recyclables were

not identified during the survey.


123

Table 7.6 Overview of recycled material based on sectors in 2001

Households

Commercial Institution Industry Construction

sites

Total

Paper and

cardboard

2,430 8,370 200 5,500 16,500

Glass 250 250 500

Plastic 100 1,600 1,700

Scrap metal 100 900 23,600 9,900 34,500

Food waste 1,200 3,700 4,900

Green waste 20 80 100

Wood pallet 100 100

Grand total 2,800 10,820 280 34,500 9,900 58,300

Source: SUD surveys on middlemen and large industries, 2001

*Derived from the estimated amount of recycled waste from each sector and not covered in the surveys

7.3.2 Recycling Based on Different Generators

Estimation of the recycling conducted by the different sectors can, at his stage, only be

undertaken with considerable uncertainty, due to the limited data available. The solid waste

received by middlemen and recycling industries is not always registered according to the

sources.

However, some indication of the level of recycling conducted by the different types of

generators can be extracted from the SUD surveys. Approximately 13,900 tonnes of solid

waste recycled from the residential, commercial, infrastructure and institutional sectors.

The amount of waste from the industrial sector which is recycled is estimated at 34,500

tonnes. The estimation is presented in Table 7.7:

Table 7.7 Estimation of recycling of solid waste (excluding special waste) based on sectors*

Sectors Total waste recycled

(tonne/year)

Total waste generated

(tonne/year)

% recycled

Residential, commercial, institutions

and infrastructure

13,900 153,350 9%

Industry 34,500 62,500 55%

Construction 9,900 99,000 10%

Total 58,300 314,850 18%

Source : SUD surveys on middlemen and large industries, 2001

* excluding special waste


124

Table 7.7 indicates that the highest level of recycling can be observed for large industries.

The high level of recycling from large industries is most likely due to the fact that large

quantities of well-defined waste types e.g. scrap metal are produced at few sources, which

simplifies the process of handling of the waste for recycling.

7.3.3 Reuse and Recycling of Special Waste

Reuse and recycling of special waste are significant. Reuse and recycling of the different

types of special waste are described below:

Livestock waste

Recycling of chicken and duck dung as a fertiliser is traditional practice. It can be assumed

that approximately 70% of the dung generated is recycled. This corresponds to 94,500

tonnes per year. Solid waste from pig farms is not recycled as freely as poultry waste partly

due to religious sensitivity. However, it can still be estimated that 20% of the solid waste is

recycled as a fertiliser at the farmers‟ own land or as fish fodder in fishponds. This

corresponds to another 36,000 tonnes, bringing the total amount of recycled livestock waste

to 130,500 tonnes or approximately 41% of the total of waste being recycled.

It must be noted that these figures are only rough estimates by consultants to this report.

Currently, the figures cannot be substantiated, as there is no proper recording on recycling.

Wood waste from wood-based industries

Reuse and recycling of wood waste are practised in some wood-based industries. Based on

the survey carried out by the NREB in 200169, it is estimated that approximately 75,300

tonnes of wood waste (43% of total) is reused or recycled every year in other downstream

wood-based industries e.g. for energy production in boilers in wood-based industries, brick

factories etc.

Ceramic waste

Reuse and recycling of ceramic waste is limited and estimated at only 5%70 of the total

amount generated. This corresponds to 1,750 tonnes of ceramic waste (typically rejected

tiles or pots) being reused every year in the production process again or for other purpose

such as flooring etc.

Water treatment sludge

Sludge from the water treatment process is not reused or recycled. The sludge is discharged

back to the river, according to the treatment plant operator.

69

Survey on Solid Waste Management at Wood-Based Industries in Kuching 2001 by the NREB 70

Consultants‟ estimate based on conversation with major ceramic industries


125

Septic sludge

The treated septic tank sludge generated by the sludge treatment plant at Matang is

currently being packed in jumbo bags and landfilled at the designated landfill area on site.

There is no reuse or recycling of the sludge, at this moment.

Coal ash from Sejingkat Coal-fired Station

Recently, the SPC has been engaged in a partnership programme with the company, Gobel

Industries regarding utilisation of coal ash. Gobel is engaged in commercial production of

square piles and spun piles from ash. Currently, the company is developing its market for

the square and spun piles.

Data on the current amount of mixed coal slag and fly ash recovered for the production of

piles has not been obtained during this study.

Floatable waste

No floatable waste collected from Sg. Sarawak is reused or recycled.

Used tyres

It is estimated based on conversation with the operator of tyre recycling firm (Zhen Hak

Ann) that 16% of the used tyres are being retreaded per year. Further 2% of the used tyres

are reused at playgrounds, wharves etc. Combining these, it is estimated that 500 tonnes of

used tyres are being reused or recycled per year.

A temporary collection site for used tyres has been established at 9th mile Penrissen Road.

The intention is to establish a recycling facility in the near future, refer to section 6.2.6. The

site currently receives almost 50% of the used tyres generated in Kuching. The proposed

recycling process will separate the used tyres into rubber crumb, steel and fibre. The

proposed recycling plant is expected to get a capacity of 7,000 tonnes per year and to

receive used tyres from other major towns is Sarawak as well as Kota Kinabalu in Sabah.

Scheduled waste

Reuse and recycling of scheduled waste is described in Chapter 7.4.


126

Table 7.8 Reuse and recycling of special waste in Kuching

Source of waste Tonnes in 2001 Tonnes

reused/recycled /year

% recycled

Agriculture (pigs & poultry farms) 315,000 130,500 41

Wood waste from wood-based industries 175,000 75,600 43

Ceramic waste (clay waste) 35,000 1,800 5

Water treatment sludge 21,000 0 0

Septic sludge from SSTP 1,300 0 0

Ash 30,000 0 n/a

Floatable waste on river 6,000 0 n/a

Used tyres 2,800 500 18

Scheduled 37,600 3,400 9

Total 623,700 211,800 31.2

Source : SUD waste baseline survey and consultant‟s estimates (2001)

7.3.4 Recycling – Awareness and Education Activities

NREB (Natural Resources and Environment Board)

As the state environmental authority, the NREB has the mandate to provide environmental

awareness and education to the general public. NREB is actively engaged in promoting

solid waste reduction, reuse and recycling to the public and private sectors through

seminars and programmes. In most cases, the efforts are carried out in collaboration with

the local councils.

The NREB is also engaged in partnerships with community organisations promoting public

participation in waste reduction, reuse and recycling.

DBKU (Kuching North City Hall)

The DBKU is currently involved in a number of recycling projects involving schools,

industrial premises, offices, shopping complexes, hotels and petrol stations. These projects

involve recycling of aluminium cans, paper and cardboard.

The council is targeting recycling of paper and cardboard generated by commercial and

industrial premises by intensifying awareness campaigns as well as introducing more bins

for separate collection. The local councils are, in some cases, also linking recyclers to waste

generators.

The DBKU currently undertakes a number of education programmes including:

• Education of pupils regarding recycling via the School Health Education Programme

• Conducting inter-school recycling competition programmes.

• Conducting school debates


127

• Supporting environmental clubs in school

• Conducting public anti-littering programmes

• Establishing recycling drop-off points

The inter-school recycling competition programme encourages pupils to bring recyclable

material to the school for collection by a private contractor. The contractor pays the schools

for the recyclable materials. The DBKU issues a monthly bulletin to the schools reporting

the results of the school-recycling programme.

MBKS (Kuching South City Council)

The MBKS currently undertakes an awareness programme to encourage collection and

recycling of aluminium cans, paper and cardboard and discourage littering.

The MBKS currently undertakes the following activities:

• Environmental educational programme for school pupils

• School recycling programmes

• Inter-school recycling competition programme

• Distribution of pamphlets on recycling to housing estates and offices

• Dialogue and seminars with various community associations

• Community cleaning programmes in co-operation with community associations and

other government departments

• Recycling drop-off points

MPP (Padawan Municipal Council)

The MPP undertakes a paper recycling programme. All residents are able to drop off old

newspaper at 4 collection points within the area. The drop-off points are located at the 3

markets and at the council‟s office building.

Recycling drop-off bins are also located at locations easily accessible by the public e.g.

petrol stations, schools etc.

The MPP currently undertakes the following activities:

• Inter-school recycling competition programme

• Public Health and Environmental Knowledge Quiz among primary school children

• Distribution of pamphlets on environmental issues/recycling to schools and monitoring

of the environmental programme in schools


128

• Community cleaning programmes

7.4 Treatment of Scheduled Waste

In Kuching, scheduled waste is mainly generated by industries, workshops and garages as

well as other commercial activities. The treatment of scheduled waste is discussed below:

7.4.1 Scheduled Waste from Industries

According to the SUD study on large industries71, the total production of scheduled waste

in Kuching can be estimated at approximately 32,000 tonnes per year (refer to Table 5.26).

When adding to this amount waste oil from river vessels and port operations (approx. 5,500

tonnes) and other sources of scheduled waste, the total generation of scheduled waste can

be estimated at approximately 37,600 tonnes per year. This figure is comparable to the

32,000 tonnes of scheduled waste from Kuching estimated in a preliminary study conducted

by Trienekens in 199972.

Currently there is only one scheduled waste treatment facility in the country, namely Kualiti

Alam located at Bukit Nanas in Negeri Sembilan. This centre operates a landfill, an

incineration plant, a chemical-physical treatment plant and a conditioning plant. Except for

radioactive waste, all types of scheduled waste generated within the country are presently

disposed of at the centre.

Due to costly conveyance of scheduled waste to West Malaysia, many industries in

Sarawak have established on-site storage facilities for scheduled waste. This is done in

accordance with the guidelines and requirements of the Federal Department of Environment

(DOE) anticipating that a scheduled waste treatment facility will be available in Sarawak in

the near future.

Presently, a temporary storage facility for scheduled waste has been established at the

Bintawa Industrial Estate in Kuching (refer to Figure 7.1). Scheduled waste from some

industries (especially industries located in the Samajaya Free Industrial Zone) is collected

by Trienekens and stored at this temporary storage facility. The facility has been

established in a former warehouse which has been upgraded in accordance with

environmental requirements. Up until December 2001, the storage facility received

approximately 1,400 tonnes of scheduled waste. As the current storage facility is reaching

its capacity, a second storage facility (godown) is proposed at the Kuching Port Authority

premises at Pending.

At the storage facility, the scheduled waste is stored in bins, drums and containers. A new

landfill and incinerator for scheduled waste are being planned at the premises of the future

sanitary landfill at Mambong (Refer to section 7.1.2.). Upon the establishment of the

71


December 2002 72

Based on information given by Mr. Achim from Trienekens Sdn. Bhd.


129

sanitary landfill, pre-treated scheduled waste will be landfilled at a lined special area of the

landfill site.

Based on the SUD survey of large industries73, it is estimated that, currently, half the

amount of scheduled waste generated in Kuching (18,700 tonnes per year) is delivered to

Kualiti Alam. Approximately 18% of the scheduled waste is stored on site, while 10% is

recovered internally or by other industries.

Only a small percentage (6%) of the scheduled waste is presently collected by Trienekens

for the Bintawa storage facility.

The disposal of 9% of the scheduled waste was not clearly explained during the survey.

This mainly concerns scheduled sludge generated by the wastewater treatment at one

enterprise. According to the NREB, there are records of scheduled sludge being used for

landfilling in swampy areas.

The recycling of each fraction of scheduled waste, such as waste oil and solvents, was not

made available during the SUD baseline study. These figures should be taken into

consideration in the future reporting.

Figure 7-8 Treatment and disposal of industrial scheduled waste from Kuching

In Table 7.9, the distribution on the different types of treatment and disposal of scheduled

waste according to the SUD Study74 is compared with corresponding figures of the

Trienekens study75. The differences between the 2 surveys are associated with the amount

73


December 2002 74

Report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study: Appendix 1: Field Surveys (Working Paper), Large

Industries Surveys, December 2002 75

Trienekens Sdn. Bhd, Integrated Solid Waste Management System for Sarawak, 2000

Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Scheduled Waste

from Kuching

Storage at

Bintawa

6%

Kualiti Alam

51%

Stored at the

Premises

18%

On-site

Treatment

1%

Unsure

15%

Other

Companies

9%


130

delivered to Kualiti Alam and the amount stored on site. These two options are inter-related

and may vary from time to time depending on the storage capacity and the amount

accumulated by the industries.

Table 7.9 Comparison of treatment and disposal of scheduled waste generated in Kuching

Treatment/disposal SUD survey (2001) Trienekens (1999)

Kualiti Alam 51% 63%

Reused or recycled by other buyers 10% 16%

Stored at own premises 18% 9%

Trienekens‟ storage (since 2000) 6% n/a

Unsure 15% 12%

Source : SUD survey 2001 and Trienekens 2001

7.4.2 Clinical Waste from Hospitals and Clinics

The total amount of clinical waste in Kuching is about 50 tonnes per year.

Incineration is the main means of treatment. Currently, Sarawak has a total of 6 incinerators

for clinical incinerators. All the incinerators are located at hospitals.

Clinical waste from public hospitals and clinics in Kuching is collected separately by Faber

Medi-serve and treated by incineration in Sibu. The Sibu facility is designed to handle

about 360 tonnes of clinical waste per year. The government is planning to construct the

seventh incineration plant for clinical waste in Kuching.

The Normah Medical Specialist Centre currently operates a small incinerator, catering for

clinical waste from Normah, the Timberland Specialist Centre as well as waste delivered by

private clinics.

It is assumed that this treatment includes all clinical waste from the hospitals. However, it is

questionable if all clinical waste from clinics is collected and treated separately. Some of

the clinical waste is assumed to be disposed with the non-clinical waste through the general

waste collection schemes. The amount was not verified during the baseline study.

Apart from the incinerators described above, hospitals in some rural areas which are not

covered by collection service of the council are provided with small incinerators by the

Sarawak Health Department.


131

7.5 Aggregated Waste Treatment and Disposal

7.5.1 General Waste

The aggregated treatment and disposal of general waste can be summarised as shown in

Figure 7-9.

Landfill at Matang

44%

Illegal Disposal

19%

Reused/Recycled

19%

Stored Onsite

18%

Source: Derived from SUD waste baseline survey 2001, information from Trienekens and SUD

consultant‟s estimates 2001

Figure 7-9 Treatment and disposal of general waste from Kuching

As can be seen in Figure 7-9, most of the non-scheduled general waste was landfilled at

Matang (44%). This is followed by another 19% which was reused and recycled. Reuse and

recycling is mainly associated with scrap metal and paper-related products. It was about

19% of waste which was disposed either illegal dumped or open burnt. Approximately

18% of the waste was assumed to be stored onsite.

7.5.2 Treatment of Special Waste

The aggregated results on treatment of special waste are tabulated in Table 7.10.


132

Table 7.10 Treatment of special waste in Kuching (excluding Scheduled Waste) in 2001

Special waste types Tonnes Reused/

recycled

Landfilled

on site

Illegally

dumped

Incinerated/

burnt

Others

Livestock waste 315,000 130,500 0 184,500 0 0

Wood waste from wood-

based industries

175,000 75,600 47,200 42,700 9,500 0

Ceramic waste (clay waste) 35,000 1,800 33,200 0 0

Water treatment sludge 21,000 0 0 21000 0 0

Septic sludge from SSTP 1,300 0 1300 0 0 0

Fly ash 30,000 0 0 0 0 30,000

Floatable waste on rivers 6,000 0 6000 0 0 0

Used tyres 2,800 500 0 900 1400 0

Total 586,100 208,400 87,700 249,100 10,900 30,000

* Others include stockpiling / temporary storage for further treatment options e.g. recycling, transported to waste

treatment facility when sufficient amount is accumulated etc.

The different treatment and disposal methods are also presented in Figure 7-10.

Figure 7-10 Treatment of special waste in Kuching (excluding Scheduled Waste), 2001

As illustrated in Figure 7.11, approximately 42% (249,100 tonnes) of the special waste

produced in Kuching is suspected to be illegally dumped, while another 15% is landfilled

on site without formal registration or approval. These figures indicate that the treatment and

disposal of special waste has not been in focus, and there is a need for attention and actions

in this field.

Illegally Dumped

42%

Incinerated

/Burnt

2%

Others

5% Reused/Recycled

36%

Landfilled on site

15%


133

The 36% which is reused or recycled, mainly concerns livestock and wood waste recycling.


134

8 Overall Waste Generation and Flows

8.1 Current Waste Flows

This chapter describes the overall waste flow from generation to collection, transport and

final treatment and disposal. The description is conducted individually for the major waste

generating sectors.

8.1.1 Residential Sector

The waste flow is presented in Figure 8.1. As described in chapter 5, the estimations are

mainly based on the actual amount collected by Trienekens (from January 2001 to

December 2001).

The total quantity of waste generated by the residential sector is estimated to be 96,900

tonnes per year. It is estimated that approximately 8% of the waste generated is not

collected by Trienekens or the councils (6,800 tonnes per year), while another 4,700 tonnes

are collected by private transporters (street scavengers, collection crews and landfill

scavengers) for reuse and recycling.

The amount of residential waste registered for disposal at the Matang Dump Site is 85,500

tonnes per year.


135

Figure 8-1 Solid waste flow for the residential sector in Kuching 2001

Waste generated in

Kuching

95,100 tonnes/year

Waste not collected

6,800 tonnes/year

Transport

88,300 tonnes/year

Recycling/dealers

2,800 tonnes/year

Final disposal at the

Matang Dump Site

85,500 tonnes/year


136

The amount of recyclable waste delivered to communal recycling stations and middlemen

from individual households is insignificant compared to the total amount recycled. In total,

it is estimated that only around 2,800 tonnes of household waste is recycled.

8.1.2 Commercial, Institutional and Infrastructural Sectors

The waste flow for commercial, institutional and infrastructural waste is presented in Figure

8.2. As described in Chapter 5, estimations for these 3 sectors are based on the actual

amount collected by Trienekens (from January 2001 to December 2001) as well as

estimations based on unit generation figures obtained through SUD surveys and other

sources76.

The total amount of waste generated by these sectors is approximately 58,250 tonnes per

year. It is estimated that approximately 4% of the total amount of waste collected

(excluding recyclable waste collected separately) is not collected by Trienekens (2,550

tonnes per year).

Approximately 11,100 tonnes of commercial waste, including recyclable waste from the

institutional and infrastructural sectors, is recycled or reused every year77. At this stage, it is

only estimated figures for reused/recycled waste according to its origin from individual

sectors, since recycling agents/middlemen do not clearly distinguish waste from different

generators.

The amount of waste generated by these 3 sectors that is disposed at the Matang Dump Site

is 44,600 tonnes per year (refer Section 7.1).

76

Report SUD-02-50: Study on Solid Waste Generation Rates, November 2001 77

Surveys on Middlemen documented in report SUD-02-46: Solid Waste Baseline Study: Appendix 1:

Field Surveys (Working Paper), December 2002


137

Figure 8-2 Solid waste flow from the commercial, institutional and infrastructural sectors in

Kuching in 2001

Commercial, institutional and

infrastructural waste

generated in Kuching

58,250 tonnes/year

Waste not collected

2,550 tonnes/year

Waste transported

55,700 tonnes/year


Matang Dump Site

44,600 tonnes/year

Private collection for reuse and recycling

11,100 tonnes/year


138

8.1.3 Industrial Sectors

The waste flow for general industrial waste is presented in Figure 8.3. As described in

Chapter 5, the figures on waste generation from industrial areas are mainly based on unit

amount calculations for each industrial subsector, based on number of employees. Wood,

ceramic and scheduled waste is not included; as such waste is considered special waste.

The total quantity of general waste generated by the industrial sector is estimated to be

62,500 tonnes per year. It is estimated that only approximately11.8% of the waste (7,400

tonnes per year) is collected by Trienekens, while the quantity not collected or treated

onsite is 8,800 tonnes (14.2%). The remaining is transported by private transporters for

recycling and disposal. 55.2% of the waste (34,500 tonnes per year) is delivered to

middlemen or to recycling companies for reuse or recycling (based on SUD surveys of

industries).

The amount of industrial waste disposed of at the Matang Dump Site is estimated at 7,900

tonnes per year.


139

Figure 8-3 Solid waste flow for the industrial sector in Kuching in 2001

Waste generated in

Kuching

62,500 tonnes/year

Waste not collected

8,800 tonnes/year

Industrial waste

transported

53,700 tonnes/year


Matang Dump Site

7,900 tonnes/year

Reused/recycled

34,500 tonnes/year

Waste unofficially dumped

11,300 tonnes/year


140

8.1.4 Construction and Demolition Sector

The waste flow of construction and demolition waste generated in Kuching is presented in

Figure 8.4.

Figure 8-4 Solid waste flow from the construction and demolition sector in Kuching in 2001

C&D waste generated in Kuching

99,000 tonnes/year

C&D waste transported

59,400 tonnes/year

Illegal disposal off site

40,600 tonnes/year

Reused/recycled/

9,900 tonnes/year

Waste landfilled on site

39,600 tonnes/year

Waste burnt in the open

8,900 tonnes/year


141

8.1.5 Aggregated Waste Flow in Kuching

Figure 8-5 General solid waste flow in Kuching,2001

8.2 Projected Waste Generation

Estimation of the future solid waste generation requires projection of both the population

and the waste generation per capita.

8.2.1 Population Projection for Kuching (2000-2020)

The population in Kuching is estimated to grow at a steady rate of approximately 2% per

year (Department of Statistics, 2000). The projected population from year 2000 to 2020 can

be tabulated as shown in Table 8.1 below:

Waste

generators Waste

transporters

-Residential 95,100

-Commercial 52,020

-Institutional 5,330

-Industrial 62,500

-Infrastructure 900

-Construction 99,000

TOTAL 314,850

- Public 137,000

- Private 120,100

- Not transported 57,750

TOTAL 314,850

- Landfilled (Matang)

138,000

- Illegal disposal

(dumping/open burning)

60,800

- Reuse/recycled

58,300

- Stored on site

57,750

TOTAL 314,850


142

Table 8.1 Projection of total population in Kuching (2000-2020)

Year Kuching population*

2000 495,966

2005 537,727

2010 547,500

2015 589,232

2020 608,000

Source : Department of Statistic, 2000

8.2.2 Per Capita Waste Generation in Kuching

In order to estimate the development in waste generation per capita, the waste generation in

Kuching may be compared with the waste generation in other Malaysian cities.

Table 8.2 Waste generation rates for selected Malaysian cities

Cities Year Urban population Generation rate

(kg/cap/day)

Total amount of MSW

waste (kg/day)

Kuala Lumpur 1989 920,000 1.29 1,186,800

Penang 1989 524,000 0.71 372,040

Bemban New Village 1989 6,300 0.39 2,457

Temoh New Village 1989 3,800 0.45 1,710

Kota Setar 1990 188,000 0.79 148,520

Pulau Pinang 1990 494,000 0.73 360,620

Ipoh 1990 400,000 0.54 216,000

Kelang 1990 242,000 0.79 191,180

Seremban 1990 170,000 0.71 120,700

Johor Baharu 1990 300,000 1.00 300,000

Kota Baharu 1990 193,000 0.52 100,360

Kuantan 1990 188,000 0.53 99,640

Melaka 1990 196,000 0.46 90,160

Petaling Jaya 1990 360,000 0.51 183,600

Average 0.67

Source: Mohd. Nasir Hassan and Theng Lee Chong, 2001

The above figures are based on waste collected and delivered to landfills by the municipal

councils or their appointed contractors. Such waste is commonly defined as municipal solid

waste (MSW), which typically includes residential, commercial, institutional and office

waste from industries, but excludes general industrial waste and special waste such as wood

waste, hazardous waste etc.


143

Although there are striking differences in terms of per capita waste generation between

various towns, it can be seen however that per capita waste generation rates are generally

higher in bigger cities such as Kuala Lumpur and lower in smaller cities. This can be

explained mainly based on the higher consumption pattern in bigger cities as compared to

smaller towns.

For Kuching, different estimates have been made for the per capita waste generation. The

estimations are presented in Table 8.3.

Table 8.3 Estimates of per capita and total waste generation in Kuching District-1999

Study Population base -

Kuching

Estimated Amount of Waste

(Tonnes/Year)#

Per Capita Solid waste

generation rate

(kg/capita/day)

Maierform (1997) 417,000 152,000 1.13*

Trienekens (1999) 445,000 162,000 0.9**

SUD (2001) 496,000 153,000 0.85#

Average 0.96

Notes:

*Average of 3 Municipal councils (1997);

**Based on 350mt/day (1999); @90% service coverage;

# General waste excluding industrial and special waste

In the following 0.85 kg/cap/year will be used. This amount is lower than the amounts

presented for larger cities in West Malaysia in Figure 8.2 (Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru), but

it is higher than the amount for other medium sized West Malaysian cities in 1990.

8.2.3 Total Urban General Waste Generation in Kuching

By comparing the per capita waste generation with the projected growth in population for

2000-2020, the total general waste generation can be estimated as illustrated in Figure 8.6.


144

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

To

ns/y

ear

1994 1995 1996 1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year

Total Solid Waste Projection for Kuching

Figure 8-6 Trends in MSW in DBKU, MBKS and MPP in the period 1994-1997 78

The waste projection is based on the assumption that the increase in total waste correlates

with the increase in total population. This implies that the amount of waste generated per

capital does not increase over time. This may not be realistic as the living standard of the

population in Kuching (e.g. consumption power) is expected to increase with the increase in

economic activities. In Table 8.4, projections are made using low generation per capita (0.7

kg/cap/day) and a gradually increased generated per capita up to 1.3 kg/cap/day in 2020.

Table 8.4 Projected waste generation from Kuching in the period 2000-2020

Year District population* Amount of Waste (tonnes/year)

Low estimate

Amount of waste

(tonnes/year)

High estimate

2000 495,966 123,000 123,000

2005 537,727 137,400 255,200

2010 547,500 140,000 260,000

2015 589,232 150,500 280,000

2020 608,000 155,400 290,000

Note: * DOS Census 2000 & projection

Low estimate 0.7kg/cap/day

High estimate 1.3kg/cap/day

78

Maierform, Integrated Solid Waste Management System for Kuching, Inception Report (Solid Waste),

1998


145

When using the high estimate, it can be predicted that, by 2020, the total amount of

municipal waste (excluding industrial and special waste) will increase to 2-2.5 times the

present amount. This estimation was found to concur with Trieneken‟s estimation in the

1999 study79.

79

Trienekens, 1999


146

9 References

• Agamuthu P. (2001), “Solid Waste: Principles and Management with Malaysian case

studies”, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia.

• Department of Environment (Sarawak), “Annual Report 2000”, (2001) Kuching,

Sarawak, Malaysia.

• Department of Statistic (Sarawak), “Census Report 2000”, Kuching, Sarawak,

Malaysia.

• DBKK: “Solid Waste Management Profile”, Sustainable Urban Development Project –

Sabah, February 2000

• DBKU: Survey on components and percentage of domestic waste production, June

1996.

• Hobbs G (2001) “Resource Efficiency in Construction”, p 52-55, Journal of Waste

Management July 2001, Institute of Waste Management (IWM), England.

• Madsen J.D. (1999), “Waste guide – Framework and Strategies for Waste Management

in European Cities”, Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.

• Maierform: Integrated Waste Management System for Kuching, inception report,

waste oil, May 1998.

• Maierform: Integrated Waste Management System for Kuching, inception report, solid

waste, May 1998.

• Maierform: Integrated Waste Management System for Kuching, inception report,

scheduled waste, May 1998.

• Hassan MN and Theng LC (2001), “ Study on Solid Waste Generation Rate (SUD

Report 02-50)”, Sustainable Urban Development Project, Sarawak, Malaysia.

• NREB: A study on environmental issues related to the wood-based industry within the

city of Kuching urban area, March 2000.


147

• NREB: A study on used oil and grease generated in Kuching City, 1997.

• NREB: Preliminary Solid Waste Recycling Study in Kuching, 1999.

• Shankland Cox Ltd. (1995), Greater Kuching Urban and Regional Study.

• SESCO, Transmission: "The Reliable Power Connection: Providing a Brighter Future"

• SESCO (2001), Annual Report 2001

• SUD project in Kuching : "Preliminary goals, targets and indicators for river quality

and solid waste management", 2000.

• SUD project in Kota Kinabalu: "Wet season waste composition in Kota Kinabalu",

1999.

• Tchobanoglous G, Thiesen and Vigil S (1993), “Integrated Solid Waste Management –

Engineering Principles and Management Issues”, McGraw Hill, Inc. USA.

• Trienekens: "Integrated Solid Waste Management System (ISWMS) for Sarawak,

Malaysia", June 1999.


148

Appendix 1: List of Commercial Entities

Table 1 Kuching – flats, condominiums and apartments

No. Name of development Category Location

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Green Height

Village Grove

Satria Court

De Summit

Riverbank Suite

Gate Way

Chong Lin

Kasuma Resort

Bukit Hantu Condominium

MBKS rental housing

Flora Indah Flats

Condominiums

Condominiums

Condominiums

Condominiums

Condominiums

Condominiums

Condominiums

Condominiums

Condominiums

Flats

Flats

Green height

BDC

BDC

BDC

Jalan Tunku Abd Rahman

Jalan Bukit Mata Kuching

Jalan Green

Petra Jaya

Jln Bukit Hantu

Jalan Nanas

Jalan Arang

Table 2: Kuching- mixed use commercial cum office complexes

No. Name of building Location Category

1. Menara SEDC Jln. Tuanku Abdul Rahman Office, hotel, shopping

2. Electra House Power Street Office, shopping

3. Wisma Satok Jln. Satok Office, shopping

4. Crown Tower Jln. Pending Office, shopping

5. Wisma Saberkas Jln. Green Office, shopping

6. Twin Tower Jln. Rock Office, shopping

7. Hock Lee Centre Jln. Pending Office, shopping

8. Tun Jugah Jln. Tunku Abdul Rahman Office, shopping

Note:

*Some entities, such as Menara SEDC, are mixed use with hotel and shopping or a departmental store. Others such

as Wisma Saberkas, house government or semi-government departments


149

Table 3: Kuching- all private office complexes

No. Name of Building Location Category

1. Wisma Bukit Mata Jln. Tuanku Abdul Rahman Office

2. GEC Building Jln. Tunku Abdul Rahman Office

3. OCBC Building Jln. Khoo Hun Yeang Office

4. Lanka Building Jln. Khoo Hun Yeang Office

5. Wisma MAA Jln. Ban Hock Office

6. Oriental Finance Building Jln. Central Timur Office

7. Wisma Kahong Jln. Ban Hock Office

8. Bangunan Sarawak Co-operative Central Bank Ltd Jln. Ban Hock Office

9. AIA Building Jln. Song Thian Cheok Office

10. Mas Building Jln. Song Thian Cheok Office

11. MBF Building Jln. Haji Taha Office

12. Berjaya Prudential Jln. Abell Office

13. BINAMAS Building Jln. Padungan Office

14. Wisma Ting Pek King Jln. Padungan Office

15. Wisma Mahmud Jln. Sungai Padungan Office

16. Twin Tower Jln. Rock Office,

17. Bangunan Hong Leong Bank Jln. Pending Office

Table 4: Kuching- Shopping Complexes*

No. Name of complex Location Shopping floors

1. Kuching Plaza Jln. McDougall 4

2. Wisma Hopoh Jln. Jawa 3

3. Wisma Phoenix Jln. Song Thian Cheok 3

4. Centre Point Jln Tunku Abdul Rahman 4

5. Crystal Complex BDC BDC

6. Wan Complex Tabuan Jaya 3

7 Everise 4th Mile 2

8. Choice Food Mall Petra Jaya 1

9. Super Fresh Jln Tun Razak/Rajah Court

10. Everise 3rd Mile 2

11. Ngiukee 4th Mile 2

12. Everise Padungan 3

* Some shopping complexes are not listed in this table as they are part of larger complexes listed in Table 2 These

complexes include Wisma Satok, Wisma Saberkas, Sarawak Plaza (Menara SEDC), Hock Lee Centre, Crown

Square, Tun Jugah Centre, and Electra House. These are placed under a separate category.


150

Table 5: Kuching- government office complexes MBKS


1. Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Jln. Simpang Tiga Office

2. Bangunan Tuanku Haji Bujang Jln Simpang Tiga Office

3. Kompleks Negeri (Swinburn University) Jln Simpang Tiga Office

4. Bangunan KWSP Jln. Upland Office

5. Bangunan KPA Pending Office

6. Road &Transport Department Jln. Simpang Tiga

7 Pepper Marketing Board Pending Office, storage

8. Marine Department Pending Office

Table 6: Kuching- government office complexes DBKU


1. Wisma Bapa Malaysia Jln. Astana Office

2. Bangunan DBKU Jln. Semariang Office

3. Wisma Sumber Alam Jln. Stadium Office

4. Bangunan SESCO Jln. Tunku Abd. Rahman Office

5. Menara Pelita Jln. TDP Hj. Abd. Rahman Office

6. Bangunan Perumas Taman Sukma Office

7. Bangunan Bank Negara Jln. Satok Office

8. Bangunan Baitulmal Jln. Haji Taha Office

9. Bangunan Mahkamah Syariah (Lama) Jln. Satok Office

10. Bangunan Mahkamah Syariah (Baru) Jln. Satok Office

11. Bangunan RTM Jln. P.Ramlee Office

12. Pejabat Tanah dan Survei, Bahagian Kuching Jln. Badruddin Office

13. Pejabat JKR, Bahagian Kuching Jln. Batu Lintang Office


151

Table 7: Kuching – Major Hotels*

No. Name of hotel Location No. of rooms Rating**

1. Hilton Kuching Jln Tunku Abdul Rahman 322 5 stars

2. Crowne Plaza Riverside Jln Tunku Abdul Rahman 245 5 stars

3. Merdeka Palace Jln. Tun Abang Haji Openg 214 5 stars

4. Holiday Inn Jln Tunku Abdul Rahman 320 4 stars

5. Grand Continental Hotel Jln. Ban Hock 181 3 stars

6. Kuching Park Hotel Jln. Padungan 108 3 stars

7. Rajah Court Jln. Tun Razak 98 3 stars

8. Hua Kuok Inn Jln. Ban Hock 48 1 star

9. Impiana Hotel Jln. Tun Ahmad Zaidi Adruce 50 -

10. Mayfair Hotel Jln. Palm 51 -

11. Regallis Court Kuching Jln. Tun Ahmand Zaidi Adruce 42 -

12. Borneo Hotel Jln. Tabuan 65 2 stars

13. Liwah Hotel Jln. Song Thian Cheok 93 2 stars

14. Fata Hotel Jln. McDougall 54 -

15. City Inn Jln. Abell 33 -

16. Kingwood Inn Jln. Padungan 90 3 stars

17. Laila Inn Jln. Datuk Ajibah Abol 38 -

18. Peniresen Inn Jln. Nanas 40 -

19. Telang Usan Hotel Jln. Ban Hock 66 3 stars

20. Supreme Hotel Jln. Ban Hock 74 -

21. Hornbill Inn Jln. Nanas 37 -

22. Pelagus Resort Jln. Satok 40 3 stars

23. Pan View Inn Jln Tun Razak 112 3 stars

24. Siangolia Hotel Jln Padungan 37 1 star

25. Santubong Resort Santubong 383 3 stars

26. Holiday Inn Damai Damai 254 4 stars

27. Damai Beach Damai 253 5 stars

Source: Sarawak Tourism Board (STB)

*Classified by the STB as having 30 or more rooms

**Rating according to the lodging guidebook of the Ministry of Tourism.


152

Table 8: Kuching- major market

No. Market Location No. of stalls

1. Satok Market Jln Nanas, Satok

2. Gambier Market Jln. Gambier

3. Petanak Market Jln Petanak

4. Third Mile Batu Kawa

5. Tabuan Jaya Market Tabuan Jaya

6. Kota Sentosa Market Kota Sentosa

Total


153

Appendix 2: Categories of Manufacturing Industries used by the Ministry of Industrial Development (MID) and the Ministry of International Trade Association (MIDA)

A. Food manufacturing industries

1. Agriculture products processing

2. Fish preparation & Preservince

3. Biscuits factories/confectioneries

4. Meehon, noodles and related products

5. Prepared animal feeds

6. Ice factories

7. Miscellaneous food preparation

B. Beverage manufacturing industries

1. Soft drinks & carbonated beverages manufacturing

2. Distillery, rectifying & blending spirits

C. Wood-based & rattan product

1. Sawmills/sawn timber

2. Plywood, board & veneer

3. Furniture and fixtures

4. Laminated timber, parquet, moulding, panelling & dowels

5. Other miscellaneous wood products

D. Printing, publishing & allied industries

1. Printing, publishing

2. Jobs commercial printing and book binding

3. Stationery

E. Manufacturing of rubber products

1. Retreading and vulcanising of types and repair of tubes

2. Miscellaneous rubber products

F. Manufacture of chemicals & chemical products

1. Manufacture of chemical fertiliser

2. Manufacture of matches

3. Manufacture of soap, washing & cleaning compounds

4. Paints & related products

5. Medical pharmaceutical products

6. Miscellaneous chemical products

G. Manufacture of products of petroleum & others

1. Oxygen, petrol kiosk

2, other mineral and related products


154

H. Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products

1. Manufacture of structural clay products

2. Manufacture of pottery & earth ware

3. Manufacture of cement & concrete products

4. Ceramic products

5. Miscellaneous non-metallic mineral products

I. Basic metal industries

1. Manufacture of architectural metal products

2. Manufacture of wire and wire products

3. Manufacture of tin cans and metal boxes

4. General engineering & machinery repair shop/welding

J. Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances & supplies

1. Electrical industries & electrical appliances

2. Assembly of batteries

3. Electronic products & components

K. Manufacture of transport equipment

1. Ship building & repairing

2. Motor vehicle industries

3. Miscellaneous products related to transport industries

L. Textiles & garments

1. Textiles & garments

2. Carpets & rugs

M. Hotel industries

W. Warehouse, godown etc.

Z. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries

1. Manufacture of plastic products

2. Manufacture of metal small ware, stamps & stencils etc.

3. Manufacture of paper boxes, bags and other containers etc.

4. Others - sanitary napkins, umbrellas etc.

5. Arms and ammunitions

6. Machinery

7. Manufacture of leather and leather products


155

Appendix 3: Weighbridge Tonnage Data – (Nov 2000 – Oct 2001)

(Source : Trienekens Sdn. Bhd.)

Waste from markets

Table 1: Waste generation at markets – actual RoRo collection

TS

weigh-

bridge

data

10

th M

ile

7th

Mil

e

3rd

Mil

e

Ga

mb

ier

Pet

an

ak

Ta

bu

an

Jay

a

Ken

ya

lan

g

Ta

mu

Ch

eko

r

To

tal

Dec-00 99.3 70.7 49.7 78.1 108.7 90.7 65.3 217.2 3.4 783.1

Jan-01 117.3 76.2 61.6 97.7 113.1 109.5 82.8 179.2 1.15 838.6

Feb-01 81.7 44.0 36.1 72.2 99.1 60.3 54.6 170.8 2.6 621.4

Mar-01 85.4 44.4 41.8 84.7 120.9 76.9 61.3 180.0 4.4 699.8

Apr-01 77.9 31.7 40.2 83.8 127.0 98.4 71.7 203.4 2.2 736.3

May-01 84.4 29.2 39.1 88.3 162.3 105.9 63.6 194.0 2.4 769.2

Jun-01 84.1 47.8 43.1 72.9 139.7 106.6 58.1 169.5 0 721.8

Jul-01 90.9 55.6 42.8 69.4 152.1 112.0 62.5 176.8 0 762.1

Aug-01 84.2 54.6 44.1 72.6 160.1 108.0 55.1 174.1 0 752.8

Sep-01 79.6 51.7 44.5 61.9 146.3 110.7 55.9 174.6 0 725.2

Oct-01 83.5 52.9 48.5 76.5 175.8 114.9 67.3 204.0 0 823.4

Nov-01 84.3 53.6 49.4 89.2 164.6 128.4 66.6 242.8 0 878.9

Total 9,112.6

Table 2: Waste generation from markets – tabulated data

Location size of bin no. of

bin

times/week weeks unit

source

kg/year metric

tonne/year

Sg Apong 240 8 7 48 0.27 174,182.4 174.18

Bintawa 240 3 7 48 0.27 65,318.4 65.32

Batu Lintang 1,000 2 7 48 0.27 181,440.0 181.44

Total 420.94

Total from markets: 9,113 + 421 = 9,534 tonnes / year

Waste from hotels

The amount of waste generated by hotels has been derived as follows:


156

Waste generation by hotels collected by RoRo containers

Weighbridge data Hilton Crown Plaza

Dec-00 31.1 3.5

Jan-01 32.8 4.41

Feb-01 31.7 4.5

Mar-01 32 5

Apr-01 28.3 4.1

May-01 34.3 4.5

Jun-01 24.5 3.8

Jul-01 27.5 5.1

Aug-01 27.9 2.9

Sep-01 20.9 6.1

Oct-01 25.1 3.8

Nov-01 28.5 3.8

Total 344.6 51.51

The amount of waste generated by hotels and collect by MGBs supplied by Trienekens is

derived as follows. The conversion factor has been obtained from Trienekens‟ initial case

study.


157

Table 3: Waste generated by hotels collected in MGBs

Hotel Size of

bin

No. of

bin

Times/week Weeks Unit

source

(kg/l)

Kg/year Metric

tonne/year

Crown Plaza 1,000 5 6 48 0.27 388,800.0 388.80

Merdeka palace 1,000 4 6 48 0.27 311,040.0 311.04

Holiday Inn 120 5 7 48 0.27 54,432.0 54.43

Holiday Inn 1,000 6 7 48 0.27 544,320.0 544.32

Santubong Resort 1,000 4 4 48 0.27 207,360.0 207.36

Holiday Inn Damai 1,000 4 4 48 0.27 207,360.0 207.36

Damai Beach 1,000 1 4 48 0.27 51,840.0 51.84

Grand Continental 120 4 4 48 0.27 24,883.2 24.88

Kuching Park 240 2 4 48 0.27 24,883.2 24.88

Rajah Court 120 7 6 48 0.27 65,318.4 65.32

Rajah Court 1,000 1 6 48 0.27 77,760.0 77.76

Penview Inn 1,000 2 6 48 0.27 155,520.0 155.52

Kingwood Inn 1,000 2 6 48 0.27 155,520.0 155.52

Harbourview 1,000 3 6 48 0.27 233,280.0 233.28

Liwah Hotel 1,000 2 6 48 0.27 155,520.0 155.52

Hua Kuok Inn 240 2 3 48 0.27 18,662.4 18.66

Impiana Hotel 240 2 3 48 0.27 18,662.4 18.66

Mayfair Hotel 240 2 3 48 0.27 18,662.4 18.66

Regallis Court 1,000 2 3 48 0.27 77,760.0 77.76

Borneo Hotel 1,000 1 4 48 0.27 51,840.0 51.84

Fata Hotel 1,000 1 6 48 0.27 77,760.0 77.76

City Inn 240 2 2 48 0.27 12,441.6 12.44

Laila Inn 240 2 3 48 0.27 18,662.4 18.66

Penrissen Inn 240 2 3 48 0.27 18,662.4 18.66

Telang Usan 120 1 4 48 0.27 6,220.8 6.22

Telang Usan 1,000 1 4 48 0.27 51,840 51.84

Supreme Hotel 240 2 6 48 0.27 37,324.8 37.32

Supreme Hotel 1,000 1 6 48 0.27 77,760.0 77.76

Hornbill Inn 240 2 3 48 0.27 18,662.4 18.66

Pelagus Resort 240 2 3 48 0.27 18,662.4 18.66

Siangolia Hotel 240 2 3 48 0.27 18,662.4 18.66

Total 3,200.08


158

Table 4: Total waste collected by Trienekens and councils and delivered to Matang in the period January to December 2001 (kg)

Collec-

tion

method

Source January February March April May June July August September October November December Total

Compac

tor

Res/Com 10884960 7754040 8396010 7800290 8385540 8112960 8534310 8549410 8350760 10001450 10991010 12580270 110341010

RoRo Res 207310 76170 104080 201960 225740 139520 199760 97850 86900 147930 172540 238800 1898560

RoRo Comm 1901100 1751480 1768790 1715080 1735700 1683030 1754170 1979690 1507570 1753730 1868750 1918910 21338000

Bulky 223210 169510 197470 182370 132850 142840 174610 175740 120640 183490 209590 155380 2067700

Garden 288840 94220 126970 153500 66640 29340 49350 81400 78280 95620 117960 141580 1323700

Trade 132450 73710 78690 89240 67730 62130 53080 64750 161810 82610 52610 75730 994540

Tyre 0 300 150 640 450 330 470 960 0 0 790 0 4090

Total 13637870 9919430 10672160 10143080 10614650 10170150 10765750 10949800 10305960 12264830 13413250 15110670 137967600

Total 13637870 9919430 10672160 10147470 10614650 10170150 10765750 10949800 10305960 12264830 13413250 15110670

Total coll. 136968970

Source: Based on weighbridge registration at Matang, Nov 2000-Oct 2001

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