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EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY ON
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION: A SURVEY OF SCHOOLS
IN KONOIN SUB-COUNTY, BOMET COUNTY, KENYA
BY
CHEPKWONY RICHARD KIBII
REG. NO. EM02/2010/2011
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION IN
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION
MAASAI MARA UNIVERSITY
April, 2014.
DECLARATION AND APPROVAL
This proposal is my original work and has not been presented to any other institution of learning or
for the award of the Degree or Diploma.
CHEPKWONY RICHARD KIBII
REG .NO: EM02/2010/2011 DATE.10 June 2013
Signature
This proposal has been submitted for examination with approval by supervisors from Maasai Mara
University.
1. .DR.ALEX RONOH
Signature
MAASAI MARA UNIVERSITY
DATE:
2. NAME: DR.P.MAITTYA
Signature
MAASAI MARA UNIVERSITY
DATE:
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ABSTRACT
The study will examine the effectiveness of physical infrastructure policy on the effectiveness of free primary education in Konoin Sub-County of Kenya. The study objectives will be: To examine the nature of physical infrastructure policy under free primary education strategy in public schools in Kenya; to determine how the implementation of physical infrastructure policy has affected the effectiveness of free primary education in public schools in Kenya, and to establish the contribution of public primary school management committees on physical infrastructure policy on the effectiveness of free primary education in Kenya. The study will adopt a descriptive survey research design where 20 schools will be sampled through stratified probability and purposive sampling techniques. The respondents will include: 20 head teachers, 40 school committees, 160 class teachers and 26 pupils will be selected from each school. Data will be collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, focus group discussion guide and by the observation guide. Analysed quantitative data will be analyzed and presented descriptively through frequency counts, means and percentages while qualitative data will presented by tallied and presented using frequency distribution tables, bar graphs, pie charts as well as descriptive and explanatory accounts. The conclusion will be based on the findings.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
CDTF - Community Development Trust Fund
FPE-Free Primary Education
MOE-Ministry of Education
BOG- Board of Governors
HOD- Head of Department
KUPPET-Kenya Union of Post Primary Education Teachers
KNUT- Kenya National Union of Teachers
DEO-District Education Officer
SPSS-Statistical Packages for Social Sciences
SMC School management Committee
CDF-Constituency Development Fund
EFA- Education For All
NARC- National Rainbow Coalition
UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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List of Tables
Table 3.1 Target Population..19
Table: 3.2 Sampling Size ................................................................................................................. 20
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file:///var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/HYPERLINK%23_Toc386035619
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER ONE
Background of the Study
Education is the cornerstone of economic growth and social development. It is a principal means of
improving the welfare of individuals and primary school education is the foundation (World bank,
1995). Expansion and success of education relies on infrastructure which affects education access,
contributes to quality learning environment and student achievement (Crampton, 2003).
The importance of infrastructure cannot be gainsaid. If infrastructure is not sufficient or not
maintained, there will be obstacles in education access and participation especially to the vulnerable
groups in society. Of more than 115 million school age children out of school in developing
countries, the vast majority come from one or more of the traditionally disadvantaged groups in
society; rural, female and poor. (Crampton, 2003).
The quest to engender development is not a recent phenomenon. According to Otach, (2008)
before 1960, free and universal primary education had not been extended to African children
in any of the East African British colonies, racial discrimination in primary education was
still intact. The expansion of primary education remained a crucial problem in the colonial
era. The situation did not radically change with the achievement of independence in 1963.
ACTIONAID-Kenya (2004) reported that, the achievement of independence heightened
pressure to increase the school population and a rapid more towards universal primary
education. The purpose of education was political, social, cultural, humanistic and economic,
(UNICEF & World Bank, 2009). It was expected that the education would mould a whole
individual who will contribute profitably to society.
The first step towards free primary education was in1971 (Ngaroga, 2001); this was when
President Jomo Kenyatta abrogated tuition fees for the economically marginal districts in the
country. By July 1973, districts such as Marsabit, Mandera, West Pokot, Wajir, Tana River,
Turkana, Samburu, Garissa and Lamu had free primary education. The government also built
and supported boarding schools in these areas. A national feeding programme was also launched in
these areas. The main idea here was to encourage more parents to retain their children in
school. In December 1973 another presidential decree made education free for the first four years
of primary education throughout the country. (Ngaroga, 2001) observes that the presidential decree
was one of the most dramatic political pronouncements since it took the planners and the public
unaware. The immediate result was increase in enrollments in primary schools from 1.8
7
million in 1973 to 2.8 million in January 1974. The Ministry of Education had to rethink of its
priorities and operations in order to cope with the staggering rise of pupil enrollment. In 1976 the
Gachathi Report recommended an extension of the waiver of fees to the full seven years of primary
education by1980, (UNICEF & World Bank, 2009). Despite the existence of free primary education
by 1980, the schools witnessed many challenges that eventually contributed to its failure and
the introduction of levies in primary schools.
In January 2003 the NARC (National Rainbow Coalition) government implemented the free
primary education programme with the aim of providing more opportunities to the disadvantaged
school age children (Otach, 2008). The programme created a positive outcome because it resulted
in significant increase in enrolment in a majority of the schools (Otach, 2008). The policy
abolished school fees and other levies arguing that fees and levies posed a serious
hindrance to children wanting to access education in schools (Okwach & George, 1997). The
free primary education policy has been described as laudable (Rob et al., 2004), because of its effect
on gross enrolment rate (GER) which increased from 92 percent in 2002 to 104 percent in 2003 of
the school age children population (Otach, 2008), resulting in more than 1.5 million children who
were previously out -of -school joining primary schools (UNESCO, 2005).
This school infrastructure support was to build 215 classrooms in the former North Eastern
Province by September 2005. Others were: Basic Education Project (BEP), a Government of Kenya
and Oil producing and Exporting Countries (GoK, OPEC) project that aimed to have 14000
classrooms nationwide by 2007, land resource management project sponsored by Government of
Kenya, World Bank, the Community Development Trust Fund (CDTF) and European Union (EU)
support to primary schools in all areas. There is also the Constituency Development Fund (CDF)
which provides funding to a wide range of community based projects including school construction.
This requires effective coordination through District Education Boards (DEBs).
The Kenya government priority is to provide additional physical facilities in order to ensure
affordable and equitable access to education. In this endeavour, the government intends to
collaborate with the private sector, non-governmental organizations and development partners.
Previous education commissions reports such as: Kamunge Education Report of 1988 and Koech
Education Report of 1999 have placed importance in the provision of schools phys