University of SulaimaniaSchool of ScienceDepartment of Biology2nd Class Year

14th Lab.

An Introduction to Insect Classification Apterygota: Orders Zygentoma and

Microcoryphia

Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur

Objectives: -Students will be familiar with common information in animal classification.- Provide familiarities with insect large taxa and important orders. -Then they will study primitive wingless insect orders in detail.

Scientific content: - An Introduction to Insect Classification- Insect Orders

Apterygota: Order: Zygentoma Order: Microcoryphia

Subphyllum Hexapoda. 1. CLASS. Collembola 2. CLASS AND ORDER. Protura 3. CLASS AND ORDER. Diplura 4. CLASS. Insecta I. SUBCLASS. Apterygota ORDERS. Microcoryphia and Zygentoma II. SUBCLASS. Pterygota A. INFRACLASS. Paleoptera ORDERS. Ephemeroptera and Odonata B. INFRACLASS. Neoptera a. DIVISION. Polyneoptera (orthopteroid orders) ORDERS. Orthoptera, Grylloblattodea, Dermaptera, Plecoptera, Embioptera. Blattodea, Mantodea, Isoptera, Phasmida, Mantophasmatodea, and Zoraptera b. DIVISION. Paraneoptera (hemipteroid orders) ORDERS. Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera c. DIVISION. Oligoneoptera (endopterygote orders) ORDERS. Mecoptera, Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera. Siphonaptera, Neuroptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, and Hymenoptera

Order: Zygentoma Family: Lepismatidae

• This family includes the familiar silverfish and firebrats

• They are common in both natural and domestic habitats.

• Outdoor species occur in caves, under stones and debris, and some species are associated with the nests of ants.

• The domestic species occupy a variety of habitats, and feed on starchy substances and plant material.

Common silverfish, Lepisma saccharina• Adults are about 12 mm long.• They are silver-gray, with a metallic sheen.• This species is cosmopolitan and a domiciliary pest in most

regions of the world. • Development and reproduction indoors require high

temperatures and humidity.• Development from larva to adult takes 90-120 days at 27 ◦C.• They damage paper products • Paper with high cellulose content is preferred.• Cotton and silk fabrics are also attacked.t

Firebrat, Thermobia domestica

• Adults are about 14 mm long.• They are silver-gray.• Firebrats prefer indoor locations with temperatures

above 32 ◦C; optimum development occurs between 37 and 39 ◦C.

• Firebrats are pests in commercial locations that maintain high temperatures.

Silverfish, Lepisma saccharina,

Firebrat, Thermobia domestica

Machilis sp.

Order: Microcoryphia Family: Machilidae

References:

•David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). General and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p.•Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology. 4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp.•Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer, Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp.•Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison,•Resh, Vincent H. & Cardé, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.