University of SulaimaniaSchool of ScienceDepartment of Biology2nd Class Year

24th Lab. Pterygotes - Neopteran Insects:

Order Hymenoptera

Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur

Objectives: - This lecture gives knowledge about the medically and

ecologically important insect group (order Hymenoptera), Ant, Wasp and Bees. Their classifications and identification keys.

- Focusing on the most common and important families of Apocrita.

Scientific content: Order Hymenoptera - General descriptions- Classification:

Suborder: ApocritaFamily: VaspidaeFamily: FormicidaeFamily: Apidae

Order: Hymenoptera

• Two pairs of membranous wings• Forewings larger• Wing coupling apparatus (Hamuli)• Social and Solitary• Caterpillar like or vermiform larvae• Exarate Pupae• Two Suborders:

– Symphyta (Sawflies)– Apocrita (Wasp, Ant & Bees)

Suborder: Apocrita

• Narrow waisted wasp• Wasp, Ant and Bees.• The propodeum is the first abdominal

segment in Apocrita.• Geniculate Antennae.

• Family: FORMICIDAE (ants)Aphaenogaster kurdica

• Family: VESPIDAE (true wasps) Vespula vulgaris (Paper wasp); Vespa orientalis (Hornet)

• Family: SPHECIDAE (Thread-waisted wasps)• Family: APIDAE (Bees)

Apis mellifera (Honey bee)Bumbus sp. (Bumble bee)

Aphaenogaster kurdica

Parasitoid gall wasp

References:

• David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). General and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p.

• Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology. 4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp.

• Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer, Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp.

• Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison.

• Markle, Sandra. (2008). Mosquitoes: tiny insect troublemakers. Minneapolis, USA. Lerner Publications Company. 48 p.

• Resh, Vincent H. & Cardé, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.