paleoptera: ephemeroptera and odonata. iii. insect classification ectognatha entognatha pterygota...

Paleoptera: Ephemeroptera and Odonata

III. Insect Classification

Ectognatha

Entognatha

Pterygota

Neoptera

Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)

Poly-phyletic

Paleoptera

I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies

A. Morphology

- Most have two pairs of wings, with the hind wings greatly reduced in size in some groups (even absent). The wings are held upright; and the wings have many veins.

Paleoptera


A. Morphology

- The abdomen has 10 segments and is fairly long, with 2 caudal filaments (the cerci) or 3 (like larvae).

Paleoptera


A. Morphology

- The forelegs are often long, as well; particularly in the male where they can be as long as the body. In some families, pairs of legs may be vestigial.

Paleoptera


A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology

- aquatic larvae – feed on algae and detritus - larvae have leaf-like gills on abdominal segments

Paleoptera



- aquatic larvae – feed on algae and detritus - larvae have leaf-like gills on abdominal segments - larvae usually with three caudal appendages

Paleoptera



- aquatic larvae – feed on algae and detritus - larvae have leaf-like gills on abdominal segments - larvae usually with three caudal appendages - larvae may take 1-2 years to develop, usually longer at higher latitudes

Paleoptera



- molting occurs on surface of the water - subabult (subimago) flies to shoreline

Subadult has hairs along wing margins

Paleoptera



- molting occurs on surface of the water - subabult (subimago) flies to shoreline - mayflies are UNIQUE in that they are the only insects to molt once as winged

adults; this usually occurs the next day, and it lives as a reproductive adult for 1-2 days at most.

Paleoptera



- molting occurs on surface of the water - subabult (subimago) flies to shoreline - mayflies are UNIQUE in that they are the only insects to molt once as winged

adults; this usually occurs the next day, and it lives as a reproductive adult for 1-2 days at most.

- adults lack mouthparts and do not feed

Paleoptera



- males of many species form swarms; females enter and pairs fly off; mating in flight with oviposition shortly thereafter

Paleoptera



- males of many species form swarms; females enter and pairs fly off; mating in flight with oviposition shortly thereafter

- swarms off the great lakes (Erie in particular were HUGE, but lake pollution has reduced their abundances) … bodies piled up to 1.2 m Illinois (1953)

swarms

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDM-kVr7Qxs&NR=1&feature=fvwp

Paleoptera



- eggs laid on surface of water

Paleoptera



- Eaten by fish and terrestrial animals; important link in aquatic food chains

Paleoptera



- Eaten by fish and terrestrial animals; important link in aquatic food chains - sensitive to pollutants (soft bodies?) – many are indicator taxa of clean water

(EPT score = abundance and diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera)

Paleoptera


A. MorphologyB. Basic BiologyC. Major Families

Paleoptera



1. Baetidae (135 species):adults small (front wings 2-12 mm and elongate-oval)hind wings very small or absent, and the only family with small

hind wings and only 2 caudal filaments. Eyes turbinate

Baetidae

Paleoptera



1. Baetidae:2. Ephemerellidae 3. Heptageniidae (127):

sprawling nymphs; flattenedadults with 2 caudal filaments

Paleoptera



1. Baetidae:2. Ephemerellidae 3. Heptageniidae 4. Leptophlebiidae (66):

3 caudal filamentsWing (4-14mm) have strongly bent Cu-P vein and no free

veinletsForked gills on larval abdomen

Paleoptera



1. Baetidae:2. Ephemerellidae 3. Heptageniidae 4. Leptophlebiidae5. Ephemeridae (13)

medium to large (wings 10-25mm); larvae tusked

Hexagenia limbata

2006 hatch on radar

Paleoptera


II.Odonata: Dragonflies

A. Morphology

All are fairly large and have 4 wings; in damselflies the wings are held over the back at rest, in dragonflies to the side.

Paleoptera



A. Morphology

Small antennae, large eyes

Paleoptera



A. Morphology

Prothorax small; thoracic segments tipped forward for grasping prey in flight

Paleoptera



A. Morphology

Abdomen long; male cerci short and modified to grasp females behind pronotum.

Paleoptera




- Larvae predaceous; have jointed, ‘elbowed’ mentum

Paleoptera




- Larvae predaceous; have jointed, ‘elbowed’ mentum - External Gills in Zygoptera (Damsels), Anal Gills in Anisoptera (dragons)

Paleoptera




- Larvae predaceous; have jointed, ‘elbowed’ mentum - External Gills in Zygoptera (Damsels), Anal Gills in Anisoptera (dragons) - may live as larvae for 1 year, 2 years, or 10 years depending on species and

latitude.

Paleoptera




- Larvae emerge from water; adults emerge from larval skin

video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ezq_JWd1Sd8&feature=related

Paleoptera




- Larvae emerge from water; adults emerge from larval skin - “teneral” until wings harden

Paleoptera




Males have two sets of sex organs – one at end make sperm, that is transferred to the penis at front of abdomen

Paleoptera




males grasp females behind prothorax – “in tandem”

Paleoptera




female reaches up and under, contacting her genitalia with penis of male – “in wheel”

Paleoptera




female stores sperm in ‘spermatheca’ – last sperm in is used, so selection has favored mate guarding by males, who guard females until she lays her eggs; sometimes staying in tandem.

Paleoptera



A. MorphologyB. Basic BiologyC. Classification

Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies

1. Calopterygidae (8):

Larvae with long antennae and long legs;Adults are largest damsels, and most have darkening in wing

C. Classification


1. Calopterygidae 2. Lestidae (18): Spreadwings

- Larvae with very narrow labium - adults with hanging wings

C. Classification


1. Calopterygidae 2. Lestidae3. Coenagrionidae (93): Pond Damsels

All the Rest!

C. Classification

Suborder Zygoptera: DamselfliesSuborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies

1. Aeshnidae (38): Darners

Large; eyes meet along dorsal seam; triangles same

C. Classification


1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae (8): Biddies

- Eyes meet at one point; triangles same

C. Classification


1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae 3. Gomphidae (93): Clubtails

- Eyes separate; triangles same

C. Classification


1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae 3. Gomphidae (93): Clubtails4. Libellulidae (93): Skimmers

Triangles different; : toe in hind wing anal loop

C. Classification


1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae 3. Gomphidae4. Libellulidae5. Corduliidae (50): Emeralds

Triangles differ; leg but no toe

C. Classification


1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae 3. Gomphidae4. Libellulidae5. Corduliidae 6. Macromiidae (10): Cruisers

Triangles differ; anal loop rounded – no leg

paleoptera: ephemeroptera and odonata. iii. insect classification ectognatha entognatha pterygota...

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