1. University of SulaimaniaSchool of ScienceDepartment of Biology2nd Class Year 19t h La b.Pterygotes - Neopteran Insects: OrdersDermaptera, Phasmida and Isoptera Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur

2. Objectives: this lecture gives knowledge about insects groupsEarwigs, leaf-like and stick-like insects and termites in theorders Dermaptera, Phasmida and Isoptera, respectively.Their classifications and identification keys. Focusing ontermites, the economically and ecologically importantinsects, and their social life.Scientific content:Order Dermaptera (Earwigs)Order: Phasmida (leaf-like and stick-like insects)Order: Isoptera (Termites)True Social life in termite colonies 3. Order: Dermaptera Earwigs 4. Order Phasmida is divided into two families: Family: PHYLLIIDAE (leaf insects) Family: PHASMATIDAE (stick insects).Family: Phylliidae Family: Phasmatidae (leaf-like insects)(stick-like insects)Have Flattened & leaf-like Possess elongate & cylindricalbody bodyWinged, the forewings areThey often apterousreduced & sclerotised, the (wingless)hindwings are membranous.With lamellate expansions of Without lamellate expansionsthe legs of the legs 5. Order Isoptera- Termites or White Ants- True Social Insects- Castes:- Primary Reproductives (King and Queen)- Secondary Reprodutives- Soldiers- Workers- Imatures 6. References: David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). Generaland Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hillPublishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p. Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology.4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp. Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer,Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp. Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans,Rosser W. Garrison, Markle, Sandra. (2008). Termites: hardworking insectfamilies. Minneapolis, USA. Lerner Publications Company.48 p. Resh, Vincent H. & Card, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia ofInsects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.