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Control program INSECT PEST ON TOMATO PLANT

Classification

Host and Distribution

Insect Pest

Damage and Symptom

Biology

Pest Management

Natural and Chemical

Abstract

Tomato plant Licopersicon esculentum (L.) Karst, is one of the most economic

important vegetable crops in the world. Tomato has high nutrition. there is a good

source of vitamins and other nutrients so can use for body healthy. Visser said that

These vegetable crops also constitute a major component of our diet, providing fiber,

vitamins, minerals and an array of phytonutrients that promote good health. Solanaceae

are known to have a large positive impact on human healthy. Tomato ranks second

only to eggplant in production area in the Philippines and fifth in Indonesia. The area of

tomato crop in Blora regency in the year 2006 is 200 Ha, that produces 1.145.000 tons.

Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD),

Indonesia. Tomato are as popular with pest and diseases, for example pest of whitefly,

Aphid, Leaf miner, Stink bug, Fruit worm, Horn worm. The diseases is blight, leaf spot,

wilt of Fusarium sp. (Thompson, 1983). We need control program of them, because pest

and diseases can be reduce tomato production every time.

Classification

Scientific classificationKingdom : PlantaeSubkingdom: TracheobiontaDivision : MagnoliophytaClass : MagnoliopsidaSubclass : AsteridaeOrder : SolanalesFamily : SolanaceaeGenus : SolanumSpecies : S. lycopersicumBinomial name Solanum lycopersicumL. Synonyms Lycopersicon lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato

Common name Tomato (Licopersicon esculentum (L.) Karst)

Distribution

DistributionTop Tomato Producers — 2005(million tones)

ChinaPhilippinesUnited StatesTurkey EgyptS India Indonesia

Source:UN Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)[4]

Insect Pest on Tomato Plant

1. Tomato fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). 2. Aphids Myzus persicae3. Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporarium; Bemissia tabaci4. Stink bug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus)5. Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel).6. Vegetable leaf miner Liriomyza bryoniae7. Armyworms Spodoptera spp.8. Blister beetles 9. Thrips10. Mites

Whitefly - Trialeurodes vaporariumHornworms Blister beetles

Aphids Stink bug Fruit wormNezara viridula (Linnaeus)

Fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner).

Cutworm

Leafminers Liriomyza sativae

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). Vegetable Leaf Miner Liriomyza munda.

The Most Important of Insect PestActually insect infestations in vegetable crop especially on the

tomato plant can bring about heavy losses through: Reduce yields, Lowered quality of produce, Increased cost of production, need control program.

White fly

- White fly can resistant pesticide, reproduced is very high, host range very high, survival. - White fly can transmit many harmful plant viruses. - They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants) and black surface fungal growth called sooty mold, it will be effect to the plants. - Infested plants become chlorotic. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/tomattoAphids

- Aphids feed on plant sap with sucking mouth parts, Intensive feeding may result in reduced plant vigor. - Aphids may also act as vectors of plant viruses, and may also introduce toxins into the plant, resulting in growth deformations. - Cause discoloration or mottling of the foliage - Excrete honeydew on which sooty mold grows - Can transmit plant viruses - Easily move to the other plant

Vegetable leaf miner Liriomyza sativae

- Significant losses on fresh market tomatoes. - Leaves injured by leaf miners drop prematurely - Heavily infested plants may lose most of their leaves. If it occurs early in the fruiting period, defoliation can reduce yield and fruit size.

Stink bug Nezara viridula

- Stink bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts with which they puncture plant tissue and remove sap. - The greatest damage results from feeding on fruiting structures. - Stink bugs can also introduce bacteria and yeast, provide a site of entry for disease organisms as they feed, resulting in fruit decay.

Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon

- Larvae in the soil by day and appear at night cutting off young plants near the ground - Feeding on the foliage. - Cutworms make injure on vegetable seedlings, prevent plant to growth

Tomato Fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera

- Make A small hole at the base of the fruit, effect to the quality of fruit   - The inside of the fruit has a watery cavity that contains frass and decay.  - Tomatoes ripen early but are not usually marketable, this is not Advantage to the farmer 

Damage and SymptomFruit worm Helicoverpa armigera Stink bug Nezara viridula

Discoloration of fruit caused by stink bug feeding.

Tomato fruit worm late instars larva.

Vegetable Leaf Miner Liriomyza munda

Cutworm damage on tomato fruit

Myzus persicae Sulzer. showing damage on leaves

Biology and Economic Important

White fly - Are small, winged insects that look like tiny moths. - Which attack many types of plants. - The flying adult stage prefers the underside of leaves to feed and breed. - Whiteflies can multiply quickly as a female can lay up to 500 eggs in a life span. - They produce a sweet substance called honeydew.

The life cycle of whitefly. They have complete metamorphosis including : - Egg-Nymph-Pupa-Adult - Female lay pinpoint size, black egg. - The egg hatch in 7 days, the larvae move over the leaves for 5 days

Aphids

- Majority of aphids show holocyclic life cycle, which is the alternation of a single sexual generation and laying of hibernating eggs under adverse weather by several asexual generations of parthenogenetic reproduction in spring and summer during favourable periods - In periods of parthenogenetic reproduction, host-alternating species can produce phenotypes as different as fundatrigeniae, emigrants, unwinged (apterous) and winged (alate) virginoparae, as well as alate males, alate gynoparae and sexual females.

- A number of aphid species known by cosmopolitan distribution exhibit Holocyclic and An holocyclic life cycles,

Holocyclic, consisting of single sexual generation on a primary woody host plant and several viviparous asexual generations on secondary herbaceous host plants.Anholocyclic, on secondary host plants only.

Fruit worms - Life cycle: Eggs are deposited individually on leaf tissue and corn silks and hatch in 3-4 days. - Females can lay about 35 eggs per day with 500 their lifetime. - Larvae can feed and develop on foliage, but preferentially feed on fruiting structures. - Older larvae are aggressive and cannibalistic, Larvae usually develop through 5 or 6 instars in 14 to 21 days in field conditions.

Stink bug (Nezara viridula) - Stink bug leave on the underside of leaves and hatch in about 5 days. - Develops through five instars in about 32 days. - Females begin oviposition about 14-20. - Has not complex metamorphosis including: egg-nymph-adult

Cut worms - Cutworms are cosmopolitan in their distribution. - Ordo Lepidoptera, Agrotis ipsilon species. - Has complex metamorphosis including: Egg - Cutworm eggs are white, usually laid singly or in small clusters. Larva - larvae are dark gray to black, They are 38 to 45 mm long when mature and the skin is covered with smooth black granules. Pupa - Cutworm pupae are about 20 mm in length and dark brown or mahogany in color. Adult - Black cutworm moths have dark brown forewings, light-colored hind wings, and a wing expanse of 38 to 51 mm

Vegetable Leaf miner

- A highly polyphagous insect. - The larva lives by mining leaves and passes through 3 larval instars. - Adults feed on flower nectar and liquids oozing from lesions on the leaves - The larval phase of the cycle is very brief at optimum temperatures: 4 days at 30 C. - Adults may live for 15 to 30 days, females living longer than males - Development ceases at temperatures lower than 7.5 or 12.9C,depending on the stage and the host plant; the optimum temperature is around 25 C; above 30 C, larval mortality increases. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_

Design Control Program White fly

Physic control:- Remove infested plants away from non-infested plants

- Use a reflective mulch (aluminum foil) under plants (this repels whiteflies). - Use trap with yellow sticky cards, apply labeled pesticides Biological control:

- Use natural enemies such as parasitic wasps- Whitefly Parasitoid - Encarsia formosa- Whitefly Parasitoid - Eretmocerus sp.- Use Whitefly Predator - Delphastus pusillus

Encarsia formosa

Eretmocerus sp.Delphastus pusillus

Chemical:- Use Insecticide- Use pyriproxifen, buprofezin,

pymetrozine, acetamiprid.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/tomatto

Aphids

Physic control:- Remove infested plants away from non-infested plants

Biological control:

- Used Parasite to this aphid include Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson)

- Used Predation: Some of the predators include Chrysopa spp. Chemical:

- Use Insecticide- Use Endosulfan, Esfenvalerate, Methomyl

Endosulfan as the best choice for aphid control .

Fruit worms

Management of tomato fruit worm requires careful monitoring for eggs and small larvae

Biological control:

- Used Parasitic wasps, especially Trichograma spp, are important natural enemies. Fruit worm eggs turn black when parasitized. - Used the larval parasite Hyposoter exiguae, and predators such as

bigeyed bug, Chrysopa spp. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/html

Chemical:- Use Insecticide to control.- Use Endosulfan, Esfenvalerate, Methomyl (Lannate),

Bacillus thuringiensis, azinphosmethyl (Guthion), carbaryl , and Pyrethrin/Rotenone. http://www.avrdc.org/LC/tomato/fruitworm.html

Cut worm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)

Physic control:- sanitation

Biological control:

- Used Parasitic wasps (parasitoids) of the families Braconidae, Eulophidae, and Pteromalidae are important in natural control

Chemical:- Use Insecticide- Use Endosulfan, Esfenvalerate, Methomyl

By Natural enemies/Parasitoid Common Pest on Tomato Attack of Stage Time of applied

Encarsia formosaEretmocerus sp.Delphastus pusillus

Lysiphlebus testaceipes Chrysopa spp.

Parasitic wasps Trichograma spp,Hyposoter exiguaepredators, bug Chrysopa spp.

Egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis. Podisus maculiventris

Parasitic wasps of the families Braconidae, Eulophidae, andPteromalidae

Trialeurodes vaporariumBemissia tabaci

Myzus persicae

Helicoverpa armigera

Nezara viridula

Agrotis ipsilon (Cutworm)

Egg and larvaE. formosa larvae eat the parasitized nymphs emerge as adults (McMahon, 1992).

Nymph, adult

Larva

Egg

Larva

Early, when the whitefly low population.Existence honeydew (Succop, )

Early, when the aphid low population

When larva fruitworm attack the tomato fruit

Release parasitoid when egg of Nezara sp present (Loch, 1999)

Design Control Program Pest on Tomato

By Cultural control

Sanitation (clean the area, throw away the leaf there is nymph or larva of the whitefly, cutworm, fruit worm, aphid, stink bug).

Crop rotation(Use alternative plant belong to class solanaceae)

Trialeurodes vaporariumBemissia tabaciMyzus persicae

Helicoverpa armigeraNezara viridula

Agrotis ipsilon (Cutworm)

Helicoverpa armigeraAgrotis ipsilon (Cutworm)

Nymph/adultNymph/adult

LarvaNymph/adult

Larva

LarvaLarva

Before planting and we estimate

before the nymph become

adult.

By Chemical control

Pyriproxifen,buprofezin, pymetrozine, acetamiprid.clothianidin, dinotefuran

Endosulfan,Esfenvalerate, Methomyl, Endosulfan.

Endosulfan,Esfenvalerate, Methomyl, PyrethrinAzinphosmethyl, carbaryl Pesticide by Bacillus thuringiensis LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN

Phyretroid (Vandekerhove, 2004)

Endosulfan,Esfenvalerate, Methomyl

Trialeurodes vaporariumBemmisia tabaci

(Whitefly).

Myzus persicae (Aphid)

Helicoverpa armigera

Nezara viridula

Agrotis ipsilon (Cutworm)

All stage especially the

adult.

All aphid stage

Larva stage

Nymph and adult

Larva stage

Before active in spring when temperatures rise above 70° F. Each female deposits up to several hundred eggs(Sorensen,1983)

Reference Al-Abbadi, S.Y. 2001. The Major Insect of economic Importance on Vegetable Crops and their Biology in alqasir districk. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4 (10) 1253-1258.

Al-dryhim., Y.N. and A.F khalil. 1995. Biological Studies of Melon Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover on Squash under field Conditions. King Saud University. J. Agric. Sci.75-78.

Jetter.K.M., Alston and Robert, 2001. The Case of Silverleaf Whitefly in California. University of California Agricultural Issues Center. Australia. Martin.,N.A. Natural enemies of Whitefly and their Biology. Crop and Food research. New zeland.

McMahon RW, Lindquist, RR (1992) Comparison of biological and chemical control of greenhouse whitefly on poinsettia stock plants. HortTechnology 2(4): 457-460

Muñiz, M. G. Nombela, D. Alonso, and A. Gómez. Induced Plant Responses in the Bemisia tabaci-Tomato System. Fourth International Bemisia Workshop International Whitefly Genomics Workshop

Succop., B. The Parasitism of Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, by the Parasitic Wasp, Encarsia formosa: A Biological Control Method in Greenhouses.

Sorensen, K.A. and J.R. Baker. 1983. Insects and related pests of vegetables. The North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service. Publication AG-295, 173 pp.

Vandekerhove., P. De Cclerq. 2004. Effect of an encapsulated formulation of lamda-cyhalothrin on nezara viridula and its predator podius maculiventris (Heteroptera: pentatomidae). florida entomologist

Visser,. R. Suharsono., S. High Quality Solanaceous Vegetables by xploration of Natural Biodiversity (INDOSOL). Research Center for Natural Resources and Biotechnology  Ware., G.W. and McCollum., J.P. 1980. Producing Vegetable Crops. By the Interstate Printers & Publishers, Inc. America. 

 

 

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/tomatto.http://www.pan-uk.org/Internat/IPMinDC/pmn13.pdf.http://ipm.ncsu.edu/ag295/html/tomato_cutworms.htm.http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/tomatto http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato 

Jazakallohu KhoirTerimakasih