HOTEL RWANDA, HOTEL DARFURHOTEL RWANDA, HOTEL DARFUR::Ending Violence and Death in SudanEnding Violence and Death in Sudan

ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S CHURCHST. BARTHOLOMEW’S CHURCHNEW YORK, NYNEW YORK, NY

APRIL 26, 2005APRIL 26, 2005

* El Geniena

LRA

Zaghawa/Janjaweed

Beja

Overview of Sudan and DarfurOverview of Sudan and Darfur

Geography: 2.376 million sq. km. – 25% the size of United StatesGeography: 2.376 million sq. km. – 25% the size of United States– Darfur: Size of France – 3 States: North, South, West Darfur: Size of France – 3 States: North, South, West

Population: over 38 million; 6 million in DarfurPopulation: over 38 million; 6 million in Darfur Life Expectancy: 58 yearsLife Expectancy: 58 years

Religions: 70% Sunni Religions: 70% Sunni MuslimMuslim; 22% Indigenous Traditional; 8% ; 22% Indigenous Traditional; 8% ChristianChristian

Ethnic Groups: 62% Ethnic Groups: 62% Black AfricanBlack African; 29% Arab; 6% Bejan; 2% ; 29% Arab; 6% Bejan; 2% ForeignersForeigners

Economy: 80% of Sudanese work in Agriculture; oil production equals Economy: 80% of Sudanese work in Agriculture; oil production equals 250,000 barrels/day; $2 billion in oil revenue per 250,000 barrels/day; $2 billion in oil revenue per

year year– Major Oil Players: Major Oil Players: ChinaChina, Malaysia, India, , Malaysia, India, RussiaRussia, other minor , other minor

playersplayers– Gum Arabic: Coke; other companiesGum Arabic: Coke; other companies

Prospects for Peace between North – SouthProspects for Peace between North – South

More than 21 years of civil war – southern Sudan completely devastatedMore than 21 years of civil war – southern Sudan completely devastated– Over 2 million people diedOver 2 million people died– Over 4 million people were forcibly displacedOver 4 million people were forcibly displaced within Sudan or fled to within Sudan or fled to

neighboring countries (refugees)neighboring countries (refugees)– Multiple factions in south, Government-backed militias Multiple factions in south, Government-backed militias

Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accords: 4 Protocols dealing with:Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Accords: 4 Protocols dealing with:1.1. Peace/SecurityPeace/Security2.2. Autonomous (regional) governance and National Assembly/Government Autonomous (regional) governance and National Assembly/Government

representationrepresentation3.3. Revenue sharing from oil proceedsRevenue sharing from oil proceeds4.4. Right to Self-Determination after interim period of 6 yearsRight to Self-Determination after interim period of 6 years==============================================================================================================5.5. Special arrangement for 3 Contested Areas: Abeyei, Nuba Mountains, Southern Special arrangement for 3 Contested Areas: Abeyei, Nuba Mountains, Southern

Blue NileBlue Nile6.6. Shari’a Law Code and Status of Khartoum Shari’a Law Code and Status of Khartoum

United Nations Peace-observing Mission to North/South: United Nations Peace-observing Mission to North/South: 10,715 strong, with 10,715 strong, with mandate to monitor ceasefire violations and protect their own staffmandate to monitor ceasefire violations and protect their own staff (UNSC#1590)(UNSC#1590)

CRISIS IN DARFURCRISIS IN DARFUR

February 2003 – Black African February 2003 – Black African farmers conduct an attacks on farmers conduct an attacks on police and military headquarters in police and military headquarters in El Fashir. El Fashir.

Government in Khartoum conducts Government in Khartoum conducts air and ground strikes against air and ground strikes against villages throughout Darfur’s three villages throughout Darfur’s three provinces.provinces.

Government forces incapable of Government forces incapable of stopping the two rebel movements: stopping the two rebel movements: Sudan Liberation Army (SLM) – Sudan Liberation Army (SLM) – Justice and Equality Movement Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)(JEM)

Government arms Arab militias and Government arms Arab militias and employs them against rebels and employs them against rebels and civilian populations [Janjaweed, civilian populations [Janjaweed, Popular Defense Forces –PDF, Popular Defense Forces –PDF, other armed groups].other armed groups].

CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCECONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCE

More than 300,000 people have died in Darfur as More than 300,000 people have died in Darfur as result of fighting, displacement, disease and hunger result of fighting, displacement, disease and hunger (British Parliament Report – 300,000; E. Reeves – (British Parliament Report – 300,000; E. Reeves – 400,000+)400,000+)

– 140,000 deaths through violence (Hagan, NU)140,000 deaths through violence (Hagan, NU)– 300-500 deaths per day300-500 deaths per day**Secretary Rice/State Department: downplaying numbers and emergency!**Secretary Rice/State Department: downplaying numbers and emergency!

More than 2.4 million Internally Displaced.More than 2.4 million Internally Displaced.

2.7 - 3 million in need of food assistance in 2005.2.7 - 3 million in need of food assistance in 2005.

200,000 Refugees in Chad.200,000 Refugees in Chad.

““We’re getting nowhere with respect to Darfur. We’re getting nowhere with respect to Darfur. We’ve tried everything. We’ve tried the carrot We’ve tried everything. We’ve tried the carrot approach, we’ve tried the stick approach and we’re approach, we’ve tried the stick approach and we’re getting nowhere…”getting nowhere…” (Amb. Danforth, December 7, (Amb. Danforth, December 7, 2004)2004)

REBEL MOVEMENTS IN DARFURREBEL MOVEMENTS IN DARFUR

SUDAN LIBERATION ARMY/MOVEMENT (SLM/A)SUDAN LIBERATION ARMY/MOVEMENT (SLM/A)Comprised of Fur, Zaghawa, Masaleit and other tribesComprised of Fur, Zaghawa, Masaleit and other tribesAgenda: Regional development, protection of citizens, Agenda: Regional development, protection of citizens,

participation in Sudanese political life and share in oil proceedsparticipation in Sudanese political life and share in oil proceeds

JUSTICE AND EQUALITY MOVEMENT (JEM)JUSTICE AND EQUALITY MOVEMENT (JEM)Comprised of Zaghawa Fur, and other tribesComprised of Zaghawa Fur, and other tribes

Agenda: Concerns larger than Darfur; suspected of Agenda: Concerns larger than Darfur; suspected of collaborating collaborating withTurabi’s political group in KhartoumwithTurabi’s political group in Khartoum

NATIONAL MOVEMENT FOR REFORM AND NATIONAL MOVEMENT FOR REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT (NMRD) [Secular/Local]DEVELOPMENT (NMRD) [Secular/Local]

Splinter group of JEMSplinter group of JEMZaghawa tribe – probable support from forces inside ChadZaghawa tribe – probable support from forces inside Chad

Attacking Arab villages only (support from either Chad or GOS)Attacking Arab villages only (support from either Chad or GOS)

AL SHAHAMAH MOVEMENT (ASM)AL SHAHAMAH MOVEMENT (ASM)Western Kordofan regional movementWestern Kordofan regional movement

Political agenda: not clearPolitical agenda: not clear

UNITED STATES’ ROLE IN SUDANUNITED STATES’ ROLE IN SUDAN

Key Role in Promoting Naivasha Peace Negotiations and in Key Role in Promoting Naivasha Peace Negotiations and in securing Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed on securing Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed on January 9, 2005 in Nairobi.January 9, 2005 in Nairobi.

Providing 50% of food/non-food aid.Providing 50% of food/non-food aid.

State Department: $40 million for AU (logistics, transport, State Department: $40 million for AU (logistics, transport, technical support)technical support)

FY2005 Appropriations:FY2005 Appropriations:– $200 million for Darfur, Chad$200 million for Darfur, Chad

$75 million for African Union$75 million for African Union– $111 million for Sudan, contingent on the signing of a $111 million for Sudan, contingent on the signing of a

Comprehensive Peace AgreementComprehensive Peace Agreement ““Comprehensive Peace in Sudan Act 2004”Comprehensive Peace in Sudan Act 2004”

FY2005 Emergency Supplemental:FY2005 Emergency Supplemental:– Additional $90.5 million forAdditional $90.5 million for

AU mission - $50 millionAU mission - $50 million Emergency Assistance (food aid/non-food aid) - Emergency Assistance (food aid/non-food aid) -

$40.5 million$40.5 million Passed by Congress May 10, 2005Passed by Congress May 10, 2005

DARFUR ACCOUNTABILITY ACTDARFUR ACCOUNTABILITY ACTEMERGENCY SUPPLEMENT - RESOLUTIONEMERGENCY SUPPLEMENT - RESOLUTION

End the violence in Darfur End the violence in Darfur Hold accountable those who have committed Hold accountable those who have committed

acts of genocide, crimes against humanity acts of genocide, crimes against humanity and international law, war crimes.and international law, war crimes.

Coordinate and increase U.S. diplomatic Coordinate and increase U.S. diplomatic efforts to achieve effective implementation of efforts to achieve effective implementation of UNSC Resolutions and implement Targeted UNSC Resolutions and implement Targeted Sanctions.Sanctions.

Accelerated Assistance to AUAccelerated Assistance to AU

Presidential Envoy for DarfurPresidential Envoy for Darfur

Extend current UN Arms Embargo to cover Extend current UN Arms Embargo to cover Government in KhartoumGovernment in Khartoum

Military No-Fly Zone Military No-Fly Zone

Asset Freeze/Travel Bans – those responsible Asset Freeze/Travel Bans – those responsible for Genocide/War Crimesfor Genocide/War Crimes

– UN UN ICIICI list of ’51’ list of ’51’

AFRICAN UNIONAFRICAN UNION

Mission: Monitor Ceasefire AgreementsMission: Monitor Ceasefire Agreements Strength: 2,000+ (Observers and Strength: 2,000+ (Observers and

Protection Forces (of monitors)Protection Forces (of monitors)– 3,320 Promised by AU for Darfur3,320 Promised by AU for Darfur

Logistical problemsLogistical problems Lack of Qualified SoldiersLack of Qualified Soldiers Lack of Political Will on part of Lack of Political Will on part of

KhartoumKhartoum 8,000-10,000 (Pronk/Egeland)8,000-10,000 (Pronk/Egeland) 45-50,000 (Dallaire)45-50,000 (Dallaire)

AU/UN: Troops to be increased to over AU/UN: Troops to be increased to over 7, 000 – Annan calls for 12, 0007, 000 – Annan calls for 12, 000

– ‘‘Modified’ Chapter VI mandate: Modified’ Chapter VI mandate: Right to actively protect civiliansRight to actively protect civilians Right to intervene and prevent violence, Right to intervene and prevent violence,

disarm aggressorsdisarm aggressors

Increasing likelihood that AU will work closely with UNMIS – sharing of assets.

UNITED NATIONS AND SUDANUNITED NATIONS AND SUDAN Problems of Consensus within UN Security Problems of Consensus within UN Security

Council (UNSC)Council (UNSC)

Economic and Political concerns of UN Economic and Political concerns of UN Security Council Members:Security Council Members:

– China: 25% of domestic oil from China: 25% of domestic oil from Africa; major investments in SudanAfrica; major investments in Sudan

– Russia: major supplier of arms to SudanRussia: major supplier of arms to Sudan

– Pakistan, Algeria: concerns about Arab Pakistan, Algeria: concerns about Arab League and ‘united front’League and ‘united front’

– France: not played helpful role in France: not played helpful role in UNSC (long history with Chad)UNSC (long history with Chad)

UNSC Resolution 1564, par. 14:UNSC Resolution 1564, par. 14:““shall consider taking additional measures as shall consider taking additional measures as contemplated in Article 41 (Chapter VII) of the contemplated in Article 41 (Chapter VII) of the Charter of the UN, such as sanctions to affect Charter of the UN, such as sanctions to affect Sudan’s petroleum sector and the GOS or Sudan’s petroleum sector and the GOS or individual members of the GOS, in order to individual members of the GOS, in order to take effecting action to obtain full compliance take effecting action to obtain full compliance or full cooperation.” (Sept. 18, 2004)or full cooperation.” (Sept. 18, 2004)

International Commission of InquiryInternational Commission of InquiryJanuary 25, 2005 ReportJanuary 25, 2005 Report

Mandate of ICI:Mandate of ICI: (UNSC Resol. 1564 – Sept. 18, 2004) (UNSC Resol. 1564 – Sept. 18, 2004)– Investigate Reports of Violations of International Humanitarian Law/HR Law in Investigate Reports of Violations of International Humanitarian Law/HR Law in

Darfur;Darfur;– Determine whether acts of Genocide have occurred;Determine whether acts of Genocide have occurred;– Identify Perpetrators of ViolationsIdentify Perpetrators of Violations– Suggest Means to ensure those responsible will be held accountableSuggest Means to ensure those responsible will be held accountable– UN Referral to ICC passed UNSC on March 31, 2005UN Referral to ICC passed UNSC on March 31, 2005

Findings of Findings of ICI: (176 page report)ICI: (176 page report)– Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed (armed Arab militias) are Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed (armed Arab militias) are

responsible for violations of International Human Rights/Humanitarian Lawresponsible for violations of International Human Rights/Humanitarian Law amounting to International Crimes (killing of civilians, torture, kidnapping, amounting to International Crimes (killing of civilians, torture, kidnapping, destruction of villages, rape and other forms of sexual violence, pillaging, forced destruction of villages, rape and other forms of sexual violence, pillaging, forced displacement)displacement)

– Government of Sudan has not pursued a policy of GenocideGovernment of Sudan has not pursued a policy of Genocide – but the ICI report – but the ICI report also states that “international offences such as the crimes against humanity and also states that “international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide.” (Jan. 25, 2005, p. 4, section III)than genocide.” (Jan. 25, 2005, p. 4, section III)

International Commission of Inquiry International Commission of Inquiry (2)(2)

January 25, 2005 ReportJanuary 25, 2005 Report

ICI Findings (cont’d.):ICI Findings (cont’d.):

– Identification of Perpetrators: List includes –Identification of Perpetrators: List includes – Officials of the Government of SudanOfficials of the Government of Sudan Members of Militia ForcesMembers of Militia Forces Members of Rebel GroupsMembers of Rebel Groups Certain Foreign Army OfficersCertain Foreign Army Officers

– Second Category of ‘Perpetrators’:Second Category of ‘Perpetrators’: Senior Government OfficialsSenior Government Officials Military CommandersMilitary Commanders Member of Rebel Groups suspected of participating in joint criminal activities to Member of Rebel Groups suspected of participating in joint criminal activities to

commit international crimescommit international crimes

UN SANCTIONS – March 29, 2005 UN SANCTIONS – March 29, 2005 Resolution # 1591Resolution # 1591

1.1. Travel BanTravel Ban: no travel to countries who are members of UN: no travel to countries who are members of UN

2.2. Assets FreezeAssets Freeze (funds, financial assets, economic resources; bank holdings, other (funds, financial assets, economic resources; bank holdings, other assets)assets)

3.3. 30 day delay30 day delay: all parties must comply with all previous commitments : all parties must comply with all previous commitments (ceasefire agreements, previous UN Sec. Council Resolutions)(ceasefire agreements, previous UN Sec. Council Resolutions)

4.4. Condemns the Government in KhartoumCondemns the Government in Khartoum for its continued attacks (air, ground), for its continued attacks (air, ground), further support of Janjaweed armed militia groups, failure to arrest and bring to justice those further support of Janjaweed armed militia groups, failure to arrest and bring to justice those Janjaweed, their associates, and others who are responsible for crimes against international law Janjaweed, their associates, and others who are responsible for crimes against international law and crimes against humanityand crimes against humanity

5.5. Create a Committee of the Sec. CouncilCreate a Committee of the Sec. Council (all members of the Council) to (all members of the Council) to monitor implementation of measures, report every 90 days on progress monitor implementation of measures, report every 90 days on progress achieved, achieved, create Panel of Expertscreate Panel of Experts

6.6. GOS must cease all offensive military flights in/over Darfur region.GOS must cease all offensive military flights in/over Darfur region.

POLICY PRIORITIES/OPTIONSPOLICY PRIORITIES/OPTIONS US Special Envoy – President US Special Envoy – President

should name High Level Person should name High Level Person

as Special Envoyas Special Envoy::– With well-developed and fully With well-developed and fully

supported mandatesupported mandate– Maintain sustained, Maintain sustained,

coordinated US engagement:coordinated US engagement: North-South Implementation North-South Implementation

of Peace Agreementof Peace Agreement Darfur Political SolutionDarfur Political Solution Opposition Groups in North – Opposition Groups in North –

regular dialogueregular dialogue Northern Uganda (LRA)Northern Uganda (LRA) Maintain close contacts with Maintain close contacts with

IGAD, European PartnersIGAD, European Partners *Pressure UN Security *Pressure UN Security

Council members (esp. Council members (esp. China, Russia, France)China, Russia, France)

Western Darfur: IDP Camp

WHAT YOU AND I CAN DOWHAT YOU AND I CAN DO Write President Bush and ask that:Write President Bush and ask that:

A.A. Sudan be at top of US international agendaSudan be at top of US international agenda– A Special Envoy be named for *Darfur (with full support of Administration, A Special Envoy be named for *Darfur (with full support of Administration,

relevant government departments)relevant government departments)– Express concern that US not downplay number of victims and Express concern that US not downplay number of victims and

seriousness of crisis in exchange for GOS cooperation on Terrorismseriousness of crisis in exchange for GOS cooperation on Terrorism

B. Further diplomatic pressure be put on Khartoum to end itsB. Further diplomatic pressure be put on Khartoum to end its attacks against innocent civilians (both government andattacks against innocent civilians (both government and militias)militias)C. Greater support be given to the African Union in DarfurC. Greater support be given to the African Union in Darfur

including the possibility of an international peacekeeping forceincluding the possibility of an international peacekeeping force (e.g. UNMIS, NATO) to join with African Union(e.g. UNMIS, NATO) to join with African Union

D. D. LEGACY of President BushLEGACY of President Bush – can he/we live with the same – can he/we live with the same burden as after Rwanda?burden as after Rwanda?

– Write Members of Congress and ask that:Write Members of Congress and ask that:A. Support President’s budget for Sudan in 2006, theA. Support President’s budget for Sudan in 2006, the Supplemental for Sudan; Supplemental for Sudan; Darfur Accountability Act Darfur Accountability Act B. End to Impunity – support for Referral to ICC ProsecutorB. End to Impunity – support for Referral to ICC Prosecutor

C. Express support for the naming of a Special Envoy to DarfurC. Express support for the naming of a Special Envoy to Darfur

Catholic Bishops of SudanCatholic Bishops of SudanFebruary 26, 2005February 26, 2005

In Darfur the continued military action makes us mindful of the suffering of In Darfur the continued military action makes us mindful of the suffering of the thousands of innocent civilians. We call upon the Government of the thousands of innocent civilians. We call upon the Government of Sudan to do all in its power to bring the conflict to a speedy end.Sudan to do all in its power to bring the conflict to a speedy end.

We further call upon the Government of Sudan and local authorities to We further call upon the Government of Sudan and local authorities to prevent armed militias and nomads in other parts of the country from prevent armed militias and nomads in other parts of the country from causing further upheaval to the people and destruction of their homes and causing further upheaval to the people and destruction of their homes and livelihoods, thus contributing to the humanitarian crisis.livelihoods, thus contributing to the humanitarian crisis.

Loving God, rewarder of the humble, you blessed St. Josephine Bakhita with charity and patience.  May her prayers help us, and her example inspire us to carry our cross and to love you always. 

Pour upon us the spirit of wisdom and love with which you filled St. Josephine Bakhita. By serving you as she did, may we please you by our faith and our actions. 

Grant this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever.

St. Bakhita Josephine Born in Darfur

USCCB Resources on SudanUSCCB Resources on Sudan

Bishop John H. Ricard, SSJ, Bishop John H. Ricard, SSJ, A Milestone for Peace in A Milestone for Peace in Southern Sudan, A Call for Peace in DarfurSouthern Sudan, A Call for Peace in Darfur (1/13/2005) (1/13/2005)

Bishop Wilton D. Gregory, Bishop Wilton D. Gregory, Cry of the People of DarfurCry of the People of Darfur (11/17/2004)(11/17/2004)

Sudan UpdateSudan Update (2/2005) (2/2005)

Sudan UpdateSudan Update (4/2005)(4/2005)

Websites: Websites: www.usccb.org/sdwp/international; ; www.catholicrelief.org