eve 9810001m sabrina 9810002m data analysis, interpretation, and reporting
Post on 21-Dec-2015
219 views
TRANSCRIPT
OutlineData Analytic Strategies
Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
Grounded Theory Analysis Strategies
Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data
Analysis
Writing Research Reports
Ways of Conducting Reports
Data Analytic StrategiesRecursive analytic strategies: analyze cases generate findings draw conclusion from grounded theory
write report
Nine qualitative data analysis principles:
1. Collect the data in the field and study all the
data carefully to find out similarities and
difference, concepts and reflection.
2. The data analysis can be stopped only with
the emergence of regularities (Saturation and
sufficiency of information).
3. Accountability of information: Keep notes or
transcripts if readers or reviewers want to
review the data analysis procedures and
results.
4. Divide the data into smaller , more meaning
units related to your major points after
reading them all.
5. Organize the smaller units into categories
(based on major points). The process is
inductive.
6. Use comparison to build and refine
categories, define conceptual similarities, find
negative evidence, and discover patterns.
Ex: pro one pattern
con one pattern
7. The categories are flexible and are modified
as further data analysis occurs.
8. Analyze negative cases to reflect their
perspectives.
9. Synthesize the patterns into the grounded
theory.
(A) (B) (C) (B) (B) (C) (C)
Code Code Code Code Code Code Code
Categor1
(pro 1)
Category 2
(pro2)
Category 3
(pro3)
Category 4
(con1)
Pattern 1 Pattern 2
Grounded Theory
SuggestionsShould be:
- connected with what is being discussed
in the major points.
- exact excerpt used in the statement.
Should not be:
- based on interviewer’s personal opinions.
- irrelevant to the major points.
Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
1. Give codes from the notes.
2. Note personal reflections in the margin.
3. Sort and sift the notes to identify similar
and different relationships between
patterns.
4. Identify these patterns, similarities and
differences.
5. Elaborate a small set of generalizations that
cover the consistencies.
6. Examine those generalizations and form
grounded theory.
Grounded Theory Analysis StrategiesGrounded theory:
A process of constructing various data
Inductive process by collecting, analyzing and
comparing data systematically.
Theory is grounded on data to explain the
phenomena.
The main purpose is to develop theory through
understanding concepts that are related by
means of statements of relationships.
Recur by moving back and forth with the data,
analyzing, collecting more data and analyzing
some more until reaching conclusions.
An interactional method of theory building by
comparing and analyzing the data.
Three steps in the grounded theory analytic
process:
1. Open coding:
Break data into small parts compare for
similarities and differences explain the
meanings of the data by focusing on “ who,
when, where, what, how much, why” (ask
questions to get a clear story)
2. Axial coding:
After open coding, make connection (sort)
between categories and confirm or disconfirm
your hypotheses.
3. Selective coding:
Select the core category (match hypotheses)
and explain the minor category (against
hypotheses) with additional supporting data.
Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data Analysis
A. Triangulating Data
Use multiple methods and data sources to
support the strength of interpretations and
conclusion
Ex) semi-structured interviews, consent
form, grounded theory
B. Audits
Questions to examine the data for interpretations
and conclusion
1. Is sampling appropriate to ground the findings?
2. Are coding strategies applied correctly?
3. Is the category process appropriate?
4. Do the results link hypotheses? (examine
literature review)
5. Are the negative cases explained? (minority’s
voice)
Suggestions
Four steps of negative case testing
1. Make a rough hypothesis
2. Conduct a thorough search
3. Discard or reformulate hypothesis
4. Examine all relevant cases
C. Cultural bias
Discuss cultural differences with different
groups of participants
To see whether divergence is based on
culturally different interpretations
D. Generalization
Not appropriate for qualitative research
Two perspectives for generalization
1. Case-to-case translation (transferability)-
by providing thick description to apply to
another setting
2. Analytic generalization-
form a particular set of results to a broader
theory
Ex) use deviant cases
Writing Research ReportsA. Introduction
B. Literature Review
C. Methodology
D. Results: Tie the results to study purpose
(hypotheses)
E. Discussions and Conclusion:
Tie discussions to the literature;
recommendations for
practice; limitations of the study
Ways of Conducting Reports
A. Quantitative reports
Report results by the use of tables and
graphs
Avoid first-person pronoun
Use passive voice (It is shown / suggested
that…)
B. Qualitative reports
Look for a deep and valid description
(narrative style)
Look for well-grounded theory
Seek contextual meaning by
understanding demographic
information (different experiences)