downstream of the integrated solid waste management
TRANSCRIPT
Downstream of the integrated solid waste management
(including worldwide technology trend)
Masato YAMADANational Institute for
Environmental Studies, JAPAN
Sort of WasteSource Non‐Hazardous Hazardous
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Household, Market, Restaurant, Shop, Office, Institutions,Cleansing, Small Factory…
Garbage, Paper, Wood and Grass, Textile, Plastics, Metals, Glass, Ceramics, Nappies…
Medical Waste, Household Chemicals, Electronics, Cell, Asbestos Products…
Night Soil and Sewage Sludge
Household, Barn, Sewage Treatment Plant…
Night Soil, Sewage Sludge
‐
Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste
House, Building, Road…
Debris, Metals, Wood, Plastics,Ceramics…
Asbestos Products…
Industrial Waste Factory, Power Generation Plant…
Paper, Wood and Grass, Textile, Plastics, Metals, Glass, Ceramics…
Oil, Solvent, Acid, Alkali, Sludge, Dust…
Waste StreamDischarge>mixed>segregated
Collection/Transportation>direct>via station
Sorting>manual>mechanical
Land Disposal>sanitary>LFG recovery>semi‐aerobic
Recycling>for production>for construction
Energy Recovery>as heat>as fuel
Generation
Reduction/Disinfection
Disposal
Treatment>shredding+compaction>dewatering>anaerobic>aerobic>thermal
There are several options of waste disposal.How do we choose from those?
Monsoon AsiaTokyo Bangkok
New York Paris
●Average Temperature■Precipitation
Temp. (C
)Temp. (C
)
Temp. (C
)Temp. (C
)
Precip. (mm)
Precip. (mm)
Precip. (mm)
Precip. (mm)
month month
month month
Foods in Asia
Foods in West
Waste in monsoon Asia is “wet”.
• Leachate, odor, pests and pathogen from garbage– open storage– longer storage period– transportation by open truck– biological treatment at lower temperature– capping at landfill site– landfill gas (LFG) recovery
• adhesion of garbage– mechanical separation
Objectives of Waste Management
• Traffic Safety• Public Health (epidemic prevention)
• Local Environment Protection (air and water pollution, odor, pests, fire, white pollution…)
–Adaptation to Climate Change»Resource Conservation and Energy Production
• Mitigation of Climate Change
Primary Practices of Waste Management
• Taking away waste from town immediately→Blockage of Traffic→Contamination of Drinking Water and Odor, Pests
• Gathering up excluded waste at assigned area and managing in safely→Land Disposal: Resolving to Nature (or Land)→Recycling: Refluxing to Production
Discharge
Separation at Source in Past
• 1890’s: Separation to Recyclables as fertilizer, Other recyclables, and Residues after collection
• 1930: Curve side bins for Garbage and Residuesfor reduction of volume and flies
• 1941: Curve side bins for Garbage, Combustiblesand Incombustibles (and Recyclables)– Paper, Used Goods, Fuel, Garbage, Dust and Ash bins in Tokyo
11
12
Old Curve Side Bin in Downtown of Tokyo
Collection
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
全国
東京
大阪
名古屋
神戸
京都
横浜
六大都市
（合計
）
ごみ処分量(t/日
) 焼却 埋立堆肥 養豚その他
Reduction/DisinfectionWaste Management in 6 Major Cities （1939) )
50% of incineration
incineration
compostingother
landfill
pig farming
Coun
tryw
ide
Tokyo
Osaka
Nagoya
Kobe
Kyoto
Fukuoka
Sum of
6 major cities
Amou
nt of W
aste (ton
/day)
Waste Stream in Asia
Waste Stream in Europe and Japan
Treatment and Utilization of Organics
1818
Demand is necessary!
Municipal Solid Waste
Mechanical TreatmentFor recovery of recyclable
and/or combustible materials
Fuel materials (RDF)
Biological TreatmentFor stabilization of organic
materials
BiogasRecyclable materials
Landfill
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
Compost like outputs
ResidueResidueResidue
defra, 2007, Mechanical Biological Treatment of Municipal Solid Wastes
Trial of Mechanical Separation for MSW
Separating to Compost, Anaerobic Digestion (A or I) and Plastics Recovery (B or II)
通産省工業技術院,スターダスト’80 （資源再生利用技術システム）
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
Advantage of MBT✓ Treatment cost is Lower than incineration✓ High calorific material can be used as source of energy ✓ landfilled waste can be reduced
Disadvantage of MBT✓ High moisture content waste is not easy to mechanical sort✓ taking a long period for treatment
to apply the MBT to Asian countries…Improvement of the Drying process is necessary.
Passive aeration
Piled up
Turning by screw agitator
Mechanical Biological Treatment for waste management
Purpose of Bio‐drying✓ Reduction of water content in waste ✓ Reduction and biodegradation of organics
Radiation
fermentation heat
Shut out the rain
aeration
Fermentation heat
Evaporation
Bio‐Drying
Incineration in the Past(1950’s)
23
Open Burning at Landfill Site
Incinerator (600 ton/day)
General Items of Separation at SourceCombustibles (mainly garbage and disposable paper)
Incombustibles (china, glass and etc.)
Can (aluminum and steel)
Glass Bottle (separating to clear, brown and others)
PET Bottle (without cap and label)
Plastic Packaging (sometimes separating to PS tray and others)
MetalsUsed Dry CellSpray Can (after exhausting gas)
Paper (separating to news paper, magazine, cardboard, carton and others)
Textiles
Waste
Resource
Used Cooking Oil
Bulky Waste (furniture, bicycle and etc…)
E-Waste(refrigerator, washing machine, television, air conditioner, personal computer)
Managed by Producers
Used Car
These waste/resource flow different streams from points of generation.
出典:特開平5‐149521出典:実開昭59‐97335 出典:特開平8‐135947 出典:特開平6‐137533
Stoker Rotary Kiln Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis
Modern Incineration
出典:岐阜市東部クリーンセンター
Energy GenerationExhaust Treatment
JOHKOSOU System
NightSoil
GrayWater
Public Waters
SepticTank
GappeiJohkasou
Night Soil
TandokuJohkasou
Sludge
Night Soil Treatment Plant
Collection
Electricity
Maintenance
Cost
1960’s~
1980s~
Garbage Manure
Methane
Open Dumping
Leakage ofLeachate
Fire VerminOdor
Anaerobic Landfill
High Water Level
Traditional Sanitary LandfillNo or Incomplete Drainage
Dry Tomb
Minimizing Leachate
Western Landfill
Permeable Cover LFG Recovery
Bottom Liner
Impermeable Cover
Perched Water
Semi‐Aerobic Landfill System
Bottom Liner
Cover SoilRegulating Rain Fall
Gas Vent
Drainage
Connection
TreatmentFacility
Exchange of LFG and Air by Convection
Keep Void in Drainage by Enhancement of
Discharge
A technology for improving leachate quality before discharge and saving cost for treatment in Japan where rain fall is high.This technology was developed by Fukuoka City and Fukuoka Univ. in 1970’s and became a standard structure of Japanese Landfill.This technology has transferred to several developing countries (Southeast Asia, South America, Africa) by JICA/ODA
Trends of Leachate Quality
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Age of Landfill from start of operation (yr)
COD (mgO2/L)
A B CD E FG H IJ K LM standard
Incomplete Drainage of Leachate
Semi‐AerobicCondition
GHG emissions from several landfill type
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 60 120 180 240
Cum. G
HGs e
mission
(t‐CO2eq)
month
10 years of power generation by LFG
GHG emissions from 100 tons of degradable organic carbon (DOC)Accounting substitution effect by electricity generation
Western:+121%
Accumulated GHG emissions during 20 years
Semi‐Aerobic: -73%
LFG to Energy+12%
Waste in monsoon Asia is “wet”.• Leachate, odor, pests and pathogen from garbage
– open storage ‐‐>Use bin or bag– longer storage period ‐‐> Routine collection– transportation by open truck ‐‐> Dust car– biological treatment at lower temperature ‐‐> Mechanical agitation and/or air supply
– capping at landfill site ‐‐> Enhanced drain– landfill gas (LFG) recovery ‐‐> Semi‐Aerobic landfill
• adhesion of garbage– mechanical separation ‐‐> Separation at source / Bio‐Drying
Property of Sorting TechnologySegregation at Source
Manual Sorting Mechanical Sorting
Machinery Cost Low Low High
Labor Cost High High Low
TechnicalDifficulty
Low Low High
Volume Reduction
Low ‐Middle Middle Middle
Epidemic Prevention
High Middle Middle
EnvironmentalPollution
Low Middle Middle
Energy Production
High High Middle
Resource Recovery
High High Middle
Social Acceptance Low Middle Middle
Property of Treatment TechnologyShredding + Compaction
Dewatering Anaerobic Digestion
Aerobic Digestion
Incineration
Machinery Cost Middle Middle Middle Middle High
Labor Cost Low Low Low Middle Low
TechnicalDifficulty
Low Middle Middle Low High
Volume Reduction
Middle Middle Middle Middle High
Epidemic Prevention
Middle Middle High High High
EnvironmentalPollution
Middle High High Middle Middle
Energy Production
Low Low Middle Low High
Resource Recovery
Low Low Low Middle Middle
Social Acceptance
Middle Middle Middle Middle Low
Oil Refinery(Incinerator for oil sludge)
Cement Production(Cement Kiln)
Pulp and Paper Mill(Boiler)
Power Generation by coal(Boiler)
Steel Making by coal(Blast Furnace)
Combustibles Paper
Wood
Plastics
Food
Garden
Anaerobic Digestion Composting
RDF
Wet
Dry
Disposal
Heat
Heat/Reductant
Heat/No Cl
Heat
Availability of industrial facilities for MSW disposal / recycling
Gas Supply Fertilizer Manufacturing
Pretreatment(Segregation and/or Shredding &Sorting)
Another and New future: Municipal‐Industrial Symbiosis
Objectives of Waste Management
• Traffic Safety• Public Health (epidemic prevention)
• Local Environment Protection (air and water pollution, odor, pests, fire, white pollution…)
–Adaptation to Climate Change»Resource Conservation and Energy Production
• Mitigation of Climate Change
• To accelerate the research on appropriate waste management in Southeast Asia, initially and especially in Thailand
• To aggregate qualitative and quantitative data on both municipal solid waste and industrial waste management in Southeast Asia
• To enforce the network of relevant stakeholders of waste management between Japan and Southeast Asia
Established in 2012
Knowledge / Advisory / Capacity building
on WASTE MANAGEMENT
http://waste‐management.asia/