N

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1

OaTARSUS GÖZLÜKI]LEI urERDISCIpLINARy RgSEARCH PnoJECT

F'ıgLD SuASo}{S 200L-2003 oF THE

e(YAYlNLARl

A. Özyar (Ed.) Tarsus Cözlüku]e l (2OO5) 135-14,1

Unpublished Middle and Late Cypriot Pottery from Tarsus-Gözlükuleı

byEkin Kozal

This study deals with the unpublished Middle_,"nd Late Cypriot pottery of the former excavationslirected by H. Goldman. This material is now kept

-n the storerooms of the Tarsus-Gözlükule Excavationllouse. It was examined and re-organized by D. Slane

_n 2000 and by the team of Tarsus-Gözlı-ikule Project

:nder the direction of A. Özyır between 2001 20032.

The re-examination of the pottery revealed 16

::ıpublished Cypriot sherds. One is Red-on-Red and

::ie others are White Slip lI. These wares are already

._ıorvn from Tarsus Gözlükule3, The unpublished:,ıterial increases the amount of Cypriot pottelT flom:.e site by 76.

The Red-on-Red sherd is a rim fragment of a bowlj;.orated in war,ry 1ine sq,le (Cat. No. 1), Eight of the-;ihite Slip Il sherds are rim fragments and they are

,__ Jecorated with ladder pattern (Cat. Nos. Z 9). One: : u,ishbone handle fragment (Cat. No. 10). The-:_er six pieces are body fragments (Cat. Nos.11 16).

r-_ \XAite Slip II sherds belong to bowls.

The fabric color of \x/hite slip ll can be divided-.:-, three groups. The first and most numerolıs

group has a reddlsh brown color (2.5 YR 4/4-4/8,5/6) sometimes together with a gray layer or core.

The second group has an olive-brown color (5 YR4/4, 7.5 YR 4/4). The third groı_ıp has a light gray

colc,ır (2.5 YR 6/1 , 7.5 Y 6/I"l/I7/3). The majority of the sherds contain golden mica in the slip.This feature is attributed to the late phase of \X,4,ıite

Slip II by Popham4.

The sherds have numbers written on them, some

of which might refer to their contexts. Unfortunately,despite D. Slane's thorough analysis, these numberscould not be attributed to any findspot. However,

since the Cypriot pottery is datable in relative terms,

it can be estimated from which 1evels they must have

originally come from. Red-on Red \üy'are must have

belonged to the end of the Middle Bronze Age/ begin-

ning of Late Bronze l level and \X,4-ıite Slip II to l-ate

Bronze lI contexts. Goldman published ten Cypriotsherds, of which according to Slane only three comefrom good stratigraphic contexts. These are the bodyfragment of a Wheel-made Bichrome krater5, rimanc1 body fragments of a White Slip lI bow16 and a

-::ı :rudy took pltıce iıı 6-14 SeptenıLıer 2OO1 at Adana ancl also clrıring the stucly season in Jruıe 2003 at Tarsus. I would llke to thaırk the Generıl- :.;ıorate of Monuınents and Muserım cıf Turkey; K. Tcısrııı anc1 O. Aslan, the directcır and the curator of the Adana Archaeological Museuın

- ıe Universi§ of Ttbingen, Graduierteııkolleg "Anatolien uncl seine Nachbtrm, Krıltrırelle iWechseLwlrkungen, Zivilisatitınseııtu,icklung vom,=:.ıüikum bis in die römisclıe Kaiserzeit" for taking over the travel expenses to Tarsus,Gözlükule in 2001.

*- :: nıaterial is also stuc,lied in my drıctcral Jissertation "Material Culture iıı Anatrılia from Eastern Mediterranean, EspeciaLly fronı Cyprus in the

i-.: ıJ Millennium B.C.". Uııiversity of Ttibingen, Depaütnent rıf Prehistrıry.

ı.:-ın Re.iı Goldmaıı 1956, 182, C:rt. No. 946, Fig. Z93; \X4ıite S[ip II: CoLılnıan 1956, Z20, Cat. Nos. l748.5Z,Fig.379;Asn.lıı 1a72, 75J; Asırt]m-:_-. 16; Slane 198i, 402, 4),8, 434, Cat. Nrı. 585, Pl. 1 34.

" : -:....nı 1972, 447.

. jıan 1956, 2OO, Cat. No. 1O85, Fig. 315; Slane 1987 399, 428, Cat. Nrı. 5i5, Pl. 131. Tlıis fragııeııt u.tıs ic]entified [ıy Mellink and Slane as Tell

]- ,:i rvare, ılso knou,rr as Palestinian Bichrome Ware thcn. ln the light of neu, researclı, it is accepted that this ware is also a prrıduct cıf Cyprrıs,.:.:ii Palesdne. Aıuy Z0O1, 157-74.

- -::: no. 3.

136

Monochrom bow17. Bichrome and 'ü4ıite Slip Ilsherds were found in the ,,Hittite" Temple and

belong to level A.IX. The Monochrom bowl was

recovered from the'W'est House, level B.lX8.

A11 Cypriot vessels from Tarsus-Gözlükule are

bowls9. ln cyprus they were recovered in ail kinds of

contexts (domestic, funerary, religious etc.), which in-

dicate that they were daily used vessels1O. Since they

have a wide mouth, they are unsuitable for transport-

ing goods or liquids. ln the Uluburun Shipwreck

they were found stacked in pithoi. This suggests that

these vessels were traded as goods and not for their

contentl1.

Discussion

Middle Cypriot I|IVI_ate Cypriot l pottery is

found in Anatolia only at üe southern coast and in

general is very rare. The pottery of this period is rep-

resented mainly by Red-on-BlacVRed-on-Red, Mono-

chrom and Bichrome'§V'ares12. The former is known

from Tarsus-Gozlukule13, Kinet Höyük14 and from

two Cilician sites surveyed by SetonWilliams15. The

other tvvo Cypriot wares were found in Kinet Höı-uk

already at the end of the Middle Bronze AgeL'. [n

Tarsus-Gözlükule they come from late Bronze lI ct,n*

texts1 7.

Typica1 Late Cypriot l pottery, such as Base-nng ]

and \ü4-ıite Slip l1B, are not represented at Tarsu:Gözlükule1g despite the fact that substantial remains

belonging to this phase were unearthed2o. This ıs

also the case with Mersin-Yumuktepe21. At Mersin-

Soli Pompeiopolis the excavations of the Middle and

l-ate Bronze Age levels are not completed and rhere-

fore it is not possible to answer this question for this

site yet. At Kinet Höyük remains belonging to rhe

l_ate Bronze I level are excavated22. There are a terr,

Base-dng I vessels from the Middle Bronze lI builJ-

ing and only one residual fragment of \Xl4ılte Slip ifrom an lron Age contextZ3. lndeed, Iil,4ıite Siip I.

which is very characteristic for l_ate Cypriot I ponen

is very rare in Cilicia. Does this indicate a break in

the Cypro-Cilician reladons ln the l_ate Cypriot l? In

this regard, the presence or absence of l-ate Cypriot I

pottery in this region is very signi{İcant. The ongoing

research in Cilicia may enlighten this problem.

Ekin Koza]

? Gold-a. \956, Z70, Caı No. 1754, Fig.329; Astrem rg12, 718; Astrom 198O, 26; Slane l9B7 , 413, 478, 434, Cat. No. 674, P|. l43,

8 For chronology of the site: Slane 1987, 11-12.

9 R"d Lurt ors Wheel_made ıü/are is not t:rken into consideration in this paper because its origin is subject of debate.

10 Pophr- 19'1Z, 445-57.

11 p.luk 199'1,747.

12 For chronology of Red,on_BlacVRed-on_Red, Astrom 19?2, L9B-99, 226-28; Asrom i9?2, 7OO; in Phlamoudı,Vounari: Al-Radi 1983, 39. For

chronology of Bichrome, Aström 19?2, 70O; Bietak 2001, 175,201,

13 S.p.o.o. 3.

14 Micldı.andlateCypriotpottery{romKinetHoytiklssndiedbytheauthorwiththekindpermissionofM.-H.Cates.15 Thes" sites are Kabarsa and Domuztepe. Un{ortunately, these sherds are not iİlustrated; Seton-Williams 1954,I33,

16 Srp." no. 14. Bichrome also in: Gates 20OO, 100, Pl, 8,

17 Monochrom, Goldnan 1956,27a, Cat. No. lz54,Fıg.3Z9; Astrom l97Z,'tl8ı Astrom 1980, 26; Slane 1981 ,4I3, 4ZB, 434, Cat. No. 674,P\. |43.

Bichrome, Goldman 1956,2OO, Cat. No.1OB5, Fig.315; Slane 1981,399,428, Cat. No.575, Pl.131.

t8 ForchronologyofBase_ringl,Aströml9,tZ,,IOaıAstrom2OO1.ForchronologyofWhiteSiipI,AstriimI97Z,'l00ıKarageorghis2OOi.19 A.t.öm mentions a Base_ring I pot (Aström Ig77,776). This pot is not illusffated and therefore, it is not possible to verifu this. In his article from

1980 he refers to the same f,ot o. B"r._.i.g pot (Astrom 1980, 26). Since it comes fron the l:te Bronze Il level (Goldman 1956, Z05), it is more

likely that it is Base,ring lI, rather than Base-ring l,

Z0 Goldman1956,44-48.

21 Garstang 1953, 709-43.

22 G"t. |99I,76I.

23 G"t", 2OOO, 100-101, Fig. 8, 9; supra no. 14,

[-ate Cypriot II pottery in this region is more numer-

_.us than dle Middle Cypriot/I-ate Cypriot I pottery.

3esides Tarsus-Gözlükule, 'ü4-ıite Slip llz+ has been

:_.und in Mersin-Yumuktepe25, Mersin-Soloi Pompei.polis26 and Kinet Höyük2i. Another Late Cypriot II,.,,-are, Base-ring ll, was recovered less in number in_ıı [ersin-Yumuktepe28, Kinet Hoyı-ik29 and probably]a rsus-Gözlilkııle30.

In contrast to considerable amounts of Cypriotıaterial in Cilicia, Ciiician materia1 in Cyprus is

:.arce. lt is represented only by a Middle Bronze lIJıllcian/Amuq juglet froın Ayia Paraskevi31.

Two bowls from Myrtou-StePhania and one from

i.r,ia Paraskeü have parallels at Tarsus32. Those from

._ırsus are identified as Red Cross bowls by M.s..rfmann33, which were found in the I-evant as we1134.

_ iey might have been brought to Cyprus either from

-.ıatolia or the l-evant. Another painted bow1 rim::-.m Myrtou Pigadhes (Late Cypriot I level) was i.den-

::iJ as a possible impoıt from Cilicia. It was com-

:_:red by du Taylor with an unpublished sherd from

]-lersin. l obsewed no parallels for this sherd among

::t publications concerning Cilicia. To my mind, the

tr)t comparative material comes from Cyprus, Athe-

:.:..u Sffatum III bowls, which were defined as §fhite]:.inted Y ZigZag Style35.

137

There could be several reasons for such a littleamount of Cilician materiai in Cyprus, One possibil-

ity might be that Cilicia has sent perishable goods toCyprus, which are not detected in the archaeologicalrecord. The second reason might be that movement ofgoods between Cilicia and Cyprus was one-sided. ln-deed, Hittite objects outside the Hittite territory are

very rare36. Since Cilicia/Kizzuwatna lies within the

Hittite sphere of influence in the Late Bronze Age andwas part of the Hittite Empire from the 15th centuryB.C. onwards37, this might have affected the export ofgoods from Cilicia as we1138. A thlrd point is the state

of research in the northern part of Cyprus. This area

was not investigated archaeologically ln the last threedecades. Therefore, new research ln this afea maychange the pictrıre.

conclusions

Contacts between Cilicia and Cyprus were firstestablished in the Aceramic Neolithic Period39. l-ater,

connections were recorded in the Late chalcolithicPeriod and the Eariy Bronze Age40. In the second mil-lennium B.C. the relations began with Cilicia {irst at

the end of the Middle Bronze Age and became more

intense in the second half of the late Bronze Age.

These developments are also represented at Tarsus-Gözlükule.

Unpublished Middle and Late Cypriot Pottery from Tarsus-Cözlükule

:iır clıronology of White Slip IIı Astöm 19?2, 7OO; Karageorglıis 2OOO.

:icgerald 1940, l44, Pl. 58, 4, 6.

l-ağcı 2OO3, 93 1O0, Fig. 15-18; R. Yağcı 2OO3, 1-2O.

Supra niı. 14.

jarstang 1953,74Z.

jates 2000, 1OO, No. 9; Kinet Höyükyielded other hte Cypriot Il wares as well.

Supra no. 19.

\ferrillees and Tubb |979 , 773-29.

:lennesy |963,46.

(.ırfmann 1983,79Z.

jersteııblith 1983, 186_87, Fig. 24.

].{errillees 1983, 75, 79, Fıg. 7, I-7.

-line 1991, 133-43; Kozal 2002, 651-61.

::eu 2OO1.13-36.

rozai 2O0O, 65-77.

].tellink 1991, 167.

],{eilink 1989, 32324; Mellink 1991,16,7.,l5] Frankel,'Webb and Eslick 1996, 38-50; Todd 2OO1,2O4"O5.

138 Ekin Kozal

The new evidence from the site cleafly shows

that connections with Cyprus in the Middle and

Late Bronze Age were not sporadic. One should ex-

pect that Cilicia and Cyprus had intenslve contacts

in the 2"d millennium B.C. Cyprus is located 65 km

south of Anatolia. On clear days the Taurus Moun-

tains are visible from Cyprus. In the summer months

the winc]s and currents are suitable for sailing be-

tweeıı Cyprus and southern Anatolia41. Despite these

favourable conditicıns, the small amount of Cypriotpottery in Cilicia stands in contrast to the expected

intensive contacts. However, re-analysis of the exca-

vated material and new excavations yielded neıv int. :-

mations as it is the case with the Tarsus-Gözlükılt

material. Besides, the ongc,ıing excavations in \{er-

sin Soloi-Pompeicıpolis conc]ııcted by R. Yağcı anJ

Kinet Hoyük uncler the directorship of M.-H. Gates

reveaİed Cypriot wares. To conclude, connectiL]n,

between Cyprııs and Cilicia were probably ıı..rtintensive tl-ıan it is attestecl sofar.

Therefore, this paper appeals for further research

in Cilicia and Cyprus, which may yield new intlr,

mations about Cypro Cilician relations.

the north_south tljrecticın. Htırvever, the currents are ncıt alu,ays coııstiınt. Laııbrou Phillipson 1991, 20.

Unpublished MiddIe and Late Cypriot Pottery from Tarsus-Cözlükule

Cataloguea2

139

:,g 1

R.ed-on-Red Ware (38.606)

ii...ıı.lmırc]e bow1. Rimfragment. P.H. B.90.Th.. cır Est. D.22. Red slipped inside and outside.]...:ı-ıted in rec]. Decorated with waıry lines. Red_iı.l,ı-brcıwn fabric (2.5 Yk 5/6). Dense small red_ıt--. ancl stone particles. Rare mica.

_ \\hite Slip II (Tarsus B)

1ıındmade bowl. Rimfragment. P.H. 2.4B. Th._' 51. Est. D. 15 1B. Creme-colorecl slip iı-ısic]e and,ı-ıtside. Gold mica in the slip. Paintec1 in brcıwn-

::ı:rck. Decorated with ladder pattern. Recldishiırorvı-ı fatıric (2.5YR 4/6) ıvith gray core. Dense,.n-ıall white and black grits, rare quartz.

: \\-hite Slip II (M4"17.50)

Ilıınclmade bowl. Rimfragment. P.H. 3.ZO. Th..^.j9. Est. D. 15 18. Creme-colcıred shp inside aı-ıc]

.ıtıtside. Gold mica in the slip. Paintec] in brown-5[ack. Decorated with ladder pattern. Reddlshı.rown fiıbric (2.5YR 4/6) rıith gray core. Dense,snıall white and black grits.

:" White Slip II (T4 r(?) Int.38.ZZ (or Z9))

Handmade bowl. Rimfragment. P.H. 3.9O. Th.J.50. Est. D. 151B. Creme-colcıred slip inside andtılıtside. Painted in brown- t-ılack. Decorated inladder pattern, Ligl-ıt gray fabric (2.5Y 7/|). Dense, small white and black grits. Rare silver nrica.

j. White Slip II (TSA SE I/4 softearth S. ext.'1'3(or "3/7))

Handmade bowl. Rimfragment. P.H. 4.69. Th.0.42. Est. D. ca. 16. Creme-colcıred slip insicleand outsic]e. Painted in brown-black. Decoratec]

with ladder paftern. Yellowish creme-colored fab-ric (2.5Y 7,/3). Dense snıall white and black grits.Rare silver mica and Large lime paıticles.

6. White Slip II (300 Int. 37 /z|)Handmade lıcıwl. Rimfragment. P.H. 2.B9. Th.0.41. Est. D. 16. Creme-colored slip insic]e andc,ıutside. Painted in brown-black. Decorated in laılder pattern. Reddish brown fal.ıric (7.5YR 4/4)with gray core. Deırse, small white and black grits.Rare siİver mica and quartz.

7. White Slip II (253)

Handmade bowl. Rimfragment. P.H. 4. Th. 0.41.Est. D. 16. Creme-colored slip insicle and oı-ıtside.Silver ııica in the slip. Painted in brown-black.Decorated with ladder pattern. Rec]clish brownfabric (2.5YR 5,/6). Dense sma1l white and blackgrits and rare qlıartz.

8. White Slip II (B49 Int. 38.49)

Hırnc]made bowl. Rinfragment. P.H. 4.5O, Th.0,50. Est. D. 15-1B. Creme-colored slip inside andoutside. Golcl mica iır tl-ıe slip. Paintecl in brown.Decoratec] with laclder pattern. Reddish-brown(Z.5Y 5/6) and gray fabric. Dense, small wl-ıiteand black grits.

9. White Slip II (A28)

Handmade bowl. Rimfragment. P.H. 7.19, Th.0.41, Est. D. 18. Creme-ccılored slip insicle andoutside. Painted in brown-black. Deccırated withladcler paffern. Reddislr brown fabric (2.5YR 4,/8).Rıre, sm:rll black, wl-ıite and recl grits.

colors arc tıased cın Mursell Soil Ccılor Chaıts (Rc,ised editicın 2OOO. Ncu, York).

140

Fig,7

10. White Slip II (304 17M LB)

Handmade bowl. Handle fragment. Th. 0.90.

Creme-colored slip. Painted in brown. Decorated

with parallel 1ines. Reddish-brown fabric (2.5YR

4/6). Dense smal1 red and black grits.

11. White Slip II (A 599 Iıt.37 /|)Handmade bow1. Bodyfragment. Th. 0.50. Cre

me-colored slip insicle and outslde. Gold mica in

the slip. Painted in brown. Reddish-iight gray fab-

ric (2.5YR 6,/1). Dense, smal1 white, black and

red grits.

12. White Slip II (116'*15)

Handmade boıı,l. Bodyfragment. Th. 0.40. Creme-

colored slip inside and outside. Painted in brown.

Light gray fabric (2,5 Y 6/I). Dense, small wlrite

and black grits. Rare quartz.

13. White Slip II (296 (?.) M4,*17.50 (?))

Handmade bow1. Bodyfragment. Th. 0.40. Creme-

colorec] slip inside and outside. Goid mica in the

slip. Painted in lırown-black. Reddish brown (2.5\R

4/6) and gray fabric. Dense, small white and bL,.:,

as well as rarğ red grit..

14. White Slip II (B37 /34)

Handmade bow1. Bodyfragment. Th. 0.37. Cıer..-colored slip inside and outside. Gold mica in d:.

slip. Painted in brown-lılack. Brown (7.5 YR 4 -ı

and gray fabric. Dense, small red grits.

15. White Slip II (M4"17.50)

Handmade bowl. Bodyfragment. Th. 0.30. Cren-ıt-

colored slip inside and outside. Gold mica in th.

slip. Paintec{ in brown-black. Brown (7.5 YR 4, +

and gray fabric. Dense, sma1l white, black and re:grits.

16. White Slip II (8160 M.40 K)

Handmade bow1. Bodyfragment. Th. 0,50. Cren,ıe,

colored slip inside and outside. Painted in brorı,n.

Reddish brown fabric (2.5 YR 4/il with gray core.

Dense, small white and larger black grits.

Ekin Kozal

Unpublished Middle and Late Cypriot Pottery from Tarsus-Cözlüku]e

142 Ekin Kozal

Fig. 2

-

10

[4\r/

12

Wı

13

Scale 1:2

l5

16

.a

143Unpublished Middle and Late Cypriot Pottery from Tarsus-CözIükule

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