PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

EDITORS

WALTER F. LOEHWINGC. H. WADLEIGH H. B. VICKERYM. W. PARKER F. P. CULLINANJ. B. BIA.LE C. S. FRENCHIRENE H. STUCKEY F. G. GUSTAFSON

ROBERT M. MUIR

H. A. BORTHWICKP. J. KRAMERE. J. KRAus

K. C. HAMMERR. EMERSONJ. P. BENNETr

VOLUME 26

1951

THE SCIENCE PRESS

LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NUMBER 1. JANUARY

The influence of light, temperature, and some enzyme poisons uponthe total organic acid content of leaf tissue of Kalanchoe daig-remontiana (Hamet and Perrier) ............ G. F. SOMERS 1- 18

The bioelectric potential of seeds as a function of growth and ofx-ray dosage ....... M. W. JONES, B. KIVEL, and A. A. BLESS 19- 29

Effects of respiration inhibitors on accumulation of radioactivephosphorus by roots of loblolly pine .......... P. J. KRAMER 30- 36

Influence of acidity, calcium and magnesium on growth of Xanthitobacco in water-culture ................. R. A. STEINBERG 37- 44

Photosynthesis in naturally reared aquatic communities.J. VERDUIN 45- 49

Effects of non-lethal concentrations of 2,4-D on buckwheat.D. J. WORT 50- 58

The isolation and preliminary fractionation of proteins from dor-mant and growing potato tubers ............. .... J. LEvITT 59- 65

Physiological studies of the fruits of the pineapple (Ananas como-sus (L.) Merr.) with special reference to physiological break-down ................... E. V. MILLER 66- 75

The nutritional status of the cotton plant as indicated by tissuetests ................... H. E. JOHAM 76- 89

Ascorbic acid and dry matter accumulation in turnip and broccolileaf discs after infiltration with inorganic salts, organic acids,and some enzyme inhibitors .. G. F. SOMERS and W. C. KELLY 90-109

The response of young Valencia orange trees to differential boronsupply in sand culture ....... P. F. SMITH and W. REUTHER 110-114

Effects of different concentrations of' nitrate on the growth andvitamin content of oat plants ................. R. LANGSTON 115-122

The amino acids of alfalfa as revealed by paper chromatographywith special reference to compounds labelled with S35.F. C. STEWARD, J. F. THOMPSON, F. K. MILLAR, M. D. THOMAS

and R. H. HENDRICKS 123-135Hormone-induced parthenocarpy in the Calimyrna fig and a com-

parison of parthenocarpic and caprified syconia.J. C. CRANE and R. BLONDEAU 136-145

Effects of soil temperature and light intensity on root growth ofloblolly pine seedlings ................... C. W. BARNEY 146-163

Dye reduction by illuminated chloroplast fragments.A. S. HOLT, R. F. SMITH, and C. S. FRENCH 164-173

The biosynthesis of carbon-14-labeled compounds. I. The chro-matographic separation of glucose and fructose.

G. R. NOGGLE and R. A. BOLOMEY 174-181The sugars of the hemicelluloses of cornstalks ....... E. BENNETT 182-185

812824

Succinic acid content of the cotton plant.D. R. ERGLE and F. M. EATON 186-188

Auxin in relation to leaf blade abscission.K. SHOJI, F. T. ADDICOTT, and W. A. SwETs 189-191

Colorimetric estimation of indoleacetic acid.S. A. GORDON and R. P. WEBER 192-195

Constant-temperature baths for use in freezing-point measure-ments...... C. M. JOHNSON, P. R. STOUT, and G. A. PEARSON 196-197

Notes....... 198-206

NUMBER 2. APRIL

Stomatal movement and photosynthesis in Pelargonium. I. Ef-fects of light and carbon dioxide.

G. W. SCARTH and MICHAEL SHAW 207-225Photosynthesis and metabolism of organic acids in higher plants.

R. E. STUTZ and R. H. BURRIS 226-243The effects of some special treatment in the degreening of Florida

oranges as measured by respiration rate.B. E. ROPER and E. V. MILLER 244-257

Comparisons of growth by tobacco and sunflower tissue on syn-thetic media containing various sources of organic nitrogen.

E. M. FRANK, A. J. RIKER, and S. L. DYE 258-267Respiration studies on chlorella. II. Influence of various organic

acids on gas exchange .................... D. M. ENY 268-289Effect of various factors on the utilization of nitrogen and iron by

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.E. H. BITCOVER and D. H. SIELING 290-303

Identification of ethylene as a volatile product of the fungus Peni-cillium digitatutm. R. E. YOUNG, H. K. PRATT, and J. B. BIALE 304-310

Studies on the physiology of light action. IV. Light enhancementof auxin-induced growth in green peas.

A. W. GALSTON and R. S. BAKER 311-317Phototube-type integrating light recorders: A summary of per-

fornance over a five-year period.G. F. SOMERS and K. C. HAMNER 318-330

Bound water in Aspergillus niger ...... G. W. TODD and J. LEVITT 331-336The sterols of alfalfa and certain cereal grasses.

E. H. BLAIR, H. D. MITCHELL, and R. E. SILKER 337-342Some effects of decapitation on electrical and elongation phenom-

ena in the Avena coleoptile. K. S. MILLS and A. R. SCHRANK 343-352Availability of soil moisture for active absorption in drying soil.

T. J. ARMY and T. T. KoZLOWSKI 353-362Effects of flooded soil on growth of pine seedlings. F. M. HUNT 363-368The relationship of structure and plant-growth activity of substi-

tuted benzoic and phenoxyacetic acids.R. M. MUIR and CORWIN HANSCH 369-374

Investigation on nitrogen compounds and nitrogen metabolism inplants, I. The reaction of nitrogen compounds with ninhy-drin on paper: A quantitative procedure.

J. F. THOMPSON, R. M. ZACHARIUS, and F. C. STEWARD 375497A biochemical basis for copper-nitrogen balance in tung.

S. G. GILBERT 398-405The fate of phosphatase, invertase, and peroxidase in autolyzing

leaves ............ BERNARD AXELROD and A. T. JAGENDORF 406-410Maintenance of iron supply in nutrient solutions by a single addi-

tion of ferric potassium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate.Louis JACOBSON 411-413

Distribution of micronutrient metals in leaves and chloroplastfragments. F. R. WHATLEY, LAWRENCE ORDIN, and D. I. ARNON 414-418

Notes ......................................... 419-420

NUMBER 3. JULY

Investigations on nitrogen compounds and nitrogen metabolism inplants. II. Variables in two-directional paper chromatog-raphy of amino acids: A quantitative procedure.

JOHN F. THOMPSON and F. C. STEWARD 421-440Physiological and biochemical changes accompanying pollination

in orchid flowers. I. General observations and water rela-tions ............. TSUNG-HSUN T. HSIANG 441-455

Growth of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., at different levels of min-eral nutrition under greenhouse and field conditions. II.Chemical composition of the tissues at different growth inter-vals ........ ..... C. P. SIDERIs and H. Y. YOUNG 456-474

Experiments on the inheritance of niacin in corn (maize).F. D. RICHEY and RAY F. DAWSON 475-493

Tryptophan, niacin, and indoleacetic acid in several endospermmutants and standard lines of maize.

HOWARD J. TEAS and ANNA C. NEWTON 494-501Morphological and physiological responses of carnation and to-

mato to organic phosphorus insecticides and inorganic soilphosphorus ............. WAYNE C. HALL 502--524

Translocation of food reserves from soybean cotyledons and theirinfluence on the development of the plant.

DEAN F. MCALISTER and ORLAND A. KROBER 525-538On the mass culture of algae.

JACK MYERS, J. N. PHILLIPS, JR., and JO-RUTH GRAHAM 539-548The position of C14 in sunflower leaf metabolites after exposure

of leaves to short period photosynthesis and darkness in anatmosphere of C1402. ............ MARTIN GIBBS 549-556

The effect of petiole temperature on the translocation of carbohy-drates from bean leaves. C. A. SWANSON and R. H. BOHNING 557-564

Temperature-induced sap flow in excised stems of Acer.JAMES W. MARVIN and MARY T. GREENE 565-580

Stomatal movement and photosynthesis in Pelargonium. II. Ef-fects of water deficit and of chloroform: Photosynthesis inguard cells...... GEORGE W. SCARTH and MICHAEL SHAW 581-597

An outline of energetics in relation to the movement of materialsthrough a two-phased solution system ........ T. C. BROYER 598610

Phytotoxicity of imidazoline derivatives and related compounds.SEWARD E. ALLEN and FOLKE SKOOG 611-624

A virus technique useful to diagnose foliar deficiencies.A. S. COSTA and C. M. FRANCO 625-628

Some effects of water and oxygen on abscission in vitro.H. R. CARNS, F. T. ADDICOTT, and R. S. LYNCH 629-630

Expansion of Chenopodium album leaf disks as affected by cou-marin .... . CARLOS 0. MILLER and BERNARD S. MEYER 631-634

Notes....... 635-637

NUMBER 4. OcTOBER

Sulphur nutrition of cotton. DAVID R. ERGLE and FRANK M. EATON 639-654Further theoretical considerations of modes of expression and fac-

tors possibly concerned in the movement of materials througha two-phased solution system ................. T. C. BROYER 655-676

Biochemical composition of cotton leaves and their chemical defoli-ation as affected by environment .......... VERNON L. HALL 677-686

Difference in activity between 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid andother auxins, and its significance in herbicidal action.

J. VAN OVERBEEK, RENE BLONDEAU aind VESTA HORNE 687-696Enzymatic conversion of indole acetaldehyde and naphthalene

acetaldehyde to auxins ...................... POuL LARSEN 697-707Physiological and biochemical changes accompanying pollination

in orchid flowers. II. Respiration, catalase activity, andchemical constitutents ............ TSUNG-HSUN T. HSIANG 708-721

Causes of injury to plants resulting from flooding of the soil.PAUL J. XRAMER 722-736

The nutrient-element balance of the tomato and its susceptibilityto Phytophthora infestans as affected by two levels of zinc.

CYRIL B. SMITH 737-749The effects of the form of nitrogen and the amount of base supply

on the organic acids of tung leaves.S. G. GILBERT, C. B. SHEAR, and C. M. GROPP 750-756

Investigations of ascorbic acid dehydrogenase of peas (Pisum sati-vum) and its distribution in the developing plant.

M. YAMAGUCHI and M. A. JOSLYN 757-772The relative herbicidal effectiveness of several derivatives of 2,4-

dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyaceticacid. WENDELL R. MULLISON 773-777

The growth capacity of the sunflower hypocotyl. R. S. DE Ropp 778-783Some effects of phosphorus on the development, the B vitamin con-

tent, and the inorganic composition of oats.THOMAS A. McCoy, DAVID G. BOSTWICK and

A. CHARLES DEVICH 784-791Autoradiography as an aid in determining the gross absorption and

utilization of foliar applied nutrients.S. H. WITTwER and W. S. LUNDAHL 792-797

Nitrogen and amino acid content of the various parts of Andro-pogon ischaemum L.

GLENN S. RABIDEAU and MARVIN E. EDWARDS 798-806Occurrence of Bacillus cereus in Maryland soils with frenched to-

bacco ............. .......... ROBERT A. STEINBERG 807-811Further evidence for a chemical reaction between plant growth reg-

ulators and a plant substrate.CORWIN HANSCH, R. M. MUIR, and R. L. METZENBERG, JR. 812-821

The influence of various sodium and potassium salts upon thegrowth of young Avena seedlings ........... BRUCE J. COOIL 822-831

Ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid oxidizing enzymes of green beanplants deficient in manganese.KATHARINE J. HIVON, D. M. DOTY, and F. W. QUACKENBUSH 832-835

Some responses of young corn plants to maleic hydrazide.LOYD A. TATUM and JOHN H. CURME 836-839

A technique for growing plants under sterile conditions.FRANK GERMAN and VAUGHAN T. BOWEN 840-842

A technique for the cultivation of higher plants under sterile condi-tions ....................... HENRY R. KATHREIN 843-847

The effect of maleic hydrazide on tomato plants in relation to theirage at the time of treatment ........... VICTOR A. GREULACH 848-852

Notes ........... ................ 853-855General Index, Volume 26 ...................... 856-872

,T

II.j%

VOLUME 26 NUMBER 1

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY SJANUARY, 1951 ^

CONTENTS

The Influence of Light, Temperature, and Some Enzy4 o,UpOn;the Total Organic Acid Content of Leaf Tissue orKalse '^Daigremontiana (Hamet and Perrier). G. F. SoMERS, Cornel UKiL ;versity, Ithaca, New York ..................-..1......;.

The Bioelectric Potential of Seeds as a Function of Growth and ofX-ray Dosage. M. W. JONES, B. KIvm, and A. A. BLEss, Uni-versity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida ...... .................... 19

Effects of RespWiation Inhibitors on Accumulation of Radioactive Phos-phorus by Roots of Loblolly Pine. P. J. KRAMm, Duke University,Durham, N orth Carolina ........... ............................ 30

Influence of Acidity, Cakium and Magnesium on Growth of XanthiTobacco in Water-Culture. R. A. STEINBERG, Plant Industry Sta-tion, Beltsvile, Maryland ......... .............................. 37

-Photosynthesis in Naturally Reared Aquatic Communities. J. VERDuIN,The Franz Theodore Stone Institute of Hydrobiology, Put-in-Bay,Ohio .. . . . . . ....4... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

- Effects of Non-Lethal Concentrations of 2,4-D on Buckwheat. D. J.WORT, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia 50

The Isolation and Preliminary Fractionation of Proteins from Dormantand Growing Potato Tubers. J. Liwrrr, University of Missouri,Columbia, Missouri............................................. 59

Physiological Saudies of the Fruits of the Pineapple (Ananas comosus(L.) Merr.) with Special Reference to Physiological Breakdown.E. V. MILu, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.. 66

The Nutritional Status of the Cotton Plant as Indicated by TissueTests. H. E. JOHAM, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Col-lege Station, Texas............................................. 76

(Continued on Cover Page Four)

PUBLISHED QUARTERLYBY

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTSAT 111 E. CHESTNUt' -"T., LANCASTER, PA.

Entered as second-class matter March 25, 1V'" at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under theAct of h -6rI.%t 24, 1912.

Accepted for mailing at the special rate of 'tage provided for in paragraph 4, section 538.

Authoriz, .. pril 9, 1926.

II

PLANT PHYSIOLOGYA QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO ALL PHASES OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGYEstablished 1926

WALTER F. LOEHWING, Editor-in-chief, 1954State University of Iowa

ASSOCIATE EDITORSC. H. WADLEIGH, 1955 H. B. VICKERY, 1956

U. S. Regional Salinity Lab Connecticut AgriculturalRiverside, California Experiment Station

M. W. PARKER, 1954 F. P. CULLINAN, 1955U.SDA. Plant Industry Station USDA. Plant Industry StationBeltsville, Maryland Beltsville, Maryland

J. B. BIALE, 1953 C. S. FRENCH, 1953University of California Camegie InstitutionLos Angeles, California Stanford, California

IRENE H. STUCKEY, 1952 F. G. GUSTAFSON, 1952Rhode Island Agricultural University of MichiganExperiment Station Ann Arbor, Michigan

ROBERT M. MUIR, Secretary of the Editorial Board, 1956State University of Iowa

PAUL J. KRAMER, 1953Duke University

EZRA J. KRAUS, 1952 WALTER E. LOOMIS, 1951Oregon State College Iowa State CollegeThe pages of this journal are open to papers of merit dealing with any phase of

Plant Physiology. Membership in the Society is not required of contributors, but non-members are required to pay a fee of $20.00 for each paper printed.

Manuscripts must be typewritten, and must have the approval of the EditorialBoard. Papers must conform to the limitations established by the Society at the St.Louis meeting, 1935.

Proofs should be retumed with necessary corrections, and reprints ordered whenthe proof is returned. Reprints can be furnished with or without covers at cost ofproduction.

v Correspondence with reference to editorial matters should be addressed to theEditor, DR. WALIrER F. LOEHWING, Department of Botany, State University of Iowa,Iowa City, Iowa.

Subscription price, $10.00 a year. Single copies, $3.00 post free. Members of theAmerican Society of Plant Physiologists receive the journal in connection with duespaid to the Society.

Missing numbers will be supplied if lost in the mail, provided that written noticeis received within one month of the date of issue; otherwise they will be furnished atthe single copy rate, as long as they are available.

Correspondence concerning membership and its privileges, dues, change-of-address,etc., should be addressed to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer, DR. J. FI5HER STANFEW,

£ Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.r Business correspondence regarding subscriptions, back numbers, change-of-address of

subscribers, etc., may be addressed to PLANT PHYSIOLoGY, 111 E. Chestnut St., Lancaster,Pa., or to the Executive Secretary-Treasurer at the address above.

All matters pertaining to nominations, elections, programs, and meetings of thesociety should be addressed to the Secretary, PR. T. C. BRoR, University of California,Berkeley, California.

PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS FOR PUBLICATIONIN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

The following suggestions are made to authors writing papers for this journalin order to minimize revisions and editorial corrections. Though many pointsmay appear arbitrary or trivial, attention to details is necessary to secure uni-formity of format and style. The membership dues and subscription fees goalmost entirely to publication costs, as all of our editors give their service withoutfinancial recompense. Hence the cooperation of authors in preparation of manu-scripts minimizes expense and permits greater liberality as to length and numberof papers published. Authors will find the following concise publications usefulin preparation of manuscript copy: A. J. Riker, The Preparation of Manuscriptsfor Phytopathology. Phytopathology XXXVI, pages 953-977, 1946; and S. F.Trelease, The Scientific Paper: How to Prepare It. Williams and Wilkins Com-pany, Baltimore, Maryland; 1947.

1. Length. The allowable length of papers is 20 printed pages, with tablesand figures not to exceed 25 per cent. of the total. Authors will be billed at costfor overrun and excess of figures and tables.

2. Format. In the preparation of typescripts, authors are requested to exam-ine a printed copy of the journal of PLANT PHYSIOLOGY to note the position ofheadings, general organization, punctuation, abbreviations, and the methods ofciting literature particularly, in order to bring the script into conformity with thegeneral style of the journal. Leave a 3-inch margin at the top of the first page,liberal side margins, and double spacing of lines to permit proofmarking andrequired editorial changes.

3. Headings. Leave all headings unscored and scientific names withoutunderlining, as the editors will proofmark these items in accordance with thepractice of the journal. Generic names used alone are usually capitalized butnot italicized. In general, do not underscore any words.

4. Footnotes. Avoid footnotes as far as possible by placing such items underacknowledgments or at end of summary. When footnotes are used, they shouldbe numbered with Arabic numerals.

5. Figures. Copy for figures (photographs and drawings) should not exceed8x 11 inches. Retain original drawings as a safeguard against loss. If thefigures submitted are larger than 81 x 11, they will be photographed at this officeand the author will be billed for the same. Author's name and figure numbermust be written on the back of copy for each figure. Do not put legends intoor on the figure, either front or back. Type all legends double spaced, properlynumbered to correspond to the figures, on a separate sheet of your manuscript.Graphs and drawings should be inked with fairly heavy lines and with letteringof approximately uniform size to insure clarity of printed figures after reduction.Photographic prints should be submitted on gloss-finish paper. Limit copy todesired visual details, trim off irrelevant foreground and minimize blank space, ascharges for cuts are based on area. Unless otherwise directed, the editor willproofmark copy to determine actual size of printed figures. Old cuts will be sentto authors after printing for cost of postage if printer is so directed when galleyproof is submitted.

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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

6. Tables. Place each table on a separate page; do not crowd too muchmaterial into a single table. Note size of printed page (width and length, 4i x 7iinches) and gauge tables accordingly, leaving ample space in margins and in theinterior for editorial marks. If at all possible, arrange tabular data horizontallyon the page in order to obviate tilting of printed table. Use horizontal lines(rules) at top and bottom, but omit or employ such rules sparingly in interiorof tables. Use vertical rules between columns. Rules and spaces (leads) areusually used in the final printed tables to separate sets of data. For footnotesto tables use the asterisk, dagger, double dagger, and section in this sequence asneeded. Tabular material should be used sparingly because of its high cost.

7. Acknowledgments. Place acknowledgments at the end of the paper justbelow summary.

8. Address. The name of your institution and its address should also begiven at the end of the summary.

9. Literature Cited. Use separate pages for the literature cited and typedouble spaced. Give complete citations, author, title, journal name, volume num-ber, inclusive pages, and year. (See any literature list in a recent issue of thejournal for examples.) Punctuate according to the examples, and leave no cita-tions incomplete. Write out names of states in full. Note proper abbreviationsof joumals. An error frequently noted in manuscripts with long bibliographiesis failure to mention in the text all citations listed. Authors are requested tocheck all citations in the bibliography by careful proofreading of manuscriptsprior to submission.

10. Formulae. Use mathematical formulae only when necessary, and be con-servative in the use of space.

11. Galley Proof. Correct all errors clearly and return galley promptly toeditor. Authors will be billed at cost for alterations in the galley proofs, otherthan corrections of printer's errors, involving excessive changes from manuscriptcopy.

12. Mailing. Send original copy of manuscript to editor, W. F. Loehwing,University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Retain a carbon copy to insure againstloss, and to consult in case of need. Prompt return of revised manuscript copyand galley proof to editor greatly expedites publication. Write across top of titlepage of manuscript directions for mailing of proof, thus: Mail proof to (author'sname and address). If authors wish to have original manuscripts or copy forillustration returned subsequent to publication, the editor should be so informedat the time proof is returned.

13. Reprint Order. These should be sent to the editor with corrected galleyproof. Late orders for reprints entail extra work and expense by printer forwhich charges must be made to author. Type is destroyed immediately afterprinting and hence it becomes impossible to supply reprints after publication ofpapers. Send Reprint Order with corrected galley even if formal requisition or

purchase orders for institutional agencies follow later.14. Abstracts. Authors are requested to submit typed abstract on form pro-

vided when corrected galley is returned to editor who will insert proper volumeand paging for use by Biological Abstracts. If authors care to type a carboncopy of abstract on plain paper, the second abstract will be sent to ChemicalAbstracts or some other suitable abstract journal.

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AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANTPHYSIOLOGISTS

Organized in 1924 for the advancement of Plant Physiology as apure and applied field of botanical science

OFFICERS FOR 1950-51

President: DR. KENNETH V. THIMANN,Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Vice-President: DR. DANIEL I. ARNON,University of California, Berkeley, California

Secretary: DR. T. C. BRoyR,University of California, Berkeley, California

Executive Secretary-Treasurer: DR. J. FISHER STANFIELD,Miami University, Oxford, Ohio

Any one actively interested in Plant Physiology is eligible for member-ship in the Society. Candidates for membership must be recommended bytwo members, and approved by executive committee, or by the vote of theSociety at some annual or special meeting.

The payment of the annual dues to the Society entitles the members toreceive the official journal, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. . They will receive in addi-tion the regular bulletins and announcements sent out periodically by thesecretary. Members are invited to take a personal interest in the growthand development of the Society.

Manuscripts for PLANT PHYSIOLOGY should be addressed to PROF. WALTERF. LOEHWING, Department of Botany, State University of Iowa, Iowa City,Iowa. Drawings and photographs should not exceed 8.5 x 11 inches in size,should be numbered correctly on the back, and separate typewritten legendsincluded with the text of the manuscript. Tables and cuts should be usedsparingly, and the text presented in concise form. Instructions to authorsfor preparation of manuscripts are given in the January number, Volume26, 1951, Of PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, pages 205-206.