oryktologika nea-news on minerals ,july-august 2008 issue

– NEWS ON MINERALS 1 Vol. 23 , No 136 (2008)

NEWS ON MINERALSVol. 23 , No 136 , July - August 2008

23 , 136 , 2008

15€ - Price of each issue 15 €

- HELLAS - PIRAEUSISSN 1011-5870


PYRITE SUN , Ziegler Mine, Randolph Co., near Sparta, Illinois , USA. (7 cms X 5,5 cms X 4 cms).Pyrite suns are found in the coal mines of Sparta , Illinois at the 90-100 meters level in a very narrow seam laying onthe top of the coal vein. Minerals bring them out in their luch buckets , preserving thus what otherwise bedestroyed in the mines. It was thought originally to be Marcasite .However research done by the SmithsonianInstitute has proven them to be pyrite and hence very durable. Surrounded by black shale and coal, a very difficultcleaning process unveils their hidden natural beauty. Dating in age to 8-10 thousand years old , one of the presenttheories of origin has them as a pyritized fossil replacement. Their natural beauty lends them to a variety ofjewelry making ideas.

[(Cu,Al)2H2Si2O5(OH)4·nH2O ] [ Cu2CO3(OH)2 ] Mashamba West Mine, Kolwezi, Western area, Katanga Copper Crescent, Katanga (Shaba),

Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre). [14cms X 10 cms X 9 cms , 1,1 Kg].

–NEWS ON MINERALS GeMin.

The Inspirer and the Soul of ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA -NEWS ON MINERALS and GeMin Exhibitionin HELLAS

– NEWS ON MINERALS 3 Vol. 23 , No 136 (2008)ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA

NEWS ON MINERALS ISSN 1011-5870

1986 Established in January 1986)

Editor and Owner: Dimitris G. Minatidis , M. Sc. Geologist-Geochemist 70 Queen Sofia Avenue , Piraeus EL-185 32 , HELLAS Tel Mobile : +30- 6979771898 Tel . : +30-210-4171-680 , +30-213-025-8688 FAX :+ 30-210-4132-570 e-mail : [email protected] , [email protected] Web : www.gemin.eu

Subscription – :1 year 90 EURO Air Mail Post Paid2 years 180 EURO(ONLY Air Mail Subscriptions) Previous volumes :1-14 (years 1986 – 1999)in paper form , 80 EURO/volumeVol. 15-21 (Years 2000-2007) ,available in CD at 400 Euro/CDAir Mail Post Paid

Payment by Wire transfer to : D. Minatidis Account number : IBAN GR840 840 1050 0000 05505505486 CITI BANK , Swift Code : CITIGRAAPiraeus Branch , Dimotiko Theatro , Korai Square , Piraeus , Hellas

Circulation in 25 Countries around the World. Advertisement*(Prices per Insertion per issue)

COLOR BLACK & WHITESize Prices in EUROA4 300 150A4/2 180 100A4/4 100 75

2 – 2nd Page : 500 Euro – Back Cover: 400 Euro

- All advertisements are prepaid.*European Union residents add 19 % V. A .T . on total value. ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA NEWS ON MINERALSsponsor the GeMin InternationalMineral , Gemstone , Jewellery andFossil Exhibition held every year in Hellas since 1987.

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- NEWS ON MINERALS

- Opinions expressed by the authors do not represent opinion of ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA NEWS ON MINERALS

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Specimen on the cover: PurpleFluorite crystals on rock matrixfrom Lavrion , Hellas

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There is no doubt that the Ancient Greek Civilization , was ,is andwill be a pananthropic Civilization. The only thing we wish to citein the prologue of this issue is the “contribution” of the Marble inthe creation of Artworks-Symbols : A feeling of wondermentdominate to anyone facing the Parthenon Temple , the Statue ofHermes of Praxitelis , the Statue of Aphrodite of Milos . Manymodern buildings have been built based on the Architecture ofAncient Greeks ,while marble remains an inextricableconstructional material in many buildings today. The Marble , this“blessed” rock , which is a metamorphosed limestone , is directlyrelated with the most integrated Civilization of Humanity , theAncient Greek Civilization. Warm Congratulations fromORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS to ALL those whoworked hard to make The Museum of Marble Crafts at Pyrgos onTinos Island a reality . The Museum was inaugurated recently bythe President of the Hellenic Republic and is the result of effortsof the Piraeus Bank Group Cultural Foundation.ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS give the chance to theirreaders in Hellas and 25 Countries around the World to know onthis Museum in the Center of the Hellenic Territory. This Museum ,in the blessed island of Tinos in the Aegean Sea , an island withtradition in the Art of Marble , will become known very soon allover the World and it will become a universal Marble Museum , asUniversal was and is the Ancient Greek Civilization which belongsto all the Humanity. We always should keep in mind that theMarble is an “unbreakable” piece of this Pananthropic AncientGreek Civilization .Have a Nice Summer !

Dimitris G. Minatidis

mailto:[email protected]


http://www.gemin.eu


–The Museum of Marble Crafts at Pyrgos on Tinos Island , Kyklades

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« »Geophilotelic Document (Cover) with Hellenic Postal stamp depicting Marbles


2. ( ) Map 2. Arrow shows the location of village Pyrgos (Panormos) where the Museum of Marble Crafts is located.

MUSEUM OF MARBLE CRAFTS-The Museum of Marble Crafts at Pyrgos on Tinos (Maps 1 and 2) was created by the Piraeus Bank GroupCultural Foundation (PIOP), which is responsible for its operation. It belongs to the Foundation’s Networkof Thematic Museums and is the first of its kind in Greece. Housed in modern, fully-equipped premises,in harmony with the distinctive Tinian landscape, it includes a Multi-purpose Hall. The project wasfunded by the Third Community Support Framework, after it was incorporated in the RegionalOperational Programme for the South Aegean 2000-2006, and the Piraeus Bank.-The museum presents the technology of marble, a material that holds a special place in the art andarchitecture of Greece from Antiquity to the present. It also describes in detail the nexus of tools andtechniques for working marble. Concurrently, by placing emphasis on pre-industrial and proto-industrialTinos, the most important centre of marble crafts in modern Greece, it enhances the social andeconomic context in which the local workshops developed.-The permanent exhibition includes diverse original works in marble for secular, ecclesiastical, funeraryand everyday use (lintels, fountains, coats of arms, cantilevers, icon-stands, mortars, etc.), clay modelsand plaster casts, tools for quarrying and for carving marble, machinery, archival material, as well asGreece’s richest collection of drawings by past marble-carvers. This considerable number of authenticobjects was gathered together mainly thanks to the sensitivity of individuals but also of agencies, whichhave donated or lent them to the Foundation. Furthermore, in conjunction with the interlinkedreconstructions of a quarry, a marble-carving workshop and an assembling of an episcopal throne,visitors have the opportunity of observing traditional techniques and processes of extracting, squaringand transporting marble blocks, as well as of creating and installing a construction; in other words, theentire course from the raw material to the finished product. In parallel, the audio-visual material in theexhibition brings to life the traditional tasks of the quarryman and the marble-carver, while the videoentitled “Marble on Tinos” records the ubiquitous presence of marble on the island and encouragesvisitors to embark on their own explorations.-Last, the exhibition extends into the Museum grounds. Exhibited in the square in front of the entranceare a rotating hoist (biga) and a decauville flatbed car for transporting marble blocks from the quarry atVathi; on the balcony are a deep truck for rubble (sesoula) and decauville railtracks from the quarry atPatela, together with finished and unfinished works in marble. The historical machinery displayed in theoutdoor exhibition, recalling characteristic images of corresponding workplaces in the countryside, wasrescued, conserved and restored to working order under the auspices of the Piraeus Bank Group CulturalFoundation.Opening Hours : From 1 March to 15 October: Daily 10:00 am – 6:00 pm (closed on Tuesdays).From 16 October to 28 February : Daily 10:00 am – 5:00 pm (closed on Tuesdays). The Museum will beclosed on the following holidays: 1 January, Good Friday (until 12 noon), Easter Sunday, 1 May,15 August, 6 December, 25-26 Decemder


ADMISSION Full price: € 3 , Concessions: € 1,5 Groups: It is advisable to contact the Museum in advance,in order to obtain better serviceMuseum of Marble Crafts , Pyrgos, 84201 Panormos Tinos – Greece , Tel.: +3022830 - 31290,Fax: +3022830 – 31293 , www.piop.gr , [email protected] : Disabled Persons: There is no admission fee. Groups should definitely contact the Museum inadvance to make the necessary arrangements.Photography, Filming: Amateur photography and videotaping is permitted. Those wishing to takephotographs or film the exhibits for professional purposes should obtain a special permit from PIOP(tel: +302103256923).ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS : We wish to thank the Piraeus Bank Group Cultural Foundation and Ms AlexandraRapti, Head of the Public Relations Department of Piraeus Bank for their kindness to give us informationand photographs on the Museum of Marble Crafts of Tinos Island and their permission to publish thismaterial in ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS.

1 2

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1. . -Types of Greek marbles.2. . - View of the outdoor exhibition.3. . - View of the reconstruction of a quarry.4. . - General view of the Museum of Marble Crafts.

http://www.piop.gr



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95. : , , (18 -20 .). -Works sculpted in marble: secular, funerary, ecclesiastical (18th-20th c.).6. : ( ), . – View of the outdoor exhibition: rotating hoist (biga), railtracks and decauville car for transporting marbles.7. . - Reconstruction of a marble-carving workshop.8. : « ». From the permanent exhibition of the museum: “Installing an Episcopal throne”.9. , , . The museum presents original works in marble, including Tinian fanlights, original archival material and the richest collection of drawings by past marble-carvers.

– NEWS ON MINERALS 9 Vol. 23 , No 136 (2008) M ,

, LAPIDARY JOURNAL 1983 , . 1779-1780.-On the occasion of the article on the Museum of Marble Crafts in Tinos Island , our article on the MARBLES OF GREECE

is cited below. This article had been published in the LAPIDARY JOURNAL , January 1983 issue , p. 1779-1780)

SOME NOTES ON THE MARBLES OF GREECEBy D.G.Minatidis

70 Queen Sophia Avenue , Piraeus T.T.6 , Greece- In an article entitled “Greek Geostamps and Philamineral Items” , which appeared in the October 1982 issueof the Lapidary Journal, there was a stamp depicting Greek Marbles which represent one of the main GreekExports. Now I would like to say something more on the Greek Marbles. There are more than 80 varieties ofGreek Marbles on the market and if we include travertine and alabaster varieties , we have a variety of 90plus raw materials for building and ornamental purposes. Probably some of you visiting Greece or shows onstones will have come across some kinds of Greek Marbles. The story of some of the marble quarries is lost inthe antiquity. Many varieties of Greek marbles come from the same deposits where the Ancient Greeks usedmarbles to build famous temples such as the Parthenon (in the Acropolis of Athens) , the Temple of Neptuneat Cape Sounion , Delphi and numerous others. They also built theaters throughout Greece. Greek marbleswere used as raw material for sculpture ; statues such as the Aphrodite of Milos (now in the Louvre , Paris ,France) and the Hermes of Praxitelis are made of Greek marbles. The marble of Paros is extremely white andis deeply penetrated by light. It is this light penetration which gives a magnificent look to the statues ofAphrodite and Hermes. The Ancient Greeks used mostly white or semi-white marbles , mainly from Dionyssos,an extremely beautiful suburb north of Athens, Penteli and the islands of Paros and Thassos. Beside the activemarble quarries in Greece , there are many ancient abandoned quarries where one can see traces of workdone by the Ancient Greeks. Even tools have been found in some of them. In quite a few places the marbledeposits currently mined are extensions of the ancient deposits. To return to our days ,as I mentioned before ,more than 80 varieties of Greek marbles exists on the market. New deposits are discovered from time totime. The experience of visiting a marble quarry in Greece is very enjoyable , because apart from collectingall kinds of marbles , you may find traces and even tools , if you are lucky, of ancient times. In many marblelocalities in Greece where the rocks have not suffered extensive metamorphism you may find different fossils(ammonites and others). The Romans used mainly the marble of the island of Skyros which is white orsemiwhite marble with reddish brown irregular patterns. On Tinos Island you can find the famous greenmarble verde antico. The columns in the Catholic Church of St. Dionyssos in Athens are made of this greenmarble.A classification of the greek marbles would consist of : white ; white-semi-white ; black; gray ; beige-cream;red ; green; other colors ; travertine and onyx-alabaster. Among the white-semi-white we have : whiteDionyssos- Penteli ; white Penteli ; white-semi-white Verria ; white-semi-white Tranovaltos Kozani ; whiteLava Kozani ; white-semi-white Drama area ; white Thassos (crystalline); white Limnia Kavala ; white PaggaionKavala; white-semi-white Nikissiani Kavala ; white-semi-white Naxos (crystalline) ; white-semi-white Serres ;white-semiwhite Parnon ; white-semiwhite Ikaria ; semi-white Argalasti Volos and semi-white Kanalia Volos.Among the black marbles , there are : black Vytina ; black St. Petros Parnon ; black Tripolis ; blackMikrothebes ; black Levadia ; black Farsala ; black Volos ; black Melissochori Thessaloniki ; black Grevena ;black Taxiarches Drama ; black Dragasia Kozani ; black Valtetsiniko Gortynia ; black Kilkis; and black Kastoria.The gray marbles include : gray Aliveri Euboia ; gray Distos ; gray Kissabos ; gray Asteroussia Iraklion and graySanta Marina Marathon. The beige-cream marbles consist of : beige Ioannina (in different varieties); beigeRhodos ; beige Iria Nafplion ; beige Dombraine ; beige Dragasia Kozani ; beige Karnazeika Argolida ; beigeAliartos ; beige Agia , Larissa ; beige Driopi ; beige Ligourio and beige Mykaenes. Red marbles include : redAmarynthos Euboia ; red Eretria ; red Epidavros ; red Ermioni ; red Thebes ; red Chios ; red Cantia Argolida ;red Santa Galini Kriti; red Aliartos; red Edessa ; red Kozani and red Santa Thessaloniki. Among the greenmarbles , there are green Naoussa ; green Cipollino (Porto-Lafia , Nea Styra , Euboia); green Tinos (verdeantico) ; green Nesson Larissa ; green Fytia Verroia.- Other colors include , brown Troizinia ; rose Candia ; beige-red Mykaenes ; brown-gray Pyrgos Orhomenosand many others. Some good quality travertine include Porous-stone Korinthos ; travertine Aridea ; Alfastone ,Kriti. The onyx-alabaster (white-brown) of Kriti Island is extensively used for decorative ornaments.- Every two years there is a show in Thessaloniki , Greece, which is called MARMIN (from the initials of thewords mar-ble and min-eral). The show is entirely devoted to the marble business in Greece.In this show(and there are numerous similar shows in the rest of Europe) , the visitor has the chance to see what is new inGreece and in Southeast Europe. Beside the marbles (domestic and imported) , all kinds of machinery involvedin the marble industry from Greece and abroad are on display. News ideas and new varieties of marbles cometo light during this show. Some of the greek marbles, and I will mention as an example the cipollina in PortoLafia , exhibit all kinds of folds (inclined , recumbent etc) and fractures in macro and micro scale. Students inStructural Geology would find a rock formation designed from Nature for them. Passing by the marble factoriesnear Nea Styra , the visitor can see cut blocks of cipollino exhibiting these structures all along their sidesurface.Washstands , bookstands, statues , tables , ashtrays , building overcoat and others are some of the uses of theGreek Marbles. The use of the raw material depends only on the creative ability of the people to enlarge thespectrum of uses of the marbles.

(Reproduced from the January, 1983, issue of Lapidary Journal with permission from the publisher.)

– NEWS ON MINERALS 10 Vol. 23 , No 136 (2008) - From Australia : – Opal Book

A lovely book on Opal, South Australia s Gemstone is available for 22 Australian dollars ,plus postage andhandling costs (around 10 AUS $ per book for Sea Mail or AUS $ 16 per book for Economy Air Mail). This isa publication of the South Australian Department of Mines and Energy. Size of the book 15 cms X 21 cms,177 pages full of color photos and maps. (Edition 1992)This is a book written by people who live and work in the heart of the largest Opal Fields in the world ,“speaks” to you and tells you all about Opal : What is Opal ? Geology of Opal ,mining methods in the OpalFields of Andamooka , Coober Pedy Mintabie ,The Opal Industry , Opal mining and the Law, Glossary ofOpal , mining terms , selected bibliography and much more. This is some of the information inside thisbook on one of the most beautiful gemstones : O p a lHow to order in Europe: ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS have been assigned as OfficialDistributor in Europe for the book: Opal, South Australia s Gemstone. European orders will be forwardedto : Dimitris G. Minatidis , c/o ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS ,70 Queen Sofia Avenue , Piraeus EL-185 32 , Hellas. Tel. Intern. : +30-210- 4171-680 , +30-213-025-8688, FAX : +30-210-4132-570 , E-mail : [email protected] . Payment will be sent-on receipt of Pro-Forma Invoice directly to: Department of Mines and Energy ( Attention : The Editor , P. O. Box 151 ,Eastwood , South Australia 5063 , Australia . Tel (08)-274-7500 , FAX : (08)[email protected]

-NEWS ON MINERALS : ,

. 22 + 10 16

. : - NEWS ON MINERALS ,

. 70 , 185 32 , (210)-4171-680 , FAX: (210)-4132-570 e-mail :[email protected] . – - : Department of Mines andEnergy , P. O. Box 151 , Eastwood , South Australia 5063 , Australia (Attention: The Editor) .Tel.(08)-274-7500 , FAX: (08)-2727-597 . [email protected]

-GEOMARKET- -GEOMARKET-- MINERAL SPECIMENS

- Calcite, Lavrion , Hellas. Very nice coralloid calcite , various sizes. From 30 EURO.- Smoky quartz , Macedonia , Hellas . ,very nice smoky quartz xls 20 EURO each.- Annabergite (Mg-variety Cabrerite) , Lavrion , Hellas. Unique emerald-green silky xls onmatrix. 12-15 cms across. Very rare specimens .- Slag specimens , Lavrion , Hellas. Slag specimens 3000-5000 years old with vugs filled with minerals insmall perfect crystals. 15 EURO each. Minimum 10 slags.* Also nice mineral specimens from Lavrion for collectors from 15 € (T/N size) each (azurite , baryte,fluorite , smithsonite , malachite. dog-teeth ankerite and other species).** Please add for postage and handling , depending on the weight of the specimens and the way ofshipment (Air or Surface Mail) . --- European Union ( ) Residents add 19% V.A.T. on total cost.

OPAL IN STAMPS –

,1973 , 1995

, 1998






Unusual Melo imitationBy Dr. Lore Kiefert

American Gem Trade Association Gemological Testing Center18 East 48th St., Suite 502 , New York, NY 10017, USA

Tel: 212-752-1717; Fax: 212-750-0930 , e-Mail: [email protected] ; Web: www.agta-gtc.org

Recently, a large "Melo pearl" weighing 66.30 ct was submitted to the lab (Fig. 1). The pearl showed theflame structure as seen in natural melo pearls. However, there was also visible banding, as seen in shellmaterial, and some orange color concentration along some of these bands (Fig. 2). No polish marks wereseen that would suggest it was a worked material. The pearl was almost round, with a diameter varyingbetween 20.19 and 20.80 mm.-Melo pearls come from the Melo melo marine snail, which is found in the waters of the South China Sea,as far south as Singapore and west as the Andaman Sea. Like conch pearls, the melo gem is not actually anacreous pearl because it contains no nacre. Like the better known pink conch pearls, melos are non-nacreous and show a distinct flame structure. Just like in coral, the orange color is derived fromcarotene.-The pearl submitted to the laboratory matched the color of a melo pearl, but the banding wassuspicious, being unlike anything we had previously encountered in a natural melo pearl. A Ramanspectrum was taken and compared to the Raman spectrum of a paler melo melo shell. While the paleyellow shell showed clear carotene peaks, the much more saturated pearl was lacking these peaks (Fig.3).-With the lack of natural color, plus the banding not seen in natural melo pearls, we concluded that thismust have been cut out of a shell. The only one that could give such a big diameter and at the same timeexposing flame structure is the giant clam, Tridacna gigas, which can reach up to four feet in diameter.Giant clams are white in color, hence the specimen we had was dyed to imitate a melo pearl.

1 2Fig. 1: This "melo pearl", weighing 66.30 ct with a diameter of over 20 mm, was submitted to thelaboratory for testing.Fig. 2: A closeup of the surface shows flame structure, interrupted by repeated banding. Orangecolor concentration is found in the banding.

Fig. 3: Raman spectrum of a melo melo shell (bottom). Besides the aragonite peaks at approx.1088, 707, and 210 cm-1, some additional carotene peaks at 1530 and 1138 cm-1 can be seen.These are lacking in the spectrum of the melo imitation (top).

( Courtesy : American Gem Trade Association Gemmological Testing Centre )


http://www.agta-gtc.org

– NEWS ON MINERALS 12 Vol. 23 , No 136 (2008) Melo

. Lore KiefertAmerican Gem Trade Association Gemmological Testing Centre

18 East 48th St., Suite 502 , New York, NY 10017, USATel: 212-752-1717; Fax: 212-750-0930 , e-Mail: [email protected] ; Web: www.agta-gtc.org

American Gem TradeAssociation , « Melo» , 66,30 ( . 1) .

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Like conch pearls, the melo melo gem is not actually a nacreous pearl because it contains no nacre. It iscreated by a similar process, however, in response to a foreign substance that invades the snail's shell.

(Photograph ,Courtesy : http://commons.wikimedia.org )


http://www.agta-gtc.org

http://www.livepedia.gr/

http://commons.wikimedia.org


( ) -MINERAL POSTCARDS (LAMINATED) set of 12 color high quality mineral postcards depicting the following mineral specimens from

various localities around the world : 1. Sapphire 2. Ruby 3. Emerald (Facetted) 4 . Pyromorphite5. Pyrrhotite on Calcite 6. Rhodochrosite + aegirine + genthelvite 7. Cubanite xls 8. Pyrite crystals 9.Quartz , variety , amethyst- sceptre habit 10. Serandite 11. Diopside on grossular 12. Amethyst 13.GypsePrice 40 EURO Air Mail post paid.

CD-ROMs on Earth Science- CD-ROMs * The Theory of Plate Tectonics 75 €* Illustrated Dictionary of Earth Sciences 50 €* The Wonders of Rocks and Minerals 75 €* The study of minerals 90 €* Plate Tectonics and how the Earth works 75 €* Environmental management of Mineral Exploration Activities for Field Personnel 95 €* Life in Amber 85 €* Explore the World of Modern UV-visible Spectroscopy 60 €* The Photo-Atlas of minerals 95 €* Hands-On Mineral Identification 40 €

European Union Residents add 19 % V.A.T.

GEMSTONES - Peridot (Gem Olivine) : Gem rough facetting material transparent , excellent quality from Pakistan.Rose Quartz cabochons , 30 X 40 mm (Grade AAA , South African material ) : 5 EURO per piece.Excellent brown-red ZIRCON crystals on Rock matrix from Pakistan; The specimens are from remoteareas of this Country and range in sizes from T/N to Cabinet . Please enquire.

SHOWS - NEWS - -

Oslo – Norway : The 33rd International Geological Congress , 6-14 August 2008 . Information :www.33igc.org . Congress-Conference AS , P .O .Box 2694 Solli , NO-0204 Oslo , Norway . Tel. +47-22561930- FAX: +47-22560541 , E-mail: [email protected] Chicago : World of Gems Conference , 13-14 September 2008 . Information : The World of GemsConference is Organized by Gemworld International, Inc. , 2640 Patriot Blvd, Suite 240 , Glenview, IL60026 USA . Tel: 847-657-0555 ; Fax: 847-657-0550 , [email protected] (Richard Drucker) andAGTA Gemological Testing Center , 18 East 48th St., Suite 502 , New York, NY 10017, USA , Tel: 212-752-1717; Fax: 212-750-0930 , [email protected] (Joyann Cooke)Altdorf – Helvetia : 6-7 September 2008 .Mineral show . Info : Andrian Dittli ,Giessenstrasse 3,CH-6460, Altdorf , Helvetia. Tel. +4141871 20 91 , FAX: +41 79 262 26 86 , [email protected]

Hong Kong : Eco Expo Asia 2008 , 28-31 October 2008 , AsiaWorld-Expo, Hong Kong. Information : 3506, China Resources Building, 26 Harbour Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong . Telefone :(852) 2238-9998 , (852) 2238-9915, FAX:(852)2598-8771, [email protected] ,[email protected] , http://www.messefrankfurt.com.hkGermany - Munich : 31 October – 2 November 2008 , 45th International Mineral ,Gem and FossilShow . Information : MMFG Postfach 1361 , D-82034 Oberhaching , Mr. Joh. Keilmann , Tel: +49-896134711 , FAX: +49-89.6135400 , [email protected] , www.mineralientage.comGreece - Athens : 22nd GeMin 2008 , 28-29-30 November 2008 . Information : GeMin, c/oORYKTOLOGIKA NEA - NEWS ON MINERALS , 70 Queen Sofia Avenue, Piraeus, EL-18532, Hellas. Tel+30-213-025-8688 , FAX:+30-210-4132-570 , e-mail : [email protected] [email protected] , [email protected] ,http://www.gemin.eu

USA-Tucson : 12-15 February 2009 , "Gems & Gem Minerals". Information : Phone: +1-(520) 322-5773 FAX: +1- (520) 322-6031 , Email: [email protected] , Web Site: www.tgms.org , Mail Address: P OBox 42588, Tucson AZ 85733 , USA . Street Address: 3727 E. Blacklidge, Tucson AZ 85716

: - NEWS ON MINERALS.

Use the friendly phrase :I found you in ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS

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http://www.messefrankfurt.com.hk


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– NEWS ON MINERALS 14 Vol. 23 , No 136 (2008)PALEONTOLOGY , MINERALOGY : Some of your best contacts :

USA : Fossil News, Journal of Avocational Paleontology , Lynne M. Clos, Editor, 1185 Claremont Dr., Boulder,Colorado USA 80303-6601 - http://www.fossilnews.com• Paleontologia em Destaque , Editor: Marco Aurelio Vicalvi , Depto. De Geologia/ IGEO/ CCMN/ UFRJ , Av.

Brigadeiro Trompowsky , s/n , Cidade Universitáriá , Iiha do Fundão , CEP 21.949.900 , Rio de Janeiro ,RJ , Brazil . E-mail: [email protected] ,

• Site : http://www.acd.ufrj.br/geologia/sbp/sbp.htmUSA: Fossil Sites : http://home.att.net/~e.j.swearengin/fossils.htm

- NEW PERIODICAL « » .

ORGANIC GEMS . www.maggiecp.com ,.

ORGANIC GEMS is a new online periodical publication devoted entirely to gem materials of plant and animalorigin. For details log on to web site www.maggiecp.com .

SLAG MINERALS – *Hellas + South Africa + Germany : (International Associationof Collectors of Slag Minerals - IACSM - Founded in 1986 by NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS).

+ + : Join the International Association of Collectorsof Slag Minerals and keep informed with Slag Mineralogy , Slag Minerals and Collectors of Slag mineralsfrom around the World. You can write either: - NEWS ON MINERALS , 70 Queen Sofia Avenue , Piraeus EL -185 32 , Hellas. Tel.International : +30-210-4171-680 , FAX:+30-210-4132-570 e-mail : [email protected] , http://users.hol.gr/~minat S. AFRICAN MICROMOUNT SOCIETY, P.O. Box 17273 , Groenkloof, Republic of South Africa ARGE Schlackenneubildung , c/o Mr. Elmar Nieding , Konstantine - Noppel Strasse 25 , D -7760, Radolfzell –Germany*We had received a letter from the Editor of IACSM , Mr. Horst Windisch saying that the edition of theIACSM Newsletter will be delayed ,we hope temporarily. Already due to the efforts of the last 15 yearsquite a few Slag Mineral Collectors constitute a dynamic potential which will take over the continuationand coordination of this effort started back in 1986 by ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS .Until a new editor will take over the continuation of the IACSM Newsletter , all Slag Mineral collectors cansend news ,articles ,exchange lists etc to ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS for publication.

Exchange of Minerals ,Gemstones and Fossils - ,

– From India : . Shah gems and jewellery mfg. co. , Contact person : Mr. Rajesh shah , H1 / 40SEZ 1, SITAPURA INDUSTRIAL AREA, TONK ROAD, JAIPUR 302022 INDIA. email : [email protected] website :http://shahgems.com , Tel. : +911412700619 , mobile : +919314939013 ,

- Interested to exchangegemstone Jewellery and Gemstones with Collectors from Greece and other Countries.

– From Holland : Mr. André M. Robbemond , Esmoreitschouw 7 , 2726 KH Zoetermeer , TheNetherlands wishes to exchange mineral specimens with other collectors.

- From UK: Mr. Steve Bown , 26 Mendip Heights , Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 7TB-UK , is a newcomer in the Collection of Micromounts and wants to contact other Micromounters in Hellas(Greece) and other Countries. A warm welcome to Steve , who deserves a welcome accompanied by somemicros donated to him to help him move forward.

- From Hellas (Greece) : O . , 23 EL-17673 . -Mr. Michalis Samouhos , Meghistis 23 , Kallithea , EL-17673, HELLAS, wishes to exchange minerals

with collectors from all over the World.-From Pakistan : . Mr SHAHID SALEEM , Shahid Brothers , P-438, St#3, Main Bazar,

Mughalpura-1, Sheikhupura Road , Pakistan , [email protected] , [email protected] , Tel: 92-300-6658188 , FAX : 92-41-546578 ,

. –Interested to exchange minerals from Pakistan with collectors from Greece and otherCountries.

-From Italy : Mr. Fabio Bigazzi ,Via dell'Acqua Ghiaccia, 4 - Fontana - 53038 Staggia Senese -Si - Italy - [email protected] , exchanges minerals with collectors around the World.

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In order to increase sales on Minerals ,Gemstones and Fossils or if you want to expand business worldwide ,just place an attractive colourful advertisement with us and let it work for you !

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-LEARN ON THE MINERAL WEALTH OF THE COUNTRIES VIA MINERAL POSTAGE STAMPS

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The best gift for the students and the newcomer in the collection of mineral,gemstone and fossil postage stamps

50 .The packet contains 50 sealed (used) mineral ,gemstone postage stamps.

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-Another way to attract the interest of junior and senior Mineral,Gem and FossilCollectors is the collection of postage stamps depicting Minerals, Gems andFossils.

25 € Price 25€ ppd - MINERAL POSTAGE STAMPS :

** Mineral Wealth of Hellas , Mint Set , 7 stamps (1980) 10 EURO ppd** First Day Cover (F D C) 12 EURO ppd.** Maximum Cards on the same topic 75 EURO ppd (Total number of sets in circulation 500-Limited offer).

20 GeMinCOMMEMORATIVE COVER ON THE 20 YEARS JUBILEE OF GeMin EXHIBITION

- -NEWS ON MINERALS 20 GeMin.

-NEWS ON MINERALS . 5€.- On the occasion of 20 years of GeMin Exhibition in Athens , Hellas , ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ONMINERALS have released a Geophilotelic Document cancelled at the National Philotelic Museum. Thecommemorative cover will be available by this publication until end of stock. Price 5 €.

ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS :Your best source on Geophilotelism in Hellas


CONSULTING SERVICESAre you looking to buy Raw Mineral Resources , Ores for your Industry ?

We provide the most reliable Consulting.We go through our data base and search for the best solution for you to fit best in

your needs.ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS

70 Queen Sofia Avenue , Piraeus , EL-185 32, HELLASTel. +30-213-0258688 , FAX:+30-210-4132-570 , e-mai : [email protected]

Mobile telephone number : 6979771898 , www.gemin.euSave time , save money , find the best solution for you and your Company .

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HIGH TECHNOLOGY NATURAL PRODUCTS MADE OF MINERALS , TO PROTECT YOUAGAINST POSITIVE (+) ION RADIATION EMITTED BY ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTS.

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Protect yourself from positive (+) ion radiation emitted by personal computers , mobiletelephones ,TV apparatus , Air Conditioner and any other electronic equipment.

Just buy the Suitable Natural Product which will create a shield around you and protectyou from positive (+) ion radiation.

– Crystal of TourmalineWe will be able to supply you with any type of Tourmaline made , protective product

against radiation. We also can supply you with actual tourmaline (Schörl type)specimens.

Enquiries from other Countries are also welcome !ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS

70 Queen Sofia Avenue , Piraeus , EL-185 32, HELLASTel. : +30-213-025-8688 , FAX : +30-210-4132-570 , e-mail: [email protected]

Mobile telephone number : 6979771898***************

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ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS70 Queen Sofia Avenue , Piraeus , EL-185 32, HELLASTel. : +30-213-025-8688 , FAX : +30-210-4132-570 ,

e-mail : [email protected] [email protected] telephone number : 6979771898


http://www.gemin.eu





GeMin , Your Mineral ,Gem , Jewellery and Fossil Exhibition in Southeastern Europe.www.gemin.eu

- Most of major European Mineral, Gem and Fossil shows take place in Western Europe . GeMin show inAthens ,Hellas , is the unique event of its kind which covers the Mineral, Gem , Jewellery and Fossil activities ,Industry and Earth Sciences and fills the gap in Southeastern Europe. ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ONMINERALS is widely known that sponsors the GeMin show since 1987 , but our publication has and willcontinue to support within its possibilities any effort on Earth Sciences and especially on Minerals, Gems andFossils. We always believe that this is the only way to enhance the Sciences of Mineralogy , Paleontology in theform of hobby as well as enhance the Gem Industry. It is the least acknowledgement to all those people wholook for minerals ,gems and fossils in the remote areas of the Earth and bring them in front of Collectors atvarious Shows. It is the least acknowledgement to all those suppliers of Gem Rough and superb Mineral andFossil Specimens from around the World.One of the most striking features of Athens GeMin show is its substantial sales potential as Hellas is one ofmajor tourist destinations in the World and apart from collectors in Hellas ,thousands of collectors come astourists and buy minerals, gems and fossils. Companies have realized this and so there is an inflow of materialevery year in the Market here.- GeMin show is the most comfortable show in Europe as the organizing Committee takes care for thecomfortness both the Exhibitors and the visitors. A great deal of superb specimens ,gems and fossils areexpected to be on display during 22nd GeMin 2008 to be held in Athens on 28-29-30 November 2008 andwe invite all to be present in this big event in Athens either as Exhibitors or as Visitors.-Another parameter which is seriously taken into consideration by the Organizing Committee of GeMin is thejunior section : The future are the pupils ,the students and in general the younger generation of collectors ,soschools are urged and invited to visit GeMin ,so young people have the chance to come across with mineralspecimens, gems and fossils but also with educational products on Earth Sciences.

: 28-29- 30 2008 22nd GeMin 2008 , , .

Do not forget : 28-29-30 November 2008 is the 22nd GeMin 2008 International Mineral,Gemstone ,Jewellery and Fossil Exhibition in Athens.

One of the best Mineral , Gemstone , Jewellery and Fossil Exhibitions inSoutheastern Europe. Be there !

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GeMin and ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA – NEWS ON MINERALS in Las Vegas ,Nevada , USA

- GeMin -NEWS ON MINERALS , , 2008.

- GeMin and ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA –NEWS ON MINERALS booth during G.L.D.A. 10th Annual Gems andJewelry show in Las Vegas , Nevada , USA during May 2008.

- PAN AMERICAN

ENTERPRISES Tucson ,

- NEWS ON MINERALS ,

GeMin –NEWS ON MINERALS 10

G.L.D.A. , , . 2008.

- The photograph on the left shows theGeMin and ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ONMINERALS booth , during G.L.D.A. 10th

Annual International Gem and Jewelryshow held in Las Vegas , Nevada , USA ,during May 2008. The booth is part ofbarter , during the last years , betweenPAN AMERICAN ENTERPRISES based inTucson , Arizona , USA and GeMinExhibition and ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWSON MINERALS based in Piraeus , Greece.

http://www.gemin.eu


FROM THE GALLERY OF ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS

- Minerals of the World (ISBN 0-444-42135-1) - 200 , ,

. 80 130 . . : 85 € ,

.- A laminated wall chart 80 X 130 cms with photographs of 200 minerals and plentity of data on crystalsystems and other mineralogical information. A top educational product for every school , MineralogicalLaboratory , and professionals . Price : 85 EURO including packing , lamination and shipping.

- -NEWS ON MINERALS GeMin». « »

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- Try the Gemstone Foot Pebbler and Relax . It is possibly the most helpful gemstoneproduct to revive tired feet. You deserve to revive your valuable Health.

The wonders of Rocks andMinerals

- CD-ROMs ,

- NEWSON MINERALS.1. The Wonders of Rocks and Minerals2. The Study of Minerals-Two of the best CD-ROMs on Mineralogy areavailable by ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ONMINERALS . These wonderful and veryinformative CDs are available at 165 EURO +10 EURO shipping and handling Write now to :ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS ,FAX : +30-210-4132-570 , [email protected],[email protected] The Study of Minerals




– GOLD – - GOLD- -NEWS ON MINERALS , .

.- A new educational and collector s item from ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA - NEWS ONMINERALS , suitable for students and collectors. A bottle with gold flakes withinformative printed material on Gold.

Tell us what minerals you want foryour collection and we will make

the best offer.

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–Mining Lamps for Collectors

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- Collect a piece of History. Add in your Mineral and GemstoneCollection a perfect copy of a mining lamp which used to be (and is)the “right hand” of miners , that is , of all those people who work downunder the Earth in adits and mining galleries to mine and bring in thesurface the raw metalliferous and industrial minerals ,so necessary tomake our life more comfortable


(Photographs in the Gallery “ -Design” , Evanghelia G. Minatidou , Iroon Polytechneiou55-57 , Commercial Center “TERPSITHEA” 1rst Floor, Piraeus , EL-185 35 , Hellas)

[(Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)2 ] ( . ).

High Quality Jewellery and Decorative Art Crafts made of best quality Lazurite[ (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)2 ] (Lapis Lazuli)

– THE HELLENIC FLAG –A REAL JEWEL

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Gemstone Playing Cards

- , !-You can learn the main minerals by playing cards ! Need more ? Just order a set of these cards.

Epidote + Quartz from Swat and Baltistan , Pakistan – + ,

– Sample size : 11,5 8 5 cms – Sample size : 9 X 8 X 4,5 cms

III IV – Sample size : 14 X 8 X 5 cms IV - Sample size :

(6 X 4,5 X 4,5 cms) – Single epidote Crystal – : (2 0,5 0,8 )

Quartz with rutile and brookite inclusions , Kharan , Balochistan , Pakistan . [Brookite is a mineralconsisting of titanium oxide, TiO2, and hence identical with rutile and anatase in composition ]


Mineral and Fossil Collecting Geotour-kit for Greece

***Do you plan to spend your holidays in Greece next Summer ? If yes , there is no doubt that you can combine yourholidays with a tour in some fascinating areas in the Greek Mainland or the Greek Islands and look for minerals , fantasticvolcanic terrains , fossils , The Petrified forest of Lesvos , the Santorini and Nisyros Volcanoes , ***Come and see thefamous Milos Island , Visit the Septaria Terrain in Central Macedonia and collect Septaria for your collection, See theMeteora Geomorphological Landscape which surely could be one of the Seven Nature s Wonders of the World and muchmore .***Plan your tour timely . Finalize your plans . We can provide you with packet information with maps and otherinformation at a minimal cost . Be self-sufficient in Greece with our information packet and let yourself and your family todiscover GeoGreece !Our packet will include :1. Excellent Road Editions Map either for the Greek Islands or the Mainland2. Geology map of the area (wherever is available ) and3. Any available information on Mineral AND Fossil localities or other Magnificent Landscape information available forthe area of your interest.

WELCOME IN GREECE ! FROM ORYKTOLOGIKA NEA-NEWS ON MINERALS – Sample of Mineralogical kit for Collectors

, – Andros Island , Kyklades Archipelago , Aegean Sea , Hellas (Greece).

- , - .

: , , , [ ] , , , ( ) , ,

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-You can visit vein iron ores in the area of Aghios Petros (St. Peter) where the petrological environment is quartz-muscovite schist along with cipolin marbles . You can locate Piemontite , goethite , limonite , psilomelane[associate with quartz veins] , siderite , ankerite , residual sulfates and sulfides such as pyrite (within goethite) ,chalcopyrite , malachite and rare iron-manganese minerals.- In Vitali area in NE Andros but also in other areas you can find manganese minerals such as manganite ,psilomelane , pyrolousite , braunite and others.

- Get your kit now and find your way ! And do not forget that Mineralogical Safari inGreek Islands in Summertime is a safari beyond any expectation!


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MINERALS- One of the best Gifts for yourself ,your Children and your Friends : A

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MINERALS

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, (17 X 11 X 8 )Quartz crystal cluster , Pakistan

Norbergite [ Mg3(SiO4)F1.5(OH)0.5 ] ,yellow crystals , from Limberg / Pargas ,

Finland

-Rare mineral)

[ Mg3(SiO4)F1.5(OH)0.5 ] , ,

Limberg/Pargas (10 X 5 X 3 cms)


– Epidote , Calumet Mine , -Epidote , Skardu , Pakistan Salida , Colorado , (7 X3 X 3 cms) (10 X 6 X 2,5 cms)

( ), – Scorodite , Hemerdon Bull Mine , Devon , UK- Scorodite (green crystals),Lavrion,Hellas (3,5 cms X 2 cms X 2 cms) (7 cms X 7 cms X 6,5 cms)

: , Tom’s Phosphate Quarry , via Kapunda ,Mount Lofty Ranges, SouthAustralia- Australia - : , ,Above left : Wavellite , Tom’s Phosphate Quarry , via Kapunda ,Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia(6 cms X 6cms X 3 cms) - Above right : Wavellite , Arkansas , USA ( 7 cms X 4 cms X 2 cms)

Wavellite : Al3 (PO4 )2 (OH)3 -(H2 O)5, Hydrated Aluminum Phosphate Hydroxide


Calcite .Superb obtuse negative multi-stepped rhombohedral crystals with lesser crystals on matrix.Bwlch-y-cwmQuarry , Tongwynlais, Cardiff , South Slamorgan, Wales, UK.

, ( 7 cms X 4 cms X 4,5 cms)

A A1

B C DA + A1 : Boulangerite – [ lead antimony sulfide, Pb5Sb4S11 ] , P íbram , Czech Republic (4 cms X 4cms X 1,5 cms) / B : Multi-twinned smoky Quartz crystal [ SiO2] , Kato Nevrokopi , Drama County , Macedonia ,Hellas (4 cms X 2 cms X 1,5 cms) / C : Liroconite - , (bright blue) , [ Hydrated copper aluminiumarsenate hydroxide, Cu2AlAsO4(OH)4·4H2O ] Colorado , USA ( 4 cms X 3 cms X 3cms).D : Aragonite – , crystal cluster standing on limestone rock matrix , Lavrion , Hellas (5 cms X 5 cms X 5cms) - [ Aragonite is a carbonate mineral, one of the two common, naturally occurring polymorphs of calciumcarbonate, CaCO3. The other polymorph is the mineral calcite ]

– ARAGONITE ON STAMPS

AUSTRIA ,1984 FRENCH SOUTH AND ANTARCTIC TERRITORIES ,1990 CHINA , 1997


–RARE GEMSTONES FOR MUSEUMS – COLLECTORS AND SCHOOLS

, 597,70 , , 375,05 , 597.70 Carats Museum Size Natural Green Emerald 375.05 Carats Natural Royal Blue Sapphire

100% Natural Earth Mined Emerald – Brazil 100% Natural Earth Mined Sapphire - India ( 7 cms/5,3cms /2,2 cms) (6 cms /4 cms /1,6 cms)

152 152.00 CTS MUSEUM GRADE TOP PIGEON BLOOD RED NATURAL RUBY Cut : Pear Cut - Dimensions : 3,8 x 2,7 x 1,7 cms –- 23 The smaller ruby weighs 23 carats (2 X1,5 X 0,6 cms) Origin : Africa ( – - -NEWS ON MINERALS)

INVEST IN GEM ROUGH MINERAL SPECIMENS AND GEMSTONES - INVEST IN THE FUTURE –

- – (The above gemstones are now in the Collection of AK , Athens ,Hellas)

– -

EMERALD-SAPPHIRE-RUBY ON STAMPS


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I am planning to sell -privately - my Personal Gemstones COLLECTION – under :STEPHANE GEMS INTERNATIONAL

Stephane Salerno , FCGmA , 7 bis place Georges Courteline , F-3723OO - LUYNES, FRANCETelephone :+ 33 2 47 55 69 27 , Mobile : + 33 6 21 36 49 13 ,

e-mail : [email protected] website : http://www.sgemsintl.com **On this website (under construction),NO PHOTOGRAPHS at all - only a restricted amount of natural gemstones -from all over the

World . MORE STONES ,available on request . Inquiries are welcome :Just let me know what stone(s) you are looking for

Colorless Baryte and Goethite on a large Rhodonite with andradite crystals (“Raisin bread structure) Yellow sanidine crystal , Macedonia , Hellas Eastern Macedonia , Hellas______________________________________________________________________________________________

– / AMETHYST-AMETRINE-CITRINE

Amethyst, 36,20 carats ,Africa – Ametrine , 32,33 carats , Bolivia – Citrine ,20 carats , Brazil

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Fe3+.: K , .

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.Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz , SiO2 often used as an ornamental stone in jewellery. The namecomes from the Ancient Greek a- ("not") and methysos ("drunken , drunkard"), a reference to the beliefthat the stone protected its owner from drunkenness. Its color is due either to small amounts of B orBPO4 or - according to others – to the presence of Fe3+.Citrine is a variety of quartz. It ranges in color from a pale yellow to brown. Citrine has ferric impurities.Its color is attributed to submicroscopic distribution of colloidal hydroxide of Fe3+.

Ametrine, also known as trystine or by its trade name as bolivianite, is a naturally occurring variety ofquartz. Best qualities come from Bolivia in South America. It is a mixture of amethyst and citrine withzones of purple and yellow or orange. The colour of the zones visible within ametrine are due todiffering oxidation states of iron within the crystal.


http://www.sgemsintl.com


Ametrine , from Bolivia (65,25 carats , 2 X 2,9 X1,3 cms ) – , (65,25 -2 2,9 1,3 .)

Tourmaline (black mineral) with quartz and Purple and green fluorite , China ( 7,5 X 5,5 X 4 cms) cleavelandite - Gilgit area , Pakistan

132.50 cts CITRINE (MANDARIN ORANGE ) 216.00 CT MUSEUM! SIZE! EXQUISITE MADEIRA CITRINEPEAR SHAPE Shape : CUSHIONSize : 31.0 X 41.0 X 21.0 mm Size : 31.0 X 48.0 X 24.0 mmTreatment : UNHEATED , Clarity : IF Treatment : UNHEATED , Clarity : VSLuster : EXQUISITE , Hardness : 7 Luster : EXQUISITE , Hardness : 7Origin: Brazil Origin: Brazil

436.10 Carast Natural Champagne Smoky QuartzGemstone - AAA – Magnificent ! HUGE & RARE

MUSEUM SIZE GEMSTONE –FLAWLESS

Origin of Gem – Africa

60mm/38mm/31mm , Color - As DepictedTreatments - None

Clarity - VVS/IF


( “DNA” .

Geothermal Energy Market PotentialEnergy Business Reports

-Geothermal power is the use of geothermal heat to generate electricity. Geothermal comes from theGreek words geo, meaning earth, and therme, meaning heat.-The utilization of geothermal energy for the production of electricity dates back to the early part of thetwentieth century. For 50 years the generation of electricity from geothermal energy was confined toItaly and interest in this technology was slow to spread elsewhere. In 1943 the use of geothermal hotwater was pioneered in Iceland. Estimates of exploitable worldwide geothermal energy resources varyconsiderably.-The largest dry steam field in the world is The Geysers, about 90 miles (145 km) north of San Francisco.The Geysers began in 1960 which has 1360 MW of installed capacity and produces about 1000 MW net.Calpine Corporation now owns 19 of the 21 plants in The Geysers and is currently the United States'largest producer of renewable geothermal energy. The other two plants are owned jointly by theNorthern California Power Agency and Santa Clara Electric. Since the activities of one geothermal plantaffects those nearby, the consolidation plant ownership at The Geysers has been beneficial because theplants operate cooperatively instead of in their own short-term interest. The Geysers is now rechargedby injecting treated sewage effluent from the City of Santa Rosa and the Lake County sewage treatmentplant. This sewage effluent used to be dumped into rivers and streams and is now piped to thegeothermal field where it replenishes the steam produced for power generation.-Another major geothermal area is located in south central California, on the southeast side of the SaltonSea, near the cities of Niland and Calipatria, California. As of 2001, there were 15 geothermal plantsproducing electricity in the area. CalEnergy owns about half of them and the rest are owned by variouscompanies. Combined the plants have a capacity of about 570 megawatts.-Geothermal energy can be used as an efficient heat source in small end-use applications such asgreenhouses, but the consumers have to be located close to the source of heat. Geothermal energy has amajor environmental benefit because it offsets air pollution that would have been produced if fossil fuelswere the energy source. Geothermal energy has a very minor impact on the soil - the few acres usedlook like a small light-industry building complex. Since the slightly cooler water is reinjected into theground, there is only a minor impact, except if there is a natural geyser field close by.This report explores the factors associated with utilizing the actual potential of geothermal energy. Thereport covers all the technological details, along with issues and challenges faced during the utilizationof geothermal energy. Major projects, power plants, players in the industry, the major role of the UnitedStates in the global geothermal industry, the active role of the U.S. Department of Energy, and thevarious environmental benefits of using geothermal energy are all explored in-depth in this report.

(Courtesy : www.EnergyBusinessReports.com )

http://www.EnergyBusinessReports.com


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Geothermal Energy Market Potential - TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary 6Introduction 7Historical Background 7Present Status of Geothermal Utilization 7Nature of Geothermal Resources 8Looking at the Earth’s Thermal Engine 8Geothermal Systems 11Formation of Geothermal Reservoir 15Defining & Classifying Geothermal Resources 16Geothermal Exploration 20Exploration Methods 21Exploration Programs 22Utilization of Geothermal Resources 24Electricity Generation 26Direct Heat Uses 29Geothermal Power Plant Electricity Generation 36Flashed Steam Plants 36Dry Steam Plants 37Binary Power Plants 37Hybrid Power Plants 38Non-Electrical Use of Geothermal Energy 39Economic Considerations 41Environmental Impact 44Sources of Pollution 44Reducing Carbon Emissions from Geothermal Power in U.S. 47Geothermal Resource in the U.S. 48Potential for Power Production 51WGA Estimates of Short-Term Power Production Potential 52Technology Development Economics 53Infrastructure Performance & Emissions Indicators 56Challenges and Opportunities 58Conclusion 60Environmental & Energy Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pumps 61Overview 61Energy Benefits 61Environmental Benefits 62Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Emissions Reductions 62Ozone Layer Damage 62Human Health 62Role of the U.S. Department of Energy 63


Impressive Market Growth 63Case Study – Fort Polk Army Base 63Geothermal Sustainability 65Introduction 65Renewability & Sustainability 65Effects of Heat/Fluid Production from a Geothermal Reservoir 66“Mining” Geothermal Resources? 67Geothermal Regeneration Time Scales 67Geothermal Heat Pumps 67Doublet System Using a Hydrothermal Aquifer 68Low-Enthalpy Resources 69High-Enthalpy Two-Phase Reservoir 69Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) 70Summary 70Looking at a Sustainable Production Level 71Conclusion 72Geothermal Heat Pumps for Medium & Large Buildings 73Improving the Bottom Line 73Roadmap for Success 74How a GHP System Works 74Comfort & Security 75Case Study – World’s Largest GHP System 75DOE’s Geothermal Program 76Geoscience and Supporting Technologies 77Exploration and Drilling Research 77Energy Systems Research and Testing 78Present & Future of Geothermal Energy 80Case Study: Utilization of Geothermal Energy in Railway Tunnels 81Major Projects 82Chena Hot Springs 82The Geysers 82Puna Geothermal Venture 83Desert Peak 83Blundell Geothermal Plant 83Leading Players 85Calpine Corporation 85Caithness Energy 85Nevada Power, Co. 87Northern California Power Agency 89Ormat International, Inc. 90Appendix 92Glossary 100

List of Figures & TablesFiguresFigure 1: The Earth's Crust, Mantle, & Core. Top Right: A Section through the Crust & the Uppermost Mantle 9Figure 2: Schematic Cross-Section Showing Plate Tectonic Processes 10Figure 3: World Pattern of Plates, Oceanic Ridges, Oceanic Trenches, Subduction Zones, & Geothermal Fields 11Figure 4: Representation of an Ideal Geothermal System 12Figure 5: Model of a Geothermal System 13Figure 6: Formation of a Geothermal Reservoir 15Figure 7: Diagram Showing the Different Categories of Geothermal Resources 17Figure 8: Diagram Showing the Utilization of Geothermal Fluids 25Figure 9: An Atmospheric Exhaust Geothermal Power-Plant 26Figure 10: A Condensing Geothermal Power-Plant 27Figure 11: A Geothermal Binary Power Plant 28Figure 12: Flow Diagram of the Geothermal District Heating System of Reykjavik. 30Figure 13: Application of Ground-Coupled Heat Pump System 31Figure 14: A Heat Pump in Heating Mode 32Figure 15: Growth Curves for Some Crops 33Figure 16: Effect of Temperature on Growth or Production of Food Animals 34Figure 17: Flashed Steam Plant 36Figure 18: Dry Steam Plant 37Figure 19: Binary Cycle Plant 38Figure 20: Cascade Uses of Geothermal Energy 42Figure 21: Geothermal Temperatures at 6 Kilometer Depth 47Figure 22: Recoverable EGS Energy Distribution with Depth 49Figure 23: WGA Supply Curve for Geothermal Power Generation, Alternate Cases, LCOE versus CumulativeGenerating Capacity 53Figure 24: Geothermal Supply Curves 55

– NEWS ON MINERALS 38 Vol. 23 , No 136 (2008)Figure 25: Carbon Emissions Displaced by Geothermal Power 58Figure 26: The Earth's Interior 92Figure 27: Residential GeoExchange Unit 92Figure 28: Geothermal Power Plant 93Figure 29: Conceptual Illustration of a Two-Well Enhanced Geothermal System 93Figure 30: Schematic Showing How a Binary-Cycle Power Plant Works 94Figure 31: Ground-Water Source Heat Pump 94Figure 32: Horizontal Loop System 95Figure 33: Vertical Loop System 95Figure 34: Comparison Between GHP and Conventional Systems: Electricity Used (kW/ton) 96Figure 35: Geothermal Power Plant at The Geysers, California 96Figure 36: World Geothermal Provinces 97Figure 37: U.S. Geothermal Provinces 97Figure 38: Flash Steam Power Plant 98Figure 39: Direct-Heat Uses 99TablesTable 1: Classification of Geothermal Resources (°C) 18Table 2: Energy & Investment Costs for Electric Energy Production from Renewables 43Table 3: Energy & Investment Costs for Direct Heat from Renewables 43Table 4: Probability & Severity of Potential Environmental Impact of Direct-Use Projects 44Table 5: Estimates of U.S. Geothermal Resource Base Total Stored Thermal Energy Content 48Table 6: Projected New Hydrothermal Power Capacities in the Western U.S. through 2015 52Table 7: Estimated Generation Costs from 2005 MYPP Reference Cases 54Table 8: Relative Flashed-Steam Power Plant Emissions per Megawatt of Capacity 57Table 9: Global Geothermal Potential 80Table 10: Geothermal Energy Resource Base Compared with Oil Reserves 98

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100 C 30 MW

30 .( Courtesy : EEIG “ Heat Mining” –EuropeanHot Dry Rock Project).

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Botryoidal Fluorite [ CaF2 ] forms this unique shape when many long , narrow crystals of this mineralgrow radially from a common point: The word “botryoidal” is derived from the Greek word for grape-

like. ( 9 cms X 8 cms X 3 cms)[ CaF2 ]

. «botryoidal» ( . ).

- ( ) Cu2CO3(OH)2 () Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 (18 5 6 ).

- Malachite (the green mineral) with chemical formula Cu2CO3(OH)2 and azurite (the bluemineral) with chemical formula Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 from Lavrion , Attiki County , Hellas.

oryktologika nea-news on minerals ,july-august 2008 issue

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