Ecology and natural

livelihood

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Indicators Describe Biotics and Abiotics factors an Ecosystem

Describe the defenition of Population, Comunity, Ecosystem, and Biosphere

Describe the Kinds of Ecosystem In Nature

Describe Interaction Patterns in Ecosystems

Describe some principles of environmental management

Mind Map Ecology and Natural livelihood

I. Biotics and Abiotics Factors

II. Definition of Individual,Population, Comunity, ecosystem and biosphere

III. Kind of Ecosystem

IV.Interaction Patterns in Ecosystems

V. Principle in environmental management

I. Biotics and Abiotis Factors

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Biotic Factors Biotic factors are living factors which includes all living things on earth, both plants and animals. In ecosystems, plants act as producers, consumers act as animals, and microorganisms act as decomposers.

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Biotics components

Biotic component consists of various types of microorganisms , fungi , algae , mosses , ferns , higher plants , invertebrates , and vertebrates and humans

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Biotics Components

a. Manufacturers ( chlorophyll = autotrophs )b . Consumers ( heterotrophs ) , consists of several levels , namely :

-Primary consumers ( herbivores ) .-Secondary consumers (animals that eat herbivores)

-Tertiary consumers ( carnivores ) .c . Decomposers ( decomposers : bacteria , fungi ) .

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Abiotic Factors • Abiotic factors are nonliving factors that include physical and chemical factors.

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Kind of abiotics factors

• Temperature • Sunlight • Water • Land• Height• Wind • Latitude

Temperature

• Temperature affects the ecosystem because the temperature is a necessary condition for living organisms. There are the types of organisms that can live only in a certain temperature range.

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Sunlight• Sunlight affects global ecosystems because the sun determines the temperature. Sunlight is also a vital element needed by plants as producers to photosynthesize. Home

Water• Water affects the ecosystem because water is needed for the survival of the organism.

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Function of Water • For plants, water is needed in the growth, germination, and seed dispersal.

• for animals and humans, water is needed for drinking water and other living facilities, such as transportation for humans, and a place for fish to live.

• For other abiotic elements, such as soil and rock, water is needed as a solvent and rot.

Land• Land is a place for the living organism. Different soil types causing organisms that live in it are also different. Soil also provides the essential elements for the growth of organisms, especially plants. Home

Height• Elevation determines the type of organisms that live in these places, because of different heights will result in physical and chemical conditions are different.

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Wind • The wind in addition to a role in determining the humidity also play a role in spreading the seeds of certain plants.

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Latitude

• Different latitudes show different environmental conditions. Latitude indirectly lead to differences in the distribution of organisms on the Earth's surface. There are organisms capable of living in a particular latitude.

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II. Definition of Individual,Population, Comunity, ecosystem and

biosphere

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Individual • individualcomes from the Latin, which in the mean anddividus which means it can be shared. So, which is defined asan individual living being stand-alone free or physiological nature have norelationship with each other. Individuals also called single unit of living things.

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Population• The populationis derived from the Latin, meaning populust hate very one who residesina place. In ecosystems, population means living groups had the same species(similar) and occupies a specific area.

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Community • Communities are different kinds of living creatures that are in the same region, such as deserts, desert Steva and so on.

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Biosphere• The biosphere is all ecosystems on the surfaceof the earth.

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Kinds of Ecosystem

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Estuarine ecosystem• Estuary comes from the word meaning aetus tide . Estuary is defined as a body of water in semi-enclosed coastal areas , which are associated with the open sea . Therefore this ecosystem greatly influenced by tides and sea water mixes with ground water led to lower salinity than seawater . Estuaries , tidal marsh , the bay on the coast and in the water bodies including the estuary behind the beach sand .

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Karst ecosystem• Karst areas in Indonesia have average characteristics are almost the same , namely , less fertile land for agriculture , sensitive to erosion , erosive , are susceptible to pore aeration is low, slow permeability style and dominated by the pore micro . Experience the unique karst ecosystems , the diversity of the biotic aspects that are not found in other ecosystems .

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SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEMS Seagrass ( seagrass ) is the only group of flowering plants that live in the marine environment . Growing these plants live in shallow coastal marine habitats . Such is the case his ¬ grass on land , they have the upright leafy shoots and stems creeping stems effective for breeding . In contrast to other marine plants grow ( algae and seaweed ) , seagrass flowering , fruiting and produce seeds. They also have roots and internal systems to transport nutrients and oxygen gas . For biological resources , seagrass widely used for various purposes . Home

Mangrove ecosystem Mangrove ecosystem is defined as the zone. inter - tidal and supra ( above ) - tide of muddy beach in the bay , lakes ( brackish water ) and estuaries , which are dominated by woody adapt halofit high and associated with the flow continuously flowing water ( rivers ) , swamps and time - off ( backwater ) together with the population of flora and fauna in it . In a place where there is no river estuary mangrove forests are usually rather thin . In contrast , in a place that has a large estuaries and deltas that flow of water contains a lot of mud and sand , usually widespread mangrove growth .

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Savanna Ecosystem (Sabana)

• Savannas of the tropics are in areas with rainfall 40-60 inches per year, but the temperature and humidity are still depending on the season. Sabana is the widest in the world are in Africa, and yet in Australia there are also extensive savannas. Animals that live in the savanna include insects and mammals such as zebras, lions, and hyenas.

Ecosystem Desert• Desert located in the tropics that is bordered by meadows. The characteristics of the desert ecosystem is arid and low rainfall (25 cm / year). The temperature difference between day and night is very large. Plant annuals contained in a small desert.

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Interaction Patterns in Ecosystems

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Predation• Interaction patterns Predation is an interaction between predator (predator) with prey (prey). The relationship between predator and its prey animals very closely, predators will not be able to live if there is no prey. In addition, it also acts as a predator prey population control.

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Example of predation • The interaction between a cat with a mouse, a snake with a frog, tiger with a deer.

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Neutralism• Neutralism is the relationship between different types of living things that do not affect each other, even though these creature sare in the same habitat.

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Example Neutralism• the interaction between cats and chickens in the garden. Cats and chickens do not affect each other because they have different types of food.

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Symbiosis• Symbiosisis an interaction between the different types of living things in a particular place and time are related very closely.

A. Mutualism symbiosisB. Parasitism SymbiosisC. Komensalisme SymbiosisD. CompetitionE. Antibiosis Home

Mutualism symbiosis• Is the relationship between the two types of living things are mutually beneficial.

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Example of mutualism• Symbiosis between honey bees with flowering plants. Honey bees benefit from getting food from flowers, while the flowers also benefit from assisted in the process of pollination.

• An other example of a symbiotic mutualismis a symbiosis between starling with black rhino, Rhizobium bacteria livingin root nodules nuts, flagellates with termites, antsand fleas fruit with black.

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Parasitism Symbiosis• Is a beneficial symbiotic one hand, while the other party aggrieved. Beneficiary referred to as parasites, while the injured party is called the host.

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Example parasitism• Plant rope daughter (Cuscuta filiform) with its host plant. Plants do not have chlorophyll daughter strap so it can not perform photosynthesis, to get the food he attached to other plants and absorb food juices to the detriment of the host plant

• Parasite (Loranthus sp.) With host plants. Parasite does not have a perfect root, so it can not absorb water and nutrients from the soil well, so he lived attached to the stems and roots of the host plant went into transport vessels plants to absorb water and nutrients from the host plant to the detriment.

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Komensalism Symbiosis

• Is a beneficial symbiotic one hand, while the other side is not advantaged or disadvantaged.

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Example of komensalism• The shark with remora fish. Remora fish as small animals whose lives are often in conjunction with sharks. Remora fish can be attached to the shark, because it has the tools to attach the body to the sharks. Shark remora not even followed by profit and not harmed by remora fish, while the remora fish benefit from a shark in the form of energy to move and obtain food from the leftover food from sharks.

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Competition

• It is the interaction between the different types of living creatures tofight ove rthe same thing.

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Example competition• competition between buffalo and goats in the same pasture.

AntibiosisAn interaction betweenliving organisms where one organism lives inhibits the growth of other living creatures. example: from the interaction of the fungus Penicillium with other types of microorganisms, fungi Penicillium secrete antibiotics that can inhibit or turn off other microorganisms that live in the vicinity.

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Principle in environmental management

1. All the energy that enters a living organism, population or ecosystem can be considered as the energy saved or liberated

2. NO ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM REALLY EFFICIENT

3. Matter, energy, space, time and diversity, all of them belong to the category of natural resources

4. Individuals and species which have more offspring than its rival, it tends to beat rival

5. a habitat can be saturated or not by the diversity of the taxon, depending on how it is able to separate the environmental niche of the taxon