child burials in the grotta petralia at catania

Edited by

Domenica Gullì

From Cave to Dolmen

Ritual and symbolic aspects in the prehistorybetween Sciacca, Sicily and the central

Mediterranean

Archaeopress Archaeology

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CONTENTS

1 From cave to dolmen. Ritual and symbolic aspects in the prehistory between Sciacca, Sicily and the central Mediterranean. The reasons for a volumeDomenica Gullì

5 Sciacca terra di prodigiernesto De miro

9 TheprehistoryofSciaccabetweenoldacquisitionsandnewresearchDomenica Gullì

31 The‘ProgettoKronio’:historyandproblemsofanextremeexplorationin an intact archaeological depositGiovanni BaDino – louis torelli

43 ThestratigraphicsequenceoftheGrottadelKronioandtheneolithizationofSicily and Calabria A brief chrono-cultural summaryvincenzo tiné

51 TheculticpresenceatStufediS.Calogerocomplex:thehistoricallevelsDonatella Pian

57 Notesonnaturalisticarchaeologicaldocumentaries:theexampleofMonteKroniotullio BernaBei

59 Ad Aquas. HistoricalsourcesandarchaeologicalevidenceaboutSciacca’sthermalisminantiquityvalentina caminneci

65 IluoghideglizolfiselinuntiniArchitettura,mitiesimbolidelle‘macchinenaturali’diMonteSanCalogeroaSciaccaBernarDo aGrò – antonino FrenDa

69 Cracks, crevices and caves in the Serraferlicchio hillornella aDamo – Domenica Gullì

73 The meanings of caves in the prehistory and protohistory of the Agrigento territoryDomenica Gullì

81 Forme di popolamento nella Sicilia centro-meridionale durante l’eneoliticorosalBa Panvini

91 Thesocialsignificanceofcavesandrock-sheltersintheprehistoryoftheErei(CentralSicily)archaeologicalinvestigationsattheRiparo1diContradaSan Tommaso near Ennaenrico GiannitraPani

105 The ritual use of caves in Sicily between the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithicburialandfigurativepracticesofthehunter-gatherersDomenico lo vetro – FaBio martini – zelia Di GiusePPe

115 Contestualizzazionedellegrottenell’archeologiadelpaesaggiodellaprovinciadiPalermoprospettivediricercaGiusePPina BattaGlia

127 Caves from the Tyrrhenian side of the Messina province (North-Eastern Sicily)maria clara martinelli – GaBriella manGano

137 TheGrottadelVecchiuzzo(PetraliaSottana,Palermo):amulti-purposecavein a karst systemmassimo cultraro

151 Cavesandenvironment:thecaseofEtnaFrancesco Privitera

161 ChildburialsintheGrottaPetraliaatCataniaorazio Palio

169 TheSanctuaryofthePalikoiatRocchicella(Mineo):theCopperAgestructuresandthe‘boilingwaters’ phenomenonlaura maniscalco

179 Exploringundergroundpaths.CavesandhumanlandscapeintheSiracusadistrict during prehistoryanita crisPino- massimo cultraro

195 StrategieinsediativenellaSiciliasud-orientale:legrottedeiMontiIbleinellapreistoriaDalma cultrera

221 Grottesepolcralidell’areaibleafrailNeoliticoel’etàdelbronzolorenzo GuzzarDi

231 Il fenomeno del Bicchiere Campaniforme in rapporto alle culture della Sicilia centro-occidentalePrimo veneroso

237 ApportimegaliticinellearchitetturefunerarieeabitativedellapreistoriasicilianaseBastiano tusa

247 L’enigmadelmuromegaliticoedellopseudo-dolmen di Mura PregneStefano VaSSallo

255 Old and new dolmens for the Hyblean elites of the Castelluccio culture?Giovanni Di steFano

259 ‘Ex Occidente lux’:considerazionisull'anticaetàdelbronzonelMediterraneocentraleenrico Procelli

269 L’occupazionedellegrotteinepocapreistoricaeprotostoricanell’Italiacentro-settentrionaleDaniela cocchi Genick

287 Lightingupthedark.TheroleofGħarMirduminMalteseprehistoryDaviDe tanasi

161

Children are generally considered to be poorly defined entities in archaeological reconstructions of prehistoric societies, due to the scarcity of archaeological indicators and to the problematic definition of the elements of interpretation associated with them (DereVenSky 2000; kaMP 2001a; Baxter 2005, Cohen 2007; lillehaMMer 2010).

Funerary context, as with ritual context, continues to be a privileged field for the recognition of the roles and behaviours of the various components of a human social group (a particular emphasis was given by the processual archaeologists: BroWn 1971; most recently GilMan 1981). In fact, the data derived from burial analysis allow us to reconstruct many of the aspects of human action and helps us to describe how prehistoric men perceived and represented themselves as individuals and as members of a group (Parker PearSon 1982, 2001).

As is well known, there is a high level of variability in the treatment and deposition of the body of deceased individuals, and this variability mainly affects the younger elements of a community, taking into account the differences of their role and of their position within the societies (Parker PearSon 1993).

In a context in which infant mortality must have been very high (GooDMan, arMelaGoS 1989), the presence of children in many prehistoric necropolis seems highly underrepresented. Several anthropological and archaeological studies have shown that different social groups either disposed of the bodies of children in discrete areas which were separated from the areas reserved for adults, or did not give them any burial. Archaeological evidence seems to point in this direction, although we also have indications of the involvement of children in productive and ideological activities (kaMP

2001b). J. Robb has highlighted the fact that children, in Neolithic contexts of the Italian Peninsula, have been subjected, after death, to a ritual that was substantially similar to that of adults, but their graves seem to have been subject to less attention than those of adults, as if importance accorded to them by the group was much lower (roBB 1994).

The archaeological evidence of the necropolis of Balze Soprane (Maletto, Catania) (liSi et al. 2009; PriVitera in press A), recently discovered and dated to the final phase of the Neolithic (we have two C14 dates: 4370-4220 cal. BC), on the one hand continues the Early and Middle Neolithic tradition of single burial within simple pits, but on the other, as in other sites of the Italian Late and Final Neolithic, shows the use of deposition of grave goods with the deceased; moreover, the pits were located outside the village in an area exclusively dedicated to burials. One of the tombs of this necropolis was of a child buried with the identical ritual treatment accorded to adults.

Two other important Sicilian Copper Age funerary contexts, the necropolis of Piano Vento, near Palma di Montechiaro (CaStellana 1994), and Contrada Tranchina, near Sciacca (Gullì 2008), both in the territory of Agrigento, gave indicators, direct or indirect, of infant burials: in the first case they appear to be broadly related to those of adults, and in a sense seem to stress the parent-child link even after death (a burial, no. 23 of the cemetery, contained three children and one adult woman); at Tranchina instead the existence of child burial was inferred by the small size of some tombs and by the deposition of miniature vases (Gullì 2008, 10). Northern Europe and the United Kingdom have yielded important examples of Bell Beaker tombs of children, who received the same treatment given to the adults (ChilDe 1943-44, SMall et al.1988).

Child burials in the Grotta Petralia at Catania

OrazioPalio*

*DipartimentodiScienzedellaFormazione,UniversitàdiCatania–[email protected]

summary: The limited presence of children in prehistoric burials has generally been explained by the fact that the bones of children waste away faster than those of adults. Nevertheless, given the mortality rate that must have affected children in prehistoric times, their presence is still underestimated. Several recent studies have tried to investigate this issue, in two respects: 1- through the analysis of the ritual treatment reserved for children after death; 2- through the role of children themselves in social contexts to which they belonged. This paper addresses this issue by using the Copper Age of Sicily as a case-study and, more specifically, the evidence from the Grotta Petralia.

key worDs: caves, Copper Age, children, burial rituals

riassunto: La scarsa presenza di bambini nelle sepolture di età preistorica è stata generalmente spiegata con il fatto che nella maggior parte dei casi i loro resti sono stati deposti separatamente da quelle degli adulti. Tuttavia, considerato l’alto tasso di mortalità infantile durante quest’età, riteniamo che la loro presenza sia stata in genere sottostimata. Molti studi recenti hanno posto l’accento su questo tema, analizzandolo da due punti di vista: 1 – attraverso l’analisi del trattamento rituale riservato ai fanciulli; 2 – attraverso il ruolo dei bambini stessi nell’ambito del gruppo a cui appartenevano. Questa relazione vuole affrontare il tema delle sepolture infantili, utilizzando l’età del rame siciliana e, specificamente, l’evidenza della Grotta Petralia di Catania, come caso-studio.

Parole chiave: grotte, Eneolitico, bambini, rituali funerari

Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium

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Orazio Palio

In more recent times, since the second half of the 4th

millennium BC (corresponding to the development of the Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age in the central Mediterranean), in many sites of Anatolia and Aegean, the establishment of necropolis separate from the settlement is accompanied by the persistent practice of burying the dead inside the area of the village: in Anatolian sites, however, these intramural burials are reserved for children, usually placed in large jars, buried among the huts (Wheeler 1974); in the Aegean, conversely, many Early Bronze Age Cycladic necropolis hosted adults and children together (BarBer 1977); within the settlements children and adults (especially women) were buried. In this case the differentiation concerns the objects deposited with the dead, which are scarce or completely absent in children’s burials, although with some significant exceptions.

The Grotta Petralia is located in the area northeast of Catania (Barriera) (Fig. 1a), already investigated by Paolo Orsi in the late 19th century (orSi 1907). The cave, investigated again in the early 1990s, has been the subject of several studies by F. Privitera and myself (PriVitera 2007; PriVitera, Palio 2007). The cave (Fig. 1), one of the most significant and best preserved prehistoric complexes of the Etna area, was used during the end of the Copper Age for funerary purposes and in the Early Bronze Age for

ceremonial purposes (between 2500 and 1500 BC). More specifically, during the Early Bronze Age human traces are concentrated in the western segment of the cave and take the form of ritual activities associated with the communal consumption of food and drink, attested by the large amount of sheep and goat bones found together with purposely fragmented pottery in proximity to stone-built structures.

A single human bone found inside one of the circles of stone in Gallery H, cannot be taken to infer a funerary use of the cave in this stage. It is likely that during this later phase the sepulchral galleries were still visited, although, perhaps, for the performance of rituals that involved the consumption of food and the crushing of vessels and perhaps the manipulation of the human bones deposited here, at the bottom of the tunnels already used for the deposition of the deceased. It is also possible that the bone of the Gallery H had been removed from the place of the Late Copper Age burials and dropped in the tunnels where the later Early Bronze Age rituals were celebrated.

During the earlier period the cave was probably used as a burial place by a small community, perhaps a single family. At least ten burials were identified, all in the east side of the cavity, not far from the modern entrance. Recently, another burial area was discovered in a secondary branch of the cave, not previously explored because of the

Fig.1–a)PlanofCataniawith indicationofPetraliaCave;b)planofGrottaPetralia; c) fragmentsofhumanbones in the ‘Area Sepolcrale 2’(or‘Ramo Azurro’)


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difficult conditions of the practicability of the passage (‘area sepolcrale 2’ of Fig. 1b; see also Fig. 1c). We have no precise idea, in this case, of the number of the deceased deposited and, a fortiori, of their age or their sex.

The sepulchral area was divided into two main sections: (1) the ‘Galleria Alta’ (F on the plan), a wide corridor where the remains of several individuals were found together with a large amount of fragmentary ceramic materials; (2) the ‘Galleria Bassa’ (D on the plan) which is closest to the modern entrance, but farthest from the ancient one and which must be associated with the adjacent small burrow E. No uniformity has been noted in the funerary rituals performed in the cave: some burials are in primary deposition, with the body in a supine position; others are in a secondary deposition and display various degrees of bone manipulation, disarticulation and selection, as shown by burial n. 7, placed among the boulders of a rock collapse that littered the gallery in several burial places, and by burial n. 4.

Among the burials of the first part of the cavity, n. 1 was particularly important. It represents a young male, placed in a supine position, covered with a heap of stones and associated with a large amount of fragmentary pottery. In this area the poorly preserved remains of two infants and two adults were found, together with fragmentary jugs: burial n.

Fig.2–DetailsofthesepulchralareaoftheGrottaPetralia

Fig.3–Burnishedcupassociatedwithburialn.5


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Orazio Palio

5, a woman and an infant, situated along the south wall of the gallery, and burial n. 4, an adult of indeterminable sex, with another infant, closed to the so-called III Crollo, more or less at the middle of the tunnel (Fig. 2).

Particularly interesting is the fact that the bones of burial n. 4 were found scattered over a large area. Also, this burial was associated with an interesting bowl, the inner surface of which was burnished and decorated with slight grooves (Fig. 3). Obviously we are not able to determine who should be associated with the offering of two pitchers and, in the absence of radiometric dating, we are not able to ascertain whether the human remains of the two tombs are actually contemporary, but, if so, it can probably be assumed that there was a link between the adults and children of the graves and we could then claim that the two vessels may be associated with both of them.

Three other child burials were identified in the so called ‘Galleria Bassa’ (D on the plan) and in the adjacent ‘Cunicolo’ E. Galleria D (Fig. 4) represents the final section of the cave, closed by the landslide that blocked the whole passage to the eastern sector in antiquity, as evidenced by the likely voluntary crushing of a beautiful painted vase of the Early Bronze Age between the stones

of the collapse (PriVitera, la roSa 2007, 283, n. 85). In ‘Galleria D’ a few fragments of bone were detected at the time of the excavation and identified as belonging to the burial of a foetus, placed near the left wall of the gallery. The little body was covered with stones: this practice was similar to that of burial n. 1 and was attested in the cave only in these two cases. We are not sure if offerings had been placed next to the burial. The nearest group of pottery fragments is indicated as VII (circled on the plan: Fig. 4), but this appears to be composed of some fragments of pithoi and large containers with globular body, perhaps related to the Early Bronze Age people, that affected the deepest part of the Galleria Bassa.

Not far from the tomb, out of the gallery, a pitcher and a pedestal cup had been broken, the fragments of which were scattered all over the entrances of the gallery and in the adjacent tunnel. This vase has typological features that may also place it next to the Early Bronze Age productions. Among the fragments of the vessels were abundant traces of carbon. It should be noted in passing, that at the bottom of the tunnel, a certain amount of animal bones, along with fragments of pithoi and other vessels date back to the Early Bronze Age. Fragments of at least one pitcher were detected at the entrance of

Fig.4–Planof‘Galleria Bassa’(D) and of ‘Cunicolo’E


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the gallery. Near the burial was also a large patch of red ochre covering the edge of a rock.

The entrance of burrow E is located next to the Galleria Bassa (Fig. 5). Here, in the center and along the left wall had been deposed the bodies of two children, corresponding to burials 2 and 3, which were respectively of a 2-3 years old, and of a ca. 1 year old. Unlike burial 6, here the bodies were simply placed on the floor of the cave, with no apparent accommodation or coverage, with the exception of a fragment of the humerus that was covered by a stone. On the other hand, several objects had been deposited next to the dead. Together with abundant traces of charcoal, fragments of pottery were abundant, mainly belonging to three pitchers.

Near the mouth of the tunnel were the fragments of a small globular vase with burnished surfaces (IbId., 278, n. 75). Two flint blades were also placed together with the two children (the only ones in this area of the cave) and a circular clay token. Abundant traces of a burned resinous substance were noted at the mouth of the burrow, which were scattered on the rocky floor along with the remains of coal.More detailed relations can be understand with some of the Early Bronze Age burials. In the publication of some

important necropolis, as Castelluccio di Noto (orSi 1892), or Cava Bernardina (orSi 1891) and Secchiera near Melilli (orSi 1893), Paolo Orsi refers only in a few cases to the presence of children in the tombs, and we can imagine that he has made reference to children only in those cases where he was sure of the attribution of the bones. In other cases, when he simply counts the individuals, we can infer that he is referring to adult depositions.

At Castelluccio Paolo Orsi mentions the presence of children only in two tombs, nn. 9 and 33. In the first case, of twenty-eight recognized individuals, only one was a child, and this was laid in a crouched position near the entrance of the tomb, voluntarily separated from the remains of the other dead which were amassed at the bottom of the grave; near the child had been placed a flint blade under the skull and a bowl; there were also some personal ornaments, such as a pendant of stone, a bead of amber and a ring of limestone. Tomb 33 contained eleven individuals placed in the chamber; an infant was placed in a small semicircular niche, high above the floor, with the clear intention of distinguishing it from the adults.

The situation of the necropolis of Cava Bernardina, near Melilli is also interesting. Even here, the remains of children were recognized in only two tombs: in the first

Fig.5–Burialsnn.2and3


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Orazio Palio

case, that of grave 12A, only the skull of a child was recognized, which lay with an adult; in the second case, the small ‘niche’ 32 (in Orsi’s terminology) contained only the remains of a child, while the remains of many adults lay outside the tomb.

Of the few remains of children registered in the cave tomb of Contrada Paolina di Ragusa (only 3% of over 60 individuals buried, according to the estimate of the excavator), a child was lying with an adult, near entrance of the tomb, probably as the last burial (ProCelli 1981).

In the Grotta Petralia, as in the cases presented for comparison, two criteria are obvious choices for burial: the first is to emphasize the relationship with the parent, placing together, side by side, the bodies of the adult and of the child. It is conceivable that in this case the small community that has used the cave as a place to bury their dead wanted to mark the special nature of the circumstances of the death of two individuals. The evidence of the Contrada Paolina tomb could endorse the hypothesis that the two individuals, the young and the adult, may have died together. With the second, instead, we can assume the existence of a clear discontinuity between the space of adults and of children, although very small, or even premature babies, as in the case of the small foetus of burial n. 6 of our cave.

The same ritual treatment as that used for adults was used for children of burials 2, 3 and 6, with the use of the same objects and in conducting the same gestures: this tells us that for the community of the Grotta Petralia children were not considered to be of a lower status than adults; despite this, their location in the deepest tunnels of the cave, places them in a different position, necessarily separate from that of adults. The inability to determine the age of death of children associated with adult burials in 4 and 5 allows us to hypothesize a difference between these and the other child burials.

Unfortunately we know very little about the burials of the late Copper Age, as Malpasso, and other cavities of Etna dated to the same period as the Grotta Petralia. A partial exception may be represented by the Grotta Marca, near Castiglione di Sicilia, which was only partially excavated (PriVitera 1991-1992; PriVitera 2012b); here the archaeological deposit shows clear differences in the funerary rituals than Petralia: here the cave was used for collective burials, with all the features of an ossuary where the remains of children, very few in the portion excavated, are mixed with those of adults without any apparent distinction, as is done in other ossuary tombs in Sicily, although dated to the Early Bronze Age.1

The small community of Petralia, perhaps a family, adopted different criteria for the funerary rituals of their younger

1 For example La Muculufa of Butera, Agrigento: MCConnell, MoriCo 1990; Tomb 10 of the necropolis of Contrada Marcita, near Castelvetrano, Trapani: tuSa 1997; alBaneSe ProCelli, ProCelli 2003.

members, characterized by the separation on the one hand and, secondly, by association with one adult with whom they are probably died; these criteria are well attested in other contexts of the prehistory of Sicily, although they date back, as we have seen, to the Early Bronze Age, when the cave has ceased to be used as a burial place to become, instead, a place of worship.

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child burials in the grotta petralia at catania

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