brick characteristic of west sumatra unesco-ipred

UNESCO-IPRED Workshop on Surveys and Activities of Post Earthquake Disaster

International Platform for Reducing Earthquake Disasters – IPRED

BRICK CHARACTERISTIC IN WEST SUMATERA

Eka Juliafad1 , Bambang Heriyadi2 and Totoh Handoyo3 1 Lecturer of Padang State University, Civil Engineering Department, Padang, Indonesia

Email: [email protected] 2 Lecturer of Padang State University, Civil Engineering Department, Padang, Indonesia

Email: [email protected] 3 Lecturer of Padang State University, Civil Engineering Department, Padang, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Concerning to observation of collapse houses after West Sumatra earthquake on September 30th, 2009, find many of building and housing collapse. Based on investigation most of all kind of collapse building using brick construction. So that needs to investigate the quality of brick that is used by community for their home/building. The study aims to examine the characteristic and quality of bricks used in community to meet the expected quality in material building standard issued by Indonesia codes. The codes are NI-10-78 and SII-0021-78. The test conducted in Material Testing Laboratory Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, State University of Padang involved testing of bricks physical characteristic and compressive strength of brick sample comparing with existing standard. Brick sample was used brick from burning stove and brick from collapse houses in Padang Pariaman area. The brick from burning stove was taken from three places, near fire source, in the middle and far from fire source. The brick from collapse house was taken from 10 houses in Padang Pariaman and around. The result showed that brick from burning stove does not meet the standard shape, curve, measurement and compressive strength, while the shape and compressive strength of brick from collapse meets the SII-0021-78 standard. This may due to burning system of burning stove does not fulfil the existing requirement and stipulation issued by government. According to the results suggested to the brick factory to do standard burning system with enough and spread temperature. It is necessary to do further research in comprehensive with using more sample for getting know quality of brick that used by community. KEYWORDS Brick Strength Quality, Earthquake, building codes, burning stove, collapse building. INTRODUCTION According to observation after West Sumatera earthquake September 30th, 2011, there were many buildings including hotels, office building and residential house collapsed (figure1). Most of all collapse building made from brick construction. Concerning of this observation, Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, State University of Padang (UNP) and Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA) meeting, decided to do research about the quality and characteristic of brick using by West Sumatera community. The brick sample was taken from brick factory (burning stove) and collapse building in Padang-Pariaman area. The test conducted in Material Testing Laboratory Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, State University of Padang.



Figure 1. UNP Research Team One of Collapse House The study aims to examine the characteristic and quality of bricks used in community to meet the expected quality in material building standard issued by Indonesia codes. The codes are NI-10-78 and SII-0021-78. The characteristics include shape, measurement and compressive strength of brick sample from factory (burning stove) and collapse house comparing with existing material standard issued by Indonesia government. The Indonesia Standard Codes uses in this research are NI-10-78 and SII-0021-78. METODOLOGY OF RESEARCH Sampling Procedure of Brick The samples of brick used collapse houses brick of community in Padang-Pariaman district and around. There were 30 (thirty) of brick samples taking from 10 houses ( 3 sample for each house). The location of brick sampling, name of owner, is shown on Table 1 and figure 2 as follows:

Table 1. UNP Research Team Location of Brick Sample from collapse house

No. Sample Names of Owner Location Number I Zaidar Pasir Lawas 3 II Budi Padang Kalupang 3 III Nurlis Sitoga 3 IV Riltayani Nan Sabaris Paga Duku 3 V Ides Simpang IV Toboh Kp.Dalam 3 VI Syawal Desa Lohong Kec.Sei Limau 3 VII Siska Sei.Sarik Malai Batang Gasan 3 VII Madiyos Tobo Mandailing Kec.VII Koto 3 IX Wati Kiambang 2x11 Enam Lingkung 3 X Mainas Desa Buayan Kec. Batang Anai 3

Figure 2. UNP Research Team Taking Sample from Collapse Houses



Other 18 samples were taken from 2 factory stove (brick factory), at Rimbo Kalam, Lubuk Alung Sub district (see Figure 3). The sample was taken from 3 different places for each burning stove. The places are near burning stove, in the middle of burning stove and far from burning stove (3 samples for each place).

Figure 3 UNP Research Team Burning Stove of Brick

Test of Brick The tests include shape, colour, weight, measurement and compressive strength test. Concerning to NI-10-78 code, the procedure of brick test are as followed :

- Shape sample must be measured by ruler to square off the side of brick (see Figure 4)

Figure 4. UNP Research Team Measurement of brick sample

- Colour Explained as dark red, pink, yellow red, brown colour

- Weight Sample must be weighed using digital weights in Material Testing Laboratory Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, State University of Padang (see Figure 5).



Figure 5. UNP Research Team Weighing Brick Sample

- Measurement Sample must be measured using callipers including length, wide and thickness (3 times measurement for each sample of brick)

- Compressive Strength test Compressive Strength test used Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with 2kg/cm2/s of speed test (see Figure 7).

Figure 7 UNP Research Team Compressive Strength Test The sample of brick cut into 2 pieces, than 1 piece cut into 2 pieces again. So, there are 3 pieces of brick sample. Total of sample is 144 pieces. The compressive strength is force divided by area of sample (see Figure 8).

Figure 8 UNP Research Team Sample of Brick from Factory



Quality of Brick The quality of brick samples expected will meet NI-10-78 and SII-0021-78 codes. Concerning to code, brick must have right angle and sharp, flat, no fracture and having uniform colour. While the measurement of brick must meet the standard measurement as follows:

Table 2. NI-10-1978 Standard Measurement of Brick

Length (mm) Wide (mm) Thickness (mm) 1 240 115 52 2 230 110 50

Table 3. SII-0021-78 Standard Measurement of Brick

Modul Thickness (mm) Wide (mm) Length (mm) M-5a 65 90 190 M-5b 65 140 190 M-6 55 110 220

Table 4. SII-0021-78 Deviation of brick measurement

Class

Maximum Deviation (mm) M-5a and M-5b M-6

Thickness (mm)

Wide (mm)

Length (mm)

Thickness (mm)

Wide (mm)

Length (mm)

25 2 3 5 2 3 5 50 2 3 5 2 3 5

100 2 3 4 2 3 4 150 2 2 4 2 2 4 200 2 2 4 2 2 4 250 2 2 4 2 2 4

The compressive strength of brick sample must meet Indonesian Industry Standard (SII-002101978) as follows:

Table 4 SII-0021-1978 Compressive Strength and Allowed Variation Coefficient

Class

Minimum means compressive strength of 30 pieces of testing

Variation Coefficient allowed for means

compressive strength (%)

Kg/cm² N/mm²

25 25 2.5 25 50 50 5.0 22

100 100 10.0 22 150 150 15.0 15 200 200 20.0 15 250 250 25.0 15



According to NI-10-1978, quality of brick divided into 3 classes, as follows:

1. Class 1, with mean compressive strength more than 100 kg/cm2 and non deviation 2. Class 2, with mean compressive strength between 100 kg/cm2 and 80 kg/cm2 3. Class 3, with mean compressive strength between 80 kg/cm2 and 60 kg/cm2

TEST RESULT AND ANALYSIS Characteristic of brick According to the test of brick characteristic, the result showed the condition of colour, curviness, sharpness and flatness of brick sample. The test result shown on the next table.

Table 5. UNP Research Team Characteristic of Brick Sample from the collapse houses

Sample Color Curve Sharp Flat - Brittle

MT, MM, MK, CKLT

Curve/no Curve Sharp/No Flat/no, Brittle/no

House 1 sample I.A MM S T R-TR-TR sample I.B MM TS T R-TR-TR sample I.C MM S T R-TR-TR House 2 sample II.A MM S T R-TR-TR sample II.B MM S T R-TR-TR sample II.C MM S T R-TR-TR House 3 sample III.A MM TS T TR-TR-TR sample III.B MM TS T TR-TR-TR sample III.C MK TS T TR-TR-TR

Table 6. UNP Research Team Characteristic of Brick Sample from the factory

Sample Color Curve Sharp Flat - Brittle

MT, MM, MK, CKLT

Curve/no Curve Sharp/No Flat/no, Brittle/no

Factory No. 1 Near Burning Stove sample 2-D-A MT S T R-TR-TR sample 2-D-B MT S TT R-TR-TR sample 2-D-C MT TS TT R-TR-TR In the middle of Burning Stove sample 2-T-A MT S T R-TR-TR sample 2-T-B MT TS TT R-TR-TR sample 2-T-C MT TS TT R-TR-R Far from Burning Stove sample 2-JH-A MT TS T R-TR-TR sample 2-JH-B MT TS TT R-TR-TR sample 2-JH-C MT TS T R-TR-TR



Factory no.2 Near Burning Stove sample 3-D-A MT TS T TR-TR-TR sample 3-D-B MT TS TT TR-TR-R sample 3-D-C MT TS T R-TR-TR In the middle of Burning Stove sample 3-T-A MT S T TR-TR-TR sample 3-T-B MM TS TT TR-TR-TR sample 3-T-C MT TS TT R-TR-TR Far from Burning Stove sample 3-JH-A MM S TT R-TR-R sample 3-JH-B MM S T R-TR-TR sample 3-JH-C MM TS T R-TR-TR

Note : M = dark red, MM = pink, MK = red brown, Cklt = brown, S = no curve, TS = curve, T = sharp, TT = no sharp, R = flat, TR = not flat The result showed that brick from factory I have brown red colour for 3 layers of stove, near, in the middle and far from fire source. The brick from factory II , which near the fire source have dark red colour, but brick which taken in the middle of burning stove have pink colour and dark red, while brick taken far from fire source are pink colour. Brick from collapse houses are 70 % are pink, 17% are dark red and 13 % are yellow red. The curviness of brick from factory is 33% are no curve, and 67% are curve. The brick from collapse houses, has good curviness (47 %) and 53% has bad curviness. The sharpness of sample from factory is 50 % are sharp. While the brick sample from collapse houses has good sharpness and 23 % has bad sharpness. For the surface condition of brick from factory, only 27% of sample has not good surface, while 73% are flat and no brittle. The sample from collapse houses has 37 % sample with good surface and 63% with bad surface condition. Measurement result showed that all of the sample of brick from factory does not meet the standard (NI-10-1978 and SII-0021-1978). While the sample from collapse house meet the standard (57%) and others does not (43%) Compressive Strength of Brick The result of compressive strength test of brick sample showed in Table

Table 7. UNP Research Team Result test of Compressive strength of brick from factory

Sample Maximum

force Compressive strength

Mean Compressive

strength Standard/no (kg) (kg/m²) (kg/m²)

Near fire source Sample 2DA.1 786.19 14.81

17.28

Meet the standard Sample 2DA.2 304.33 11.87 NI-10 Sample 2DA.3 278.97 11.52 and SII-0021 Sample 2DB.1 1090.50 21.15 Sample 2DB.2 557.94 22.56 Sample 2DB.3 507.22 19.23 Sample 2DC.1 1090.50 20.35 Sample 2DC.2 431.14 16.59 Sample 2DC.3 431.14 17.45



In the middle of burning stove Sample 2TA.1 1090.50 20.96

16.72

Not meet the standard Sample 2TA.2 532.58 22.30 NI-10 Sample 2TA.3 557.94 20.55 and SII-0021 Sample 2TB.1 684.75 13.23 Sample 2TB.2 304.33 11.90 Sample 2TB.3 355.05 13.12 Sample 2TC.1 684.75 13.47 Sample 2TC.2 481.86 18.55 Sample 2TC.3 456.50 16.40 Far from fire source Sample 2JA.1 595.98 10.49

10.80

Not meet the standard Sample 2JA.2 253.61 8.30 NI-10 Sample 2JA.3 215.57 9.92 and SII-0021 Sample 2JB.1 481.86 8.77 Sample 2JB.2 355.05 12.85 Sample 2JB.3 304.33 11.96 Sample 2JC.1 735.47 13.01 Sample 2JC.2 304.33 11.39 Sample 2JC.3 304.33 10.47

Table 8. UNP Research Team Test Result of Compressive strength of collapse houses brick

Sample Maximum

force Compressive strength

Mean of compressive

strength Standard / no (kg) (kg/m²) (kg/m²)

Houses I Sample I/A.1 1902.08 31.69

31.95

Not meet the standard Sample I/A.2 634.03 20.79 NI-10 Sample I/A.3 684.75 23.93 But meet SII-0021 for class Sample I/B.1 1470.94 29.21 25 th Sample I/B.2 1192.00 50.95 Sample I/B.3 659.39 27.76 Sample I/C.1 2485.38 40.79 Sample I/C.2 811.55 28.75 Sample I/C.3 1065.20 33.70 House II Sample II/A.1 1572.38 26.70

24.24

Not meet the standard Sample II/A.2 380.42 12.76 NI-10 Sample II/A.3 304.33 11.17 But meet SII-0021 Sample II/B.1 2181.05 35.53 Sample II/B.2 760.83 25.78 Sample II/B.3 684.75 21.59 Sample II/C.1 1724.55 29.27



Sample II/C.2 811.55 28.94 Sample II/C.3 786.19 26.40 House III Sample III/A.1 1724.55 43.75

43.08

Not meet the standard Sample III/A.2 81.55 41.41 NI-10 Sample III/A.3 887.64 47.23 But meet SII-0021 for class Sample III/B.1 2104.96 47.39 25th Sample III/B.2 887.64 48.07 Sample III/B.3 786.19 38.25 Sample III/C.1 1876.72 45.44 Sample III/C.2 583.30 31.19 Sample III/C.3 1014.40 45.02

Table 7 shows non reaches the standards of NI-10-1978, whereas the minimum compressive strength of brick class III should be 60 kg/cm2, also non meets standard of SII-0021-1978 with minimum compressive strength is 25 kg/cm2. Table 7 also shows brick from factory I has mean compressive strength 17,28 kg/cm2, and 19,19 kg/cm2 for brick from factory II. Concerning to the place where the brick taken from burning stove, brick from near fire source has higher compressive strength than brick in the middle burning stove and far from fire source. Table 8 shows that brick from collapse houses does not meet the minimum compressive strength standardized by NI-10-1978, but meet the standard of SII-0021-1978 class 25, with minimum compressive strength is 25 kg/cm2. CONCLUSIONS

1. Brick from factory does not meet the standard concerning to its physical characteristic and its compressive strength.

2. Compressive strength of brick near the fire source is higher than brick in the middle of burning stove an brick far from fire source

3. Physical characteristic and compressive strength of brick from collapse houses is better than brick from factory, because the test results shows quality of brick from collapse houses meet the standard class 25th.

RECOMENDATION

1. It is necessary to do further research in comprehensive with using more sample for getting know quality of brick that used by society

2. It is necesary to do sosialization to civil industry of making brick, about the existing requirement and stipulation for brick quality

3. Suggested to do brick burning system with enough and spread temperature

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors would like to thank UNP Team Research Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, State University of Padang and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for supporting this development work under the research project.



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of Public Work. Anonim (1989). Syarat-syarat Bahan Bangunan (SNI-T-15-1990-03). Bandung: Departmen of Public

Work. Juriyah, Siti. (2002). Brick quality with mixed material from steel sand from Buton Beach Cilacap

District. Thesis. Kompas 2004. Padang State of University. (2010). Brick Test Report. Padang

brick characteristic of west sumatra unesco-ipred

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