zambia and unesco - natcomreport

Z A M B I A

N AT I O N A L C O M M I S S I O N F O R U N E S C O

Republic of Zambia

ZAMBIA AND UNESCO

2 0 1 4 A N N U A L R E P O R T

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THE UNITED NATIONSEDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

ZAMBIA

NATIONAL COMMISSION

FOR UNESCO

Information Magazine N° 7

3

ZAMBIA NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR UNESCO

Outstanding academics are at the heart of the University's teaching, research and community service endeavours. Building on its long history of teaching engagement, the University of Zambia is committed to sustaining and advancing its position as one of the top Universities in Africa.

Service and excellence is at the centre of the operations of the University of Zambia. With over 50,000 Alumni, the University is seeking to help not for profit and private sector firms create sustainable value.

UNZA works with over 170 partners worldwide. The University's International partnerships support mutually beneficial collaboration in teaching, research, learning and engagement.

The University of Zambia is a member of the Association of African Universities (AAU), the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) and the International Association of Universities (IAU).

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Z A M B I A A N D U N E S C O

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It is my honour and pleasure, as Chairperson of the Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO, to welcome you to the 2014 Edition!

The 37th Session of UNESCO ushered Director General Mrs. Irina Bokova into her second term! Wecongratulate her and her team! Zambia is delighted to have another opportunity to benefit from UNESCO’stwo global priorities i.e. Priority Africa and Gender Equality during the medium term, 2014 - 2021.

It is a truth worth repeating that all children have the right to survive, to develop to their fullestpotential and to enjoy a safe and happy childhood. They have the right to a healthy physical andmental development as well as to contribute to society as respected and respectable citizens. This canonly be realized if we give them the required knowledge, skills and also if we increase their access toscience, technology and innovation.

It goes without saying that education is a major factor in enhancing a country’s social and economicdevelopment. Education is our major weapon in the fight against poverty, hunger, underdevelopmentand unemployment.

Our desire and goal, as the Ministry mandated to ensure quality education, is to focus on improvingteacher supply, recruitment, deployment and retention. We will also focus on the provision of learningand teaching materials, improved school governance, adequate teacher supervision and quality assurancethrough continued professional development and pedagogical support.

Millenium Development Goal 2, which targets achieving universal primary education by the year2015, is of particular importance to the Education Sector. Zambia has made significant progress towards itsrealization and towards the elimination of gender disparity in primary education with the completion ratefor girls currently standing at 90%. This can largely be attributed to the provision of free primary education.

The year 2014 has seen the Zambian education sector blossom with an increase in the number ofTrades and Skills building Institutions. It is our continued desire to open doors for the thousands of boysand girls crossing over from secondary school into the real world in keeping with our responsibility toidentify and sharpen their God-given skills and thereby give hope to our young citizens.

It is a well known fact that Information is power. In our continued endeavor to reach every cornerof Zambia with knowledge, the Communication and Information Sector of the Commission has put inplace strategic objectives aimed at promoting the free flow of ideas and universal access to information.This helps to promote the expression cultural diversity through community radio stations, massmedia and other world information networks in order to give all our learners access to informationand communication technologies.

The UNESCO 2015 global agenda focuses on culture as an enabler of sustainable development, a forcefor dialogue and social cohesion. Culture is who we are and what shapes our identity. Culture contributesto poverty reduction and paves the way for a human-centred, inclusive and equitable development.

As we embrace the 2015 Agenda, may we work together towards building a world fit for our childrenand indeed our children’s children.

Foreword

Hon. Dr. John. T. N. Phiri, M.P.Minister of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education,

Chairperson of the Zambia National Commission for UNESCO

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What a delight to present the 2014 Edition! We, atthe Zambia National Commission for UNESCO, are bothexcited and grateful to re-introduce this informative Editionwhich had taken a short break due to financial difficulties.We owe our gratitude to Editions Afrique Oceanie for thisnew lease of life!

From the 37th General Conference in Paris, to the GlobalEducation for All Forum in Oman, then the World HeritageCommittee in Qatar and to top it all, the First ever meetingof all National Commissions in Kazakhstan! It has indeedbeen a good start to the International Decade of the Rap-prochement of Cultures! As we prepare for the Post 2015discussions and continue to work towards Education forSustainable Development, we are hopeful that our contri-bution as Zambia will add to the global effort. We owe itto our children and to our children’s children.

The Zambia National Commission for UNESCO pickedVISIBILITY as its theme for the year 2014. Following thecontinued reminder by the Director General Mrs. Irina Bokovafor UNESCO to stand up and be counted, we decided to takethe bull by the horns and help make UNESCO stand out.The ONE UN policy has helped us join efforts with other UNagencies in Zambia in our effort to build peace.

This Edition will highlight some of our NatCom’s activ-ities in the year 2014. It is our sincere hope that you willenjoy the reading, as much as we have enjoyed putting ittogether. Remember that since wars are built in the minds ofmen and women, it is therefore in the minds of these men andwomen that defenses of peace must be built!

Introduction

Ms Brenda MuntembaChief Programmes Officer,

Zambia National Commission for UNESCO

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FOREWORDFrom the Minister for Education, Science, Vocational Training and EarlyEducation; Chairperson of the Zambia National Commission for UNESCO.

INTRODUCTIONFrom the Chief Programmes Officer, Zambia National Commission for UNESCO.

ZAMBIA AND UNESCO• The Zambia National Commission for UNESCO.• UNESCO Fellowships.• Driving, Unifying and Implementing International Co-operation.

EDUCATION• Education For All: The Big Push in Zambia.• Curriculum Review.• The International Literacy Day in Zambia.• Re-Orienting Teacher Education for Sustainability.• Teacher Education Strategies to Enhance Quality.• World Teachers’ Day Commemoration in Zambia.• Open & Distance Learning in Zambia.• The E-learning Multimedia Mobile Lab.• TVET as a catalyst for Development.• Getting Girls into Science: Science Camps for Rural Secondary School Girls.

NATURAL SCIENCES• Hydrological Information System in Zambia.• Assessing and Managing Water Resources in Zambia.• The International Year of Crystallography in Zambia.• Engineering for Sustainable Development: The Africa Engineering Week.

SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES• Women Empowerment and Youth Development Projects.• Enhancing Health among the Youth through Sports.• Human Rights Based Approach to Planning.

CULTURE• World Heritage: Developing a Sustainable Tourism Strategy for Mosi-oa-Tunya.• Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in Zambia.• Celebrating Museums in Zambia: The International Museums Day 2014.• Poetry and the Mother Tongue.

COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION• Promoting Universal Access to Information and Knowledge - IFAP.• Community Radio & Development in Zambia.• Empowering Local Radios with ICTs.• Fostering Media Development, Building Democratic Societies - IPDC.• Celebrating World Press Freedom Day.

WELCOME TO ZAMBIA• Tourism: Steady growth, great opportunities for diversification.• Agriculture: Thirsty amidst plenty but a ray of hope shines through…• Mining: The case of the golden goose.• Manufacturing: A new approach.• Investment: A land of opportunities.• Financial Services: Weathering the storm.• Construction: Set for unprecedented growth.• Communication & Transportation: Growing the nerve centre of the economy.• Energy & Water Resources: Scaling new heights.• Health: Caring for the nation.

LIST OF ADVERTISERS

Table of ContentsINFORMATION

MAGAZINEN° 7

ZAMBIA NATIONALCOMMISSION FOR UNESCO

Headquarters:CDC Building, LongacresPO Box 50619Lusaka, Zambia

This magazine is prepared jointly by:The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO

and,

Editions Afrique Océ[email protected]

Contributor (Welcome to Zambia):Mwila Nkonge

Online Edition:www.natcomreport.com

This Magazine can not be soldFree distribution

Views expressed in the articles arepersonal opinions of the contributorsand do not in any way reflect the officialstand of the Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO.

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UNESCO Medium-Term Strategy 2014-2021 (37 C/4)

“As a specialized agency of the United Nations, UNESCO – pursuant to its Constitution –contributes to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, and sustainable developmentand intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication andinformation.”

Peace Equitable and sustainabledevelopment

Africa

SO 1: Supporting MemberStates to develop educationsystems to fosterhigh-quality and inclusivelifelong learning for all

SO 4: Strengthening science,technology and innovationsystems and policies –nationally, regionally andglobally

SO 7: Protecting, promotingand transmitting heritage

SO 8: Fostering creativityand the diversity of culturalexpressions

SO 9: Promoting freedomof expression, mediadevelopment and access toinformation and knowledge

SO 5: Promotinginternational scientificcooperation on criticalchallenges to sustainabledevelopment

SO 6: Supporting inclusivesocial development, fosteringintercultural dialogue forthe rapprochement ofcultures and promotingethical principles

SO 2: Empowering learnersto be creative andresponsible global citizens

SO 3: Advancing Educationfor All (EFA) and shapingthe future internationaleducation agenda

Gender equality

Responding to Post-Conflict and Post-Disaster Situations

Missionstatement

Overarchingobjectives

Globalpriorities

Strategicobjectives


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Zambia joined UNESCOin 1964 shortly after sheattained her political inde-pendence. Following thisdecision, Zambia was obligedto form a National Commis-sion for UNESCO (NatCom)according to Article VII of theUNESCO Constitution whichstates that “Each MemberState shall make such arrange-ments as suit its particularconditions for the purposeof associating its principalbodies interested in educa-tional, scientific and culturalmatters with the work of theorganization, preferably byformation of a national com-mission, broadly represen-tative of the government andsuch bodies.”

The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO isa government institution,which functions as a depart-ment in the Ministry of Edu-cation. It was set up by anAct of Parliament, Chapter235 of the Laws of Zambiain 1966 to look after UNESCOaffairs in the country. The Actwas amended in 1981 underChapter 139 of the laws ofZambia to provide for a fulltime secretariat.

The mission of the ZambiaNational Commission forUNESCO is to effectively andefficiently execute UNESCOprogrammes and projects andto act as a catalyst/liaison forparticipation of key national

The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO

by Hildah SinywibululaSenior Programme Officer, ZNCU

As a constituent element of UNESCOand a unique network within the UnitedNations system, National Commis-sions are a very special resource for theOrganization and contribute signifi-cantly to the pursuit of its objectivesand the conceptualization and deliveryof its programmes.

Today, National Commissions are moreimportant than ever, at a time whenUNESCO and the United Nations as awhole are moving forward to improveand reform. National Commissionsare crucial to forging partnerships withcivil society, local authorities, the aca-demic community, the private sectorand other core stakeholders. They arevitally important to enhancing thevisibility of the Organization and pro-tecting its image. They are also activelyhelping to strengthen UNESCO’s actionin the field, as well as in UN commoncountry programming exercises.

UNESCO is committed to furtheringits fruitful cooperation with NationalCommissions and count on the latter’sfirm support to fulfil its duties and attainits major objectives. Strong, capableand active National Commissions arein the best interest of both MemberStates and UNESCO. ■


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actors in the work of theorganization. In this case theorganization being referredto is UNESCO.

The main goal for theNational Commission is tomaximize Zambia’s partici-pation in UNESCO’s activitiesand programmes and to coor-dinate UNESCO activitiesand act as a liaison, betweenthe Zambian Governmentand UNESCO.

Functions of the Commis-sion as stipulated in the Actare as follows:• To advise the Government onmatters relating to UNESCO.• To execute and to giveadvice on and assistance inthe execution of UNESCOprojects in Zambia.• To disseminate informationconcerning UNESCO and itsactivities.

• To provide liaison betweenUNESCO and institutions andindividuals in Zambia inter-ested in educational, scien-tific and cultural matters.• To ensure Zambia’s partic-ipation in international con-ferences and training coursesorganized or sponsored byUNESCO.• To make adequate prepa-ration for Zambia’s partici-pation at the General Con-ference with regard to thestudy of the Draft Programmeand Budget and selection ofdelegates to the conference.• To foster international peaceand understanding throughcollaboration with otherMember States.• To administer the variousUNESCO fellowships.• To establish UNESCO Clubsand Associated Schools Proj-ect in schools and Teacher-Training Colleges.

Presentestablishment

The Commission is com-posed of 22 Commissionersrepresenting relevant min-istries, government depart-ments and institutions respon-sible for Education, Science,Culture, Communication

and Information. These areappointed by the Ministerresponsible for Educationwho is the Chairperson ofthe Commission and whosevice is the Deputy Ministerof Education.

Commissioners serve fora period of two years and areeligible for reappointment.

The Commission is dividedinto Sector Committees rep-resenting UNESCO’s fields ofcompetence, i.e. Education,Science, Culture, Human andSocial Sciences and Informa-tion and Communication.Each sector committee ischaired by a commissionerwho belongs to that sector.

The SecretariatThe current Organization

Establishment of the Secre-tariat is such that the Secre-tariat is headed by a ChiefProgrammes Officer who iscalled Secretary General atUNESCO. There are 4 SeniorProgramme Officers in chargeof Education, the Sciences,Culture, Communicationand Information. In additionthere are the support staff(refer to chart).

Chief Programmes Officer

Senior ProgrammeOfficer Education

Senior ProgrammeOfficer Culture

Senior Programme Officer Communication and Information

Senior Programme Officer Human and Social Science

DocumentationOfficer

Driver Cleaners (2)

Purchasing andSupplies Assistant

AccountsAssistant

Secretary Typist RegistryClerk


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Commissioners make upthe Executive Body concernedwith policy matters of the com-mission. Therefore officialsat the highest level of policyfrom line ministries and insti-tutions are usually appointedto serve as commissioners.

MissionStatement

The mission of the Com-mission is to effectively andefficiently execute UNESCOprogrammes and projects andto act as a catalyst/liaison forparticipation of key nationalactors in the work of theorganization.

It should be noted that themain thrust of the NATCOMat the commencement of theyear was to strengthen thecapacity of secretariat andconsolidate its presence andvisibility. One of the key fea-tures of the strategy set outin the annual work plan andbudget was Zambia’s par-ticipation in UNESCO pro-grammes and project imple-mentation of the approvedproposals from UNESCO.

The activities of theNational Commission are theoutcome of its ‘purposes’ and‘functions’… which requiresit to involve bodies, agencies,groups and individuals con-cerned in UNESCO’s fields ofcompetence.1 It serves as anadvisory body, which enablesthe country to participate inUNESCO activities throughinvolvement of various coop-erating partners, line min-istries, NGOs and individuals.In this way it is hoped thatthe country may contributeto the maintenance of peaceand security and the commonwelfare of humanity. TheNational Commission furtherhelps to increase the nation’srole in UNESCO’s work.

Roles andResponsibilitiesAdvisory Function

Natcom provides expertadvice to government onmatters relating to UNESCOand advises UNESCO’s Secre-tariat on relevant issues eitheron request or on their owninitiative.

Coordination/Implementation

Coordinates the execution,supervision and implemen-tation of UNESCO’s activitiesin the country. Every biennumthe National commissionsubmits to UNESCO participa-tion Programme requests inaccordance with the relevantGeneral Conference resolutionfor that biennium. It evaluatestheir implementation andreports back to UNESCO. Fur-ther it coordinates nationalresponses to UNESCO con-ducted surveys and reportson national implementationof UNESCO’s standard settinginstruments.

Liaison and OutreachIt provides linkages between

UNESCO secretariat and rele-vant government agencies,institutions, organizations,national affiliated partners,

NGOs and individuals in Zam-bia with an interest in mat-ters pertaining to UNESCO.The Natcom plays a proactiverole in encouraging nationalentities to propose candidates

for UNESCO prizes, participat-ing in search for candidatesfor vacant posts at UNESCOand placing UNESCO fellow-ship holders.

Informationand Advocacy

Promotes UNESCO’s idealsand disseminate informationconcerning UNESCO and itsactivities and achievementsso as to strengthen UNESCO’simpact at national level. Inthis role the national commis-sion works with the nationalmedia to raise awareness onUNESCO issues.

CollaborationFostering international

peace and understandingthrough collaboration withmember states. It collaborateson a number of UNESCO issuesand other related activitieswith countries in the regionand the world over.

In executing its functionsand roles the Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCOcarries out various activitiesand programmes all aimedat promoting UNESCO’swork at national and inter-national levels.

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1 - Practical Guide for National Commissions, p.81.


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UNESCO Fellowshipsby Hildah Sinywibulula

Senior Programmes Officer

The Zambia National Commissionfor UNESCO, like other Commissionsin member states is mandated toadminister the various UNESCOfellowships in the different fields ofstudy. This Programme was set upin 1993 in order to cater for humanresource training needs in MemberStates particularly in developingcountries like Zambia. Two consider-ations are taken into account in theimplementation of this Programme:the linking of the fellowships to theorganization’s priority Programmes,and the association of fellowshipswith national training Programmes.

The following are some of thesources of funding for carrying outtraining activities in connectionwith the UNESCO Fellowship BankProgramme.

• Fellowships financed fromUNESCO’s Regular Programme –UNESCO Fellowship Bank Scheme

These are of short-term durationof a maximum of only six months anddo not lead to higher diplomas anddegrees. They are meant to strengthenand enhance skills development andperformance and they are accessibleto all member states. Only one fel-lowship is available to each memberstate per biennium.

• Co-sponsored fellowshipsThese are offered by governments,

institutions and private individuals.They come within UNESCO’s fields ofcompetence and studies are usuallycarried out in the donor country,which also makes the final selectionof the beneficiaries. These are madeavailable from UNESCO and are pub-licized by the National Commission.Mr. Bernard Mwape Chipala, fromthe Department of Energy in theMinistry of Mines, Energy and WaterDevelopment is one such beneficiaryin the field of Renewable Energy andSustainability. The Fellowship isco-sponsored by UNESCO and theRussian Federation.

• Fellowships administered fromextra-budgetary resources

Individual fellowships are foreseenfor the study of certain special methodsand techniques, study grants or toursconsisting of short Programmes ofvisits. One such fellowship was awardedto Mr. Sylvester Bonaventure Kanyanta,a Senior Lecturer at Mufulira Teachers’Training College. He went to pursuea Masters degree in Special Educationat the University of Newcastle, U.K.

The last two categories of fellow-ships are intended for nationals ofdeveloping countries, a region or agiven group of countries dependingon the wishes of the donors.

Other UNESCO Fellowships• Fellowships from theParticipation Programme

These are awarded as a form ofassistance for longer periods of study,such as the annual training at theInternational Institute for EducationPlanning (IIEP) to enable memberStates carry out their UNESCO relatedactivities.

• UNESCO Institute ofEducation (UIE)

This Institute offers short termfellowship and training programmesfor senior officials in the field of educa-tion particularly literacy, non-formaleducation and adult learning.

• UNESCO short-term fellowshipin Biotechnology

This supports particularly researchin plant and aquatic biotechnologyand related biotechnologies.

• UNESCO Biotechnology Action Council (BAC) Professorship Scheme

It aims at providing the biotech-nological community in the leastdeveloped countries like Zambia withresearch and training opportunitiesin biotechnology.

• UNESCO Microbial ResourceCentres Network (MIRCENs)

These centres offer short-term fel-lowships in Biotechnology designedto stimulate and facilitate researchand training in microbial technologyand environmental biotechnologies.

• UNESCO/ICSU/TWASThese short term fellowship pro-

gramme in Basic Sciences aim at pro-moting international cooperation inthis field.

The UNESCO Fellowship Pro-gramme has the main objective ofenhancing human resource devel-opment. All relevant Institutionsmust be keen and aggressive inensuring that Zambia achieves theplace it deserves in winning thefellowships as a UNESCO memberstate for the socio economic devel-opment of our nation.

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Bilateral Co-operationBy Heather Munachonga,Senior Programme Officer

Co-operation betweenthe Zambia National Com-mission for UNESCO and theKorea National Commissionfor UNESCO dates back to2010 when the two NationalCommissions signed the firstMemorandum of Under-standing (MoU) to establisha mutual framework govern-ing the respective organiza-tional relationships, respon-sibilities and activities in theUNESCO Bridge Programme.The Bridge Programme is aPublic Private Partnership(PPP) project under the KNCU,Samsung Electronics andKorea International Coop-eration Agency (KOICA) tocontribute to Education forAll (EFA) at grass-root levelin selected southern Africancountries, including Zambia.

The Bridge Project has setup an adult literacy centrein Chishiko Chongwe, eastof Lusaka and a commu-nity Computer Skills Centrefor basic ICT skills. The twoNational Commissions havesuccessfully run MedicalCamps in Kafue and Chongwe’sKampekete area, in collab-oration with ProgrammeUrban Self Help (PUSH) andMicro Finance. During thesecamps, hundreds of patientsare attended to by specialistsfrom Korea with assistancefrom Zambian general prac-titioners and specialist doc-tors using Mobile Hospitalsprovided by the Ministry ofHealth. Operating parallel tothe medical camp normally,are Samsung ElectronicsCamps where Samsung Elec-tronics repair householdSamsung products such asmicrowaves, fridges, mobilephones, radios, DVD players,

televisions at no cost. Replace-ment of electronic spare partsis sometimes done at no cost.

In 2014, KNCU and ZNCUsigned another MoU with afocus on Education for Allgoals three and four involv-ing adult literacy as well asskills building for the youth.Under the current MoU, KNCUand ZNCU will collaboratewith People’s Action Forum(PAF), an NGO that deals with

Driving, Unifying and Implementing

International Co-operation

Zambia delegation to the 37th UNESCO General Conference in Paris.

The Zambia National Commissionfor UNESCO has worked with a numberof National Commissions to enhancebilateral relations and cultural exchangeand in sharing of information and bestpractices in a transparent and cooper-ative manner.

Signing of the

MoU between

ZNCU and

KNCU – 2014.


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adult literacy programmes inrural areas. The Bridge projectintends to develop Commu-nity Learning Centres whichwill provide comprehensiveincome-generating projectsas well as public health andsanitation programmes.

Greater benefits are envis-aged for communities throughthis cooperation.

Cultural Exchange –Kulturweit Programme –German NationalCommission for UNESCOBy Sebastian Sakautzky

Since the first day I arrivedfrom Germany in August, Ihave been asked the samequestion over and over again.How do you find Zambia?

Well, let’s start from thebeginning. About a year agoI read somewhere on the Inter-net about a cultural exchangeprogramme initiated by theGerman Foreign Ministry andthe German National Com-mission for UNESCO. Thisprogramme gives youngstudents the chance to goand live in another countryfor six to twelve months andto work for an organizationengaged in the field of cul-ture and/or education. Thisis called KULTURWEIT orBRIDGING CULTURES. WhenI got informed in March thisyear that I was selected as avolunteer to go to Zambia,you can imagine that I wasmore than happy and couldn’treally believe it until I finallystepped out of the plane atKenneth Kaunda airport, inZambia at the end of August.

But before I travelled, Itried to prepare for the tripby trying to find out as muchinformation as possible aboutZambia. And maybe there I

realized my first challenge.I couldn’t find much infor-mation in the German pressand media landscape- exceptof course for the astonishingnews about Zambia’s highGDP-growth rates and somearticles about copper mining.But that was pretty much it.My next step was to buy atravel guide, which got meinformed about the richnature and the best oppor-tunities for animal spottingin the national parks. But withsuch a trip there comes a lotof uncertainty which no articleor guide could simply eraseout of one’s mind. Will I findan lodging? Will my col-leagues be nice? Will I standthe summer heat in October?

Now that I am alreadyhere for three months, I canassure you that the answerto all those questions is YES!I couldn’t have wished for abetter start in Lusaka! Mycolleagues arranged nearlyeverything before I even setfoot on zambian soil and I feltwelcomed right from the firstminute I entered the office.My work here is as interestingas it is diverse. My main taskis to launch a homepage andsocial media pages for theZambian National Commis-sion for UNESCO to get morepeople interested in the activ-ities and programmes we arecarrying out. Besides that, I get

the chance to know each fieldof UNESCO’s competences.Our programme officers takeme to nearly every event, work-shop or marchpast. And fromweek to week I get a betterpicture of their work and theefforts they put in it.

I think I arrived at a reallygood time in Zambia, wherethe nation is celebrating it’sgolden 50 independencejubilee. Government officialsfrom all over the world describeZambia as a peaceful nationwhich plays a great role as onefactor for stability in SouthernAfrica. In my interactions, Ifind many people discussingthe achievements of the coun-try since independence. I hear

stories of success, progress andempowerment. To me it feelslike a time of looking back inhistory to understand the pres-ent and to shape the future.A great German philosopheronce said, “What is at stakeis not the conservation of thepast but the fulfillment ofpast hopes”.

If you ask me how I findZambia, I would say that itis pretty interesting. EspeciallyLusaka, where I mainly stay:a vibrant city, diverse, intense,growing and when I findmyself passing Cairo Roadduring rush hour on a work-ing day everybody seems to

Volunteer,

Sebastian

Sakautkzi

German

NatCom.


21


be busy selling or trading insomething, discussing busi-ness over the phone or rushingto the bank. I have now animage of Lusaka as a vibrantcity. I will definitely take thispicture back to Germany andtell my friends, family, fellow

students all about it. This mayhelp to attracts future vol-unteers, tourists or whoeverwishes to come to Zambia.

I am grateful for this cul-tural exchange programme.

Visits and ConferencesBy Brenda Muntemba,Chief Programmes Officer

The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO hasbeen a part of the many globalforums in the year 2014 andthis has added to strength-ening the working relationsbetween the various NationalCommissioms (NatComs).

OmanZambia attended the

Oman May 2015 Global Edu-cation For All meeting inMay 2014, which was heldin Muscat, the home of theArabian Nights!

The delegation was headedby the Deputy Minister for Edu-cation, Hon. David Mabumba.The Post 2015 Agenda focusedon the Education Agendaafter the Millenuim Develop-ment Goals have reached theirterm and placed emphasison holding governments

accountable so that promisesgiven are delivered. RespectiveMinistries of Education werechallenged to ensure thattraining coleges churn outquality teachers who wouldin turn be able to producelearners worth their salt.

The meeting gave Regionsan opportunity to meet anddiscuss specific concerns. Inthis regard, the Africa Regionraised the following:• The need to increase accessto education for children withspecial needs.• The need for strategy to cap-ture children among nomadictribes.• The necessity of monitoringprogrammes.• Priority Africa needed tocascade to national prioritieswithout waiting for globalinitiatives.

The Global Education ForAll meeting brought to the forethe need for a return to skillsbuilding in order to ensure

equitable and lifelong learningfor all by the year 2030. In thewords of the Director General,Mrs Irina Bokova, “This canbe attained if together webecome BOLDER, embraceINNOVATION and becomeDELIBERATE in our efforts. ThePost 2015 Education Agendashould have one over achinggoal which should encompassAccess, Equity, and Quality.”

The Oman meeting endedby emphasizing the need forthese goals to be Transformative.

KoreaFollowing the visit by the

Korea National Commissionfor UNESCO Secretary General,Mr Min and his team, theZambia National Commissionfor UNESCO Secretary GeneralMs Brenda Muntemba wasinvited to Seoul, Republicof South Korea in June 2014.Present at the Cultural andLearning Exchange pro-gramme were China, Japan,Thailand and Germany. It wasa wonderful week of sharingideas for international coop-eration. The cultural exchangewas rich and worthwhile.

This continued exchangebetween Commissions of dif-ferent cultures helps bring toreality the desire of the Decadeof Rapprochement of Cultures,

Global

Education For

All Meeting,

Oman –

May 2014.

Korea Natcom

exchange visit.


22


which is that cultures shouldlearn respect and tolerance,if we are to further world peace.

Culture is indeed a greattool for building peace andtolerance.

QatarThe 38th Session of the

World Heritage Committeewas held in Doha, Qatar from15 to 25th June 2014. It wasa high powered meetingwhich saw Botswana as theonly African country with asuccessful bid as the OkavangoDelta was listed as number1000 World Heritage site!

Zambia was representedby five officers, including thepermanent delegation fromParis. Her bid for the BarotseCultural Landscape of WesternZambia was deferred andshould be presented for thesecond time, at the next WorldHeritage Committee, all thingsbeing equal.

Qatar was a great learningexperience as delegates weretaken through the require-ments for the successful pres-entation of bids for all cate-gories of sites. Nations showedsolidarity in celebrating withnewly listed member coun-tries while others came forth,offering expertise to thosewhose bids were deferred.

As the saying goes, “If atfirst you don’t succeed, pickyourself up and try again!”

KazakhstanAstana Kazakhstan will go

down in history as the venuefor the First Inter- RegionalMeeting of National Com-missions for UNESCO, whichwas held in July 2014! Thevery Kazakhstan which drovethe motion for the Decade ofthe Rapprochement of Cul-tures and the first meeting ofReligious and World Leaders!

This first meeting ofNational Commissions sawrepresentation from all regionsas well as representatives ofthe Director General from theUNESCO headquarters. It wasindeed a meeting of like minds,minds that pursue the samepurpose under the Constitu-tion of UNESCO namely, “Tocontribute to peace and secu-

rity by promoting collabo-ration among the nationsthrough education, science,and culture in order to furtheruniversal respect for justice, forthe rule of law and for human

rights and the fundamentalfreedoms, which are affirmedfor the peoples of the world,without distinction of therace, sex, language or reli-gion, by the Charter of theUnited Nations.”

The week of interactionbrought different culturestogether through the sharingof song, dance, food and drink.Secretaries General were ableto put faces to the various cor-respondences and the expectedresult is the deepening of rela-tionships which will lead togreater efficiency.

May Kazakhstan, theland of peace and accord,be blessed!

MalawiFollowing UNESCO’s decen-

tralisation policy, whose goalis to provide better support

38th Session

of the World

Heritage

Committee,

Qatar.

Kazakhstan 1st

Inter-Regional

meeting

of NatComs

– July 2014.

Brenda

Muntemba in

Astana tasting

traditional

foods.


23


to member countries as theystrive “To develop and increasethe means of communicationbetween their peoples and toemploy these means for thepurposes of mutual under-standing and a truer and more

perfect knowledge of eachother,” the southern regionmet in Lilongwe Malawi inSeptember 2014. The MultiSectoral Office for SouthernRegion (MSRO) led this process,which had one hundred per-cent attendance.

The main aim of the meet-ing was to draw a work planfor the year 2015 and beyond.The SGs were successful incoming up with this workplan and countries took upindividual roles to ensure itsimplementation. The secondaim of the meeting was toacquaint accountants withUNESCO accounting proce-dures. It goes without sayingthat the meeting was fruitful.

As the saying goes, “Birdsof a feather, will flock together!”

NamibiaFollowing the Malawi

meeting, the UNESCO MultiSectoral Office for SouthernAfrica in collaboration with theUNESCO Windhoek NationalOffice conducted a two-dayseminar for Community radioStation personnel and Com-munication and Informa-tion Programme Officers inWindhoek, Namibia. TheWorkshop which was con-ducted on the 22nd and 23rd

September followed a seriesof workshops for the SwedishDevelopment CooperationProject aimed at empoweringlocal radios with ICTs. Themain aim of the Workshopwas to build capacity in the

area of resource mobilization.This was done by educatingparticipants on the Interna-tional Programme for theDevelopment of Communica-tion (IPDC) and how to accessfunding from the Programmeas well as report writing forProjects under the Programme.

Workshop participantscomprised all National Com-missions’ Communicationand Information ProgrammeOfficers under the UNESCOMSOSA Office namely Bots-wana, Lesotho, Malawi, Moz-ambique, Namibia, SouthAfrica, Swaziland, Zambiaand Zimbabwe. Other par-ticipants included represen-tatives from CommunityRadio Stations that are cur-rently benefitting from theUNESCO/ SIDA Project.

JapanThe Zambia National

Commission for UNESCOattended the UNESCO WorldConference on Education forSustainable Development(WCESD), which was held inAichi-Nagoya, Japan from10th to 12th November, 2014.The three-day event was heldmark the end of the decade,review the achievements ofthe United Nations Decadefor Education for Sustainable

Development (2005-14) andchart the way forward withthe new Global Action Pro-gramme which will be the fol-low up to the United NationalDecade on Education forSustainable Development(UNDESD). The final GlobalMonitoring and EvaluationReport, ‘Shaping the FutureWe Want’ was launched. Thisfocuses on the outcomes ofthe UN Decade of Educationfor Sustainable Developmentand demonstrates how edu-cation has advanced as acritical tool.

During the conference,participants reviewed suc-cessful and inspiring initia-tives from the UN Decade anddiscussed ways to furtherimprove education so thatESD becomes one of its corecomponents. In addition, theconference addressed specificpriorities and challenges ofthe new Global Action Pro-gramme for ESD, such asteaching, assessing and pro-moting 21st century compe-tencies. At the closing cere-mony, participants endorsedthe Aichi-Nagoya Declara-tion, which would acceleratethe movement towards ESD.

The Zambia NationalCommission will endeavourto carry out ESD Global Citi-zenship activities in Associ-ated Project Network (ASPnet)schools as part of its imple-mentation of the GlobalAction Programme. ■

Participants -

Sub regional

Seminar, for

National

Commissions,

Malawi –

September

2014.

UNESCO World

Conference on

Education for

Sustainable

Development,

Japan

– Nov. 2014.

CAVENDISH UNIVERSITYZAMBIA

mundumeducare

http://www.cavendishza.org


25


The Education for All (EFA)movement is a global commit-ment to provide quality basiceducation for all children,youths and adults. In the year2000, one hundred and sixty-four (164) governments attend-ing the World Education Forumin Dakar pledged to achieveEFA and identified six goalsto be met by 2015. Today,Governments, developmentagencies, civil society and theprivate sector are workingtogether to reach the EFA goals.It was at this forum thatUNESCO was mandated tocoordinate and be the leadagency in spearheading EFAactivities. As the lead agency,UNESCO focuses its activitieson five key areas: policy dia-logue, monitoring, advocacy,mobilisation of resources andcapacity development.

Zambia has not been leftout of this EFA movement. TheMinistry of Education hasidentified six key education

goals, which aim at meetingthe learning needs of all chil-dren, youths and adults by2015. These include:

Expansion of earlychildhood careand education

All Early Childhood Edu-cation Centers both Govern-ment and private are nowexpected to adhere to thenewly introduced curricu-lum. Until January 2014,each early childhood careand education provider fol-lowed their own curriculumthereby resulting in a lack ofharmony.

Provision of free andcompulsory primaryeducation for all

Below are the achieve-ments following governmentinterventions:• Uniform policy which allowsdisadvantaged learners to bein school without wearingschool uniform.

Education For All:The Big Push in Zambia

by Lancelot MutaleDirectorate of Planning and Information, MoE

EFA Goals:

• Expanding and improving compre-hensive early childhood care and edu-cation, especially for the most vulner-able and disadvantaged children.

• Ensuring that by 2015 all children,particularly girls, children in difficultcircumstances and those belonging toethnic minorities, have access to andcomplete, free and compulsory primaryeducation of good quality.

• Ensuring that the learning needs ofall young people and adults are metthrough equitable access to appropriatelearning and life-skills programmes.

• Achieving a 50% improvement inlevels of adult literacy by 2015, especiallyfor women, and equitable access to basicand continuing education for all adults.

• Eliminating gender disparities inprimary and secondary education by2005, and achieving gender equalityin education by 2015, with a focus onensuring girls’ full and equal access toand achievement in basic educationof good quality.

• Improving all aspects of the qualityof education and ensuring excellenceof all so that recognised and measur-able learning outcomes are achievedby all, especially in literacy, numeracyand essential life skills. ■


• Re-Entry Policy which allowsschool girls who fall pregnantto be re-admitted.• Enhanced construction ofschool infrastructure, whichincludes classrooms andteacher’s houses, particularlyin the rural areas.• School Feeding Programmecatering for over 800,000learners.• Bursary Scheme which pro-vides financial and materialassistance to learners in thejunior and senior secondarylevels (Grades 8-12).• Free Primary EducationPolicy abolishing user feespayment for children fromgrade 1-7 in Public Schools.

Promotion of learningand life-skills forboth youths and adults

Increase in youth and adultliteracy programmes

This is being implementedthrough Community andAdult Learning Centres dottedaround the country, espe-cially in the rural areas.

Gender parityThe increase in girl’s par-

ticipation at basic educationsub sector has equally beenremarkable, increasing by90.06 percent between 2002and 2013.

To attain the Gender ParityIndex (GPI) the Ministry hasbeen providing bursary sup-port to all schools offeringgrades 8-12.

Improvement of qualityof education

The Ministry has re-oriented the curriculum forprimary and secondary schoolsto put emphasis on life skillsto enable learners cope withdemands of self-employmentand the labour market.

To improve quality atall levels, the Ministry hasemployed such interventionssuch as:

• Recruitment and deploy-ment of teachers.• Expansion of infrastructureat Primary, Secondary andtertiary levels.• Provision of educationalmaterials.

EFA Accelerationin Zambia

The last sixty years haveseen great progress in enablingchildren and adults to benefitfrom basic education. Zambiachose to place emphasis onthe importance of Early Child-hood Education.

In conformity with one ofUNESCO’s mandates of coor-dinating the internationalmovement in support ofEducation for All (EFA), theZambia National Commis-sion for UNESCO works withother stakeholders in coordi-nating and facilitating EFAactivities in Zambia. Theseinclude capacity building pro-grammes, the commemora-tion of International LiteracyDay and Global Action Week.

The 2014 Global ActionWeek activities were held underthe theme ‘Equal rights, equalopportunity: Education anddisability!” Zambia’s com-memoration included a march

26



27


past, a dissemination meet-ing on status of children withdisabilities, and radio and tele-vision programmes to sensi-tize the public on EFA goals.

ConclusionZambia continues to make

progress towards achieving

the targets particularly atprimary school level.

There is therefore needfor the cooperating Partnersto once again increase budg-etary support to the Ministry.This will translate into anacceleration in achieving the

2015 EFA Goals, especially inview of the Post 2015 Educa-tion Goals. Unless qualityEducation is accessible to all,Zambia’s vision 2030 willremain but a dream.

■

Zambia has revised its curriculum inresponse to learner needs as well as thesocietal dynamics. Below are four majorreforms that have taken place in responseto learner needs.

Standardization of curricula for EarlyChildhood Education, Adult Literacy andColleges of Education.

This entails that all learners coun-trywide will use one uniform curriculum.It is worth mentioning that at primaryand secondary levels, the curriculum isalready standardized allowing learners tosit for national examinations at the endof each level.

The compulsory use of familiar language asa medium of instruction.

Learners from Grades 1 – 4 both inPublic and Private schools (except forschools that have express permission from

the Ministry) will use the familiar languageof that particular province. This languageis drawn from Zambia’s seven official locallanguages. The English language, whichup to now served as the official mediumof instruction will move to second position,being introduced progressively until fifthgrade when it gradually takes over fromthe familiar language. Previously Englishhas been used as the medium of instructionat all levels.

Introduction of the two tier system or dualcareer pathways embracing both the academicand vocational.

The creation of dual career pathwaysat this level introduces both academic andvocational options for secondary schoollearners. In accordance with the concernsexpressed on Mathematics and Science,all senior technical secondary schools willoffer an academic path with emphasis onMathematics and pure Sciences. This ismeant to augment the output needed tomeet the requirements of the industry.However, the other non technical seniorsecondary schools are at liberty to offerany two of the three academic curriculumpathways i.e. social sciences, businessstudies and natural sciences.

The Vocational pathway is for learnerswith ambitions and interests in technicaland other hands-on subjects. The curricu-lum will provide practical skills to suchlearners starting from Grade 8 all the wayto Grade 12. According to this curriculum,

Curriculum Reviewby Bostor Mundia Mwendende

Curriculum Development Center


28


schools shall closely collaborate with theTechnical, Vocational and EntepreneurshipTraining Authority (TEVETA) and other lineministries. Learners studying the vocationalpathway will obtain trade certificates aswell as Grade 9 or Grade 12 Certificates.The Trade Cerficates will be offered underTEVETA whereas the Academic Cerficates,that is Grade 9 of 12 will be offered underExaminations Council of Zambia (ECZ).

The first phase will award trade certifi-cates in the following fields:• Bricklaying and plastering;• Carpentry and Joinery;• Metal Fabrication;• Electrical Engineering;• Home Management;• Food Production.

The vocational curriculum, whichincludes computer studies will be imple-mented in the secondary schools whichhave ready personnel, facilities and equip-ment as well as existing national andregional technical schools. The vision ofthe Ministry is introduce specialised sec-ondary schools in areas such as Tech-nology, Agriculture, Physical Educationand Sports, Performing and Creative Artsand Home Economics and Hospitality.

Introduction of Information and Communi-cations Technology at all levels to equiplearners with essential ICT skills.

Suffice to say, that this revised cur-riculum is a response to the needs andaspirations of individuals as well as society.Its relevance to the Zambian context ispivotal to quality education for sustainabledevelopment because it addresses all thefaculties of a learner and opens doors forself reliance. ■

Zambia joined the rest of the world on 8th September to celebrate International LiteracyDay. The national event takes places on a rotational basis from one province to another in order to give literacy its prominencein every corner of the country. A numberof activities took place leading to Inter-national Literacy Day, such as radio andtelevision programmes featuring key stake-holders in literacy. These were aimed athighlighting the importance of literacyto a developing nation like Zambia. Theactual Literacy day brought stakeholdertogether for the annual march past, enter-tainment in public places such as shoppingmalls, speeches, award giving, exhibitionsand reading tents.

■

International Literacy Day

LUSAKA BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE MANAGEMENT BOARD

P/B RW50020A, Lusaka, Zambia Tel: +260-211-250435 / 251090 / 252289 Fax: +260-211-253264Email: [email protected] - Website: www.lbtc.ac.zm

VISIONTo be the leading institution which

provide quality Training, consultancy andother products in Zambia and beyond.

MISSIONProvide business and technical skills,

services and other products for nationaldevelopment.

GOALTo ensure provision of quality training,

services and other products to our clientsand other stakeholders so as to

contribute to improved quality of life andnational development.

BUSINESS STUDIES PROGRAMMES• Diploma in Computer Studies (TEVETA) - 3 years• Diploma in Business Administration (TEVETA) - 3 years• ZICA Technician - 1 year• Trade Certificate in Computer Studies (TEVETA) - 1 year• Professional Certificate in Marketing (ZIM) - 1 year• Diploma in Computer Engineering (ABMA UK) - 11/2 years• Diploma in Business Management (ABMA UK) - 11/2 years• Diploma in Human Resource Mgt (ABMA UK) - 11/2 years• Diploma in Purchasing & Supply (CIPS UK) - 2 years• Certificate in Secretarial and Office Mgt (TEVETA) - 1 year

Enrolment for all the courses is done in January and June foreach academic year.

ENGINEERING PROGRAMMES• Power Electrical - 2 years• Machining and Metal Fabrication - 2 years• Plumbing and Sheet Metal - 2 years

• Water Operations and Supply - 2 years• Automotive Mechanics - 2 years• Automotive Electrical - 2 years• Electronic Systems Maintenance and Repairs - 2 years

All the above courses are at craft certificate level; and they areoffered also, in the evening under extension studies.

SPECIAL EDUCATION / HOSPITALITY PROGRAMMES• Certificate in Hair Dressing & Cosmetology - 1 year• Certificate in Tailoring & Design - 2 years• Trade Test in Tailoring & Design - 1 year• Certificate in General Hospitality (Hotel Management) - 1 year• Diploma in Tourism Management - 1 year• Certificate in Food Production - 1 year• Certificate in Food and Beverages - 1 year

Enrolment is in January and July for each academic year. Thisdepartment caters for differently able bodied persons.


http://www.lbtc.ac.zm/

http://www.lbtc.ac.zm

http://www.islzambia.org


30


The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO hasbeen carrying out Educationfor Sustainable Developmentactivities in both secondaryschools and Colleges of Edu-cation, in collaboration withthe University of Zambia. Theobjective of these activities isto promote the global effortof implementing the UnitedNations Decade of Educationfor Sustainable Development(ESD). The rationale is thatthese Colleges train studentteachers, who in turn teachthe Primary school learners,giving them the desired skillsand attitudes needed for theirtransformation. We know thatto train a child at at early ageis to impart lessons for life.The Ministry of Educationpolicy document Educatingour Future (1996) stipulates

the need to produce a learnercapable of participating in thepreservation of ecosystems inone’s immediate and distantenvironments.

The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCOcarried out ESD activities inKasama and Mansa Collegesof Education. These Collegesof Education benefited froma small seed fund for ESD activ-ities. Mansa College of Edu-cation, purchased seedlings forbanana plants, and fruit treessuch as, guava and orangetrees. Each student was givena seedling to plant and tenduntil completion of theircourse. This was done witha view to having an orchardthat would supplement thestudent-body diet as well ashelp generation income.

Re-Orienting TeacherEducation for Sustainability

by Heather MunachongaSenior Programme Officer, ZNCU

Education for SustainableDevelopment (ESD)

Education for Sustainable Devel-opment allows every human being toacquire the knowledge, skills, attitudesand values necessary to shape a sus-tainable future.

Education for Sustainable Devel-opment means including key sustain-able development issues into teachingand learning; for example, climatechange, disaster risk reduction, biodi-versity, poverty reduction, and sustain-able consumption.

It also requires participatory teach-ing and learning methods that moti-vate and empower learners to changetheir behaviour and take action forsustainable development.

Education for Sustainable Devel-opment consequently promotes compe-tencies like critical thinking, imaginingfuture scenarios and making decisionsin a collaborative way.

Education for Sustainable Devel-opment requires far-reaching changesin the way education is often practisedtoday. ■

© S

arah

Isaa

cs


Kasama College of Edu-cation on the other hand,used the seed fund to procurewaste bins, since waste man-agement was identified as agrowing source of concern bythe school. Awareness raisingsessions were carried out priorto the procurement of thewaste bins and these wereplaced in strategic places i.e.outside classrooms, caferiaand dormitories.

Besides the activities under-taken in the Colleges of Edu-cation, the Zambia NationalCommission hosted an Inter-national ESD workshop spon-sored by UNESCO Head-quarters. This was held from16th to 19th July 2013 at theCresta Golf view Hotel inLusaka, Zambia. The DeputyHonourable Minister of Edu-cation, Science, VocationalTraining and Early Educationopened the workshop whichcomprised University profes-sors from 21 countries takenfrom the fields of ESD andTeacher Education across threeUNESCO regions. This impor-tant meeting was aimed atkick-starting a broad-basedstakeholder contributiontowards the development ofa Guide to the Effective Teachingof ESD in Teacher Education

Institutions. Some participantscame from as far as Jamaica,Philippines and New Zealand.

UNESCO headquarterswas represented by Dr JuliaVihoefer from the Educationfor Sustainable Developmentsector and Dr Florence Ssereofrom the Teacher Educationsector.

At the end of the workshopa small team was constitutedto draft the structure of theGuide. Zambia the host coun-try, was tasked to lead theprocess. The Guide will focuson key issues in teacher edu-cation, particularly emerg-ing issues of quality and rele-vance with regards to ESD,understood to be a frame-work for holistic and harmo-nized approach to address-ing quality and relevance ineducation.

Participants of the work-shop identified as priority thefollowing thematic areas:teaching and learning forsustainability in a changing

world context; conceptual clar-ifications and terminologies,philosophies, theories andprincipals underlying ESD inteacher education; knowingand understanding the stu-dent teacher, the teacher andteacher educator and the con-text; the teacher educationcurriculum/programme; cross-cutting issues in teacher edu-cation curriculum; teachingand learning methodologies,approaches and techniques;assessment for ESD learningand outcomes.

This meeting was a suc-cess and an enriching expe-rience for academia in ESDand Teacher education.

The National Commis-sion then held a one day con-sultative meeting for headteachers, subject teachers aswell as for the University ofZambia’s department of Envi-ronmental Education. Thismeeting resolved to push forthe introduction of Eco schoolsas well as the revamping ofUNESCO clubs. ■

31


© U

ndis

cove

red

Ear

th

http://www.zica.co.zm

Great East Road, P.O. Box 33200Lusaka, Zambia

Tel: +260 211 290506, 291229Fax: +260 211 291991

Email: [email protected]: www.micc.co.zm

MULUNGUSHI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CENTRE“Passion for excellence”

The Mulungushi International Conference Centre Limited (MICCL) is located in the heart of Lusaka, just 15kmfrom Lusaka International Airport and 3km from the city centre.

MICCL is the most prestigious and largest conference venue in the country. It is nestled amidst a natural bushwith a natural flora and fauna. The Centre has two historical buildings that have a total of 20 conferencinghalls with a combined capacity of 7,500. The biggest hall can accommodate 2,500 delegates. The Centre isequipped with state of the art equipment and modern interpretation system. MICC boasts of a conferencepackage at a very competitive rate which includes tea breaks, buffet lunch and beverages.

Mulungushi operates a well equipped kitchen which caters for up to 7,500 delegates with a well stocked barwhich is open daily. The Centre operates an efficient outdoor catering wing which caters for out-bound andin-bound events.

The MICC is perfectly placed in close proximity with prestigious hotels, shopping malls and a bankingcomplex. The Centre boasts of a secure and spacious car park which accommodates 650 cars at any giventime.


http://www.micc.co.zm/

http://thebestofzambia.com/orgs/metropolitan-school/

http://www.micc.co.zm


35


UNESCO has identifiedthe acute shortage of trainedteachers as one of the biggestchallenges to the realizationof Education for All goals forSub-Sahara Africa by 2015.Subsequently, Teacher TrainingInitiatives for Sub-SaharanAfrica aimed at increasingthe quantity and improvingquality of the teaching forcein Sub Saharan Africa, havebeen introduced. Zambia hasnot been left out.

The first strategy is theupgrading of diploma holderteachers to degree level throughthe fast track initiative. Accord-ing to Ministry of Educationpolicy, the minimum quali-fication of a teacher for pri-mary school level is certifi-cate; Junior Secondary level

is diploma and a degree atSenior Secondary school level.Therefore in order to addressquality at senior school level,the Ministry initiated FastTrack programme aimed atupgrading diploma holderteachers in senior secondaryschools to degree level, espe-cially in the areas of Scienceand Mathematics where thedemand for teachers is more.So far the Ministry has throughthis programme sponsoreda total of 1090 teachers forupgrading at both publicand private universities.

The second strategy is toraise the minimum entryrequirements for primaryteacher training institutions.Apart from this, the Ministryof Education has transformed

the primary teachers’certifi-cate programme to diplomalevel. In order to improve thequality of teaching and learn-ing at this level, the Ministryis phasing out the certificateprogramme for primary schoolteacher and replacing it withthe Primary Teachers’ Diplomaprogramme so that childrenat this level are handled bymore qualified teachers.

The fourth is the reviewof the teacher education cur-ricula at ECE, primary andsecondary teacher traininglevels. The curriculum hasbeen standardized so that allColleges of Education use thesame curriculum. More sothis curriculum has beenlinked to the content that stu-dent teachers will use when

Teacher EducationStrategies to Enhance Quality

by Luckson MalamboDirectorate of Teacher Education

and Specialised Service, MoE


36


deployed in schools. Further,the Ministry is comprehen-sively reviewing the collegecurricula at ECE, primary andsecondary teacher traininglevels through a consultativeprocess in order to providethe necessary knowledge andskills to teacher training thatwill improve the quality ofteacher performance in thecountry in terms teachingand learning in schools.

In addition, the Ministryhas also introduced newcourses in Education Foun-dation. The courses includeResearch Methods, Entre-preneurship, Curriculumstudies and Guidance andCounselling. These courseswill provide trainee teachers

with increased level of train-ing experiences in modernapproaches to teaching andlearning and eventually addvalue to the teachers’ abilityto bring about meaningfulexperiences in learning ofchildren in schools. The newteacher education curriculawill ensure that strong linkageis established between thecollege and school curriculumso that teachers are trainedon what they are going toteach and how they are goingto teach it to their learnersin schools. This improves the

quality of teacher performanceand indeed learning experi-ences of the children in school.

The other strategy is thetransformation of three col-leges of education to uni-versities. This would greatlysupplement the number ofteachers holding degrees whoare mainly produced by theUniversity of Zambia, therebymeeting teacher demand insecondary schools especiallyat senior level. The situationis worse in the sectors of Sci-ence and Mathematics. It is

hoped that this increase in thenumber of qualified teachersper subject especially at seniorsecondary school level willimprove both the quality ofteaching and that of learning.

Finally the Ministry hasintroduced fast track in-servicecapacity building programmesteachers and teacher edu-cators. While measures arebeing taken to address qualityconcerns at pre-service teachertraining level, Ministry is alsotaking measures to ensurethe quality concerns are beingaddressed at all levels of theteaching profession throughthe Continuing ProfessionalDevelopment (CPD) activitiesunder the School Programmeof In-service for the Term(SPRINT) Framework. TheMinistry is working closelywith several cooperating part-ners such as, Japan Interna-tional Cooperation Agency(JICA), United States Agencyfor International Develop-ment (USAID – Read to Suc-ceed, Time to Learn, Step Up),UNICEF (Life Skills education)and UNESCO to build capac-

© K

erst

in H

acke

r


37


ity in teacher professionalgrowth at various levels ofthe education system.

Through such program-mes, serving teachers andteacher educators can continueto acquire various forms ofknowledge and skills aimed atimproving their performance.This will, in the long run,translate into quality teach-ing and learning in schools.

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In 1994, UNESCO declared5th October as World Teachers’Day. This day aims at recog-nising the teacher contributionto sustainable development. InZambia, this is a day when allteachers participate in variousactivities ranging from a marchpast to showcasing learner inno-vations. On this day, the Hon.Minister awards three teachersper Province in the categories:‘Most hardworking’, ‘Most inno-vative’ and ‘Most improved’.

The 2014 World Teacher’sDay commemoration, whichcoincided with Zambia’s 50th

independence celebrations, werelaunched by the Hon. Ministerof Education, Dr. John T. N. Phiri.

The celebrations spanned over anumber of days and included aNational day of prayer for Teacherson 3rd October, sporting activitieson the 4th and the traditional marchpast to crown it all on the 6th. Theentire duration of the celebrationssaw various exhibitions, which wereopen to the public. It was gratifyingto see thousands of teachers whogathered in the various provincialcentres to celebrate their day underthe theme, “Invest in the future,invest in teachers!”. ■

World Teachers’ DayCommemoration in Zambia


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IntroductionThe Zambian Government

recognizes the important roleODL plays as a mode of edu-cational delivery in expandingaccess to quality educationand training.

The Education Policy doc-ument which sets the prin-ciples for the development ofeducation in Zambia, statesthat education in Zambia isintended to serve individual,social, and economic well-being, and to enhance thequality of life for all (Ministryof Education, 1996). In addi-tion, the policy document pro-poses strategies for strength-ening and expanding highereducation and that “theMinistry will promote openlearning, lifelong education,and a wide variety of mech-anisms for continuing anddistance education” (Min-istry of Education, 1996:80).

The Ministry of Educationis mandated to provide equi-table education to all citizensof Zambia as it is a right for

each individual. It is also ameans for enhancing thewell being and quality of lifefor the entire society.

In this regard, the Ministryis working towards makingODL an equitable mode ofeducation delivery which cutsacross all sectors of the edu-cation and training systems.

During the first Republic,ODL learners were managed

through the then NationalCorrespondence College (NCC)through ‘Self Study Groups(SSG)’ which were formedfor directly enrolled adultstudents.The NCC’s role was

to develop and update learn-ing materials and the otherrole was of printing and dis-tributing materials to thestudy centres using postalservices. The Ministry througha centralised system providedresources for the provision ofprinting equipment, distri-bution of learning materials.However due to the economiccrisis of the country, the pro-gramme virtually ground toa halt in the 1990s. The otherproblems were costly postage,lack of qualified staff andcumbersome administrationsystems (Tate, 1990).

The Ministry of Education,through the Directorate ofOpen and Distance Education,revived the distance second-ary education programme.

Print-based self instructionalmaterials and learner supportsystems have been developedfor the programme and thename of the college has sincebeen changed to Zambia Col-

Open and DistanceLearning In Zambia

by Martha SitaliDirectorate of Open and Distance Education, MoE


39


lege of Distance Education(ZACODE). This was in linewith its new mandate ofproviding distance learningcourses for secondary schoollevel. This includes producing

and distributing the print-based materials. The mate-rials are based on the nationalcurriculum which is preparedby the Subject CurriculumSpecialists based at the Cur-riculum Development Centre.This is in line with the sub-jects being offered in conven-tional schools as well. Thesubject teams and tutors arethen responsible for prepar-ing lessons and writing themin the modules.

The Net Enrolment Rate(NER) at grade 1-9 is highbut does not correspond tothe enrolment and transi-tion into grade 10. This alsoreflects the challenges of accessto education at secondaryschool level.

The Ministry of Education,through the Directorate ofOpen and Distance education,is therefore mandated toincrease access to educationfor all through other viablemodes of learning. One of theways the Ministry is doingthis is through print-baseddistance learning courses for

secondary education. Themodules provide learners withtime to interact with the con-tent, tutors and fellow learners.The tutors also meet themduring face to face sessions.

The main focus of theprogramme is the provisionof formal school-type edu-cation for those who havenot had an opportunity to

undertake or complete formaleducation for various reasonswhich include inadequateprovision or insufficient facil-ities, poverty and distance tonearest government/formalschool. For many of the stu-dents, the programme providesa second chance to obtainformal qualifications thatthey were unable to obtainin school.

The instructional materialsbeing produced at Zambia

College of Distance Education(ZACODE) are some of thedistance modes adopted toincrease access to educationin general and to secondaryeducation in particular. Thestudents are sent the modulesto study on their own andget ready for examinationsat their own time and pace.Some of the learners usingthe modules are found inSchools for Continuing Edu-cation, Evening classes, andin prisons, who are inmatesbut wish to upgrade them-selves at various levels. Thesematerials are also availablein conventional schools assupplementary materials tothe text books.

In order to meet the cur-rent trend of increased demandof education, Open and Dis-tance Learning remains aviable mode of educationdelivery.

The country has also wit-nessed an increase in the useof ODL at tertiary level andthe Ministry has developedguidelines for establishingODL institutions. It has alsoestablished the Open andDistance Learning Associ-ation of Zambia (ODLAZ)with a mandate to coordi-nate, guide, harmonise andenhance professionalism inODL delivery in the country,in addition to the role thatthe Ministry is playing. ■


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Policy makers and even the general publicrespond resounded a loud, “That’s impossible!”when challenged to adopt a new paradigm ofeducation for the 21st century. Most educa-tional providers today adhere to a paradigm ofeducation that is strictly 19st century. But agrowing number of educators are believing inand accomplishing “the impossible”. So what is

21st century education? It is bold. It breaks themould. It is flexible, creative, challenging, andcomplex. It addresses a rapidly changing worldfilled with fantastic new problems as well asexciting new possibilities. Fortunately, there is agrowing body of research supporting an increasingnumber of 21st century schools.

In its quest to deliver quality education to theGovernment of Zambia through the Ministry ofEducation, Science, Vocational Training and EarlyEducation has recognised that the use of Infor-mation and Communication Technologies (ICT)as a tool to enhance the provision of quality edu-cation. Government also recognises that the 21st

century learners are different people comparedto learners in the past because their lives aregreatly influenced by new media and technologyin their every day dealings. Through the Direc-torate of Open and Distance Education (DODE),the Ministry sees in ICTs the opportunity to provideteachers and learners with a variety of creative

innovations that will expose them to new teachingand learning tools.

Studies rate most Zambian learning institu-tions as not being ICT infrastructure equipped orinternet enabled (Hennssey, et al 2010). Otherstudies by the Ministry have also shown thatthe levels of ICT literacy in the integration of ICT

in the classroom as being very high amongstteachers. This sits in as a set back in ministrywanting to immediately fulfil its goals to deliverquality Education Other research indicate that theuse of ICTs in the classroom can greatly contributeto the quality of teaching and learning by farcompared to the traditional way of teaching.

Nevertheless the Ministry recognises that inorder for it to effectively implement the integrationof ICTs in Education Delivery of Education. Teachersneed to be reskilled, orient, trained and retrainedto standards that make them competent andeffective in integrating the use of ICTs in thedelivery of education. The Ministry has as a resultventured in to various activities that will ensurethat teachers and learners in Zambia attain highcompetencies in the use of ICT in Education. Someof the strategies that the Educational broadcastingis using the eLearning mobile and using the multimedia laboratory situated at the Educational Broad-casting Services and at the Ministry’s headquarters

The E-Learning Multimedia Mobile Labby Gladys Sakala

Education Broadcasting Services, MoE


41


and in other teaching and learning institutions.In this article we will dwell on some of the activ-ities that the e-learning mobile bus.

What is a mobile e-learning laboratory?The mobile e-learning multimedia laboratory

is mounted on a Nissan Bus. It has the new stateof art equipment consisting of a server servicingwork stations. The lab has a smart board which isconnected to a Laptop where the eLearning offlinematerials and programmes such as virtuallyscience laboratories sit. The smart board is a ver-satile teaching and learning resource consistingof both online and offline teaching and learningresources in multimedia formats.

Use of the E-Learning Mobile Laboratory BusThe eLearning bus is currently being used

for sensitization and orientation of school admin-istrators, teachers and learners in the uses of ICTsin teaching and learning in order to promote lifelong learning. The best approach is to train bothteachers and pupils on the benefits of eLearningand give them an opportunity to experiencehands-on interaction with learning resources andbasic ICT infrastructure. When those materialsare launched in a school environment they helpmitigate challenges associated with:

• Lack of school places.• Ill equipped classrooms.• Lack of print based teaching and learningmaterials.• Effective teaching of science subjects.

The mobile ICT lab provides learners andtechers the opportunity to understand thatteaching and learning can take place anywhereand anytime. Knowledge is presented throughmultimedia and interactive formats which givesthem a real life experience using digital resources.The learning materials are presented in a style thatensures that learners and teachers are equippedwith 21st century skills needed for a global knowl-edge society. Learning is viewed as to be effec-tively done through cooperation with others and

connecting through technology. The mobile labo-ratory bus can be run by on board generators andinverter and can contain 19 networked computerswith internet access, locally stored curriculummaterial, subject oriented videos, educationaltraining programs. A scanner and printer is alsoavailable to print out class material for furtherstudy within the mobile classroom.

The mobile ICT Laboratory moves with quali-fied IT trainer/practitioner from the EducationalBroadcasting Services available during the visitsand would service 5-10 schools within a particulararea per day.

Using the mobile bus in orientation andsensitisation of the integration of ICTs• To show the how pupils learn more efficientlywhen actively involved in their own learning process.• To ensure interactivity between the computerand the pupils, which they find very engagingand motivational.• Shows how Videos can be used to support hardto teach topics such as abstract math concepts,the solar system and planetary bodies.• Show and lets teachers participate in learningabout more advanced areas in their subjects andthus pass this on to the pupils. If teachers under-stand a topic better so will their pupils.• There are a lot of free teaching and learningmaterial online specifically for teachers.

Achievements of the eLearningmobile laboratory

The eLearning mobilelaboratory bus, has been fullyutilized in the Orientationsand ICT sensitisation in themotioned provinces as it canbe seen from the activitiesundertaken in 2011 and 2014,suffice to say that teachersand learners have greatlybenefited from the facility.

The eLearning mobile bus hasever since it was bought in 2010sensitised and oriented teachers andlearners. As of June 2014 10,129 ofthem in most of the provinces have experiencedthe mobile ICT-lab. ICT has positive impact onstudents’ performances in primary schools partic-ularly in the teaching of the English language.

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Member states of theUnited Nations Educationand Scientific Organisation(UNESCO) adopted the fol-lowing definition of Technicaland Vocational Education andTraining (TVET): “a compre-hensive term referring to thoseaspects of the educational processinvolving, in addition to generaleducation, the study of technol-ogies and related sciences, andthe acquisition of practical skills,attitudes, understanding andknowledge relating to occupa-tions in various sectors of eco-nomic and social life.” 1

This focuses on the acqui-sition of knowledge and skillsfor the world of work. Spe-cifically TVET includes thefollowing:• Apprenticeship Training;• Vocational Education;• Technical Education; and• Vocational Education andTraining (VET).

Apprenticeship Trainingis a combination of the on-the-job (otj) and related class-

room instruction under super-vision of a journey-level craftperson or trade professional inwhich workers learn the prac-tical and theoretical aspectsof highly skilled occupation.Some of the benefits of thismode of training are as follows:

• Learners to earn a wagewhile learning;• It builds skills and compe-tences required to operate ina workplace including trans-versal ones: such as commu-nication, team work, problemsolving etc.• It provides them with moreinformed career choices;• It gives them self-confidenceand motivation;• Addresses skills gaps throughtailor made training;• Enhances the relevance andresponsiveness of VET.

Vocational Education iseducation training that pro-vides practical experience ina particular occupationalfield, as agriculture, homeeconomics, or industry.

TVET as a Catalystfor Development

by Emmanuel LuteloDirectorate of Vocational Education and Training, MoE

Technical and VocationalEducation and Training

(TVET)

Skills are vital for poverty reduction,economic recovery and sustainabledevelopment. As a consequence, policyattention to technical and vocationaleducation and training (TVET) isincreasing worldwide.

TVET comprises formal, non-formaland informal learning for the world ofwork. Young people, women and menlearn knowledge and skills from basicto advanced levels across a wide rangeof institutional and work settings andin diverse socio-economic contexts.

UNESCO leads the global debate byadvocating for the rethinking of TVETto enhance its role in developing moreequitable and sustainable societies.

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Technical Education is anacademic and vocationalpreparation of students forjobs involving applied scienceand modern technology. Itemphasises the understand-ing and practical applicationof basic principles of scienceand mathematics rather thanattainment of proficiency inmanual skills that is the con-cern of vocational education.

TVET plays an active role inaddressing concerns related tothe context such as favourablesocio-economic conditionsincluding under-employmentand unemployment – in par-ticular of young people andwomen-poverty and depriva-tion, urban rural disparities,

food insecurity and limitedaccess to health services, theparticular challenges faced by

the Least Developed Countries(LDCs), Small Inland Devel-oping States (SIDS) and coun-tries affected by conflict anddisaster. It promotes culturaldiversity and ensures thatthere is transmission of localknowledge and skills betweengenerations, thus fosteringhuman-centred development.It is an investment that pro-duces a high return benefit-ting a broad range of actorsincluding individuals, enter-prises and the state.

TVET promotes economicprosperity and social cohe-sion. It acts as a vehicle forimproved productivity andincome generation.

TVET can be the masterkey for all and help alleviate

poverty, promote peace, con-serve the environment, andimprove the quality of life forall and help achieve sustain-able development.

Vocational Educationand Training is particularlyimportant because of the cru-cial role it plays in providingopportunities for people fromall backgrounds, includingthose who have been margin-alised in the labour market.It is an instrument for theminimisation of inequalitiesamong the people.

In the Zambian policycontext, TVET has been domes-ticated by the introductionof “Entrepreneurship” so thatit gives Technical Education,Vocational and Entrepre-neurship Training (TEVET).

The introduction of Entre-preneurship has been designedto promote self-employmentas well as what could be termedthe “Entrepreneur/Employer”career pathway. TEVET hasbeen recognised as a key inputin the Industrialisation andJob Creation Strategy whichthe Zambian Governmentadopted in 2013, within thecontext of the Revised SixthNational Development Plan.

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1http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001260/126050e.pdf

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001260/126050e.pdf

The Technical Education,Vocational and Entrepreneurship

Training Authority (TEVETA) today and beyond

In 1996, The Government of the Republic of Zambiaformulated a National Policy on Technical Education andVocational Training (TEVET). The aim of the Policy was toimprove the provision of Technical Education and VocationalTraining in Zambia and link the improvement to therequirements of the employment sector. With this Policyin place, in 1998 the Zambian Government establishedthe Technical Education, Vocational and EntrepreneurshipTraining Authority (TEVETA) through an Act of Parliament.

TEVETA was established in order to regulate, monitorand coordinate Technical Education, Vocational andEntrepreneurship Training in consultation with industry,employers, workers and other stakeholders. Through theTEVET Amendment Act No. 11 of 2005, the Authorityprovides for the accreditation of local and foreignexaminations to be taken by persons attending courses atan Institution established or registered under this Act. Oneof the major strategic objectives of the Authority is tocreate at least one million jobs for the Zambian economyby December 2016 in order to implement government’sstrategy on industrialization and job creation.

Priority sectors that have been identified as having thegreatest potential for job creation include;• Agriculture;• Construction;• Manufacturing and;• Tourism.

It is therefore TEVETA’s understanding that only throughskills training that the country can produce graduates whoare sufficiently competent to contribute to the formalsector employment or productive self-employment towardsthe country’s economic growth.

Currently, TEVETA has five training pathways availablewhich lead to obtaining same TEVET qualification. Theseare:

Institutional based training systemThis is a training system in which the bulk of instructionand learning takes place in facilities made up of fixedlocation infrastructure in Training Institutions that is,Training Centers, Institutions and Colleges.

Workplace Based Training SystemThis is essentially a mode of providing TEVET through theprinciple and practice of on-the-job training characterizedby un-structured or semi-structured instruction andlearning.

Open, Distance and Flexible Learning (ODFL) TrainingSystemThis is an asynchronous mode of learning where thelearner and teacher are separated by time and space; thelearning and teaching is facilitated by means of specifiedresources. Open, Distance and Flexible Learning TrainingSystem has significantly contributed to increasing access

to education and training. The System has the propensityto make one teacher teach thousands of learners withoutcompromising on quality.

TEVET Learnership Training SystemTEVET Learnership is a learning programme or trainingmethod that combines theoretical classroom – basedlearning (Off-the-Job Training) at a training institutionand on – the Job Training at a workplace. The employerprovides work experience (practical) part of the Learnershipwhile the training institution provides the theoreticalclassroom – based learning and at the end of theprogramme the learners will get the same qualificationthat is obtained at any other training institution.

Secondary School Vocational Training SystemUnder this training pathway, selected Secondary Schoolsshould have two (2) parallel progression paths/routesnamely academic and vocational training stream. Afurther requirement is that learning resulting from theSecondary School Based Vocational Training Systemshould lead to a TEVET Qualification at Trade Test LevelIII for Grade 9 and at Level I for Grade 12. This meansthat pupils taking the Vocational route besides writingtheir academic examinations (ECZ), will also sit for onevocational programme examination administered byTEVETA in technical and vocational skills. Theseprogrammes include Metal Fabrication, Carpentry andJoinery, Electrical Engineering, Bricklaying and Plastering,Home Management, General Agriculture, Food Productionand others. This system enables pupils taking thevocational route to acquire survival skills which they areable to utilize if they fail to advance in their studies oradvance with the same skill specialization upon leavingjunior or senior secondary education. Pupils who will dowell from the vocational route may advance their studiesin programmes such as Engineering, Agriculture, Tourism/Hospitality, and Performing and Creative Arts.

TEVETA is also promoting the Recognition of PriorLearning through some trade test assessments. Thissystem recognises skills or competences acquired throughinformal on-the-job training were candidates presentthemselves for assessment on a preset standard of either

trade test 3, 2, or 1 and then they are certified. This systemhas since commenced with some artisan working in theurban markets of Lusaka as a pilot and so far clearlyindicates that it will open up a lot of opportunities.

In moving forward, TEVETA want to raise the annualenrollment of learners in the system from the average32,000 to about 154,000 learners per year with differentqualification levels and following different career paths.Only then shall the TEVET sector have a critical mass ofskilled people to take Zambia beyond the middle incomenation status as articulated under vision 2030. Whatshould drive Zambians and the TEVET sector in particularis that TEVET graduates must be central in pushing theprinciple that should make Zambia today better thanyesterday, and Zambia tomorrow better than today. Thiscan only be achieved if there is sufficient numbers ofcompetent and motivated TEVET graduates in theeconomy.

Plot 4751 Birdcage Walk, Longacres.Private Bag RW16X Lusaka, Zambia.

Tel: +260-1-251040 / 253331 - 4 / 253211Fax: +260 1 253382

[email protected]


http://www.teveta.org.zm/

http://www.teveta.org.zm


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IntroductionResearch has shown that

women represent less than30% of scientists in the world.Zambia is no exception to thisgloomy scenario. A needsassess-ment conducted by theZambia National Commissionfor UNESCO in a few schoolsreveals that girls are not suffi-ciently encouraged to takeup science related subjects.Subsequently, in an attemptto brighten the picture, theZambia National Commissionfor UNESCO has committeditself to organising ScienceCamps for girls, in the coun-try’s ten provinces since 2000.This activity aims at changinggirls’ attitudes towards scienceas well as equipping teacherswith new techniques of han-dling science lessons.

These Science Camps forgirls target disadvantaged,rural secondary school girls,and take the form of residentialscience education activitieswhich run for 10 to 15 days.They aim at promoting girls’interest in science, mathe-matics and technology byproviding hands-on learningin a threat-free environment.Research skills are nurturedby giving girls an opportunityto get educational informa-tion from software such asEncarta as well as from dif-ferent science related websites.

The Science Camp not onlybenefits the learners, but teach-ers as well. At the end of theday, lessons are critiqued andalternative activities, tech-niques and methods offered,

Getting Girls into ScienceUNESCO Science Camps for Rural Secondary School Girls


Quality Science Education:Ensuring a sustainable future for all

Capacity in science and technologyis a key element in economic and socialdevelopment. Promoting science edu-cation at all educational levels, andscientific literacy in society in general,is a fundamental building block tobuilding a country’s capacity in scienceand technology. Science education hasbeen a priority for UNESCO since itsinception.

Science, technology, engineeringand mathematics education (STEM) isimportant for developing and devel-oped countries alike, to increase publicawareness, understanding and literacyregarding science, engineering andtechnology, and also to enable devel-oping countries to build up a criticalmass of scientists, researchers andengineers to enable them to participatefully in the global economy. Particularemphasis is given to encouraging youngpeople, and especially young girls,to pursue careers in science.

Science education is a key elementin all UNESCO science, education andcommunication programmes. Theprogrammes work together throughthe Intersectoral Platform on ScienceEducation, which has highlighted theneed for more innovative methods forscience teaching to encourage interestin science and engineering. ■

Girls

carrying out

experiments

in the lab 1.


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providing teachers with anopportunity for continuousprofessional development.This interaction brings newinnovations and techniquesfor the lesson and sharpensthe teachers’ skills.

After the camp, the girlshad this to say:

“I thought that mathe-matics and science were sub-jects meant for boys only,because I have always beentauhgt by male teachers teach.Seeing a female science teacherat this camp has made merealize that I can also makeit in the sciences and pursuea science related course.”

“Before coming to thecamp, I had made up mymind not to sit for mathe-matics and science at grade12 level but after the careertalks I am confident that I willnot only sit for the subjectsbut also do very well in theexaminations.”

Thus girls’ interactionwith female professionalsworking in the science field,coupled with career and moti-vational talks, helps to build

confidence and a desire fora future in the sciences.

A field trip is always under-taken during the camp in orderto give the girls an opportunityto apply physics, chemistry,biology and mathematics totheir day to day lives. Toursinclude visits to Zambia’slargest sugar processing plantas well as the largest coppermine in Africa, Kansanshimine. Such visits give girls anopportunity to interact withfemale metallurgists, geolo-gists, mining engineers andchemical engineers thus ignit-ing their desire to pursuescience related courses.

Benefits of the UNESCOscience camps:• Participants interact withfemale professionals in thescience field, helping themdevelop a positive attitudetowards, science and math.This in turn helps build confi-dence and critical thinkingskills.• Through field trips, the girlsare able to link science andpractice.• The Learners are providedwith educational materials

such as exercise books, scien-tific calculators, mathemat-ical sets and other personalmaterials. Some text booksare further donated to therespective schools where par-ticipants are drawn from,to the benefit of teachers ofscience as well as learners inthose schools.• The motivational and careerguidance talks inspire girlsto work hard in science andmath; and consequently takeup science related careers.• The host school has the priv-ilege of being availed perma-nent internet connectivity.

ConclusionThe need for girls to take

on science-related courses inAfrica can not be overempha-sised. It is such programmes,as the science camp for girls,that open doors for girls andavail them the opportunityto accomplish their dreamseven if society dictates other-wise. We hope to reach moreand more girls as we cater formore and more girls’ schoolsat a given camp. And withunrelenting determination,we shall.

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Zambia holds about 40to 45% of the surface waterresources of the entire SouthernAfrican region (FAO, 2012).There are two main river sys-tems in Zambia, namely theZambezi and Congo basins.The Zambezi River system isdivided into three small riversystems namely, the mainZambezi, the Kafue and theLuangwa River systems (JICA,1995). On the northern part ofthe country, the Congo Riversystem includes the Cham-beshi and Luapula Rivers.

The two river systems wereplanned to be monitored andmanaged through a networkof 243 hydrological stationsregistered by the Departmentof Water Affairs (DWA) in theMinistry of Mines, Energy and

Water Development. The barchart shows that most gaugingstations were establishedduring the period 1950 and1970. All these stations weremanaged by the Hydrolog-ical Unit of the Departmentof Water Affairs. Governmentengaged full time gaugereaders to ensure consistentand reliable data collection.Monthly summary sheets ofhydrological informationwere prepared.

Records show that from1970 to 1990, about 120 hydro-logical stations were closedfor various reasons rangingfrom usefulness to manage-ment constraints. During thisperiod, the focus of the Depart-ment of Water Affairs wasmostly on water supply while

Hydrological InformationSystem In Zambia

by Albert Chombaand Christopher Chileshe

Department of Water Affairs

Hydrology Programme

UNESCO’s International HydrologicalProgramme (IHP) founded in 1975and implemented in programmatictime intervals or phases, is enteringits eighth phase to be implementedduring the period 2014 – 2021. IHPhas evolved from an internationallycoordinated hydrological research,education and capacity buildingprogramme into an encompassingholistic programme, including waterresources management and gover-nance. IHP facilitates an interdisci-plinary and integrated approach towatershed and aquifer management,which incorporates the social dimen-sion of water resources and promotesand develops international researchin hydrological and freshwater sciences.The new phase of IHP follows the Mil-lennium Development Goals (MDGs)era and envisions new challenges tobe set in Rio+20. During its eighthphase, IHP aims to improve watersecurity in response to local, regional,and global challenges.

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InternationalHydrologicalProgramme


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the hydrological componentwas somewhat neglected. Forthis reason, the hydrologicalgauge readers were consideredless critical and most of themwere retrenched, in line withdirectives of the StructuralAdjustment Programme.Realising the gap that wascreated, the Department ofWater Affairs recruited vol-unteer gauge readers to someof the stations to continuewith the collection of hydro-logical data. This scenariocaused intermittent datacollection and propensityto compromise the integrityof the data.

This inconsistency in dataled to some of the stakeholders,such as the hydro-powercompanies, Zambezi RiverAuthority (ZRA), mines andother commercial establish-ment to employ own hydro-logical gauge readers to man-age their respective stations.At present almost all hydro-logical gauge readers are onpart time engagement, withan exception of those who areemployed by other institutions/companies that are primeusers of hydrological data.

In 1994, the Governmentembarked on the implementa-tion of the water sector reformswith regard to policy formu-lation. Further, prior to 2010,the Government realised thatwater resources were notmanaged effectively due toa number of reasons such as

a poor institutional and legalframework, inadequate waterresources data and informa-tion systems among others.This led to the revision of the1994 National Water Policy.

The revised water policyof 2010 was anchored on thepremise that basic informationon the source, quantity andquality of water and interplayof human and natural factorson water resources is vital foreffective and efficient waterresources management. TheWater Policy of 2010 triggeredthe repeal of the Water ActCap 198 of 1949, in 2011 to

improve efficiency in the waywater resources are being man-aged. The Water ResourcesManagement (WRM) Act No.21 of 2011 was enacted as alegal framework to respondto the requirements of thewater resources managementsubsector.

It is the focus of the watersector in Zambia to improvethe hydrological informationsystem by Implementationof the Water Resources Man-agement Act No. 21, rehabil-itation of the hydrologicalnetwork and creation of anintegrated Water ResourcesManagement InformationSystem. This is on the premisethat timely information isimportant in providing earlywarning of immediate disas-ters such as droughts, floodsor chemical toxic spillages

and seepages, thus mitigatingthe adverse effects of loss oflife, property and economicproduction. The informationcan also be used for economicaccounting of water to meas-ure the contribution, or thecost of mis-management, ofwater to the economy.

In order to achieve itsvision, external cooperatingpartners (such as the GermanyGovernment, World Bank andAfrican Development Bank)have come to the aid of theZambian Government todrive its agenda in the areaof water resources manage-ment. The Germany Govern-ment through KfW and WorldBank have pledged to sup-port Zambia in improvingthe management of waterresource through an improveddata collection network, estab-lishment of an integrated waterresources management infor-mation system and institu-tional capacity development.

The Germany Govern-ment has pledged to by 2017rehabilitate 168 river gaugingstations and provide for eachstation staff gauges and amanually read rain gauge.

Hydrological stations established in the 21st century


51


Of these 168 stations, 58 sta-tions will also be providedwith additional self recordingequipment for water level andrainfall recording, of whicheight (8) of these will havetelemetric (GPRS) equipment.The eight (8) stations withtelemetric equipment arespecifically identified forearly warning systems andwill provide near real timedata. This pledge is part of alarger project to develop anIntegrated Water ResourcesManagement Information

System (IWRMIS) for thewhole of Zambia.

The reason for rehabilita-tion of the existing and furtherdevelopment of the hydro-logical monitoring networkis to obtain good quality datathat are fit for the purposeof hydrological practice andwater resources management.It is worth noting that thekey to any good hydrologicalmonitoring network designis sustainability. The watersector in Zambia through the

Water Resources ManagementAuthority (WARMA) intendsto adopt a pragmatic, modest,relatively simple approach inorder to realise sustainability.Lessons have been learnt fromthe past decisions made inthe early 1990 which led tothe retrenchment of almostall gauge readers. WARMAwill ensure that appropriatestructures are put in place tosustainably manage, processand disseminate hydrolog-ical information.

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There is no doubt that water may well be the mostprecious liquid of the 21st century. Apart from its impor-tance in biological reactions in humans and other livingthings, water is important for maintenance of ecosystemsand in many industrial processes. It is the universalsolvent and is able to dissolve more substances thanany other known liquid. It is therefore not strange thatrivers or ground water are used as major recipients ofa wide range of wastes.

Zambia is well endowed with enviable quantitiesof water resources. These are in form of numerous streams,rivers, lakes, swamps and ground water. However thereduction of water quality through pollution is likelyto limit both present and future access and sustainableutilization of this important resource. In fact it is now

known that increasing human population and level ofindustrial development invariably result in an increasein water usage and thereby water pollution.

Since water is the “blue gold” of the third millenniumit is needful to have an understanding of the causes,effects and remedies for its pollution.

What is water pollution?The Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2011

defines water pollution as “the introduction, directly orindirectly of pollutants into the aquatic environment”.The aquatic environment is defined as: all surface andground water. The word pollutant includes any substanceor energy that make water unfit for use for a particularpurpose. There are hundreds of water pollutants but themost troublesome ones in Zambia include bacterialpollution, heavy metals-such as lead, copper andmercury, silt, nutrients- nitrates and phosphates andnon-biodegradable synthetic organics such as Polychlo-rinated Biphenyls (PCB’s).

Main causes of water pollutionIn Zambia, almost all forms of water pollution are

as a result of human activities such as discharge of waterfrom poorly maintained sewage treatment plants,tailings from mine metallurgical plants and leachate

Assessing and ManagingWater Resources In Zambia

by Willie KalungaZambia Environmental Management Agency


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from mine waste rock dumps, industrial effluents fromvarious manufacturing processes such as textile, electro-plating, tanneries, run off from large-scale irrigationschemes using furrow type, on-site sanitation practices,cemeteries and solid waste disposal sites.

Effects of water pollutionThe effects of water pollution are many; the first obvious

one is the incidence of water borne diseases such ascholera, dysentery and typhoid due to bacterial pollution.

Water pollution also increases water treatment costto downstream users as more chemicals are needed totreat the water. High levels of pollutants especially ofnitrates and phosphate mainly from sewage treatmentfacilities and fertilizer runoffs from farms can lead tothe over growth of aquatic weeds such as the Kafue andKariba weeds as well as algae blooms increased siltationlevels is another effect of water pollution.

Wastewater tends to have high levels of heavy metalssuch as copper, mercury and lead. These heavy metalstend to bioaccumulate and bioconcentrate in organismsalong the food chain.

What measures are in place to guard againstwater pollution and to achieve environmentalsustainability?

Zambia has in place, legislation that addresses issuesof water pollution. Part of this legislation is Part V ofthe Water Resources Management Act No. 21 of 2011.

This Part prohibits willful or negligent pollution of waterand also makes it an offence for anyone who fails toprevent or report water pollution. The Water ResourcesManagement Authority under the Ministry of Mines,Energy and Water Development enforces this Act. Howeverthe most elaborate piece of legislation on water pollutionis Part IV Division 2 of the Environmental ManagementAct (EMA). This Part prohibits pollution of water andprovides for a licensing mechanism for those industriesdischarging wastewater into the aquatic environment.There are also enabling regulations under the same EMAknown as the Environmental Management (Licensing)regulations of 2013. Of note is the third schedule, whichgives the parameters; limits or standards, which wastewater, should conform to before being discharge intothe aquatic environment.

Apart from licensing, the EMA empowers ZEMAinspectors to take various deterrent actions to controlwater pollution. These are imposition of summary fines,seizure of substances or material causing pollution, arrestof persons accused of causing pollution and the filing ofa court injunction to prohibit the carrying out of a pollutingactivity or use of machinery, which causes pollution.Further it is expected that a person who accidentallycauses an act of water pollution or witnesses the sameshould report without delay to the police, local authorityor the ZEMA inspectorate. Failure to do so constitutes anoffence. ZEMA licenses companies for emission of effluentranging from water utilities, breweries, mining companies,textiles to tanneries, just to mention a few. A few of thesecompanies have been fined and prosecuted for waterpollution offences.

ZEMA does not work alone in preventing and control-ling water pollution. It collaborates with many otherGovernment and Non-Governmental Organizations.These include academic institutions such as universities,Water Resources Management Authority, Local Author-ities, National Water and Sanitation Council (NWASCO),the Zambezi River Authority (ZRA), Environmental NGO’sand Industry in general. ■

http://www.vestergaard.com/our-products/permanet

http://www.portlandcementzambia.com


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UNESCO declared 2014as the International Yearof Crystallography. Variousmember states have embarkedon carrying out activities thatpromote Crystallography, abranch of Science which hasled to advancements in chem-istry, physics, biology, medi-cine and mathematics.

UNESCO brings to ourattention the fact that crystal-lography underpins develop-ment of practically all newmaterials from everyday prod-ucts such as computer mem-ory cards to flat televisionscreens, cars and aeroplanecomponents.

The question that onewould ask is the rationale forpromoting Crystallography.Little do societies realize the

benefits that can be obtainedfrom Crystallography. If, forinstance, we take MillenniumDevelopment Goals whichare almost coming to a closeand the forthcoming Sus-tainability Goals, it is evidentthat Crystallography can pro-vide solutions to the problemsencountered in everyday life.UNESCO cites some examplesof how useful Crystallographyis to sustainability living invarious aspects of life as putforward below:

• Crystallography can helpto improve water in poorcommunities such as identi-fying new materials whichcan purify water as well asdevelop ecological solutionsto improve sanitation.• Crystallography can alsobe used to analyse soils in

agricultural research. Further-more, crystallography cancontribute to developmentof cures for plant and animaldiseases such as avian orswine flu.

• Crystallography can notonly develop new productswhich lower a home’s energyconsumption such as insu-lating materials but alsoidentify new materials which

Crystallography matters!The International Year of

Crystallography in Zambia



56


reduce cost of solar panelswhile making them moreefficient, to reduce wastageand improve access to giventechnologies.• Crystallography can helpreduce pollution by replacingchemical solvents with greeninorganic solvents. In Zambia,it can help in reduction of min-ing waste and related costsby contributing to methodswhich selectively extract onlythe materials required.• Crystallography can helpcountries to identify the prop-erties and behaviour of endoge-nous plants, with a view todeveloping skin and healthcare products, herbal remediesand so on.

In order to popularizethis branch of science, theInternational Union of Crys-tallography in conjunctionwith UNESCO is organiz-ing activities for memberstates and Zambia has beennominated to take part inCrystal Growth Competitionwhich involves four second-ary schools. The technical

secondary schools namelyDavid Kaunda NationalTechnical Secondary School,Chizongwe Boys TechnicalSecondary School; HillcrestNational Technical Second-ary School and Ndola GirlsNational Technical SecondarySchool were identified by theMinistry to take part in thecompetition. It is worth men-tioning that David Kaundaand Hillcrest are co-educationsecondary schools accommo-dating both boys and girls.

To ensure the successof this activity, the ZambiaNational Commission forUNESCO has been workingclosely with the InternationalBasic Science Programme aswell as the Curriculum Devel-opment Centre in which theactivity is anchored in Zam-bia. The National Commis-sion for UNESCO securedfunds from the Ministry ofEducation to not only hostthe experts from UNESCObut also enable the team togo to the identified schoolsto monitor the competitions.

The Crystal Growth Com-petition took place from 22rd

September to 3rd October 2014.Initially four teachers fromthe four participating schoolswere trained in by Ms KorichiAmelle from UNESCO’s Inter-national Basic Sciences Pro-gramme. The training wasofficially opened by the ActingPermanent Secretary. Thisactivity lasted two days andthereafter the teachers returnedto their respective schoolswhere learners took part inthe competition. UNESCOprovided some kits to be usedduring the competition. MsKorichi observed the mak-ing of the solution at DavidKaunda. For Ndola Girls andHillcrest she only monitoredthe preparedness as well asthe environment in whichthe crystal were to be grown.At each school, seventy pupilstook part in the competition.After one week, the crystalswere collected and sent toUNESCO Paris.

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Crystals - familiar to all in gemstones,glittering snowflakes or grains of salt – areeverywhere in nature. Throughout history,people have been fascinated by their beautyand mystery. Two thousand years ago, theprocess of crystallizing sugar and salt wasalready known to the ancient Indian andChinese civilizations. Since then, the studyof crystals’ inner structure and propertieshas known steady progress, giving us ourdeepest insights into the arrangement ofatoms in the solid state and leading toadvancements the sciences of solid-statephysics, chemistry, biology, medicine andeven mathematics, by considering thesymmetries behind crystalline and qua-sicrystalline patterns.

In the early 20th century, it was discov-ered that X-rays could be used to ‘see’the structure of matter in a non-intrusivemanner, thus beginning the dawn ofmodern crystallography – the science thatexamines the arrangement of atoms insolids. X-ray crystallography has allowedus to study the chemical bonds which drawone atom to another. Crystallographersnow apply this knowledge to modify astructure and thus change its propertiesand behavior. Since this discovery, crystal-lography has become the very core of struc-tural science, revealing the structure of DNA,allowing us to understand and fabricatecomputer memories, showing us howproteins are created in cells and helpingscientists to design powerful new materialsand drugs. Thus crystallography has manyapplications. It permeates our daily livesand forms the backbone of industries whichare increasingly reliant on knowledge

generation to develop new products, inwidely diverse fields that include agro-food, aeronautics, automobiles, cosmeticsand computers as well as the electro-mechanical, pharmaceutical and miningindustries.

Although crystallography underpins allof the sciences today, it remains relativelyunknown to the general public. That is oneof the reasons why the United NationsGeneral Assembly (UNGA) proclaimed 2014as the International Year of Crystallog-raphy (IYCr2014), and requested UNESCOto lead and coordinate, with the Interna-tional Union of Crystallography (IUCr),the planning and implementation of edu-cational and capacity-building activitiesduring the Year.

2014 marks the centennial of the birthof X-ray crystallography, thanks to thework of William Henry, William LawrenceBragg (father and son) and Max von Laue– the later was awarded the 1914 NobelPrize in Physics for his discovery of the dif-fraction of X-rays by crystals.

A century later, the International Yearof Crystallography 2014 highlights thecontinuing importance of crystallographyand its role in addressing post-2015 devel-opment issues such as food security, safedrinking water, health care, sustainableenergy and environmental remediation;as well as commemorating auspiciouscrystallography accolades. ■

Crystals Shape our World

http://www.bchodzam.com


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Engineering is a key insustainable development asit aims at identifying, address-ing and solving societal prob-lems in various spheres ofone’s life. Engineers are there-fore instrumental in nationaldevelopment thus the need tohave as many individuals aspossible taking up engineering-related careers. Unfortunately,there is a worldwide shortageof engineers. Zambia, likemany other countries in Africaand other parts of the worldfaces the challenge of inade-quate engineers. This hasimpacted negatively on thenation as we are not fullybenefitting from the advan-

tages that come with havingqualified engineers.

The first ever Africa Engi-neering Week was launchedin Johannesburg, South Africafrom 1st to 5th September2014 under the theme, “Engi-neering for a SustainableDevelopment”. A lot of activ-ities were carried out to allowstudents get a clearer view ofhow engineering relates tosustainable development.

Zambia also joined therest of the continent in thecelebrations. At nationallevel the Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO in

collaboration with the Engi-neering Institution of Zambiaorganised and coordinated anumber of activities aimed atsensitising the public on theimportance of engineeringand the role that engineeringplays in enhancing sustain-able development.

To effectively plan foractivities to be carried outan Organising Committeecomprising of the ZambiaNational Commission forUNESCO, the Ministry of Edu-cation Science VocationalTraining and Early Education,the Engineering Institute ofZambia, National Science

Engineering for Sustainable Development

Commemorating Africa Engineering Week

by Nondo ChilongaSenior Programme Officer, ZNCU

Hon. Minister

Dr. John Phiri,

Lusaka Mayor

and Engineering

fellows posing

for a photo.


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and Technology Council, theJunior Engineers, Techniciansand Scientists (JETS) and theRoad Development Agencywas constituted.

The activities were carriedout in September and October,2014. These included careertalks, industrial tours, compe-titions and quizzes for pupilsfrom selected schools. Theschools targeted were RufunsaGirls Secondary School, KapiriMposhi Girls Secondary School,Chipapa Secondary Schooland Lilayi secondary Schooland Mwembeshi Second-ary School. Other activitiesincluded radio and televisioninterviews, expos, newspaperfeatures and profiles, launchand march past.

Two major activities wereconducted in the month ofSeptember. These were theCareer Talks, and Science Quiz.

The Organising Commit-tee, through the Engineer-ing Institution of Zambiaarranged for Engineers tomake presentations to thementioned schools duringthe Careers Talks. The schoolswere selected because theywere among the disadvan-taged schools, which do nothave many pupils passingwith high grades to take upScience – oriented careers.

With the support of EIZ,Engineer Humble Siboola gavea Careers talk to MwembeshiSecondary School. He wasaccompanied by officers fromthe Zambia National Com-mission for UNESCO. Duringthe talk the Engineer gave apresentation on Engineeringin general and later explainedits importance. The pupilswere encouraged to take upcareers related to engineering.An opportunity was also givento the pupils to ask questionspertaining to the discussions.

The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO, inpartnership with the Engi-neering Institution of Zambiavisited Chipapa SecondarySchool in Kafue for a careertalk. Chipapa is a school whichwas built in 2010, in a rural

setting and only has two Gradeten classes and a total of 64learners. The school is stillunder construction. Pupilsnormally cycle an averageof 15 kilometres per day insearch of senior secondaryeducation.

Engineer Lucy Kasangaone of the first civil engineersin the country, made a pres-entation on types of engi-neering, its benefits as wellas the subjects the learnersneed in order to pursue engi-neering. The learners werereally motivated and wantedto know whether engineeringwas marketable in Zambia.

This visit also opened newdoors for the schools as engi-neer Lucy Kasanga pledgedto discuss with the rotary

Participants

group photo

after the

Engineering

Week Quiz.

Mwembeshi

Secondary

School

students

listening to

Engineering

talks.


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club on the possibility of sup-porting the school.

Another notable activitywas a Science Quiz for selectedSchools in Lusaka. The Schoolsthat participated in the quizwere Chipapa SecondarySchool, Chunga SecondarySchool, Lilayi Secondary

School, Munali SecondarySchool, and Mwembeshi Sec-ondary School. Like the careertalks, the main aim of thequiz was to encourage pupilsto take an interest in Sciencesand subsequently engineeringcourses in the future. Quizquestions were drawn fromBiology, Chemistry, Mathe-

matics and Physics and thewinning School went awaywith a monetary Prize.

The activities carried outin October were significantin that they coincided withZambia’s celebrations of the50 years of independence.

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Science policies are not enough. Science andengineering education at all levels and researchcapacity need to be built to allow countries todevelop their own solutions to their specificproblems and to play their part in the interna-tional scientific and technological arena.

Countries need to have the scientific, techno-logical and engineering capacity to provide solu-tions to the sustainable development challengesthey face in areas such as health, agriculture,communication, energy and industrial and infra-structure development. They must not only investin good national science policies and governancesystems but also in building capacity to carry outscientific research which means excellent scienceeducation at all levels, effective engineering edu-cation and quality universities and research centres.Scientific capacity and know-how whether resultingfrom local and national research or imported through

technology transfer is critical in being able to developand choose appropriate solutions to today’s mul-tiple sustainable development challenges.

Capacity in engineering, using science andtechnology to develop useful products and services,is critical to finding appropriate solutions partic-ularly in Africa, where there is an acute shortageof engineers. In particular, engineering curriculaneed to be more focused on finding sustainablesolutions for example in the field of transport,and to attract young talent in particular youngwomen into careers in engineering.

Creating scientific networks and facilitatingaccess to scientific information are of great impor-tance to building strong scientific research basesintegrated into the international scientific commu-nities. Here, the use of information and communi-cation technologies is increasingly important. ■

Building Capacity in Science and Engineering

http://mmisteelszambia.com/


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UNESCO, through theZambia National Commis-sion for UNESCO has been sup-porting organisations andgroups of vulnerable peoplein need of finances to advancetheir socio-economic status.This is usually done by wayof supporting funded Projectsand Programmes that are inline with UNESCO’s DraftProgramme and Budget aswell as national priority areas.

Prior to project identifi-cation, the Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCOcarries out a needs assessment

exercise on some vulnerableindividuals and institutionslacking skills and other rele-vant opportunities and facil-ities that support develop-ment in various areas. TheCommission then requestsUNESCO for funding, onbehalf of the Communities.UNESCO supports such activ-ities in the Human and SocialSciences Sector. Usually thepopulation that is hardest hitis that of vulnerable womenand children. All people inter-viewed during the needs assess-ment exercise express willing-ness to be empowered by skills

training and through the pro-vision of adequate resourceswhich lead to self reliance.

In the last few years, theZambia National Commis-sion for UNESCO has assisteda number of groups andorganisations. These includeand are not limited to:

Lilelelo Project Centre inMongu, Western Province

Under this Project, thecommunity and the Churchin Western Province cametogether to help empower thecommunity with life skills

Women Empowerment andYouth Development Projects



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programs so as to alleviatesome of the problems in thecommunity. Orphans andother vulnerable youths, whowere not capable of support-ing themselves financiallydue to lack of finances, wereequally assisted with trainingin the fields of carpentry, tai-loring, handcraft, berninadoormat making and nutri-tion were offered. As part ofthe programme, participantswere also sensitized on HIV& AIDS issues.

The LupandeYouth DevelopmentCenter Project – Mambwe District

Established in 1997, theLupande Youth Developmentproject is a community-basedrural youth organizationwhose objective is to improvethe living standards of peo-ple in the district. It is basedat Masumba AgriculturalResearch Station in ChiefM’khanya’s area of MambweDistrict in Eastern Provinceof Zambia. Main activitiescarried out on the Projectinclude training in HIV andAIDS Peer Education, HIVand AIDS Peer Counselling,HIV and AIDS AwarenessOutreach, Project StrategicPlanning and Managementfor the Youth, InternationalStudy and Work Camps (con-struction of a communityschool), Urban Rural Exchangeprogramme.

The Project offers sixcourses which are Carpentryand Joinery, Tailoring andWeaving, Welding, ComputerProgrammes, AutomotiveMechanics and Driving.

With the financial sup-port of UNESCO, the identifiedgroups were provided withskills training programmeswhich included AutomotiveMechanics, Bernina Doormatmaking, Carpentry and Join-ery, and Joinery Computers,

Counseling Skills, Driving,Handcraft, Nutrition, Tailor-ing, Weaving and Weldingas well as Training in HIVand AIDS. In addition, earlychildhood teachers weregiven pedagogical skills. Asa long term plan, the partic-ipants engaged in practicalworks and were encouragedto exhibit their products intheir different localities.

The Project trained youthsin the District who wereexpected to further trainerothers in their respectivecatchment areas therebyenhancing their existing SmallHolder Enterprise Groups(SHEG). UNESCO supportedtraining emphasized onCommunication Skills, TradeMathematics and Entrepre-neurship. During the trainingprogramme trainees formu-lated groups which practicedproduction scheduling for

sustainability of SHEGs afterfinishing the training.

However, the SHEGs wereassisted in sourcing for startup capital which was pro-vided to them as RevolvingFunds. The support soughtfrom UNESCO was aimed atsustaining the Project andit also contributed to creatingemployment opportunitiesin Mambwe District.

Chejezhi Project –Mwinilunga District,North Western Province

Chejezhi Africa – Zambiais a start up CommunityBased Organisation basedin Mwinilunga East. Themain objective of this Projectwas to restore dignity amonghurting communities throughpartnership with alreadyexisting local and interna-tional organizations, by ensur-ing that the rural communi-ties are empowered throughcapacity building, provisionof health services, educa-tion and entrepreneurshipinitiatives.

Mwinilunga East has ahigh prevalence of ruralpoverty (95%) and illiteracyamong both the young andthe old. HIV/AIDS and sexu-ally transmitted disease arevery high with the upcom-ing of the mines in the area.The community has a totalpopulation of 59,615, 29,757male, 29,858 female, a per-centage distribution of 49.92%males and 50.08% female asper 2000 government censusreport; 50% of these are youths.

The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCOfacilitated UNESCO’s supportof this Project. The supportwas two-fold: Providing edu-cational support, psycho socialand child counseling to 50


65


OVCs; and empowering 200Care-givers, who were mainlywomen and children. It ishoped the knowledge gainedthrough training in survivaland life skills would lead tosustainable income gener-ating activities.

The support from UNESCOhelped reduce the rate in OVCswho do not attend school.The participants were encour-aged to be busy and workextra hard in order to reduceon early marriages and childpregnancies. Women whowere empowered had suffi-cient seed for the next plantingseason thereby assuring food

security in their households.In the long run such projectprotect women’s rights sincewomen are the most prevalentbeneficiaries. This in turn helpsto safeguard their sexualityand enhances their partici-pation in decision making.

As has been observed inthe Projects above UNESCOis supportive of positive liv-ing standards of individualswithin its Members States. InZambia, in particular, manylives are being changed forthe better thereby advancingand changing people’s livespositively.

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Sexuality educationand the provision ofservices for adolescentsand young people are atthe heart of a recentlylaunched national pro-gramme, implementedby the Government ofZambia and supportedby UNESCO.

The programme, launched in April2014, will reach 1,750,000 students, agedbetween 10 and 24, with a new compre-hensive sexuality education curriculumand some 45,000 new and existing teacherswill be trained over the next four years.New teaching and learning materials willbe developed and schools will also beadvised on policies and codes of conductto reduce current high levels of gender-based violence and HIV-related stigmaand discrimination.

“Girls in particular are at high risk ofHIV in Zambia because they may not bein a position to negotiate safer sex or don’tknow enough about how to prevent the

infection from being transmitted. We knowfrom experience that if all learners, maleand female, have the right education wecan prevent and reduce the number of newinfections, Chris Castle, UNESCO GlobalCoordinator for HIV and AIDS said.

Plans to give young people easier accessto HIV testing and other necessary medicalservices will also be implemented. Theoverall goal is for adolescents and youngpeople in Zambia to enjoy better sexualand reproductive health, with a focus onpreventing new HIV infections and unin-tended pregnancies.

Young people in the East and SouthernAfrica region are highly vulnerable to unin-tended pregnancies, HIV, sexual abuse,early marriage, HIV and sexually trans-mitted infections. In Zambia, 28% of girlsunder the age of 19 have already had atleast one child and the HIV prevalence rateis 8.7% among girls aged 15-24 and 4.3%among boys the same age.

Harriet Tembo, aged 15, a student atKabulonga Basic School in Lusaka, Zambia,

Sexuality Education for Youth, Key in Preventing the Spread of HIV in Zambia


66


says she thinks that the new sexualityeducation curriculum is important foryoung people: “I think the knowledge whichI’m going to receive will help me to stayin school longer and it will also make mefocus on my future and help me achievemy dreams.”

Existing HIV prevention programmesin the country are not delivering the desiredlevels of knowledge, combined with theskills and values that will enable youngpeople to make and act on healthy deci-sions. Poor quality curricula, lack of prop-erly trained teachers and inappropriateteaching methods and learning materials,among other factors, have limited theeffectiveness of HIV education in schools.Gender inequality and gender-basedviolence are also serious challenges inschools and communities, affecting educa-tional and economic prospects for girlsand increasing their HIV risk.

The 3.9 million US dollar programme,funded by the Swedish government, willprovide direct support and capacity buildingto the Ministry of Education to strengthenits existing life skills programme between2014 and 2018. UNESCO has been workingclosely with the government of Zambia onHIV and sexuality education for eight years.

This new programme builds on previousachievements such as the development ofnew sexuality education curricula in 2013and significantly intensifies work with ambi-tious new targets and the ability to reachup to 80% of all learners in grades 5-12.

The project is being implemented inclose collaboration with other partners,namely: the Ministry of Health, Ministryof Community Development, Mother andChild Health, Ministry of Youth and Sport,Ministry of Gender and Child Develop-ment, Ministry of Chiefs and TraditionalAffairs, the National AIDS Council, UNFPA,UNICEF. The following NGOs are also keypartners: SAfAIDS, Youth Vision, ChurchesHealth Association Zambia (CHAZ), Savethe Children, Zambia Interfaith Network-ing Group on HIV/AIDS (ZINGO) andthe Planned Parenthood Association ofZambia (PPAZ).

UNESCO’s global HIV programme sup-ports comprehensive sexuality education,the elimination of school-related genderbased violence and support for peopleliving with HIV in over 75 countries aroundthe world. ■

http://http://www.g4s.co.zm/


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The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCOin collaboration with theMinistry of Youth and Sportimplemented a UNESCOHealth and Sport Project on4th April, 2014.

This Project involved car-rying out sporting activitiesin three Primary Schools inChongwe District, Lusakanamely Chongwe PrimarySchool, Matipula PrimarySchool, and Mpemba PrimarySchool. The essence of theseactivities was to help bringpupils, teachers, and theiradministrators together andto discuss HIV/AIDS and otherhealth related issues throughsport. It was also part of theproject to work with health

service providers. The healthservice providers that werebrought on board were theMinistry of Health – ChongweDistrict Health Board, PlannedParenthood Association ofZambia (PPAZ), and Societyfor Family Health (SFH) allow-ing people to access healthservices in designated places,within the same premises. Theservices provided includedVoluntary Counselling andTesting (VCT), diabetes testing,malaria testing, and bloodpressure tests.

For a very long time now,educators from the Ministryof Education and its collab-orating partners have beenteaching health issues suchas HIV and AIDS and other

related health conditions usingtraditional methods. Thisparticular project was aimedat breaking the monotony aseducators moved away fromthe classroom environmentand taught HIV and AIDSwhile interacting with thepupils in various sportingactivities. Girls played volleyball and netball while boysplayed foot ball. A school inthe outskirts of Lusaka Districtwas chosen for the Projectsite as opposed to one in theCapital City, thereby meetingthe needs of the vulnerablegroups in Chongwe.

The main objectives ofthe Project were to:• Help bring pupils, teachers,and their administrators as

Enhancing Health among theYouth through Sports



well as community leaderstogether to discuss healthissues in a more friendly envi-ronment; and• Prove that discussing healthissues can be fun and thatit should not be shunned.

Beneficiaries of the Projectwere the Ministry of Educa-tion Science Vocational train-ing and Early Education staffand community membersin Chongwe District. Theseaccessed the free health serv-ices that were being providedat Chongwe Secondary School.The services were shared ina friendly manner as pupilsengaged in sports.

Alongside these activitieswere quizes, focus group dis-cussions, dissemination ofInformation Education Com-munication (IEC) materialson HIV and AIDS such asbrochures, pamphlets, books,magazines, posters and flyers.

This day was graced by thePermanent Secretary at theMinistry of Youth and Sport.In her speech, she commendedUNESCO for the innovativeproject especially becausesports were an importantaspect of human develop-ment. She revealed that her

Ministry and the Ministryof Education were workingtogether to establish Centresof Excellence that wouldensure athlete developmentat a tender age. It was hopedthat through the Centres, thepower of sport in academicexcellence would be visible.The Chongwe District Com-missioner, who was the hostat the important venture, wasequally happy that such animportant activity was beingconducted in his District. Healso pledged support to similaractivities in the future.

This Project is a goodexample of how social devel-opment can be brought aboutthrough Sport, as the partic-ipants are made aware ofissues affecting their healthand general well-being. It isalso a conducive environ-ment in which pupils can becounseled and encouragedto live healthy lives. Such aProject also encourages andstrengthens more interactionbetween the Ministry of Edu-cation and the Ministry ofYouth and Sport as well asother partners working in thearea of Health.

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The Permanent

Secretary of

the Ministry

of Youth

and Sports

awarding a

trophy to

a pupil.


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We are all born equaland entitled to human rights.This does not and should notchange regardless of one’ssituation or status in society.However, the reality on enjoy-ment of human rights showsa different picture.

The respect of Humanrights remains a challengefor most despite many multi-million dollar developmentprojects that have been car-ried out in Zambia. Yet thereare still many organisationsand institutions that advocatefor the respect of human rights.It therefore becomes imper-ative to examine the gaps thatexist in ensuring that humanrights remain at the core ofplanning for development.

Human Rights basedapproach (HRBA) in planningfor development provides ahuman rights perspectivethat calls for enhanced atten-tion to the full understandingof the national and interna-tional legal framework andfactors that can either promoteor undermine the respect ofrights for all. HRBA therefore,provides us with understand-ing of laws, traditional andcultural practices, social normsand laws including actionsthat can either positivelyor negatively affect people.HRBA planning should beanchored on values and prin-ciples that promote humandevelopment.

Why Human Rights basedapproach in planning

Human rights and devel-opment have until recentlyprogressed along differentpaths. Rhetoric on humanrights has not been followedby policies and programmesat both national and inter-national levels that match thegaps identified through thereallocation of resources tothe poor and marginalised.

A human rights basedapproach is a holistic frame-work that not only concernsgovernment, but also of manyother organisations includ-ing donors and civil society.Adopting the HRBA to plan-ning adds to the missing linkto enhancing development.It brings in aspects (legalframework and institutions)that secure and guarantee

fundamental freedoms andhuman development. It alsorecognises that for any devel-opment programme to besuccessful, the people affectedmust be at the core of theinterventions. For instance, totackle issues of poverty (accessto food, education, healthetc), the poor and vulnerablemust be considered becausethey have a voice in society.

Human Rights BasedApproach to Planning

by Mildred ChamaZambia Human Rights Commission

The reciprocal relationship betweenrights holders and duty bearers


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Above all, this approachprovides tools that are essen-tial for the promotion andprotection of human rights.

The greatest benefit ofadopting the HRBA to plan-ning is that it helps translatepeople’s needs into rights.This places the human beingat the centre of programmesas the right-claim- holder. Italso helps duty bearers byclearly outlining their obliga-tions. For instance, govern-ment has an obligation todefend human rights. There-fore, a person whose rightshave been violated can com-plain against the state andbring a claim to seek redressor ensure that human rightsare protected or promoted.

Human rights are entitle-ments and freedoms inherentto all human beings, whatevertheir nationality, place of resi-

dence, sex, age, national orethnic origin, colour, reli-gion, language, or any otherstatus. They are not privi-leges attributed to certaincategories of people; humanrights are held by all personsequally, universally, and for-ever. They are based on coreprinciples such as dignity,fairness, equality, respect andautonomy. Human rights arerelevant to our day-to-daylife and protect our freedomto control our own life. Theyform the basis on which wecan effectively take part inpublic decisions and call forfair and equal services frompublic authorities. We are allequally entitled to our humanrights without discrimination,but some people face specificchallenges to their enjoyment.For example, accessibility ofthe built environment is apre-condition to the enjoy-ment of the rights to work,education and participationfor persons with a disability.

Human rights are univer-sally recognized, but theirpractical implementationrequires a clear sense of theinterplay between gender,culture and human rightsas well as different actors.The effective application of ahuman rights-based approachwithin a development processthat is sensitive to both culturalfactors and gender dynamicswill advance equality andsocial inclusion and will con-tribute to the alleviation ofpoverty and the realizationof all related human rights.

ConclusionThe key benefits to imple-

menting a human rights-based approach in promotingthe realisation of human rightsand the help it renders to gov-ernment partners achieve theirhuman rights commitments

cannot be over emphasised.It increases and strengthensthe participation of the localcommunity; Improves trans-parency; Promotes results(and aligns with Results BasedManagement); Increasesaccountability; focuses onthe most marginalized andexcluded in society therebyreducing vulnerabilities; andmore likely lead to sustainedchange with greater impacton norms and values, struc-tures, policy and practice.

A HRBA moves develop-ment action from the optionalrealm of benevolence (orcharity) into the mandatoryrealm of law.

A HRBA establishes dutiesand obligations while under-scoring the importance of cre-ating accountability mecha-nisms at all levels for duty-bearers to meet their obliga-tions. At the same time itensures people are not passivebeneficiaries of State policiesbut active participants intheir own development andfurther recognizes them asrights-holders, thereby plac-ing them at the centre of thedevelopment process.

By utilising HRBA, organ-isations to a large extent showtheir resolve to integrate thepromotion and protection ofhuman rights into nationalpolicies and to support thefurther mainstreaming ofhuman rights. ■

HumanRights

Education

Human rights education is anintegral part of the right to educationand is increasingly gaining recog-nition as a human right in itself.Knowledge of rights and freedoms isconsidered a fundamental tool toguarantee respect for the rights of all.

UNESCO’s work in human rightseducation is guided by the World Pro-gramme for Human Rights Education.

Education should encompass valuessuch as peace, non-discrimination,equality, justice, non-violence, toleranceand respect for human dignity.

Quality education based on a humanrights approach means that rights areimplemented throughout the wholeeducation system and in all learningenvironments. ■


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W orld heritage sitemanagers and tourism stake-holders from Zambia andZimbabwe came together forthe first time to initiate theprocess to develop a sustain-able tourism strategy forthe Mosi-oa-Tunya/VictoriaFalls World Heritage site. Theworkshop was held in Living-stone, Zambia from 22 to 24January 2015.

The workshop took placewithin the framework ofthe UNESCO World Heritageand Sustainable Tourism Pro-gramme. A key goal of theproject is to provide capacitybuilding tools and strategiesfor site managers to help themmanage tourism at their sitesmore sustainably. Victoria Fallsis one of four priority Africanature sites included in theinitial phase of the project.Others sites include Maloti-Drakensberg Park in SouthAfrica/Lesotho, Lake Malawi

National Park and Ngoron-goro Conservation Area inTanzania.

The African World HeritageFund is spearheading theimplementation of the proj-ect working closely with theUNESCO World Heritage Cen-tre and the UNESCO field officesin Zimbabwe and Tanzania.Funding for the project is madepossible by the generous sup-port of the Government ofFlanders (Belgium).

World Heritage in ZambiaDeveloping a Sustainable Tourism

Strategy for Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls

The World Heritage List includes1,007 properties forming part of thecultural and natural heritage whichthe World Heritage Committee con-siders as having outstanding universalvalue. These include 779 cultural, 197natural and 31 mixed properties in161 States Parties.

UNESCO’s World Heritagemission is to:• Encourage countries to sign theWorld Heritage Convention and toensure the protection of their naturaland cultural heritage;• Encourage States Parties to the Con-vention to nominate sites within theirnational territory for inclusion on theWorld Heritage List;• Encourage States Parties to establishmanagement plans and set up report-ing systems on the state of conserva-tion of their World Heritage sites;• Help States Parties safeguard WorldHeritage properties by providingtechnical assistance and professionaltraining;• Provide emergency assistance forWorld Heritage sites in immediatedanger;• Support States Parties’ public aware-ness-building activities for WorldHeritage conservation;• Encourage participation of the localpopulation in the preservation of theircultural and natural heritage;

WorldHeritageCentre


Utilizing the online capac-ity building tool (“How To”Guides) developed for UNESCOby Rebanks Consulting, thegroup worked through a seriesof lectures and exercises todetermine the strategic issuesand actions that will form thefoundation for the sustain-able tourism strategy. Thetool will be further tested andrefined through this process.

The guides underwent asimilar testing process lastyear led by the Nordic WorldHeritage Foundation in 15

pilot sites in the Nordic/Balticregion. This Nordic/Baltic proj-ect also produced an ana-lytical framework which canbe used to develop a baselinefor assessing the sustainabilityof tourism management ata World Heritage propertyand will be introduced in theAfrica nature sites.

The participants agreedto meet again in Livingstonein May 2015 for next work-shop where they will finalizethe strategy for the VictoriaFalls destination. ■

• Encourage international cooperationin the conservation of our world’s cul-tural and natural heritage.

WORLD HERITAGE IN ZAMBIA

In 1984 Zambia ratified the Con-vention concerning the Protection ofthe World Cultural and Natural Her-itage which was adopted by theGeneral Conference of UNESCO on 16November 1972.

Property inscribed on theWorld Heritage ListMosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls

Inscribed on the World HeritageList in 1989, Mosi-Oa-Tunya NationalPark comprises the banks of the ZambeziRiver above Victoria Falls and a seriesof deep gorges below them. The fallsare the heart of the park, and when theZambezi is in full flood and is 2km wide(in February and March) they form theworld’s largest sheet of falling water.

During these months some 540 mil-lion cubic meters of water per minutepour over the falls, which are 1690mwide and drop 108m at Rainbow Falls.The spray plume which may obscurethe view of the falls in the rainy seasoncan rise 500m and be visible 30kmaway. At low water before the rains inNovember the flow can be reducedto around 10.5 million cubic meters/minute, and the river divides into aseries of braided channels that descendin many separate falls.

Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park ismanaged by the Zambian WildlifeAuthority of the Department of NationalParks and Wildlife Service. Six nationalmonuments in the park are in the careof the National Heritage ConservationCommission (NHCC).

Properties submitted on theTentative List since 2009• Mwela Rock Paintings;• Chirundu Fossil Forest;• Kalambo falls;• Zambezi Source;• The Barotse Cultural Landscape. ■

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IntroductionZambia became a signa-

tory to the UNESCO 2003Convention for the Safeguard-ing of the Intangible CulturalHeritage on 10th May 2006.Nearly a decade since thishistoric moment, Zambiahas still not achieved muchin terms of identifying andsafeguarding intangible cul-ture heritage (ICH) serve fortwo elements: Gule Wamkuluand Makishi Masqueradethat were proclaimed in 2005as Masterpieces of the Intan-gible Cultural Heritage andinscribed on the UNESCORepresentative List of Intan-gible Cultural Heritage in2008 (UNESCO, 2008 a & b).

The 2003 cultural policyprovides a general frameworkfor cultural development witha focus on mainstreamingculture in national develop-ment processes in order toachieve sustainable humandevelopment but has not ade-quately addressed issues ofsafeguarding of intangiblecultural heritage. Despite thischallenge, various activitieshave been initiated to improvethe country’s capacity to iden-

tify and safeguard ICH. Thispaper therefore attempts todiscuss what the country hasso far achieved in the area ofICH and suggest what elsemay need to be done.

What is IntangibleCultural Heritage?

According to the BasicTexts of the 2003 Convention,intangible cultural heritagemeans the practices, represen-tations, expressions, knowl-edge, skills as well as the instru-ments, objects, artefacts andcultural spaces associatedwith such that communities,groups and, in some cases,individuals recognize aspart of their cultural heritage(UNESCO 2011 & 2012).Intangible cultural heritage

is transmitted from gener-ation to generation withinand/or across communitiesand is constantly recreated bythe practicing communitiesin response to environmentaland cultural dynamics.

Intangible cultural her-itage provides communitieswith a sense of identity andcontinuity, thus promotingrespect for cultural diversityand human creativity through-out the world. It is traditional,contemporary and thus a liv-ing heritage. It does not onlyrepresent inherited traditionsfrom the past but also con-temporary rural and urbanpractices in which diversecultural groups take part. Inthis regard ICH is said to be

Safeguarding IntangibleCultural Heritage in Zambia

by Munukayumbwa MunyimaUniversity of Zambia

IntangibleCulturalHeritage

United NationsEducational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization


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inclusive, representative andcommunity based and ismanifested inter alia in oraltraditions, performing arts,social practices, knowledgeand skills as well as tradi-tional craftsmanship whichare referred to as domains inthe Basic Text of the 2003Convention (UNESCO 2011& 2012).

Oral traditions and expres-sions includes language as avehicle of the intangible cul-tural heritage through chants,poems riddles or proverbspassed from one generationto another or one individualto another, one communityto another and one countryto another in a bottom-upfashion or vice versa.

Performing arts includestraditional dances, singing,poetry, or playing of musicalinstruments to express hap-piness or sadness. This wouldinclude songs and dances per-formed at traditional cere-monies as well as contempo-rary arts such as drama andchoreography in theatre.

Social practices includerituals (both traditional andcontemporary) performedbefore or after an event suchinheritance or baptism cere-monies as well as those per-

formed during festive eventssuch as weddings or initia-tion ceremonies. They alsoinclude social practices asso-ciated with hunting, fishingor harvesting as well as thoseto be observed during thefirst rains.

Knowledge and skills relatesto indigenous knowledge andthe ability of human beingsto adapt for survival and pro-gression in response to the dic-tates of nature and the uni-verse. This includes knowledgeabout what materials can beused for food, or medicine aswell as for defence or offence.It also includes human abilityto learn from other individualsor communities in order toenhance chances of succeed-

ing. An example of this wouldbe many of our traditionalceremonies where tradition-ally, performers are requiredto wear animal hides but toavoid conflict with the wildlifeprotection law, they haveadapted to using imitationmaterials.

Traditional craftsmanshipincludes indigenous knowl-edge and skills used to producematerials and/or tools requiredby the community such asbasketry, fishing spears, drumsor iron works produced by

blacksmithing. Traditionally,such materials and tools weremade for use within a com-munity, but with the adventof commercialisation, moreare now being produced forsale to other communitiesthat do not have the skill toproduce them and to touristsas souvenir.

Safeguarding IntangibleCultural Heritage

Anthropologists such asAntonio A Arantes (2012)have vaguely described ‘Safe-guarding’ as a mechanismthrough which selected aspectsof “real life” are dressed withpatrimonial value by govern-mental agencies, thus becom-ing meta-cultural realities.In the Basic Texts, (UNESCO2012) the 2003 Conventionhowever defines ‘Safeguarding’as measures aimed at ensuringthe viability of the intangiblecultural heritage includingthe identification, inventory-ing, research, documentation,protection, preservation, pro-motion, enhancement, recog-nition, revitalisation as wellas awareness raising, andtransmission through formaland informal education. Inorder to give logic to the safe-guarding process the authorsuggests arranging the meas-ure in form of a critical pathas presented above. Implyingthat one measure will takeplace before the next one fol-lows. In agreement with thesequence suggested by thepresent author, an undatedUNESCO publication titled‘Identifying and InventoryingIntangible Cultural Heritage’suggests that mong the safe-guarding measures enu-merated in the Convention,research and documentationare likely to be among thefirst strategies that States willconsider in order to under-stand ‘what is there’, ‘who


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does it’ and ‘why they do it’.The first four measures namely,identification, inventorying,research and documentation,are critical before the rest ofthe measures can follow. To-date Zambia does not havea national ICH inventory savefor the Ngoni communityinventories that were donein Chipata, Eastern Provincein 2011.

Zambia’s efforts towardsSafeguarding IntangibleCultural Heritage

Recent developmentssuch as the review of theNational Cultural Policy thatwas initiated in 2008 and theimplementation of the SixthNational Development Plan(SNDP) may point to a stepin the right direction for ICHin Zambia. For example, thevision of the SNDP is ‘Zambiaas a major tourism destina-tion of choice with unique fea-

tures, and a thriving nationalcultural heritage and creativeindustries which contribute to

sustainable economic growthand poverty reduction by2030’. However, a review ofpolicies and legislation relatedto the 2003 Convention done

by Mulenga Kapwepwe (2012)on behalf of the ZambiaNational Commission forUNESCO revealed that theexisting legal regime doesnot adequately address issuesof safeguarding ICH. To stim-ulate progress in the area ofintangible cultural heritagethe Zambia National Com-mission for UNESCO securedfunding from the FlandersTrust Fund and embarked onvarious awareness activitiesthrough an ad-hoc NationalICH Working Group.

Activities embarked uponby the Working Group includeda review of policies and leg-islation related to culturalheritage by a consultant(Mulenga Kapwepwe), work-shop to ‘Strengthen NationalCapacities for Implementingthe 2003 Convention’ and anumber of awareness creationactivities. The workshop tostrengthen national capac-ities had representative fromgovernment departments,research institutions and non-

government organisations.Awareness creation activitiesincluded a one day workshopeach for journalists and aca-demics respectively, television


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and radio programme as wellas publishing of newspaperarticles. All these activities werecarried out within a period of12 months before the NationalWorking Group’s mandateended in February, 2013.

Most important to Zam-bia, was the appointment ofmembers of the NationalIntangible Cultural HeritageCommittee by the Ministryof Tourism and Arts on 28th

April 2014.The Departmentof Arts and Culture wouldhouse the committee. TheIntangible Cultural HeritageCommittee would oversee theimplementation of the con-vention and advise govern-ment on matters of Intan-gible Cultural Heritage.

Recently a training oftrainers’ workshop in theimplementation of the con-vention was held in August2014. A total number of fifteenexperts from the ten provincesof Zambia were trained.

In the absence of a modusoperandi for the National ICHcommittee, Zambia will notbe spared from the manychallenges common to other‘States Parties’ to the 2003Convention within the South-ern African Sub-region. Mostcommon of the identified chal-lenges include, inadequatelegal frameworks, absenceof a clear indication of whois responsible for ICH, poorhuman capacity to implementthe Convention at variouslevels and overlapping man-date of different structures ororganisations dealing withICH. Overlapping of man-dates is most critical becausethe Convention mandates thecommunity to directly nomi-nate elements for safeguard-ing while at the same timeit emphasises the need fornational inventories to be

centralised. Development ofa more elaborate system thatdoes not allow duplication ofresponsibilities would have tobe a priority for the NationalICH Committee.

ConclusionWith only two elements

on the ICH safeguarding lists,Zambia may require to com-mit more effort to taking meas-ures to safeguarding of ICH.This will however only beeasier if legislation and policiesrelated to intangible culturalheritage are adapted to beresponsive to the UNESCO2003 Convention. Furtherto this, the ministry respon-sible for culture would needto streamline the efforts ofvarious stakeholder in safe-guarding ICH by identifyingand assigning a lead organ-isation to drive process.

The need to develop asystem of operation for theNICHC is not in question andwill need to be addressed with-out much delay. A fully oper-ational NICHC would use itsmandate to devise ways ofsourcing more funds for thesafeguarding of intangiblecultural heritage. However,to facilitate routine admin-istrative activities and the

holding of meetings, govern-ment through Departmentof Cultural should introducean annual budgetary allo-cation for the NICHC secre-tariat. Through the budgetaryallocation fundamental ICHsafeguarding measures suchas identification, inventory-ing research and documen-tation can be rolled out to allparts of the country and notconcentrating in Lusaka andtowns along the line of rail.

Notwithstanding the neces-sity of administrative andlegal frameworks for the safe-guarding of ICH, the involve-ment of the local communitymust be considered a priorityat all times. As envisaged inthe Sixth National Develop-ment Plan Zambia’s culturalheritage has potential to con-tribute to sustainable eco-

nomic growth and povertyreduction. However, for anycommunity to effectivelyparticipate in safeguardingof ICH, it must derive benefitsfrom there. Therefore any eco-nomic or other benefits accru-ing from ICH should trickledown to the host communi-ties as an additional incen-tive for them to continue safe-guarding such elements. ■

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M useums generallyderive their prominence andimportance from their col-lections. These collections,whether works of Art, arte-facts, or specimens constitutethe primary difference betweenMuseums and other institu-tions, as these collectionsform an essential part of thecollective cultural fabric.

In an effort to re-emphasizethe significance of Museumsin society; the InternationalCouncil of Museums (ICOM)once again celebrated theInternational Museum Daythis year under the theme“Museum Collections MakeConnections”. ICOM was estab-lished in 1946 as an Inter-

national non-governmentalorganization of museumsand museum professionalestablished to advance theinterests of museology andall other disciplines concernedwith museum and heritagemanagement and operations.

Every year since 1977,International Museum Dayhas been commemoratedon 18th May to raise publicawareness on the importanceof Museums in the develop-ment of society and has con-tinued to gain popularity. Inmany instances, activitieshave taken place during awhole week. The Interna-tional Museum Day providesmuseum professionals theopportunity for to meet their

various clientele whetherfrom the public and privatesectors; senior governmentofficials and chief executivesof the private business sectorrespectively, highlighting tothem the important role thatmuseums play in society.

Therefore, InternationalMuseum Day [IMD] servesas a platform to raise publicawareness on the role muse-ums play in the developmentof society today, on nationaland international levelsthrough the collections theyacquire and preserve; theresearches they undertake toeducate the public throughexhibitions, publicationsand indeed through otherforms of media. On this day,entry into all the Museumsworldwide is free.

The theme for this year’scelebrations, ‘Museum Col-lections Make Connections’reminds us that museums areliving institutions that helpcreate bonds between visitors,generations and culturesaround the world. The themeis also timely as it is helpingaudiences to comprehendtheir origins and history, theinnovations and progressivedevelopment strides thatsocieties have attained.

Celebrating Museumsin Zambia

International Museum Day 2014

by Chilala HabeenzuLusaka National Museum


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For the Museums in Zam-bia, this jubilee year’s cele-bration was very significantand unique. This was becausethe celebration was attendedby the President of ICOM,Professor. Dr Hans Martin -Hinz and the Chairpersonfor the Committee on Educa-

tion and Cultural Action,CECA, Professor Emma Nardi.All the Museums in Zambiacommemorated the event byinterpreting the theme in linewith Zambia’s 50th JubileeCelebrations. The launch ofthe commemoration includeda televised speech deliveredon Saturday, 17th May 2014by the Minister of Chiefsand Traditional Affairs, Hon-ourable Professor NkanduLuo on National Television,the Zambia National Broad-casting Corporation TV1.Earlier in the day on ZNBC’sKwacha Good Morning ZambiaProgramme, a presentation onthe Museums activities linedup was made by MinisterProfessor Nkandu Luo in thecompany of the ExecutiveSecretary of the NationalMuseums Board, Mr. FlexonMizinga. The HonourableMinister echoed that thisyear’s International MuseumsDay theme reminds to us thatmuseums are living institu-tions that help create ambientbonds between visitors, gen-erations and cultures aroundthe world. Furthermore, the

Minister stressed that in today’shighly technologically chang-ing world, museums areconstantly facing changesthat make them reconsidertheir traditional mission andfind new strategies to attractvisitors to the Museum byinvolving the community.

Museum as institutionthat preserves and commu-nicates the past, are a linkbetween generations, thusallowing present and future

generations to better com-prehend their origins andhistories. This year’s theme isvery timely as it emphasizesthe collaboration betweenmuseums worldwide.

At Lusaka National Muse-um, the activities began witha march past from the MainPost office to the Museumgrounds and was flagged offby the Deputy Minister ofChiefs and Traditional Affairs,Honourable Susan Kawan-dami on 18th May 2014.

The celebrations werespiced by entertainment bydifferent cultural and schoolgroups that interpreted thetheme. Taipa and Angoni Cul-tural groups were at hand towelcome the guests with tra-ditional dances and drama.School groups were also notto be left out as they recitedpoems, modeled in tradi-tional attire, listened to story-telling sessions with identi-fied Community elders andwere also engaged in tradi-tional games in the Museum’sChildren’s corner.

The visit by the ICOMPresident Martin- Hinz andHonourable Minister ProfessorNkandu Luo was also anopportunity for the LusakaMuseum Management toofficially open to the publictheir Long Term Archaeologyand Ethnography Exhibitionson the upper gallery.

The visitors to the Museumalso had an opportunity tohave a glimpse of the newHistory Exhibition which isnearing completion. All thecollections in the exhibitionsmade connections with theaudience. Other activities


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were a visit to the CollectionsStorage facilities on both thelower and upper floors.

The KK @ 90 photographicexhibitions in the Contempo-rary Art Gallery on the lowerfloor was also a marvel to thepublic who had an opportunityto appreciate the contributionof Zambia’s first RepublicanPresident to the world.

Choma Museum was thenext destination for the cele-brations. The Choma IMDcelebrations were held atChoma Museum on 19th May2014. The event was precededby a march past from theTown Centre to the ChomaMuseum grounds. The ICOMPresident together with CECAChairperson was thunder-ously welcomed through tra-ditional Music and dancingby the Tonga Cultural Associ-ation. Other activities includeda guided tour of the galleries,the storage room and theCraft shop.

A special photographicexhibition on the ChomaDeclaration was mounted tocommemorate the event. Thevisitors were further enlight-ened by a historical accountof the Choma Museum whichwas presented by the Minis-ter for Southern Province, Mr.Daniel Munkombwe. Othernotables were the DistrictCommissioner for Choma,Traditional Rulers and Headsof Government Departments.There were also performancesby School groups from aroundChoma Town.

In Livingstone, the cele-brations were held on 20th

May 2014. A special workshopon the theme was also organ-ised and this took place on21st and 22nd May 2014. TheLivingstone event was also

preceded by a March Pastfrom Mukuni Park to the Liv-ingstone Museum Grounds.Apart from the members ofthe public, Government offi-cials also attended the event.A number of activities wereequally organised. Theseranged from traditionaldance performances, handson Games, traditional attires,and a guided tour to the gal-leries. Livingstone Museumalso mounted a special exhi-bition commemorating 80years of the existence of theLivingstone Museum (1934to 2014).

The Livingstone MuseumInternational Museum Daycelebrations were also specialin that a number of delegatesfrom the Ministry of Chiefsand Traditional Affairs, ICOM,AFRICOM, SADCHA andUNESCO members from theSADC region, including Tan-zania were invited. The IMDworkshop enabled the Muse-um and Heritage Professionalsto deliberate on the differentexperiences in their Museums.The deliberations rangedfrom Collections managementto issues of Collections Security.

At the same event, Mr.Manyando Mukela, a retiredformer Museum Director

who once held the positionof Vice President of ICOMwas honoured by the ICOMPresident Prof Martin - Hinzon his contribution to thework of the Museums in theworld. Professor Nardi alsomade a special presentationon Good Practices in MuseumEducation. The CECA Chair-person implored MuseumProfessionals to join CECA.

After all the deliberations,a trip to the Elephant’s Oasisfor a cultural night certainlyprovided a glimpse of Living-stone as a Choice of Tourists

Destination. The delegateswere treated to Zambian tra-ditional and very nutritiousmeals coupled with the danceand drums. The events wereconcluded by a visit to theMighty Shungu Namutitima,the Mukuni Village, RailwayMuseum, and finally the Mosi-a-Tunya National Park.

Celebrations were alsoheld in Ndola, at the Copper-belt Museum and in Mbalaat Moto Moto Museum.

Indeed the 2014 Com-memorations of the Inter-national Museum Day willgo down memory lane for allthat witnessed the events. ■

mailto:TheKK@90photographic


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F rom Shakespeare toBaudelaire, King Solomon toWole Soyinka, generationshave displayed art and culturein the universal language ofsong and dance. Folklore andfolktales have been passed onby the fireplace long beforewe ever learnt how to putpen to paper. Stories from theheart and songs for the hearthave been used to speak theotherwise unspeakable andmankind has learned to readin between the lines of song,poetry and dance. The timidhave opened their hearts tolove and the outspoken havebeen brought to their kneesby the power of words – well- spoken.

Sometimes the pressuresof life easily make us forgetthat there is more to life thanwork and that there is moreto work than a salary andactually more to a salary thatpaying the bills! There is life,

love, fun, pleasure, familyand a whole lot more. ThankGod for World Poetry Day!We can once again laughand look forward to the goodthings that life has to offer.Take the following poem byDavid Diop for instance:

World Poetry DayWorld Poetry Day was

proclaimed by UNESCO inNovember, 1999 during the30th Session of the UNESCOGeneral Conference to beobserved on 21st March everyyear. The organization recog-

Poetry and theMother Tongue

by Brenda MuntembaChief Programmes Officer, ZNCU

“Africa my Africa Africa of proud warriors in ancestral savannahs.Africa of whom my grandmother singsOn the banks of the distant river, I have never known youBut your blood flows in my veins.Your beautiful black body that irrigates the fields.The blood of your sweatThe sweat of your work, the work of your slavery.Africa, tell me AfricaIs this you, this back that is bent, this back that breaksUnder the weight of humiliationThis back trembling with red scarsAnd saying no to the whip under the midday sun, but a gravevoice answers meSplendidly alone amidst white and faded flowersThis is your Africa springing up anewSpringing up patiently, obstinatelyWhose fruit bit by bit acquires, the bitter taste of liberty”


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nized the important role ofpoetry in the arts and in cul-tures throughout the worldand over time. The day furtherpromotes the efforts of smallpublishers with regard to pub-lishing of poetry throughoutthe world. This gives freshimpetus to the reading, writ-ing, publishing and teachingof poetry. The day also focuseson promoting a return to theoral tradition of poetry recitals,as well as strengthening theassociation between poetryand other forms of expres-sion, such as dance, music,and painting. The first WorldPoetry Day was held on March21st in the year 2000.

Zambia joined the rest ofthe world in commemoratingWorld Poetry Day on 27th

March, 2014. The ZambiaNational Commission forUNESCO spearheaded Zam-bia’s participation in com-memorating World PoetryDay. A total of ten schools wereinvited to participate, includ-ing a school for the Hearingand visually impaired.

Each school was repre-sented by one teacher and tenpupils. Teachers and pupilswere encouraged to both teachand learn poetry with enthu-siasm. It was also noted thatPoetry was better understoodin one’s mother language.

The students expressed them-selves in various forms ofpoetry which included song,drama and dance. The pre-sentations covered variousthemes addressing moralvalues, social, economic andpolitical issues. The presenta-tions were both entertainingand educative. The celebra-tions were inclusive, involvingchildren with special educa-tion needs. This was a rareopportunity for students toshowcase their creativity andexhibit their talent and energy.And this they did withoutreservation.

Poetry andZambia’s Liberation

Poets have helped theworld fight poverty, hunger,discriminations and injus-tices of all kinds. Words, whenspoken in the right forumand heard by the intendedears, have a way of yieldingresults that arms and weaponscannot. Many look at poetsas crazy and as mere day-dreamers but we all dram ofa world free of wars and aworld where our children arefree to blossom and grow.

Zambia, as any otherAfrican country, thrives onpoetry, dance and song. Thesong of Africa’s fight for free-dom from slavery helped ourforefathers stay alive, evenfor a day longer. The hunterhad become the hunted andlike a bird in the fowler’s snare,so was the African caughtwithout anyone to save. Thesongs of freedom sometimesresounded warnings, while

at other times they rang withhope. Dances helped the slavesforget about their helplesssituation, even if it be but fora moment. After slavery camethe world wars and colo-nialism. Would Africa everstraighten her bent back?Would she ever be free in thetruest sense of the word?

Yet the poets saw hope andsang of the future freedomfor their children and theirchildren’s children. Ghana’sKwame Nkuruma, Kenya’sMwalimu Jomo Kenyatta,Tanzania’s Julius Nyerere andindeed Zambia’s KennethDavid Kaunda were amongthe throng that led the danceof Africa’s freedom withoutfear or favour. The sun hadrisen upon Africa. And yet inthe quest to become ‘modern’,she slowly began to lose heridentity. She was no longer“Black and Proud” as hadsang one renowned artistJames Brown. Black was nolonger beautiful and the grasswas no longer green on theAfrican continent. Poetry anddance had lost their lustre,only to be replaced by fashionand glamour.

We thank God for thereturn to the African Ren-aissance! African song anddance are back! Poetry isback! Wole Soyinka, ChinuaAchebe, Leopold Senghor,Nelson Mandela and the listcontinues, have left their mark.We shall overcome has indeedbecome We have overcome!Poetry, song and dance areback! Africa is reborn! ■

“Through its words and its rhythm, poetry gives shape to our dreamsof peace, justice and dignity, and gives us the strength and desire tomobilize to make them real.”

Irina Bokova, Director GeneralMessage on Poetry Day 2014

http://www.bcx.co.za/

http://www.coppernet.zm


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The Information For AllProgramme (IFAP) is one oftwo inter-governmental Pro-grammes in the field of Com-munication and Informationestablished by UNESCO in2001. IFAP was created toprovide a platform for inter-national policy discussionsand the development of guide-lines for action in the areaof access to information andknowledge; for the partici-pation of all in the knowl-edge societies.

The IFAP has five priorityareas, namely:• Information Access;• Information for Development;• Information Ethics;• Information Literacy; and • Information Preservation.

The IFAP has an Infor-mation Society Observatory

which provides access to arange of up-to-date policypapers and strategies, bookreviews, trends and otherresources in the IFAP priorityareas. It is a freely accessible,quality resource for informingpolicy-makers, researchers andpractitioners about policies,practices and trends in theinformation and knowledgesocieties.

The IFAP Observatory istherefore especially well-placed to strengthen inter-national co-operation andthe exchange of experiencesand knowledge.

For a long time, UNESCO,just like under the Interna-tional Programme for theDevelopment of Communi-cation (IPDC), has been sup-porting Zambia in a number

of activities under IFAP. Activ-ities have ranged from trainingand sensitization programmeson key national issues thatfoster socio-economic devel-opment to preservation ofinformation and develop-ment and maintenance ofinfo structures.

IFAP NationalCommittee

In 2010, the ZambiaNational Commission forUNESCO realized the needto establish a National IFAPCommittee in order to benefitfully from the Programme.With technical and financialassistance from UNESCOthrough the then UNESCOHarare Regional Office forSouthern Africa the Commis-sion carried out a needs assess-ment exercise to ascertainthe actual information needs

Promoting Universal Access toInformation and Knowledge

The Information For All (IFAP) Programme



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of the Zambian people. Thesurvey which revealed thatinformation collection anddissemination is power andthat the general public is indire need of information toenable them make properand informed decisions toenhance their individual andnational development wascarried out in Central, East-ern and Southern, Provinces.Further, the Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO con-ducted two workshops. Thefirst was a national consul-tative meeting which aimedat giving feedback on theresearch findings and alsomaking further consultationswhereas the second was atraining for some IFAP Com-mittee members in strategicplanning and website cre-ation for the newly formed

Committee. The main reasonbehind this activity was tobuild capacity in the mem-bers so that they are able toeffectively plan for their ownactivities and also to networkand share information abouttheir operations with otherstakeholders with less diffi-culties. The Workshop was forfour days and was focused onstrategic planning and websitedesign and creation for theCommittee Members whowere available at the time ofthe training which was pre-ceded by a number of Work-shop preparatory meetings.

This Workshop drew about13 members and was heldfrom 11th to 14th September,2012 at the Chrismar Hotelin Longacres, Lusaka. TheWorkshop output were theZambia National IFAP Strate-gic Plan, and also coming upwith IFAP Website Design

Content. The second Work-shop was conducted with addi-tional financial support fromthe Zambia Information andTechnology Authority (ZICTA).

Activities drawn were also inline with the key nationaldocuments such as nationaldevelopment plans and imple-mentation strategies. Cur-rently, while the NationalCommission for UNESCO isin the process of establishinga full fledged IFAP Committee,efforts are being made to createa national IFAP Web site.

Media WorkshopThe Zambia National

Commission for UNESCOhas been linking UNESCO toZambia. Although the Com-mission has been implement-

ing UNESCO Projects andProgrammes, the Unit is notas visible as it ought to be.Worse still, it was realized thatthe media who are expectedto be the mouthpiece for thepublic does not know muchabout the role of the ZambiaNational Commission for

UNESCO. For as long as thegeneral public and otherauthority figures and leadersare unaware of the operationsof the National Commission,

Zambia would not benefit fullyfrom UNESCO’s Programmesand Projects which are sup-posed to be facilitated andimplemented by the ZambiaNational Commission forUNESCO.

It is for this reason thatUNESCO, through the ZambiaNational Commission forUNESCO, in the ambiance ofInformation For All and devel-opment in Zambia undertooksome activities that specifi-cally aimed at raising aware-ness of UNESCO in Zambiaand the role of the Zambia


87


National Commission forUNESCO. Activities includedand were not limited to pro-duction of more informationmaterials such as brochuresand banners. Branded pensand shirts to be used at dif-ferent fora were also procuredas a sensitisation tool. In addi-tion to these activities, othermajor activities conductedwere sensitization workshopsand radio programmes.

The first workshop washeld with the media at theChrismar Hotel in Lusaka onTuesday 25th March, 2014.The Workshop served as a platform for sensitizing commu-nicators such as editors andother journalists on the roleof the Zambia National Com-mission for UNESCO. Theinteraction with the mediawas planned to create furtherinformation sharing betweenUNESCO Commission and thegeneral public as the mediawas expected to share the information shared withthe public. Through thementioned forum, it was hoped that other line Min-

istries and stakeholders

would also be made aware ofthe importance of the Com-mission and would thus bemade to contribute to theimplementation of UNESCOrelated activities. In the longrun, it was hoped that Zam-bian citizens would under-stand UNESCO’s role of ensur-ing acquisition of universalvalues such as peace, humanrights, tolerance and demo-cratic citizenship, empoweringlearners with the necessaryknowledge and skills to facelocal and global challenges,and to become responsiblecitizens participating in thebuilding of a just, peacefuland sustainable future.

The Workshop had a num-ber of media houses and insti-tutions represented such asZambia Daily Mail, Times ofZambia, the Post Newspaper,Zambia National Broadcast-ing Corporation, Muvi TV,Radio Christian Voice, RadioPhoenix, Yatsani Radio, UNZARadio, Panos, MISA Zambia,Millenium Radio, Power FM,Joy FM- QFM, Pan AfricanRadio, and Star Newspaper.The Zambia Bloggers Network

was also repre-sented. The blogmedia was repre-sented by the ICT

Journalist, Flip, The PictureMonger, and the Arusha Pot.

Following the twofold Work-shop objectives which were tostrengthen the National Com-mission’s channels of commu-nication with the media; andto interact and open otheravenues of collaborationbetween the National Com-mission and the media, Work-shop presentations includedthe following: UNESCO andits Programmes, the ZambiaNational Commission forUNESCO, its roles and func-tions, and Major Projects ofthe Zambia National Commis-sion for UNESCO. The legalperspective of the Commis-sion was also looked at by arepresentative from the Min-istry of Justice who discussedthe Zambia National Com-mission for UNESCO Act.

The Workshop enlightenedthe media on the role of theZambia National Commissionfor UNESCO and UNESCO’spresence in Zambia. It alsosuggested the media’s activerole in enhancing the Com-mission’s visibility and alsothe need for the Commissionto enhance networks with themedia and also for a the Com-mission to come up with animplementable Visibility andCommunications Strategy inorder to be more visible inthe country.

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Services

http://www.g4s.co.zm/


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When asked what wasanything unique about thepeople of Masombo Villagewhich is located about 16 kmNorth of Itezhitezhi, in theSouthern Province of Zam-bia, the Village Headmananswered in the affirmative,saying they had the ear ofthe government.

“When we speak the gov-ernment listens. When we saywe want a road, we know theroad will be constructed. Whenwe spoke and said we neededwater the Council bought awater driller which is nowbeing used to drill people’sboreholes,” explained theheadman Mingochi.

He went on to explainthat his people had becomethe envy of many villagesbecause they had a strongconnection with the localradio station through theradio listening clubs (RLCs).Whenever the clubs meet,

they record their discussionswhich are in turn broadcaston the local radio station todraw the attention of dutybearers. This has resulted ina number of developmentalprojects being implementedin the area.

Since the advent of multi-partism and opening of theairwaves in the early 1990s,Zambia has seen the prolif-eration of community radiostations from an initial fewchurch owned radio stationsto the current over 60 diversi-fied and development orientedcommunity radio stations.

Fueled by the demandand desire of the people ofZambia for platforms for dis-cussions with policy makersand experts, community radiostations have sprung up inmost districts.

These radio stations haveindeed, true to their design and

mission, provided the peoplethey serve with unequaledaccess to developmental infor-mation in the various areasof their lives. Several com-munities now rely on expertinformation from their localradio station on what seeds toplant and which crop to growaccording to the demands ofthe markets in the city.

Through language policiessuch as the 60:20:20 policy,community radio providestheir life changing informa-tion through 60% program-ming in the most widely spo-ken local language while therest are broadcasts in English(20%) or are of foreign newsprogrammes from Lusaka orabroad (20%).

A number of rural districtshave recorded significantdevelopments as a result ofthe influx of radio. For exam-ple in Malata Village, 24kmNorth East of Katete town in

Community Radio &Development in Zambia

by Elias BandaPanos Institute of Southern Africa


90


Chief Mbang’ombe’s area inthe Eastern Province, thewomen’s club led by the areacouncilor has become author-ities in various modern waysof doing things. These womennow exude great knowledgein matters ranging from publicaccountability, prevention ofcontagious diseases to pre-vention of child abuse andpromotion of child protec-tion. So knowledgeable arethe women that the localtraditional leadership had tocreate a special consultativeplace for them in the runningof affairs of the chiefdom.

Dickson Phiri, the StationManager for the local radiostation Mphangwe FM saysthis has enabled the womento drive local development.

“The women have becomea force to reckon with becauseof the kind of informationthat they possess,” says Mr.Phiri. “No village man canmistreat them and no tradi-tional authority can denythem their right to own landor animals. When they seegovernment projects takingplace in their communities,these women know they havea right to be consulted beforethat project takes place andthey know they have the rightto question if the governmentresources are being used forthe intended purposes. Theyare powerful.”

The women of Katete andthe villagers from Itezhitezhiall have one thing in com-mon, they are privileged tohave a functional communityradio station in their midst.In a recent press release onthe important role communityradio stations play in commu-nity development, Vice Chair-person of the Zambia Commu-nity Media Forum (ZaCoMeF),Mr. Luckson Hamooya said“community radio stationsprovide the much neededand sought informationservice and have served therural population well”.

“Where the mainstreammedia are not able to provideinformation, community radiostations have partnered withgovernment ministries, localcouncils and NGOs to providerural communities with infor-mation on health, HIV, agri-culture and community devel-opment,” said Mr. Hamooya.He added: “Community mediais an important tool for thepromotion of communicationfor development among therural communities and thepromotion of local content,local voices and local lan-guages and culture.”

The presence of commu-nity radio stations has alsoincreased the ability of ruralcommunities to grasp andassimilate new informationand communication tech-

nologies. Their promotion ofSMS, phone in programmesand use of social media plat-forms like Facebook, Skypeand Twitter has made ruralcommunities appreciate theuse of these new technologiesas embodied in the latestdata-enabled mobile phones.

Panos Institute SouthernAfrica (PSAf) Media Devel-opment and ICTs SeniorProgrammes Officer GilliesKasongo says the availabilityof cheap data-enabled phonesin 50% of the homes in therural areas now means thatfamilies are engaging morewith people and communitiesfar away from them and arenow learning quicker waysof sharing information andtransmitting news.

“The news announcing theoutbreak of a disease is nowan SMS away and pictures toocan now be sent to relevantgovernment offices at thepress of the send button,”said Mr. Kasongo.

According to Mr. Kasongo,the increased use of dataenabled phones has revolu-tionized the way of doingthings in many rural areas.

“It is this power and poten-tial of data-enabled mobilephones that are equipped withthe internet, high pixel cam-era and recorder that manycommunications for devel-opment experts are trying toharness for the bettermentof rural communities.


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Yes indeed, how can ruralaudiences living long distancesapart and away from theircommunity radio station takepart in the radio programmediscussion, including influenc-ing what programmes areproduced and aired from theirlocal radio station? How canthey without much incon-venience and trouble be ableto interact with the commu-nity radio staff and be ableto contribute news storiesand programme ideas? Howcan the radio station too, usingmobile telephony, identifywho among the surrounding

communities listens to theirradio broadcasts and whatprogrammes do they like? Howcan policy makers and thelocal government engage withtheir communities using theconvergence of technology asprovided for by these mobilephones? How do we improveour good governance?”

The presence communityradio has revolutionized ruralcommunities and linked themto the metropolitan of the citiesand the global village. TheVillagers now have a voicethrough community radio to

demand for schools and roadsto be constructed, hospitalsand factories to be built andfor the living standards ofthe people in the rural areasto be uplifted according tothe international standardsand protocols that the gov-ernment signed.

Community radios havehelped reduce the knowledgegaps between the cities andrural areas. Most importantly,they have given communitiesthe ear of government.

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From March, 2012 the UNESCO Multi Sectoral Office in Harare has been imple-menting a three-year regional project on “Empowering Local Radios with ICTs”. Thishas been made possible with funding from the Swedish Cooperation. The project coversseven Sub-Saharan African countries, including Zambia. In Zambia, the project supports five local radios: Breeze FM,IsoFM, Radio Lyambai, Mkushi FM andZambezi FM.

Most of the support has been in theform of training workshops as well ascomputer and mobile phone equipment.

This project aims to strengthen andenhance capacity of radio journalists forquality programming and reporting ondevelopment issues. It supports contentcreation on priority areas of public con-cern, and facilitates active participationof communities in the public debate – thus, in their own development. The project fosters ICTs as a support for broadcasting. Itis expected that, by the end of the project, the value of broadcasting locally relevantcontent will have increased and made a difference in the lives of the poor, with aspecial focus on women and girls.

Empowering Local Radioswith ICTs:

UNESCO Empowers Mkushi Community Radio Station



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Like the other four Community Radio Stations on the Project, Mkushi CommunityRadio station has benefited from this Project. Mkushi Community Radio station is anon-profit making organization which was established in 2004 with support fromUNESCO and the Zambian Government. It broadcasts in two local languages i.e Lala,Swaka and also in English. The Radio Station is transmitted on FM 92.7 and coversa radius of 150 kilometres.

Mkushi Radio is one of the five community radio stations in Zambia that are partic-ipating in this important Project which started in 2013. So far, the Community RadioStation has immensely benefited from the following:

Information Communication TechnologiesIn November 2013, the radio station was provided with ICTs; one desk top computer,

laptop, five mobile phones, one video camera and internet modem. Prior to the instal-lation of the internet, the Zambia National Commission for UNESCO released K5,000to enable the radio station undertake an in house training for the staff on the use ofinternet and ICTs. The ICTs have tremendously improved the operations of the radiostation and enhanced the performance of the staff. The radio station is able to getquick feedback from the listeners through social media platforms such as facebook.This in a way has increased community participation in radio programming.

TrainingUnder the Project, the radio station has participated in a series of training such

as news and programme production, financial management and resource mobilizationand training for news correspondents. The most recent capacity building programmethe radio station got involved in was the Project writing and reporting Workshopheld in Windhoek, Namibia.

The Community Radio Station is grateful to UNESCO and wishes the Project couldbe extended for another Period because the Radio Station is still in need of support.

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B O T S W A N AN AT I O N A L C O M M I S S I O N F O R U N E S C O

Republic of Botswana

BOTSWANA AND UNESCO

2 0 1 4 A N N U A L R E P O R T

13

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One of our trategic objectives is to strengthen local, regional and international linkages through collection, synthesis and dissemination of information. In line with this objective we launched in partnership with National Comissions for UNESCO annual magazines in six countries in Africa. These magazines cover a wide range of topical issues to inform the decisionmakers of UNESCO’s local and regional activities. They also provide information on environnemental, social and economic aspects of each country. The magazines are produced and circulated in both printed and online versions. The printed version is circulated free of charge to senior managers in the private sector, UN representation offi ces, NGO’s, ministries and public offi ces, diplomatic missions, development organizations and universities. The online version is distributed to our all contacts database covering regional and international domain. The online version, which is professionally indexed on web directories and search engines, is available on our website link :


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The International Pro-gramme for the Developmentof Communication (IPDC) isthe only multilateral forumin the UN system designedto mobilize the internationalcommunity to discuss andpromote media developmentin developing countries. TheProgramme aims at providingsupport for media projects andenhancing a healthy envi-ronment for the growth offree and pluralistic media indeveloping countries.

Activities supported underthis Programme include butare not limited to promotingthe importance of mediaindependence and pluralism,developing community mediai.e. radio and television organ-izations, modernizing nationaland regional news agencies,and training media profes-sionals. Particular attentionis always paid to least devel-oped, land locked and smallisland countries, as well ascountries in conflict or post-confict situations.

UNESCO, through theIPDC strives to realize moreeffective media projects thatempower people to gain equi-table access to knowledge andexpress themselves throughfree and pluralistic media.

Priority AreasIPDC focuses on the follow-

ing priorities, in a bid to ensureefficiency and effectiveness:• Promotion of freedom ofexpression and media plu-ralism;• Capacity building for jour-nalists, media practitioners,educators and trainers;• Innovation and integrationof traditional and new media,taking into account new trendsin communication.

Zambia’s BenefitsLike all other UNESCO

member states, Zambia hasbeen benefiting from this Pro-gramme. UNESCO continuesto support viable Project Pro-posals especially in the area offree, independent and plural-istic media. In Zambia, supporthas been given to capacitybuilding programmes formedia training institutionssuch as the Zambia Institutefor Mass Communication

(ZAMCOM) and CommunityRadio Station Managers andpersonnel. Mazabuka andMkushi Community RadioStations owe their succesfulestablishment to UNESCOunder the IPDC. Currently,the Zambia National Com-mission for UNESCO is help-ing establish Kwenje Com-munity Radio Station inChama District, and BangwelaCommunity Radio Station inSamfya District, under thesame Programme.

Community Radio StationsWhat does it take to estab-

lish a Community Radio sta-tion with support from theIPDC? The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCOcarries out a number of activ-ities ranging from writingand submitting viable ProjectProposals to UNESCO, carry-ing out a needs assessmentin the proposed Project area,conducting trainings forprospective radio stationmanagers and volunteers, tofacilitating procedural legal-ities with authorizing bodiessuch as Zambia Informationand Communication Tech-nology Authority (ZICTA)and the Ministry of Infor-

Fostering Media Development,Building Democratic Societies

The International Programme for theDevelopment of Communication (IPDC)



mation and BroadcastingServices. The Commission isalso responsible for facilitatingthe procurement, transporta-tion, clearing and installationof the UNESCO funded RadioStation equipment. The Com-munity, on the other hand,is always encouraged tomobilise additional resourcesto supplement UNESCO sup-port in order for the Stationto be self sustaining.

Capacity BuildingPromoting Media Development

The newly establishedHarare UNESCO Multi SectoralOffice for Southern Africa,organized a one and half dayworkshop on humanitarianand disaster managementreporting for journalists andthe UN agencies, in liaisonwith the Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO.The Workshop was held atProtea Hotel and Chaminukaon the 25th and 26th February,2014 respectively. Participantswere drawn from the mediaand United Nations agenciesand included Journalists weredrawn from the five Commu-nity Radio Stations currentlybeing supported by the three-year UNESCO-SIDA Project.The UN staff comprised Com-munication and Informationspecialists as well as Monitoring& Evaluation (M & E) experts.The UNESCO Regional Officein Harare was represented

by Mr Hezekiel Dlamini, theRegional Advisor for Commu-nication and Information.

The main aim of theWorkshop was to enhanceHumanitarian and DisasterManagement Media report-ing. Resource persons weredrawn from the Vice Presi-dent’s Disaster managementUnit, the Media, and the UNagencies. Topics covered inthe Workshop included: theUN Communication Groupand Delivering as One UN,Overview of the UN Human-itarian Assistance, the roleof the media in disastermitigation.

Participants were encour-aged to be both objective andsensitive in their reporting inorder to put a humanitarianface to their human-interestfeatures. They were remindedthat the main aim of theircommunication was to help

foster development in thevarious areas of life, ratherthan to breed despair.

The second day aimed atraising more awareness onCommunication for Devel-opment (C4D) in the spiritoperating as ONE UN, and wasspecifically for UN agencies.The Monitoring & Evaluationpersonnel were encouraged toshare as much information aspossible in order to help therest of the UN team plan theircommunication strategies.Participants were remindedto incorporate Communica-tion For Development (C4D)in their various activities, tointeract more with the media,as well as to increase visibility.It is hoped that by the endof the UN retreat participantswould have identified activ-ities and partners based onthe training and informationreceived. The informationwould then be incorporatedin their Work plan for theyear under review.

Having been educated ondisaster mitigation and therole the media can play inraising awareness on devel-opmental issues, the Workshopdid achieve its objective ofstrengthening capacity ofradio journalist for qualityprogramming and reportingon development issues. ■

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World Press Freedom Day (WPFD),remains an important day for Zambiaas in other countries around the world.On this day, individuals are drawn to theimportance of press freedom, which is akey establishment of good governance anddurable economic, political, social andcultural development, prosperity and peacein Africa. Emphasis is also made on thefight against corruption, famine, poverty,violent conflict, disease and lack of education.

The Zambia National Commission forUNESCO participated in the preparationsand successful commemoration of the2014 World Press Freedom Day, which fellon 3rd May under the theme “ReachingNews Goals: Free Media fortifies the post-2015 Development Agenda”.

In celebrating this day, several activ-ities were organized which included radio

and television programmes highlightingthe importance of press freedom and howit relates to national development. Thegeneral public was motivated to have aninterest in press freedom issues and alsoto be part of the celebrations. Other activ-ities included a tree planting exercise atthe home of a veteran journalist and astakeholders’ conference on the importanceof press freedom. Resources for carryingout these and many other activities weremobilized by the WPFD Organising Com-mittee where the Zambia National Com-mission for UNESCO was represented whileOrganisations and the Corporate worldcontributed financial resources. Anothernotable activity in 2014 was the decisionof the WPFD Organising Committee tobuild a house for a vulnerable family inChazanga’s Compound in Lusaka. Inliaison with Habitat for Humanity-Zambia,a single mother was identified as a recip-

CelebratingWorld Press Freedom Day


WPFD Marchpast.


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ient of the house. On May 3rd journalistsand other individuals from various organ-isations and media houses marched inChazanga Compound. The march pastwhich was headed by the Ministry of Infor-mation and Broadcasting Services andcelebrated by many including the UnitedNations Resident Coordinator, who sharedmessages of solidarity. The Zambia NationalCommission for UNESCO 2014 then pre-sented its annual World Press Freedom DayMedia Award to Mr. Sikota Wina, a Seniorseasoned Journalist. This was a befittingaward especially as the nation was cele-brating Zambia’s Golden Jubilee inde-pendence celebrations. The Hon. MinisterShamenda then handed over of the newlybuilt house to the vulnerable family, muchto the delight of the community.

UNESCO, in collaboration with othermedia institutions, hosted the 2014 WPFDStakeholders’ Conference, which was heldat Mulungushi International ConferenceCenter in Lusaka. Workshop resource personsand panel discussants included veteranjournalists who shared their experiencesin the liberation struggle and contribu-tions towards media development. Theother nine Provincial Centres also carriedout various activities to celebrate the day.The Press Freedom Committee of The PostNewspaper, as secretariat, Press Associ-ation of Zambia (PAZA), Media Instituteof Southern Africa (MISA) – Zambiachapter, United Nations Information

Centre (UNIC), Ministry of Information,Broadcasting Services (MIBS), the ZambiaNational Commission for UNESCO, MediaNetwork for Children’s Rights and Devel-opment (MNCRD), Jesuit Centre for The-ological Reflection (JCTR), Catholic MediaServices (CMS), Caritas Zambia and otherpartners.

The 2014 commemoration of WPFDwas a success, as in all preceding years.Moreover, activities around these particularcelebrations were unique in that theyhighlighted journalists’ and other mediapractitioners’ contributions to the attain-ment of Zambia’s independence in viewof the country’s celebrating its goldenjubilee on 24th October, 2014.

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UN Country Rep, Ms Janet at WPFD.

Hon Sikota Wina receiving the UNESCO WPFD award

from Ms Brenda Muntemba.

NatCom helping to build a house for a vulnerable family.

http://www.intercontinental.com

Z A M B I A

99


Geography and ClimateThe Republic of Zambia

is a landlocked country inSouthern Africa, neighbour-ing the Democratic Republicof the Congo to the north,Tanzania to the north-east,Malawi to the east, Mozam-bique, Zimbabwe, Botswanaand Namibia to the south,and Angola to the west. Thecapital city is Lusaka, in thesouth-central part of Zambia.

The country is relativelyvast, with a total area of752,614 km2 and lies on theCentral African high Plateauwith an average altitude of1 200m above sea level. TheRift Valley formations in theeastern and southern partsof the country have producedescarpment systems andvalley troughs.

Zambia’s physical envi-ronment owes its attributes toher sub-tropical setting, whosefeatures are characteristic ofboth tropical and semi-aridconditions. The country expe-riences three climatic distinctseasons namely; the warmrainy (November – April), thecool dry (May – July) and thehot dry (August – October).

Zambia is well endowedwith water resources, bothground and surface water.The major perennial rivers arethe Zambezi, Kafue, Luang-wa, Kabompo, Luapula andChambeshi. Other sources ofsurface water include lakes,swamps and flood areas. Sur-face water constitutes 15%of the country’s area.

PopulationWith an estimated popu-

lation of 15.2 million, Zambiais one of the most highlyurbanised countries in sub-Saharan Africa with 44% ofthe population concentratedin a few urban areas alongthe major transport corridors,while rural areas are sparselypopulated. The population– currently growing at a rateof 3.2% per year – is concen-trated mainly around Lusakain the south and the CopperbeltProvince to the northwest. Thecapital city has an estimatedpopulation of 2,200,000. Theother major cities include Kitwe,Ndola, Kabwe, Chingola,Mufulira, Livingstone, Luan-shya, Kasama and Chipata.

There are 72 different eth-nic groups or tribes in Zambia.Main groups and languagesinclude Bemba in the north

and centre, Tonga in the south,Nyanja-Chewa in the east,and Lozi in the west. Englishis the official language andis widely spoken.

Political BackgroundZambia, formerly the

British protectorate of NorthernRhodesia, was under Britishdominion from 1888 until 24October 1964, when it becamean independent republic with-in the Commonwealth.

Zambia is a multipartydemocracy with a unicameraltype of government wherethe roles of the Executive, theLegislative and the Judiciaryare clearly defined. The Presi-dent and Members of Parlia-ment are elected by the people.The President appoints Cabi-net Ministers from the electedand nominated members ofparliament. The Parliament,headed by the Speaker of theNational Assembly, comprises150 elected members and upto 8 members nominated bythe President. The SupremeCourt is the highest Court ofAppeal and is headed by theChief Justice. Elections areheld every five years. Newlyelected President Edgar Lunguis the Head of State.

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IntroductionBesides agriculture, tourism

is one sector that can greatlydeliver on Zambia’s quest foreconomic diversification andpoverty reduction. It offersan important source of jobsand prosperity, especially inthe rural areas. Further, itoffers the unique opportunityof tapping into heritage toenhance poverty reduction.

Backed by the country’srenowned political stability,the country’s raft of attractions– anchored upon the VictoriaFalls – and its hospitableclimate make it an attractivetourist destination.

Having contracted slightlyduring 2008, the sector’s per-formance has been positiveover the past few years. Growthhas been triggered by invest-ments in hotels, lodges and

safari operations, road reha-bilitation projects and upgrad-ing of international airportsto international standards.

Economic impactAs an industry, tourism

– including arts and culture –offers varied opportunitiesfor revenue generation inboth the private and publicsectors, whilst at the sametime, stimulating economicactivities that deliver conser-vation, social and financialbenefit to the communitieswhere the facilities are based,as well as the nation. Thispotential has been recognizedby the government which, inits Industrialisation and JobCreation Strategy of 2013, hasdefined tourism as a prioritysector that can generate at least300,000 jobs by 2016. Thisrepresents significant growthfrom the tally of 57,337 jobs

in the sector counted as at2013. It was this realisation,partly, that also led to theformation of the Ministry ofTourism and Arts.

TrendsZambia stands out as one

of the prime tourism desti-nations in Africa offering awealth of natural tourismassets – waterfalls, lakes andrivers holding about 35% ofSouthern Africa’s total naturalwater resource, ‘wildlife pro-tected areas’ occupying about10% of the country’s total landarea, and a tropical climate– a passport to sunshine almostthroughout the year. Thishas been largely due to theefforts of sector stakeholdersled by the Zambia TouristBoard (ZTB), which aggres-sively promoted the country’svaried offerings rangingfrom cultural, archaeological

Tourism:Steady growth, great opportunities for diversification

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inspired décor and design and traditional Tuscan

ambience, the lodge and restaurant offer the

nostalgia and feeling of traditional Italian cuisine

and hospitality.

Michelangelo offers:

• 20 Beautiful, air conditioned rooms all ensuite with bath and

shower, mini bar, in room tea and coffee facilities, plasma screen

DSTV, internet wireless connectivity, direct dial telephone, hair

dryer, electronic mini-safe and laundry service.

• Two sparkling clear swimming pools.

• The Michelangelo restaurant offering authentic Italian cuisine

as well as traditional Zambian and International dishes paired

with wines from a carefully chosen list.

• A fully licensed bar.

• The Vanilla Brand Coffee Shop offering delectable desserts,

cakes and home-made ice cream.

• The Renaissance Beauty and Health Spa.

Michelangelo126 Broadway Ave., P.O. Box 70447 Ndola, ZambiaTel: +260 212 620325, 620476, Fax: +260 212 620326Email: [email protected]


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and natural phenomena.Tourism-related revenues arearound US $300 million ayear and when one considers

the over 57,000-plus peopleemployed in the sector, theimpact is quite substantial.And this is what gives manysector players the confidencethat the sector is well on theway to playing a major rolein Zambia’s quest for develop-ment going forward. At therate things have been moving,there is optimism that thesector’s share of gross domesticproduct (GDP) would increasefrom the current 3.1 per centto a more modest level; goingforward, the broad target isto raise the sector’s share toat least 10 per cent of GDP.

Tourism is one of the fastestgrowing sectors in Zambia.The sector posted notableimprovements during theFifth National DevelopmentPlan (FNDP 2006-2010) period,as evidenced by higher touristnumbers and greater privatesector investment. From a tar-get of 736,450, internationaltourist arrivals averaged794,000 over the FNDP period.

Accommodation in thehospitality industry also grewsubstantially, from 500 estab-lishments in 2005 to 940 in2009, and from 10,900 beds to

19,000 over the same interval.Average direct tourism earn-ings increased from US$174.00million in 2005 to US$200.00

million in 2009 while employ-ment in the sector rose to25,860 in 2009 from 19,650in 2005. Recent investmentsin infrastructure supportingthe sector have, obviously,raised the numbers cited herebut suffice to say, the sectoris doing fairly well.

In 2013, Zambia recorded914,576 visitors of all types,including business travelers,visiting friends and relativesand holiday focused visitors.This fell just short of the ZTB’sobjective to hit at least 1 mil-lion international arrivalsduring that year. It is worthnoting, however, that the

arrivals for 2013 were slightlybelow the 920,299 arrivalsrecorded in 2011; this can,partly, be attributed to the factZambia held general electionsin 2011, which were monitoredby a number of internationalobservers alongside the localones. Arrivals in 2012 stoodat 859,088.

Going forward, the trendis expected to improve as thegovernment continues thedrive to its long term vision ofensuring that Zambia becomesa major tourist destination ofchoice with unique features,which contributes to sustain-able tourism, economic growthand poverty reduction. Withthe expected number of touristarrivals, the development ofhotels, holiday resorts, andprivate estates in identifiedand famous tourist destina-tions of the country, Zambiaholds excellent opportunitiesfor tourism investment.

The excellent investmentopportunities in hotel devel-opment are evidenced in thesubstantial number of oper-ators already established inthe country. Zambia has awide range of standards whenit comes to places to stay –from five-star hotels and firstclass luxury lodges, to rustic

For more information, contact our ever friendly Manager Panji Mikandu Kanjela on +260 965 516841 or contact our reservations desk on+260 950 217769, +260 955 894377 or email us on [email protected]

Lunte Lodge is situated at 29 Pamo Drive and 12 Mpezeni, Parklands, Kitwe.

We have two executive rooms, four suites and nine standard rooms. We have a well stocked bar for all your refreshments and a restaurant to meet all yourmeal requirements. We have a gym to help you keep fit while staying with us. We offer full English breakfast, room service, airport shuttle(at a fee), freeWi-Fi connection and conference facility. We also host corporate events such as Dinners and cocktails. Our rooms are self contained with coffee and teamaking facilities. The restaurant, bar and reception are open from 06 00hrs to 22 00hrs daily.

AccommodationBar & Restaurant

Bus ServiceGymnasium

Conference Facility


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bush camps, guesthouses andcampsites. Additionally, themajority of visitors who enteredthe country travelled for busi-ness purposes, this illustratesthe abundant investmentopportunities in Zambia.

For its part, the state hasintensified efforts at developinginfrastructure that can openup more areas with tourismpotential to exploitation. Forthe period 2011 – 2015, infra-structure investments havefocused on:• Greater Livingstone: Theobjective is to develop a world-class tourism resort city withall the necessary amenitiesincluding accommodation,casinos, shopping malls andadequate and reliable supplyof water, power and ICT serv-ices. This was the major reasonthe government decided, in2012, to re-locate the admin-istrative capital of SouthernProvince to Choma.• Kafue National Park: Thedevelopment of roads and otherinfrastructure in a bid to openthe country’s largest nationalpark up to investment.• Northern circuit: Publicinfrastructure development,construction of roads, reha-bilitation and upgrading ofaccess roads and airports andairstrips, water systems, elec-tricity and ICT infrastructurein a bid to open up the coun-try’s northern half.

The development of theNorthern Tourism Circuitwhich encompasses Northern,Luapula and part of MuchingaProvinces presented an oppor-tunity to not only diversifythe economy away from cop-

per as the country’s economicmainstay, but also the tourismsector away from the focusof Livingstone as the maincentre of tourism activities.Considering the huge extentof the Northern Circuit andthe fact that such investmentscannot be done at once dueto limited resources, a phasedapproach beginning with ananchor project was deemedfeasible and in this regard theKasaba Bay Tourism Projectarea became the focus. Thearea encompasses SumbuNational Park, Iyendwe valley,parts of Tondwa and KaputaGame Management areasand Sumbu Township.

To enhance seamless oper-ations in the sector, the gov-ernment is streamlining thelicencing procedures whileworking out a framework forboosting capacity in the hos-pitality industry. The legaland regulatory framework isalso being reviewed, with thetourism and hospitality Act(2007), the Zambia wildlifeAct (1998) and the nationalmuseums Act (1966) beingrevised.

While this is ongoing, thegovernment is also consid-ering ways of enhancing thecontribution of the creativearts to the sector and overalleconomy. For a start, a holo-gram has been introduced toenhance the copyright protec-tion for musicians and filmmakers while a national filmpolicy is nearing completion.It is worth noting that the gov-ernment has offered to refund‘certain expenses’ incurredwhen shooting movies thatwill promote Zambia.

A novel idea being consid-ered is sports tourism, whichthe National Sports Councilof Zambia (NSCZ) is exploringwith ZTB. According to NSCZsecretary general InnocentChalabesa, using sport to pro-mote tourism would help raisethe sector’s profile further. Bypress time, the Zambia rugby

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authorities were discussingwith their South African col-leagues on the possibility ofstaging a test match in thecountry.

Zambia’s tourismresource base

Zambia’s geographic posi-tion, scale and offerings interms of landscape, wildlife,flora and fauna as well ascultural experiences, meansthat there are multiple Unique

Selling Propositions (USPs) thatcan be leveraged to grow thesector. There are 20 NationalParks and 34 Game Manage-ment Areas (GMAs), totaling23 million hectares of landdevoted to spectacular wildlife.

Other offerings includevast Miombo woodlands, aswell as vegetation and faunathat are unique to the region.There is vast diversity in ani-mal species, including ante-lope (roan, sable, lechwe, sitan-gunga, defassa waterbuck

and hartebeest); predators(cheetahs, lions, leopards andspotted hyena); and large pop-ulations of elephant, buffalo,zebra, crocodile and hippo.

Zambia is also home to adiverse population. Boasting73 local languages, Zambiais endowed with a rich anddiverse culture resulting inthe occurrence of more than30 colourful traditional cere-monies annually.

These attributes positionZambia well to be able to offernature and wildlife relatedtourism products. It would notbe unreasonable to expect thatZambia should be able to per-form on a competitive basis,both regionally and interna-tionally. There are key propo-sitions that can be exploitedto market Zambian tourism.

Ten reasons tovisit Zambia

Zambia has natural attrac-tions that rival any continen-

tal competitor. The sheer sizeand remoteness of Zambia’svast network of national parksmean no safari jeep trafficjams, very personal serviceand an opportunity to meetmassive mammals eye-to-eye.And despite its buzzing andrapidly modernising centre,history and traditions remainvery much alive.

Walking safarisHoofing it into the bush

is the focus of tourism in east-ern Zambia’s South Luang-wa National Park and otherreserves. A legacy of Zambia’spioneering conservationists,ambling through lush grassor dusty sandbanks on the trailof a pride of lions is a thrillingexperience. And even if youdon’t see the animals them-selves, the guides or rifle-carrying scouts will explainhow much is revealed by theanimal scat and paw prints.

Canoeing the ZambeziGet up close and personal

with sunbathing crocs, thirstyelephants and hippo pods ona leisurely paddle along thelower Zambezi River. WithZimbabwe’s sandy shores onone side, a 1200m-high escarp-ment creating a rift valley onthe other, and a continuallyshifting landscape of mid-stream islands, there’s hardlyan un-picturesque directionto turn. Trips are generallyupwards of two nights, but youcan spend a week sleeping inwilderness camps all the waydownstream to the dramati-cally beautiful Mpata Gorge.

Bush campingSomething of a misnomer

and far from roughing it,the bushcamps in Zambia’snational parks will fulfil anyOut of Africa safari fantasies.Ranging from uber-stylishchalets primed for a Vogue

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photo shoot to more rusticbamboo and thatch affairs,bushcamps tend to be remotelysituated and intimate, withno more than half a dozenrooms. Sitting down to a can-dlelit dinner of expertly pre-pared haute cuisine with therustling of a curious hipponearby is an unforgettableexperience.

Magnificent waterfallsVictoria Falls is the largest

waterfall on the planet –550,000 cubic metres plungesdown the Zambezi gorge everysecond – and a trip to Zambiawould not be complete withoutvisiting this sublime naturalwonder. Livingstone, on theZambian side, is now a touristcapital catering to backpackersand luxury-seekers alike, andadventure seekers can choosefrom a menu of options to gettheir hearts pumping includ-ing a bridge bungee jump,‘swing’ and ‘slide’, white-water rafting, abseiling and

river boarding. If you’re aftersomething gentler, an easywalk from the park entrancebrings you close enough tobe awed by the thunder andsoaking spray of the falls.

Although less known –but nonetheless equally as

impressive – Zambia is alsohome to the Kalambo Falls.Located in Northern Zambia,the Kalambo Falls are nearlytwice as high as the VictoriaFalls and are the second high-est uninterrupted falls onthe African continent at 235meters high.

Other waterfalls includeNtumbachushi Falls in theLuapula province, LumangweFalls, Ngonye Falls on theZambezi, Chipempe Falls andthe Chishimba Falls locatedin northern Zambia.

Rare species & migrationsAfter the mammals are

ticked off your checklist,Zambia’s rare species andmigrations are sure to exciteeven the most jaded safari-goer. In Kasanka NationalPark in the northeast, eightmillion fruit bats darken thesky in November and Decem-ber, and sitatungas, a semi-aquatic and highly elusiveantelope, are commonly spot-ted. Nearby in the Bangweuluwetlands, herds of thousandsof black lechwe roam; this isthe only place in Africa youcan see the antelope in largenumbers. In November, tens

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of thousands of blue wilde-beest gather on the plains ofLiuwa Plain National Park,and in Kafue National Parklions can be seen swimmingin swamps and even climbingsycamore trees. In both ofthese parks you also have achance to see wild dogs, a hardto spot carnivore endangeredthroughout Africa.

Houseboating onLake Kariba

Lake Kariba is Africa’slargest man made dam, 226km long and in places up to40 km wide. This is Zambia’sundiscovered Riviera. It offersspectacular views, stunningsunsets, great fishing, boatingopportunities, water sports orwonderful relaxing holidaysor weekends just soaking upthe sunshine. The sheer sizeof it makes one forget it’s adam and in certain places italmost feels like an ocean. Ahouseboat holiday is a greatway to spend a few days underthe sun, and the best time toplan it is over a full moon. Thetwilight atmosphere betweensunset and full moon rise onthis lake is quite magical.

A vital traditionAside from the safari esca-

pades, tourists are also treatedto a wide variety of festivalsthat natives of Zambia cele-brate as part of their cultureand traditions. The Kuomboka,celebrated by the Lozi people

of western Zambia, marksthe ceremonial journey of theLitunga (the Lozi king) fromhis summer capital in the floodplains to his winter residenceon higher ground. Far froma dull procession, the spectacleinvolves a huge wooden canoe(really a barge), massive wardrums and around 100 pad-dlers wearing headdresses

featuring a piece of lion’s maneand skirts made from animalsskins. Though the dates aren’tfixed, the Kuomboka usuallytakes place in late March or

early April. Other major tra-ditional cultural festivitiesinclude the Nc’wala ceremony(Eastern Province), the Umu-tomboko ceremony (LuapulaProvince), the Likumbi Lya Mizeceremony (North WesternProvince), the Shimunenga

ceremony (Southern Province)and the Kazanga ceremony(Western Province).

Remains of the colonialSomething of a surprising

sight – a grand manor housemore suited to the Englishcountryside – Shiwa Ng’andushimmers like an oasis in thenortheast of the country. Built

by an ambitious British colo-nial officer and revitalised byhis grandchildren, the estateincludes a working farm andsurrounding community,plus manicured gardens andgrounds where wildlife roam.Guided tours reveal Shiwa’sfascinating history, as well asits evolving present. Guests canstay overnight in the manorhouse and be transportedback to the Edwardian era –in the African bush.

Remote wildernessThe upside to Zambia’s

rough roads and long dis-tances is that self-sufficient,adventurous travellers arerewarded with landscapesall to themselves. Highwaysleaving the capital, Lusaka,branch out to eight border-ing countries, and turnoffson dirt tracks lead to smallvillages and dense wood-

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land. Lake Tanganyika, NorthLuangwa National Park orNgonye Falls in the southeastare all worthy destinationsfor a wilderness adventure.

Night-time in the bushNo TVs, limited electricity

and early morning wake upcalls mean nights on safariin Zambia are blessedly dif-ferent to those back home.When the sun sets you’ll stillbe out in the Land Rover, theswiveling searchlight scan-ning the horizon and reflect-ing off the eyes of scurryingcivets, genets and other noc-turnal animals. Evening enter-tainment consists of firesidedrinks and stories of yourleopard sighting. And not tobe missed is ‘fly camping’ –hiking miles into the bush andpicking a spot to sleep withonly a jerry-rigged mosquitonet separating you from thecrystal clear night sky.

ManagementOverall management of

the tourism sector in Zambiarests in Ministry of Tourismand Arts. To execute this, thegovernment has establishedZAWA, ZTB and the National

Heritage conservation Com-mission (NHCC), which aretasked with the managementof the national parks and gamemanagement areas, market-ing tourism and preservingthe country’s heritage respec-

tively. The private sector isinvolved through the TourismCouncil of Zambia (TCZ).

ChallengesThe challenges facing the

Zambian tourism industryremain the same; shortfall ofholiday accommodation of alltypes being the biggest. But

this is being addressed as newhotels are being developed,although this is mainly inLusaka and Livingstone, andto some extent, the Copperbelt.

Promotion of local tour-ism: Whilst there has been atremendous effort to woo inter-national tourists, there hasbeen no corresponding drive

to enhance local tourism. Toredress this, ZNTB is develop-ing a curriculum programmewith the Ministry of educationthat will see the introductionof tourism studies in schoolsso that as children learn about

tourism, they can be moti-vated to consume what thesector has to offer.

The board has also part-nered with sector operatorsto offer lower rates for localtourists during the off seasonas a way of trying enhancelocal tourism.

Infrastructure: Most ofZambia’s tourist attractionsare based in rural areas, wherethe road network leaves muchto be desired. These areas arealso mostly not connectedto the national power grid,posing challenges of provid-ing reliable electric power. Thegovernment needs to investin infrastructure that openssuch areas up to investments,while it must be commendedfor starting an aggressive ruralelectrification programmethat envisages connecting thewhole country to the nationalelectricity grid.

ConclusionDevelopments, as high-

lighted above, show thatZambia’s tourism can be har-nessed for the country’s good.But the time has now cometo turn pronouncements ofcommitment into action. Thestate needs to seriously deviseways of facilitating infra-structure improvements in keyareas as a way of openingthem up to investment. ■

ZAMBIA FORESTRY AND FOREST INDUSTRIES CORPORATION LIMITED

Head Office: P.O Box 71566, Ndola, ZambiaTel: +260 212 616390, 616223, Fax: +260 212 616030, 616029Email: [email protected] or [email protected] - Website: www.zaffico.co.zm

BACKGROUNDZambia Forestry and Forest Industries Corporation Limited (ZAFFICO) is a parastatal organization that has been in existence for over thirty (30)years now. The Corporation is wholly owned by the Government of the Republic of Zambia and has its registered office at Ndola on theCopperbelt Province. ZAFFICO was incorporated in 1982 with the objective of establishing and managing exotic plantations in the country.

Presently, the Corporation is sustainably managing 48,000 hectares of exotic plantations spread over Ndola, Kitwe, Mufulira, Chingola,Kalulushi and Lufwanyama Districts on the Copperbelt Province of the Republic of Zambia.

CURRENT AND FUTURE EXPANSION PLANSWhen the programme of establishing exotic plantations was initiated in the late 1960s, the initial Government target was for the size of thecountry’s exotic plantations to reach 100,000 hectares by the year 2000.

In the past five years, the demand for wood has risen and exceeded the supply. Although the Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) is 228 000 cubicmeters, the current annual round wood demand stands at 500,000 cubic meters. It has been realised that the long term solution to the currenthigh demand lies in establishing more exotic plantations in the country. For this reason, ZAFFICO has embarked on a plantation expansionprogramme. The idea is to grow exotic forest plantations from the current 48,000 hectares to a minimum of 100,000 hectares as per initialGovernment target. ZAFFICO has since embarked on the exotic forest expansion programme in Luapula and Muchinga Provinces.

GROWING ZAMBIA’S ECONOMY FROM SEEDLINGS TO TREES

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IntroductionRenowned Jamaican

Reggae star Bob Marley’s hitRat Race could be taken as anapt description of Zambia’sstory in terms of agriculture.In that song, Marley sings ofthe proverbial fool who, inthe abundance of water, criesthat they are thirsty.

One draws this conclu-sion because despite politicalrhetoric about commitmentto strengthening agriculturalperformance, the practiceremains-arguably-disappoint-ing. Dogged by high inputcosts, limited access to credit,inputs and extension services,poor livestock managementand a general failure to attractprivate investment into thesector – especially in termsof support infrastructure –Zambia’s agriculture continuesto post mixed results.

Although the sector hasposted consecutive bumpermaize harvests for five yearsnow, the cost of food remainsrelatively high. This has meantthat citizens have continuedto lose out on any benefits thatcould be garnered from thebumper harvests of maize,which is the nation’s staplecrop.

Economic importanceAgriculture continues to

be touted as one of the majordrivers of economic growthin the medium to long term.It also remains critical to thenational quest to improverural livelihoods, being byfar the main source of incomeand employment for the peo-ple. The agricultural sectoraccounts for around 18% ofZambia gross domestic prod-uct (GDP) and employs nearly70% of the labour force.

Principal crops growninclude maize, millet, cassava,sorghum, beans, wheat andgroundnuts. Others are sun-flower, sugar cane, rice, cot-ton, tea, coffee, horticulturalproduce and as the craze forbio-fuels continues to spreadaround the world, jatrophacultivation has continued togain ground.

Latest developmentsAgriculture continues to

post mixed results, and over-all performance at sector-level fell by 7.4% during2013 – when production ofmaize contracted by 11.2%on account of poor rainfallover the southern half of thecountry and an invasion ofarmy worms in parts of thecountry.

In 2014, however, the sec-tor showed signs of recovery;

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maize output increased to3.35 million metric tonnesduring the 2013/14 farmingseason – the highest tonnageever attained in the country’shistory this growth in maizeoutput was due to a numberof factors; key among themwas an 8.1% increase in thearea planted and a 22.3%increase in yields – reflecting

higher productivity by farmers.When one considers the factthat the majority of maizeproducers are smallholderfarmers, this increase in pro-ductivity implies that gov-ernment efforts over the lastfour years aimed enhancingextension services by recruit-ing more staff are beginningto bear fruit.

Other than maize, thearea planted for groundnuts,rice and millet has steadilyincreased over the years. Othercrops whose performancehas been improving over thelast few years include burleytobacco, soya beans, wheatand sunflower. Cotton’s per-formance continued to be hitby the impact of poor pricingexperienced during the 2011/2012 season, which has mademany of the smallholder

farmers that had embracedthe crop to quit and mostlyrevert to maize.

On the livestock front,things looking promising;the population of cattleincreased by 10% to nearlyfour million during 2013, withsimilar performance expectedduring 2014. Poultry grew by

18% and, with all things beingequal, it could breach the100 million mark in termsof population by mid-2015.

During 2014, the govern-ment continued with severalundertakings to enhance thesector’s performance. Therewas construction of multi-purpose dams and irrigationschemes in a bid to reducedependence on rain-fed agri-culture – which dependencyhas been the primary reasonthe sector has been postingmixed results over the years.The government also contin-ued with the rehabilitationof Nitrogen Chemicals ofZambia (NCZ), which wouldultimately address the issueof local production of fertiliser.Construction of storage silosto address post-harvest losseshas been escalated. Empha-

sis has also been placed onconstruction of dip tanks(for which K231.9 millionwas provided in 2013) tostrengthen the performanceof the livestock sub-sector.

A major development of2014 was the introduction ofe-extension services by thegovernment. Riding on theever increasing penetrationof mobile telephony acrossthe country, this means thatfarmers no longer need thephysical presence of an exten-sion officer for them to getadvice on how best to managetheir crops. They can accessall relevant informationthrough their mobile phone.

To further strengthen exten-sion services, the governmenthas targeted to recruit at least500 new extension officersduring 2015, who would beequipped appropriately forthe job.

On the diversificationfront, the government intendsto realign the spending spreadacross the sector. For start, thestrategy for 2015 is to re-orientthe farmer input support pro-gramme (FISP) to suit withthe ecological advantage ofeach region; this means thatinstead of all farmers receivedmaize seed, inputs will bedetermined by the kind ofcrop that would grow well ineach area. To strengthen thisfurther, expenditure on maizewould be limited, and grad-ually decelerated from thecurrent scenario where maizeproduction alone absorbstwo-thirds of the agriculturalbudget.

In response to the threatemanating from climatechange, the government hastargeted to upscale support forconservation farming. In a

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bid to build on the success ofthe Zambia National Farmers’Union (ZNFU) – Golden ValleyAgricultural Research Trustpioneered conservation farm-ing, the government seeks tohave 84,000 farmers in 31districts countrywide involvedin the practice during the2014/15 farming season. Theupscaling is part of an 11 mil-lion euro EU-funded pro-gramme envisaged to incor-porate about 300,000 farmersbetween 2013 and 2017.

Another important devel-opment is the government’splan to construct at least onesmallholder irrigation schemein each of the country’s tenprovinces. This would add

6,000 hectares to the areaunder irrigation, bringing thetotal land under irrigationwith government support to17,500 hectares over the lastthree years alone.

Livestock diseases continueto wreak havoc in the sector,and successive governmentshave tried various interven-tions to address this. As noted

in previous editions, Foot andMouth Disease (FMD) andContagious Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia (CBPP) continueravaging the traditional live-stock raring areas of Southernand Western provinces; EasternProvince, which is has nowgrown into an agriculturalpowerhouse, struggles withSwine Fever, but not to thesame proportion as FMDand CBPP.

To address this problem,various interventions havebeen undertaken over theyears including the provisionof various vaccines to com-bat animal disease with theexpectation that if disease isaddressed adequately, the

state can scale up the US$11,875,000 livestock restockingprogramme; this programmewas suspended in 2007 asthe government focused ondealing with livestock dis-eases but has been resusci-tated in a phased approachas efforts continue to createdisease-free zones in themajor livestock productionareas. A further step in resolv-

ing issues of animal diseaseis the government’s decisionto promote the rearing ofindigenous breeds, which aremore resistant to disease.

Other livestock diseasesof note include East CoastFever [also called swine Fever],which mostly afflicts thecountry’s Eastern Province,which boasts a considerableherd of cattle and pigs, andthe Tse-tse Fly-borne tripanoso-miasis, which has made itpractically impossible to rearcattle in most parts of Luapulaand Northern provinces.

To augment other effortsin this area, the governmentintends to strengthen exten-

sion and disease controlservices. Consequently, 23livestock extension servicecentres and 13 satellite insem-ination centres would be estab-lished during 2015. Further,the state has continued col-laborating with other stake-holders and cooperatingpartners in strengthening thesurveillance systems for live-stock, with strong emphasis

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on early detection and diag-nosis of disease. The overallobjective of these measuresis to foster the possibility ofZambia’s livestock producersbreaking into the exportmarket, especially in Europe.

Since it assumed office inSeptember 2011, the PatrioticFront government has beenconcerned-and shown com-mitment-towards addressingsome of the perennial chal-lenges that have beset thesector. This, according to thepresidency, is in a bid to ensurethe sector becomes the maindriver of growth after mining.

As such, the governmenthas focused on ways to max-imise agricultural sector pro-duction, enhancing valueaddition and processing, whichwould ultimately enhancejob creation. The Ministry ofFinance has been tasked toensure an environment thatpromotes agribusiness, whilethe government has remainedcommitted to raising the sec-tors allocation from seven percent of the budget to at least10% as enshrined in the 2003Maputo Declaration underthe Comprehensive AfricaAgriculture DevelopmentProgramme (CAADP).

Perhaps arising from theseefforts, a German firm hascommitted to investing US$250 million in the produc-tion various crops. This com-mitment came in the wake of

German chemical and agri-cultural research firm BASF’sentrance into the sector tohelp improve crop protectionand production efficiencywhile examining the devel-opment of agro-processingactivities.

As enshrined in theNational Agricultural Policy2004-2015, efforts have con-tinued to drive crop diversi-fication through smallholderfarmers. This, as noted duringan on-going review of thepolicy, would offer the bestway helping diversify theeconomy and improving the

rural sector’s purchasing power– thus spurring economicgrowth that is more inclusive.

Other notable develop-ments in the sector includethe implementation of a US$34.87 million Agriculture

Productivity and MarketEnhancement Project (APMEP),financed by a US $31.1 mil-lion grant from the AfricanDevelopment Bank with thebalance coming from the gov-ernment and beneficiaries.There is also the World bank-funded Irrigation Develop-ment Support Project, a sevenyear undertaking billed to endin 2018. This would supportthe integrated managementof water resources and willfinance the construction andrehabilitation of small-scalewater infrastructure.

ProductionZambia’s crop production

has posted steady growth overthe years, although agricul-tural exports account for onlyabout 10% of earnings. Hereare a few highlights:

MaizeMainly produced by small-

holder farmers, this nationalstaple has recorded surplusproduction over the last fiveconsecutive years, with outputfrom 2013/14 faming seasonat 3,350,671 metric tonnes.

CassavaOne of Zambia’s staple

crops, it is main grown inNorthern, Luapula and Mu-

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chinga provinces, which con-tribute about 70%; the restcomes from Western Provinceand a little from SouthernProvince. The 2013/14 seasonyielded 1,114,583 tonnes(919,497 tonnes of cassavaflour equivalent).

WheatTwo crops are raised each

year, mostly by commercialfarmers who rotate it withcotton and soya beans. Out-put for the 2013/14 farmingseason was 201,504 metrictonnes.

Sorghum and MilletMainly grown by small-

holder farmers for subsistenceand also used in brewing tra-ditional beer and beverages.Output in 2013/14 farmingseason was 11,557 metrictonnes.

Paddy riceMainly grown in North-

ern, Western and Muchingaprovinces. Output for 2013/14farming season was estimatedat 49,640 metric tonnes.

NutsPredominantly produced

in Northern and Easternprovinces, annual produc-tion is around 160,000 metrictonnes and can grow furtherto feed into the export market.To promote value addition,the government plans to stopexports of unprocessed ground-nuts and raise production toat least 1.6 million tonnesa year. Mungwi district, with15,832 smallholder ground-nut farmers, is earmarked foran industrial cluster promotingvalue addition to groundnuts.

Soya beansMainly grown by com-

mercial farmers, this is a keyingredient in the productionof feed for livestock, besides

the oil produced therefromcommanding a ready mar-ket at home and abroad. Out-put for 2013/14 was 214,179metric tonnes.

Sugar caneOne of the most valuable

exports, this commodity isgrow by three main players:Zambia Sugar, Kafue Sugarand Kasama Sugar.

Other crops include cot-ton, tobacco, and coffee, hor-ticultural and floriculturalproducts. The livestock sub-sector churns out beef, porkand mutton, poultry, dairyand fish. With fish being animportant source of proteinfor Zambians, investment inaquaculture can yield goodreturns, considering that thecountry imports up to 50,000metric tonnes of fish annually.

OpportunitiesSince Zambia exports her

agricultural produce chieflyin raw form, opportunitiesin agricultural processingabound. Also, opportunitiesin input manufacturing cov-ering fertiliser, feeds, seed andfarm equipment are abun-dant, as are opportunities infood packaging.

Favourable opportunitiesexist in the following areas:

• Horticulture and floricul-ture: the production of cutflowers, wheat, soya bean,cotton, tobacco and sugaroffer rewarding opportunities.• Livestock: opportunitiesabound in non-conventionallivestock farming like croco-dile and ostrich farming.Equally great opportunitiesexist in conventional live-stock production.

• Poultry: hatcheries for theproduction of chicks/chickensfor both the domestic andexport markets abound.• Fisheries: Zambia’s abun-dant fresh water and riversoffer great opportunitiesfor fish farming. With fishaccounting for 40% of ani-mal protein intake, shrewdinvestors can take advantageof this sector.• Agricultural support serv-ices: this includes the construc-tion of dams and boreholes,installation of irrigation sys-tems and extension services.• Agricultural inputs: fertilis-ers, farm equipment and ani-mal feed offer good prospects.In fact, some investors havealready started exploitingthis potential; for example,Camco, a Chinese firm spe-cialised in agricultural equip-ment, has established anassembly plant for its prod-ucts. Parts are imported from

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China and assembled inZambia, by Zambians, whichenables the company to sellits products a little cheaplythan competitors.

ChallengesMarketing of agricultural

commodities remains a keychallenge. While the govern-ment has over the yearsincreased the purchase priceof maize, farmers’ represen-tatives feel the levels offereddo not reflect the cost of pro-duction; but the state alsoargues that since most small-holder farmers get subsidisedinputs, their costs of productionare relatively lower and thecomplaint, therefore, invalid.

While welcoming themeasures being undertakenin addressing the livestocksector, the prevalence of live-stock disease continues tochallenge the sustainability-and ultimate profitability-ofinterventions in terms of re-stocking.

There also remains theneed to wean the agricul-tural sector from reliance onthe weather by developingviable irrigation schemes. Tocash into the proliferation ofbusinesses dealing in waterpumps, the government woulddo well to waive duty on thepumps so that they become

more affordable for the com-mon folk. This will greatly helppromote irrigation amongsmallholder farmers. If thiswere done, Zambia could saveprecious forex and channelit towards other areas.

Access to markets, espe-cially in rural areas, is a chal-lenge. But there is hope of thisbeing resolved by the govern-

ment’s ambitious road infra-structure development pro-grammes like Link Zambia8,000 and Pave Zambia 2,000among others.

ConclusionFor Zambia, the agricul-

ture sector has emerged as akey alternative for broad-based growth and povertyreduction. And much as thesector’s performance has con-tinued to be positive, moreneeds to be done to harnessits full potential. Investmentin infrastructure that supportsthe sector is cardinal, as thisis the surest way of harness-ing the sector’s full benefits.It is, therefore, worth notingthe fact that the governmenthas embarked on road devel-opment projects across thecountry that could boost thesector’s performance.

■

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P.O. Box 11291, Chingola, Zambia

Plot 210 Kabundi Road, Chingola, Zambia

Tel: +260 (212) 311281/313016

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Mob: +260 (0) 966 999130

Email: [email protected]

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Z A M B I A

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IntroductionMining is the dominant

sector in Zambia’s economy,with a number of lucrativeoperations on the Copperbeltand in North Western Pro-vince, which emerging as thenew frontier in mining. Muchas there is talk of economicdiversification, and rightlyso, what is equally true is thatmining is and will continueto be the mainstay of Zambia’seconomy. This is because newmines are in the pipeline,meaning even as the old onesnear the end of their lives, theindustry’s future is certain-together with that of themany other undertakingsthat depend on this sector.

Accounting for 86% offoreign direct investment (FDI)and 80% of export earnings,the mining sector’s importancecannot be over emphasized.With a direct contributionto gross domestic product ofabout 11%, it is indirect con-

tribution amounts to abouthalf of GDP. In terms of jobcreation, each job created inthe sector, an additional twoto four others are createdthrough indirect linkages.

ProductionDuring 2013, Zambia

lost her position as Africa’stop copper producer to theDemocratic Republic of theCongo (DRC).

That same year, the min-ing sector grew by 4.1%, withoutput levels increasing by5.9% compared to a 2.7 %decline in 2012. Copper pro-duction stood at 790,007tonnes, a 0.6 % improvement

over 2012. The main driversof this growth included thecoming on stream of Lubambemine, and increases at Kan-sanshi, Lumwana, Mopaniand Mulyashi mines.

During the first eightmonths of 2014, mining sectorproduction at 448,673 tonneswas below 2013 levels by50,000 tonnes mainly becauseof suspension of operations

at one of the major mines dueto operational challenges.But all in all, total produc-tion for 2014 was expectedto post a marginal gain overthe 790,007 tonnes postedin 2013.

Mining:The case of the golden goose

Division - Heavy EquipmentOur Range of equipment includes the

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ECMining Limited

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Tel: +260 212 210 642

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ining Ltd was established in 1992 and is a market leader in theprovision of high quality mining equipment and technical installationservices for mining and non-mining clients in the Zambian and

Democratic Republic of Congo regions.

Our ability to procure products internationally combinedwith our logistic capability, has been both proven andrecognised by our client base who frequentlyrequest our expertise to source equipmentand services that fall outside of ourexisting portfolio.

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During 2013, gold produc-tion rose from 2,199 kilo-grammes in 2012 to 4,984

kilogrammes in 2013 whilecoal production at MaambaColliery rose to 148,768 tonnesfrom 121,024 tonnes.

Metal export earnings roseto US $7.086 billion in 2013from US $6.551 billion in 2013;in the five years to 2013, metalexport earnings increasedfrom US $4 billion to just overUS $7 billion on account ofimproved metal prices.

With Lubambe and Kalum-bila mines coming on stream,besides other undertakings,the Zambia extractive Trans-parency Initiative (ZEITI)reckons copper productionwould reach 1.6 million tonnesin 2016.

Besides copper, Zambiahas a number of other min-eral deposits. A major one iscobalt, for which the countryboasts deposits in excess ofone billion tonnes in one areaand about 3.5 million tonnesin another, making it hometo a fifth of the world’s cobaltreserves. But during 2013,cobalt posted disappointing

results; cobalt export earningshrank to US $145.3 millionfrom US $216.5 million chiefly

due to lower export volumesand reduced internationalprices for the commodity.

Zambia also boasts Africa’slargest coal reserves whileother significant mineral prod-

ucts include gold, silver, zinc,lead, gem-quality emeralds,amethyst, selenium, limestone,manganese and uranium.The country also has reservesof phosphates, fluorspar andiron ore. Now, she has startedsearch-ing for oil and gasreserves.

Other great news frommining, according to the treas-ury, was in gemstones; duringthe first eight months of 2014,gemstones worth over US $50million were auctioned withinthe country, building a strongcase against conducting auc-tions outside the country.

Promising projects in thepipeline include ChangfaMineral resources Limited’s

Mokambo mine in Mufulira,which is expected to becomeoperational during 2015.

Further good news involvesthe revival of Munali NickelMine after China’s Jichuan

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Mining Group partneredwith British-owned Consol-idated Nickel Mining andInvestments.

Managementof the sector

The mining sector is man-aged by the Ministry of Mines,Energy and Water Develop-ment (MMEWD). To enhanceeffectiveness, the ministryhas the Mines Safety Depart-

ment (MSD), based in Kitweon the Copperbelt, the MinesDevelopment Departmentand Geological Survey Depart-ment, both based in Lusakato directly superintend min-ing. The sector players haveformed the Zambia Chamberof Mines (ZCM), formerly the

Chamber of Mines in Zambiato facilitate dialogue with thestate; ZCM is also affiliatedto the Zambia Association ofChambers of Commerce andIndustry (ZACCI) and ZambiaBusiness Forum (ZBF), the

umbrella bodies for the localbusiness community.

At policy level, the stateis reviewing the NationalMining Policy and the MineHealth and Safety policy torationalise operations andkeep abreast of best practicesworldwide. The policy on ura-nium mining has been con-cluded but authorization forexploitation of the mineralby those holding tenementsis pending until authoritiesdevelop strategies of ensuringthat the material doesn’t endup in wrong hands.

Investment policyThe government continues

to push for private investmentsin mining and has usuallygone out of the way to offervery generous incentives. Formany years, this approachearned the state condemna-tion from sectors of civil societythat often accused the stateof betraying national interestsat the altar of investment.

Things came to a headover the last two years whenit emerged that one investorin a major mining under-taking was boasting abouthaving bought the assets fora song but ended up bene-

fitting astronomically. Callsrang out from sections of civilsociety for the governmentto enhance taxation benefitsfrom mining, with some sug-gesting the re-introductionof a windfall tax introducedin 2008 only to be scrappedthe following year.

This led to a quantumshift during 2014. Whenannouncing the 2015 NationalBudget, the finance ministerannounced a major move onthe fiscal regime governingthe mining sector. He proposedthe abolishment of the twotier system used in the wakeof privatization and replacedit with one which providedthe following structure:

• 8% mineral royalty forunderground mining opera-tions as a final tax;• 20% mineral royalty foropen cast mining operationsas a final tax;• 30% income tax rate onincome earned from tolling;

• 30% income tax rate onincome earned from process-ing of purchased mineral ores,concentrates and any othersemi processed minerals, cur-rently taxed as income frommining operations.

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Using state-of-the-art equipment, technology and sourcing the best personnelavailable, we aim to provide the highest and most innovative standard of servicepossible. Delivery to clients within the budget and timeline is our main priority,whilst maintaining an exemplary safety record. Our current fleet of drill rigs isexpanding to enable BDECL to work at various locations nationally.

BDECL has the expertise, equipment and back up service to cater for anumber of exploration, environmental, geo-technical and structuraldrilling services. We are a team focused on continually implementingtechnologycally advanced drilling techniques in order to continuouslyincrease the efficiency and accuracy of field data.

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The only exemption tothis regime was industrialminerals.

The proposed structure,ultimately passed by Par-liament, caused discomfortamong mining house and theZambia Chamber of Minesimmediately started discus-sions with government on thepossibility of reversing themove. Some miners, notablyLumwana Mining Company,went as far as threatening toshut down operations claimingthe new regime would rendertheir operations unprofitable.

For now, the governmenthas stuck to its guns andasked aggrieved miners topresent their cases showingexactly how the new miningtax regime would negate theiroperations. As talks wereongoing by press time, it isdifficult to assess what thepossible outcome would be.

ChallengesThe major challenge fac-

ing the sector is ensuring afair balance in terms of bene-fits from mineral revenues,

especially during times wheninternational metal prices aregood. If this were struck right,the complaint about localpeople not benefiting fromwindfall revenues arising fromfavourable international cop-per prices would basicallybe put to rest.

Of course, mining houseshave expressed misgivingsabout the new tax regime buttheir course of action is yetto be seen; would they bravethe tide? Would they walkaway? Or would the govern-ment back down and riskbeing labeled as wimps?

ConclusionOther than the tiff noted

above, all appears to be goingwell for the sector. Major oper-ators continue to invest in their

operations while new explo-rations are ongoing. All in all,the future looks bright andthe current spat over taxationwill be resolved amicably.

With forecast prices ofcopper of US$ 6,350 per tonnein 2015 and US$7,250 pertonne in 2016, the govern-ment expects the majority ofthe mining companies tocontinue to operate withoutmajor disruptions. Zambia’scopper production is likelyto close at 900,000 tonnes for2015, the highest ever levelssince 1975.

■

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IntroductionIt is indisputable that a

strong manufacturing sectoror industrial base is crucial tobuilding economic prosperityin nations. This has beenproven worldwide, and thatis why when many coloniesbecame independent, theypursued various industrialisa-tion programmes to improvetheir lot. For Zambia, this waspursued through state-ownedenterprises that were gearedtowards import-substitution.

It is no wonder, therefore,that the government hasidentified manufacturing asone sector with potential topropel growth as well asdeepen economic diversifi-cation and job creation.

When Zambia embracedliberalization 23 years ago,many of her industries folded

up as they could not favourablycompete with imported prod-ucts. Others were simply closeddown by the new owners –who had bought them duringan aggressive privatisationprogramme and felt the costof production in Zambia wastoo high. One consequencewas massive outflows of fundsspent on importing productsthat were once locally pro-duced; the other, from whichthe country is still smarting,is the loss of jobs.

However, things seemgeared to change. For severalyears now, the country hasseen the birth of a plethoraof light manufacturing con-cerns, with heavy industrylargely off the map. The gov-ernment has re-doubled effortsto reverse the latter situation.And so far, albeit at a slowpace, things are beginning

to look up. For example, TataAfrica has returned to thecountry and resumed theassembly of motor vehiclesand bicycles at Ndola.

Also in Ndola, Zesco Lim-ited and Egypt’s El SewedyElectrometer have partneredto establish Zambia Electro-meter, a company that isproducing electric meters forthe local market; this companyintends to venture into theexport market once localdemand is met. There is alsothe advent of TransformerCo, also in Ndola, which willbe producing electricity trans-formers for the Zambian andexport markets.

In 2013, the governmentreleased K106.9 million tothe Development bank ofZambia (DBZ) to support thefinancing needs of industry.

Manufacturing:A new approach

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The removal of duty on mostelectrical and mechanicalindustrial equipment affordedmanufacturers a chance toimport capital items at rela-tively lower costs.

The rehabilitation ofNitrogen Chemicals of Zambia(NCZ) has seen the companyresume production of ammo-nium nitrate – productionof which ceased in 2002 –putting it in pole position torespond to increasing demandfor this product from the mines.

Granted, manufacturingoffers a high employmentpotential and offers goodprospects for industrializa-

tion and job creation. ButZambia presently has somemajor bottlenecks includingweak forward and backwardlinkages in the system anda lack of long term finance.

With Zambian govern-ment intent on promotinglocally manufactured prod-ucts that can be exported orused to substitute imports,avenues are being exploredthat can facilitate the estab-lishment of appropriate indus-trial infrastructure for medium,small and micro enterprises(MSMEs) in rural areas aswell as through the promo-tion of FDI in multi facilityeconomic zones (MFEZs).

In a bid to boost the questfor industrialization, thegovernment has developeda concept of establishingindustrial clusters across thecountry depending on each

area’s comparative advan-tages. Targeting at least twofactories per district, this drivewould be led by the CitizensEconomic EmpowermentCommission (CEEC).

The main player in thequest to revive industrializa-tion is the establishment ofa state-run Industrial Devel-opment Corporation (IDC),envisaged to be a tool for eco-nomic diversification and cre-ation of one million jobs overfive years. Incorporated inJanuary 2014 with an author-ized capital of K20 million– of which K10 million wasalready paid using proceedsfrom the Privatization Rev-enue Account – IDC will bethe holding company for stateowned enterprises incorpo-rated under the CompaniesAct and Banking and Finan-cial Services Act. Up to 75%of the dividends from IDCand its subsidiaries will gointo a sovereign wealth fundthat would focus on stimulat-ing investment in non-miningareas thereby expanding thecountry’s investment portfolioand creating additional jobs.

Of course, the coming ofDangote Group into the coun-try’s cement production is greatnews for the quest to growthe manufacturing sector.Further, Handymans Paradisehas partnered with AstroHoldings in a K250 millionlimestone production projectin Masaiti, while NeelkanthZambia has already startedproduction of lime at its plantin Ndola.

Major productionsAs noted above, Zambia’s

manufacturing sector mainlycomprises light concernsengaged in food processingand beverages. There is fairlylittle investment in valueadding operations, a trendthe government is seeking toaddress both by introducingincentives and policy meas-ures that will boost the rebirthof value adding industrialproduction in the country.

LEADERS IN THE MANUFACTURING OF LEAD PRODUCTS SINCE 1933

Castle Lead Works was founded almost a century ago in the shadow of CapeTown Castle. The company has since expanded with branches in Krugersdorp(South Africa) and Kitwe (Zambia). Our South African holding company ZIMCOhas also recently acquired an anode plant in Kolwezi (DRC).

Castle Lead Works began as a manufacturer of lead roofing washers and laterincluded extruded items for the plumbing trade. Today the companymanufactures a wide range of lead products including lead anodes, leadsheeting, lead extrusions and lead castings.

Anode Technology (Lead-based Alloys)

RSR Technologies and Castle LeadWorks are both affiliated with theQuexco group, the largest leadproducer in the world, which ensuresthe application of leading technologywhen it comes to the manufacturingof anodes.

RSR anodes are designed to ensure an efficient and profitable hydrometallurgicalprocess through maximised extraction quality, minimised maintenance costs andoptimised energy utilisation.

Our contact details are: South Africa +27 11 955 3570 - Zambia +260 21 221 7552Please also visit our website www.castlelead.com for more information.

Morganite Zambia LimitedPlot B14 Vitanda StreetP.O. Box 70543, Ndola, ZambiaTel: +260 212 611297, 615058Fax: +260 212 612420, 615072E-mail: [email protected]

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Other main activities in man-ufacturing include the smelt-ing and refining of copperand other metals and metalproducts, petroleum refining,the production of fertilisers,chemicals, plastics, explo-sives, cement, fabricatedengineering products andtobacco products.

However, the country offersviable opportunities in everysubsector of manufacturing,with a sufficiently developedinfrastructure that enablesmanufacturers to profit fromtheir investment.

DevelopmentsThe government has con-

tinued to facilitate the develop-ment of multi-facility economiczones (MFEZs), with initialones located at Chambishi(Copperbelt), Lusaka Southand Lusaka East (Lusaka).

These zones are being pro-moted via a range of fiscalincentives, quality infrastruc-ture; the Chambishi MFEZdevelopment commenced in2008, while development ofthe Lusaka East MFEZ startedduring 2009, with the gov-ernment staking an initialK30 billion for the provisionof access roads.

This approach could partlyexplain the fact that manu-facturing accounted for 41%

of investment pledges in 2013at US $1,483 million, accord-ing to Bank of Zambia data.

To further promote invest-ment in this sector, duty on anumber of raw materials wasreduced from 15% to 5 % onsome categories of industrialmachinery (e.g. industrialfurnaces and ovens, printingmachinery and machineryused in food production) whileexcise duty on some goods(tyres and tubes) was removedcompletely. Further, the gov-ernment has maintained lowduties imposed on cementmanufacturing inputs andother construction-relatedaspects to boost this sector.A number of concessions,which have been highlightedin the section on Investing inZambia, have been offeredunder the Zambia Develop-ment Agency (ZDA) Act.

From October 2013, theincentives offered included:

• Refund of Zambian valueadded tax on exportation ofZambian products by non-resident businesses.• Guaranteed input tax claimfor two year prior to com-mencement of production.• Income from chemical man-ufacturing of fertilizer is taxedat 15%.• Income from non-traditionalexports is taxed at 15%.

• Generous capital allowances(up to 10%) on buildings usedfor purposes of manufacturing.• Import duty on various tex-tile machinery and wovenfabrics of polyester importedfor further processing reducedto zero per cent in an attemptto revive the textile industry.• Suspension of import dutyon machinery, equipment andcapital good for the assem-bling of motor vehicles, trailers,motor cycles and bicycles.

ManagementThe Ministry of Commerce,

Trade and Industry (MCTI)is the principal governmentagency responsible for stimu-lating growth in the sector.Specific aspects of overseeingthe sector are vested in theZDA, the Consumer Protectionand Competition Commis-sion (CPCC) and the ZambiaBureau of Standards (ZABS).

Government policyIn the quest to make

manufacturing a key playerin the national economy, thegovernment has reviewedlegislation relating to invest-ments, with certain incen-tives now enshrined in theZDA Act. The state is alsoreviewing selected parts oflabour legislation to make itmore investor friendly.

Besides that, the govern-ment has been implementinga comprehensive privatisa-

Leading producer and trader of bottled mineral water, NaturalValley’s MANZI VALLEY® – the preferred brand nationally –

draws its mineral water from a geologically approvedunderground source.

Natural Valley has just completed its expansion project whereproduction capacity has been increased 500 %. All lines are

now fully automated. Automation has contrary to commonbelief created additional jobs and more people are requirednow in the sales and distribution. Currently we employ 230

people and should reach 250 by the end of the year. NaturalValley continues with its commitment to having the best

quality bottled water product in Zambia.

Natural Valley Ltd.Zambia’s First & Largest Mineral Water CompanyP.O. Box 310108 Lusaka, ZambiaTel: +260 211 284384,Email: [email protected]

JUICES THAT TASTE LIKE THE FRUITS FROM WHICH THEY ARE MADE

No after taste no choking effect

Lynx Zambia LimitedP.O. Box 70908, Ndola, Zambia28 Shinde Street, NdolaTel: +260 212 611810 Fax: +260 212 612421

Manufacturers of Lynx vitamin C enriched

Orange Juice, Guava Juice, Mango Juice,

Pineapple Juice, Ginger, Raspberry and

Cream Soda Flavoured Syrups and “No

Sugar Added” Drinks for Diabetics.

Carribea Beverages Limited (CBL) is situatedin the town of Ndola in the Copperbeltprovince of Zambia. Since our inception in1999, we have been one of the leadingproducers and suppliers of quality mineralwater and synthetic and fresh juices havingan output capacity of 80,000 litres of produceper day.

Since 2002 we have been expanding and modernizing our plant by installing new andadvanced equipment that not only improved the quality of our products but also doubledproduction capacity for our products to meet both the local and export demand. We wereamong the first firms on the Copperbelt to have standardized machinery with the latesttechnology currently in the business and these could even be inspected by interestedparties.

Our high quality products are a result of continuous development and the experience wehave in the industry. Our brand AQUAVITA is the fastest growing bottled water brand in thecountry.

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tion programme that has seenover 250 state-owned enter-prises sold off since the early1990s. But this process has notbeen entirely successful, asmost of the companies priva-tised have ended up liqui-dated. A few that could haveremained viable were shutdown by the new owners citinghigh cost of doing business andthe influx of cheap importsfollowing the liberalisationof the economy.

However, the governmentis working to reverse this trendby introducing a range ofincentives and measures thatseek to promote local indus-try. Besides tax incentives, thegovernment has identifiedareas where the sector canaugment value addition andmoved to strengthen this. Forexample, the commerce min-istry has banned the exportof scrap metal in an effort tofoster the growth of the localfoundry industry. In the long-term, this is anticipated toinduce enough capacity inthe foundry sub-sector thatZambia will end up exportingprocessed scrap metal andearn foreign currency unlikethe present when Zambiaexports scrap metal cheaplyand imports it processed butat a higher cost. The ban isalso intended to save instal-lations of electricity supplygiant Zesco Limited, Zambia

Telecommunications Com-pany (Zamtel) and ZambiaRailways among other com-panies from vandalism.

Expanding economichorizons

The Zambian economyrevolves around rural agricul-ture and urban-based indus-try and commerce. The pro-motion of investment andexports, public spending oninfrastructure, and the main-tenance of a stable macro-economic environment are,therefore, important in thequest to unlock the potentialof a variety of sectors.

Mining, particularly ofcopper and cobalt, is still thedominant industry, account-ing for two-thirds of exports.However, the experience withdeclining copper prices andhigh production costs under-scores the need for Zambiato look to other sectors to drivethe economy forward. Foreigndirect investment (FDI), the

elimination of price controlsand the simplification of taxand tariff policies has alreadyprompted significant growthin exports of non-traditionalagricultural products andnatural resources.

A key challenge here, aswith the part on investmentpromotion, is the lack of aclear mechanism of ascer-taining the impact of thesepledged investments. More

often than not, one hearsof so much pledged and somany jobs to be created andthat would be it. This needsto be resolved so that moreaccurate data is captured.

ConclusionLooking at measures

in place, manufacturing isexpected to continue growing.But going forward, there isneed for the government toensure that when incentivesare given, it should be acrossthe board and not just meantfor foreign investors. This willensure that a sustainable baseis laid for manufacturing togrow. There is also need tofurther strengthen the drivetowards reducing the costof doing business in Zambia.

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IntroductionZambia is touted as a

preferred investment desti-nation in Africa, with busi-ness friendly orientation andunparalleled social and politi-cal stability. The country haschanged governments threetimes in the last 23 yearswithout experiencing anyupheaval, a major feat on acontinent known more forturmoil than anything else.And in her continued questto attract investment inflows,both local and foreign, Zambiahas continued to exploremeasures that seek to lightenthe burden of investing anddoing business in the countrysince 1992.

Medium to long termprospects look bright, withactivities on the spotlightbeing construction – roads,commercial social infrastruc-ture and housing estates –and stronger output from themajor growth sectors.

Further optimism can arisefrom the fact that Zambia’sexternal sector has performedrelatively well over the lastten years, with some notablesurpluses posted over thelast five years on accountof healthier exports. Between2008 and 2013, export earn-ings rose from US $4.5 billionto US $10.4 billion, largelydriven by growth in metaland non-traditional exports.

China stands out amongthe partners contributing tothis performance, boastinga bilateral trade relationshipworth some US $3 billion andabout 500 Chinese companiesdoing business in the country.

Zambia’s Sixth NationalDevelopment Plan seeks tostrengthen private sectorinvestment for more growthand diversification. The gov-ernment is promoting invest-ments linked to the country’sagro industry while efforts

are also being made to linkforeign direct investment tothe domestic economy inorder to broker linkages withsmall and medium businessesin a way that increases theirproductivity, capacity andability to penetrate largermarkets.

Data from the ZambiaDevelopment Agency (ZDA),the body tasked with pro-moting Zambia as a premierinvestment destination amongother tasks, indicates thatduring the first quarter of 2014,the country recorded someUS $3.3 billion worth of invest-ment pledges, an increase ofUS $1 billion over the corre-sponding period of 2013.This kind of performanceaugured well for attainingthe target of recording at leastUS $4 billion in FDI pledgesby close of 2014.

The investment climateis supported by abundant

Investment:A land of opportunities

natural resources and a repu-tation of being among Africa’smost peaceful and tolerantdemocracies. It also boastslaws that protect investmentsand private property; theinvestment Act, for example,states that investments maynot be expropriated unlessparliament passes a law tothat effect and should thathappen, full compensation atmarket value would be guar-anteed. The country has noexchange controls, a furtherboost in the drive for FDI.

Another aspect worthnoting is that being at theheart of two regional economicblocs adds to Zambia’s attrac-tion as an investment desti-nation. Zambia enjoys pref-erential trade arrangementswithin the Southern AfricaDevelopment Community(SADC) and Common Mar-ket for Eastern and southernAfrica (COMESA); this meansthat an investor in Zambiawould have preferential accessto market in her eight neigh-bouring countries, and – inthe case of COMESA – beyond.

Zambia is also part of theCotonou agreement and hasbenefited from duty-free,quota-free market access forthe European market underthe Generalized System of Pref-

erence (GSP) and the Every-thing But Arms (EBA) arrange-ment . Zambia has also beennegotiating for further marketaccess through the economicpartnership agreements (EPAs)under the eastern southernAfrica (ESA) group with theEuropean Union.

IncentivesAs Zambia continues her

quest to attract credible invest-ments, she offers a range ofincentives that seek to reducethe cost of doing business

as well as spur the growth ofthe local production base.These incentives include a15% income tax for non-traditional exports and one-seventh of the normal 35%corporate income tax rateduring the first 5 years of oper-ation for rural enterprises.

Further, the Zambia Devel-opment Agency Act, theincome tax Act and customsand excise Act are beingstreamlined to selectivelyaward incentives to valueadding investors under thequest to promote value addi-tion. Under this regime, incen-tives would only be grantedwhen investors meet theiremployment and investmentcommitments, thereby ensur-ing that businesses adhereto their undertakings madewhen applying for theseincentives.

A raft of other incentivesis offered through the ZDA inspecific sectors, and investorswould do well to engage theagency or any of Zambia’sforeign missions to get fur-ther information.

For investors in multi facil-ity economic zones (MFEZs)and industrial parks, someincentives were added along-side those in the ZambiaDevelopment Agency (ZDA)Act. These included: removing

withholding tax on manage-ment fees, consultancy feesand interest repayments toforeign contractors; zero-rating supplies to developersof MFEZs and industrial parks;exempt foreign suppliers tothe MFEZs and industrial parksfrom reverse VAT; and exempt

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

20052006

20072008

20092010

20112012

2013*2014

Zambia

Sub-Saharian Africa (developing only)

AnnualGDPGrowth

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The Zambia

China

Economic

and

Cooperation

Zone (ZCCZ).

Source: IMF - *Forecast

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equipment and machineryimported for the developmentof MFEZs and industrial parks.Conditions for industrial parkdevelopers to qualify for theseincentives include: the layoutof the development plan mustbe duly approved; the parkshould be at least 15 acres insize; undertaking that park willhave paved roads and thatwater and electricity supplywithin the park is provided.

MiscellaneousWhere a double taxation

agreement exists betweenZambia and another country,the foreign tax payable bythe investor to the other coun-

try, in respect of any foreignincome, shall be allowedas a credit for that investoragainst Zambian tax inrespect of the foreign income.Double taxation agreementshave been concluded withBotswana, Canada, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany,India, Ireland, Italy, Japan,Kenya, Netherlands, Norway,Romania, South Africa, Swe-den, Switzerland, Tanzania,Uganda, United Kingdom andthe United States of America.

Over the past few years,Zambia has re-negotiated

taxation agreements witha number of countries, withmore being renegotiated witha view to securing a win-winsituation for both countries/parties involved.

Incentives relating toinvestments on the LusakaStock Exchange (LuSE) includea reduction in CorporateIncome Tax to 33% for thefirst year of listing, comparedto the normal 35% corporatetax, no restrictions on foreignownership and share holdinglevels and no capital gainstax. Further, no tax is leviedon dividends from invest-ment on the LuSE.

Export incentivesSpecial incentives are

offered to exporters of non-traditional products, suchas reduced corporate tax to15%. Special exemption fromduty and sales tax on importsand machinery is offered toexporters of non-traditionalproducts with net foreignexchange earnings, tourisminvestment with foreignexchange earnings in excessof 25% of the gross annualearnings, and agro-relatedproducts for export.

Investment policyZambia’s policy on invest-

ments continues to be pro-private sector. The state hasundertaken to only play therole of facilitating an envi-ronment in which privateinvestments drive the coun-try’s development, and this ischiefly through periodic reviewof policy and legislative mat-ters relating hereto. And whereit is not feasible for privatecapital alone to undertake aproject, the modus operandiwould be public-private part-nerships (PPPs), with the pri-vate investor(s) in a particularproject having the option tobuild, operate for a period oftime and then transfer owner-ship to the government. ■

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IntroductionZambia has a healthy

financial sector that supportsefficient mobilization andallocation of resources. Thisis set improve further withongoing reforms under theprivate sector developmentprogramme that seeks tooptimize the regulatory andlegislative frameworks.

It is worth noting that fora decade now, the countryhas not experienced a bankfailure. And even during therecent times of distress in theglobal economy, no Zambianbank suffered any distress –thanks to the Bank of Zambia’sprudent management ofthe sector.

PerformancePrincipally owing to pru-

dent oversight, the Zambianfinancial sector continues tobe stable and this has contin-ued to attract investments. Andas more players come aboard,consumer banking is takinga completely new dimensionand over the medium term,

many of the bottlenecks thatkeep the sector from fully play-ing its role of oiling nationaldevelopment will be resolved.Of particular note is the factthe autonomy of the sectoroverseers – the Bank of Zambia(BoZ), Securities and ExchangeCommission (SEC) and Pen-sions and Insurance Authority(PIA) – is legally guaranteedmeaning that the sector’sgovernance is broadly freefrom government control.

Over the past two years,a number of major develop-ments have taken place in thissector. Firstly, the Zambian cur-rency was successfully rebasedeffective January 2013. Thenational accounts have alsobeen rebased so as to providea more accurate picture of theeconomy and provide betterinformed economic policyand decision making.

During 2013, the govern-ment also approved theissuance of kwacha-denom-inated bonds by the Inter-national Finance corporation

and the African DevelopmentBank. Consequently, the IFCissued a K150 million bondin September 2013.

The same year, the gov-ernment passed a new lawempowering the central bankto regulate and closely monitorforeign exchange flows in abid to curb tax avoidance. Thisapplies to service providers,importers and exporters ofgoods and services exceedingUS $10,000 or the equivalentin other currencies, thoughimplementation of portionsof this law has been con-tested by some stakeholdersand is the subject of ongoingdiscussions.

Zambia also issued herdebut Eurobond of US $750million, which was oversub-scribed. This was followed bya second Eurobond issuanceworth US $1 billion in early2014.

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can confidently say Zambiais well serviced; another could,however, argue that the coun-try is overbanked. But what-ever the case, the bankingsectors’ performance andcondition have remainedimpressive over the years.

As at end-December 2013,the banking sectors total assetsamounted to K41,953 millionor 22.4% higher than K34,275million recorded the previousyear. Net loans and advanceswhich accounted for the largestshare of total assets, grewby 14.5% to K17,884 mil-lion, and was largely fundedby deposits from customerswhich increased by 22.8% toK30,906 million. Based on theproportion of the total assets,total loans and total deposits,Zanaco, Stanbic Bank, Stan-dard Chartered Bank andBarclays Bank continued todominate the banking sec-tors market share.

Capital adequacy levelswere above the minimumrequirements, while earningsand the quality of assets havealso remained sound.

Also, average lendingrates remain fairly compet-itive despite inflationary pres-sure as well as the pressureexerted by the kwacha’s rapiddepreciation during the firsthalf of 2014. The central bank

remains committed to ensur-ing that – without abrogatingmarket economics – lendingrate would fall since the costof borrowing is a key factorin facilitating sustainableeconomic growth and finan-cial inclusion.

As the number of playerscontinues to grow, there havebeen many innovations andproducts coming into thebanking system. The numberof automated teller machineshas grown from 133 in 2006to 724 as of December 2013,with more being rolled out still.

TrendsFrom the trend of high

interest rates during the early2000s, the banking sector hasfared relatively well with ratesjust about 19%. Of course akey factor in determining thelending rates is the govern-ment’s borrowing. And muchas the government’s debtstock has increased substan-tially over the last three years– mainly to finance infra-structure and other projects– the state has been carefulenough not to crowd out othersectors of the economy.

Further, the governmentincreased the minimum capi-tal requirements for commer-cial banks as way of deepen-ing stability and enhancingcapacity to lend to the pri-

vate sector. In spite of initialmisgivings and fears abouta negative impact on thebanking system, not a singlebank has fallen into distresson account of this measureand by end of 2014, nearlyall banks had exceeded thenew requirements.

During 2014, a highlightworth noting was the Bankof Zambia’s authorization ofIslamic banking in the coun-try, which opens the door forfinancial institutions to intro-duce products tailored alongthe lines of the creed of Islam.

Besides the 19 commer-cial banks in operation, thecountry also boasts a numberof non-bank financial insti-tutions. These include sevenleasing and finance compa-nies, four building societies,33 microfinance institutions,one development financeinstitution and one savingsand credit institution. As atend-December 2013, theircombined assets amountedK3,941 million.

Management by theBank of Zambia

BoZ has continued to over-see the subsector competentlyand prudently. It has contin-ued to improve both super-vision and regulation, takingbold steps as and when thesituation demands – as it didwhen the kwacha experi-enced a free fall during thefirst half of 2014. The centralbank has also shifted fromthe use of monetary aggre-gate to short term interestrates in a bid to better anchorinflation expectations.

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To enhance predictabilityin the setting of rates, the bankhas embraced the practice ofsetting monitory policy ratesevery month, which haveserved as a benchmark forbanks in setting lending rates.

Considerable progresshas been made in terms ofnational payments systems;the introduction cheque trun-cation has helped to shortenand standardize cheque clear-ance in the country while theintegration of the variouspayment channels that areavailable like ATMs, point ofsale terminals, mobile andinternet banking platformsis being undertaken.

Capital marketThe capital market con-

tinues to hold steady, thoughgrowth in terms of the numberof new listing has been slug-gish at best. Market capital-ization on the Lusaka StockExchange for the first ninemonths of 2014 increased by8% to K62.9 billion while theAll-Share index rose by 17%to 6,620.9. Further, the vol-ume of shares traded duringthe same period was signif-icantly higher. Trade turnoveralso increased steadily butsecondary market activityin government bonds posteda decline.

In spite of such positiveperformance, the Securitiesand Exchange Commission

(SEC), which regulates thecapital market, has expresseddiscomfort about the fact thatmajor advisors on transac-tions taking place in Zambiaare from outside the country.This raises the need to investin local advisory capacity sothat fees paid can be retainedin the economy.

Regulated by SEC, the LuSenow has 21 listed companiesand several quoted compa-nies. There are six brokers.LuSE remains the only capitalmarket in Zambia, and plansare underway to introduce analternative investment market.Efforts are also underwayto integrate the bonds and

derivatives exchange andcommodities exchange intothe LuSE platform.

The main challengeremains the lack of long termincentives for companies list-ing on the bourse. Currently,the main incentive is a cor-porate tax rate of 33% for thefirst year of listing as well asnon-taxation of dividends.But stakeholders feel that ifthe former arrangement oftaxing listed companies atlower rate at all times werere-instated, it would helpattract more players onto thebourse. Main incentives pro-vided by the securities Act of1993 include: no capital gainstax, no restrictions on foreignownership, no restrictions on

shareholding levels and noproperty transfer tax. And tofurther deepen the capitalmarket, the government hasintroduced longer dated bondsof seven, 10 and 15-year tenors.

InsuranceThe insurance sub sector

has also continued to performwell. In terms of Gross WrittenPremium (GWP), the insur-ance industry grew by 163%between 2006 and 2011, withvalue increasing from K462million to over K1,216 mil-lion. General insurance com-panies accounted for about74% of GWP in 2006 and71% in 2011.

The GWP further grew by21% between 2011 and 2012,to reach K1,471 million. In2013, the GWP amountedK1,573 million.

As at 2014, the insuranceindustry comprised the follow-ing player: 2 reinsurance com-panies, 8 general insurancecompanies, 15 life assurancecompanies, 41 insurance bro-kers, 266 insurance agents, 8claims agents, 6 motor asse-ssors, 6 loss adjustors and 2risk surveyors.

The insurance penetrationlevels however continue to bevery low compared to othercountries in the region, witha penetration rate that stoodat 1.37% in 2012, comparedwith the African average of3.65%. A draft for Micro Insur-ance Regulations, aimed atproviding and enabling envi-ronment and supervisoryframework of micro insurancebusiness, is currently under-going stakeholder review.

The insurance businessis regulated by the Pensionsand Insurance Authority(PIA) whose interventions

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have led to several improve-ments especially in terms ofclaim settlement.

Pension sectorThe key role of the pension

sector is to provide incomesecurity for retirees. A soundpension system is a powerfulforce in developing capitalmarkets and supporting theprovision of long-term finance.

The pension industry inZambia is largely a two pillarsystem – the compulsory pillarand the voluntary pillar. Allemployed individuals in theformal sector are compelledto contribute to one of thethree public schemes namelythe Public Service PensionFund (PSPF), the NationalPension Scheme (NPS) man-aged NAPSA and the LocalAuthority SuperannuationFund (LASF). The combinedasset size and membershipof this pillar was estimatedto be K6 billion and 770,218,respectively as at the endof 2012.

The voluntary pension pil-lar is comprised of Trusts thatare established by employersand are supervised by thePensions Insurance Authority.There were 237 registered andactive pension schemes inZambia with a total mem-bership of 110,503 as at theend of 2013. Their combinedasset size as at the end of2013 was K3.2 billion.

The net assets of the pen-sion industry have continuedto significantly grow and at

the end of 2013, the amountstood at K4,295 million ascompared to K625 million in2002. The return on net assetshas also continued to growand in 2013, the industryachieved a return on averagenet assets of 17.8%.

On the management ofpension funds, the industryhas five pension schememanagers and six pensionscheme administrators.

ChallengesFinance being the ultimate

engine that drives economicgrowth, Zambia still has thechallenge of reigning in lend-ing rates so that people canborrow at more affordablerates and invest. This way,the money market will playan even bigger role in theeconomy, and commercialbanks will not find them-selves sitting on heaps ofcash. While a lot has beenachieved by BoZ in this direc-tion, a lot more is neededbecause with inflation con-tained in single-digit levels,it becomes difficult to under-stand why lending ratesshould be in double digits.

The local currency remainsvulnerable and this was evi-denced during early 2014when a combination of fac-

tors forced the kwacha intofree fall, breaching the K7 toa dollar mark in May 2014before rolling back to aroundK6.20 by year end. But obvi-ously, the business commu-nity, especially those thatimport a lot of their inputs/products – as well as theordinary citizen – would likethis improve further. So thechallenge here is ensuringthat currency fluctuations donot hurt the economy. And,according to business leaders,further improvements in thecurrency exchange can helpreduce the cost of doing busi-ness – even though those inthe export business tend tohold otherwise.

ConclusionWith ongoing reforms in

the financial sector, one canbe optimistic that thingsare set to improve. What isneeded is for all players towork together address thebottlenecks that beset thesector so that it’s true poten-tial can be realized. Since itis widely accepted that noamount of growth will bemeaningful if the local peopleare left out of it, bringingfinancial services to morepeople – making it moreaffordable – is the best wayof sustaining the sector’s longterm growth. Today, Zambia’sfinancial services industrycontributes 8% to Zambia’stotal GDP.

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W hen the Patrioticfront assumed governmentin late 2011, they almostimmediately embarked upona raft of investments in eco-nomic infrastructure such asroads, rail, telecommunica-tions and energy. Overall,these investments are helpingimprove the country’s busi-ness climate and, ultimately,international competitiveness.As late President MichaelChilufya Sata said duringhis address to parliament inmid-2014, investing in eco-nomic infrastructure is anindispensable pillar in gov-ernment’s efforts to raiseproductivity, diversify theeconomy and promote allinclusive growth.

TrendsThe construction industry

has continued to rank amongthe best performing sectors inZambia, despite 2013 growth

slowing down slightly at12.4% from 13.6% in 2012.However, prospects for thefuture remain bright as thesector remains well positionedto continue as one of the keycatalyst for growth that it hasbeen over recent years.

During 2013 and 2014,and for the foreseeable future,activity in this sector contin-ued to be driven by public andprivate infrastructure projectslike stadia, roads, residentialand commercial properties.

Perhaps responding tothis trend, cement productionposted a 2.1% increase in 2013to 1.557 million metric tonnesfrom 1.525 million tonnes theyear before. Expectations arethat buoyant growth will con-tinue on the back of ongoingroad and other economicinfrastructure projects. Furtherimpetus is expected from thenewly created districts, almostall of which need major con-struction works to supportthe range of activities to beundertaken therein.

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Besides government-ledconstruction initiatives, anumber new residential,commercial and industrialconstruction projects are on-going – clear testimony thatthe sector is booming.

And to support this, financeminister proposed to exemptfrom withholding tax interestarising from the debenturepart of a property linked unitpaid to Zambian investors inany property loan stock listedon the Lusaka Stock Exchange(LuSE), a measure that con-tinues into 2015. Propertytransfer tax rose from fiveper cent to 10%.

As noted elsewhere, thegovernment continues to playa key role in driving the con-struction sector through com-mitting significant amountsto development of various

infrastructure across the coun-try. For example, K5,626.5million is earmarked for roadinfrastructure developmentin 2015, K268.24 million forhealth infrastructure andequipment while under edu-

cation, K1,069.53 millionand K650 million has beenearmarked for school anduniversity infrastructuredevelopment respectively.

Further, developments inother sectors of the economysuch as ready availability ofrelatively cheap home loansamong other instrumentshave meant that home owner-ship has become more afford-able for citizens.

Government has con-tinued facilitating the con-struction of low cost housingto help narrow the housing

deficit, but concerted effortbetween the state and privateplayers are needed to conclu-sively deal with this matter.On its part, the governmenthas allocated K798.71 milliontowards housing and socialamenities in 2015 (K661 mil-lion in 2014), while institu-tional housing is being builtunder health, education,agriculture and defence andsecurity. The National Hous-ing Authority (NHA) has alsocontinued to be active, as hasthe National Pension SchemeAuthority (NAPSA) in thedevelopment of residentialhousing. Of course, a numberof private developers are alsoentering the market.

Other construction pro-grammes of note include thedevelopment of a cementplant in Masaiti by Nigeria’sDangote Group, which is setfor commissioning during2015, and a similar project inMpongwe by Handyman’sParadise. First QuantumMining Limited is developingthe Trident project on NorthWestern Province, whichincludes Kalmbila Mine, sen-tinel and Enterprise.

On the energy front, ZescoLimited has continued withits rehabilitation and upgrad-ing projects, with MaambaCollieries putting up a coal-fired power plant that is due

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to be commissioned during2015. Related works are ongo-ing at Itezhi-tezhi [120 MW],construction of the Pensulo-Kasama and Pensulo-M’soro-Chipata 330kv transmissionlines are billed for comple-tion in 2016. Further, construc-tion will be boosted by theKafue Gorge Lower project,which is set to be acceleratedduring 2015.

The tourism sector alsocontinues to contribute a fairshare to construction, notingby the number of hotel and/or lodge facilities under con-struction in different parts ofthe country. These are set toincrease once the Northerntourism circuit is opened upand investors start setting upbases. There are also variouscommercial construction worksgoing on around the country.

Other than the construc-tion of public goods, therehas been a general shift frompast trends where the sector’sperformance depended chieflyon publicly-funded projects;

much of the growth seen isdue to private developments.Also, efforts of the state-ownedNational Housing Authority

(NHA) cannot be discounted;NHA is working on developinghousing estates in Lusaka,Livingstone, Solwezi, andKitwe in a new phase thatwould be financed throughmunicipal bonds.

Recent developments havealso seen the construction ofKafubu Mall in Ndola by theWorkers’ Compensation FundControl Board with financingarranged by Standard Bank,trading in Zambia as StanbicBank.

With the completion ofLevy Mwanawasa stadium(Ndola) and National Heroes

Stadium (Lusaka), focus willmove to the construction of sta-dia in Livingstone and Monguduring 2015 and beyond. There

are, further, ongoing construc-tion of Robert Makasa univer-sity and Paul Mushindo uni-versity (Muchinga Province),as well as expansion worksat Mukuba University, KwameNkhrumah University, Cha-limbana University, whichwere recently upgrade fromcollege status.

The construction of abridge between Zambia andBotswana at Kazungula,supported by the EuropeanUnion would take off during2015; the contractor wasmobilizing by press time.


This sector is managedby the Ministry of Transport,Communications, Worksand Supply with the settingof standards vested in thebuildings department. Toenhance private sector par-ticipation in the manage-ment of this vital sector, theNational Construction Coun-cil (NCC) has been estab-lished as a semi-autonomousbody that advises on policydevelopment for the sector.

5760A, Kabompo Close, KalunduP.O. Box UNZA 19, Lusaka, Zambia

Tel: +260-211-293717, Fax:+260-211-840542Email: [email protected]

STRUCTURAL FABRICATORS, ERECTORS, MACHINISTS, CIVIL CONTRACTORS &

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Tel : +260-212-221808 Fax : +260-212-221068Cell : +260-966-780059, +260-966-990060

[email protected]@iconnect.zm

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NCC is also empowered toregister all contractors in thesector and is therefore the mainenforcer of the law requiringthe use of only registered con-

tractors in construction. Butthis requirement (use of regis-tered contractors only) is notfully being adhered to byprivate developers like peoplebuilding dwellings, mainlydue to lack of awareness.

To enhance quality in thesector, NCC runs a construc-tion training school wherethe staff of registered con-tractors is periodically trainedin the changing dynamicsof construction.

Besides NCC, the Engi-neering Institution of Zambia,Engineers Registration Board,Surveyors Registration Board,Valuation Surveyors Boardof Zambia and the Zambia

Institute of Architects governother stakeholder professionsin the sector.

ChallengesThe major challenge fac-

ing this sector is lack of liq-uidity. Considering that thestate remains the main clientin the sector, its ability topromptly pay for servicesrendered plays a critical rolein enabling contractors to havefunds to channel back intothe economy and other areas.

Another challenge con-cerns reports of contractorsdisappearing after receivingtheir dues before completingtheir work. This mainly affectsgovernment-funded projectsbut noting that the state isthe major client in the sector,this trend means governmentoften delays in paying con-tractors until after works arecompleted. The overall effectis a cycle as captured above.In this regard, the state has

indicated that it will takelegal action against contrac-tors that have failed to com-plete contracted works as a wayof ensuring that the treasurydoes not completely lose outon advance payments.

ConclusionProspects for the sector

remain bright. There is everyreason to believe that thesector’s performance will con-tinue to leap and bound overthe medium to long terms asmany programmes – espe-cially by the state – come tofruition. But as developmentsin the financial market evolve,the likelihood of citizens par-ticipating more in this sectoris bright, meaning that growthis assured for a while yet. Whatis needed is for the govern-ment to ease the importationof construction materialsthat are not available locallyso as to reduce the cost ofdoing business.

■

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TELECOMMUNICATIONSZambia’s telecommuni-

cations are touted as beingamong the best in sub SaharanAfrica. And every year, Zam-bia’s telecommunicationfacilities are being improvedto remain abreast of trendsin the region and beyond,driven by the rollout of opticfibre technology. This has ledto the rollout of 3G and 4Gservices, a significant outturnconsidering that such servicesappeared far-fetched onlyfive years ago.

Driven by increased mobiletraffic volumes and internet

usage, the telecommunica-tions sub-sector grew by 22.7per cent in 2013, with thesame level of growth antic-ipated for 2014 and beyond.This area of the economy hasthree players – Zamtel, MTNZambia and Airtel ZambiaPlc. Zamtel is the country’sonly total communicationsolutions provider, offeringvoice, data, fixed, internet,MPLS and business conti-nuity services. And with theintroduction of new productsand services such as mobiletelevision and video calling,Zamtel has experienced rapidgrowth and boasts a subscriber

base of nearly 2 million, fromless than 500,000 in 2011. Akey highlight in Zamtel’s storyis that in 2009, the governmentdecided to sell a 75% stakein the company. This wassold to Lybia’s LAP Green butthe transaction was revokedby the Patriotic Front whenit assumed office arguingthat the deal did not benefitZambians.

All in all, mobile telephonyservices have continued togrow, with a market pene-tration rate of 91%. Serviceproviders, as mentioned above,are Airtel Zambia Plc [ownedby Bharti Airtel Limited],MTN Zambia and Zamtel.Plans are underway to issuea fourth mobile telephonylicence during 2015, despitethe apparent scenario thatthe voice market is nearingsaturation. By March 2014,

Communication and Transportation:Growing the nerve centre of the economy

The communication and transport sector of Zambia has experiencedsome impressive growth over the last three years. This has mostlybeen drive by the government, which has embarked on a massiveprogramme of linking the country. The vision is to re-position Zambiaas a land-linked country and not landlocked. Ultimately, the goal isto grow Zambia into the status of a regional hub for communicationsand transport, and other attendant aspects. While this unprecedentedinvestment in economic infrastructure has had its critics, the benefitsset to arise from the programme would far outweigh the negativesand Zambians will realise that the funds borrowed to finance theseprojects were not wasted.

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MTN Zambia had overtakenAirtel Zambia as the biggestoperator by subscribers, boast-ing 4.26 million customersagainst Airtel’s 4.04 million.In early 2014, MTN Zambiabecame the first mobile serv-ice provider in Zambia tocommercially launch 4G LTEservices but the competitorsfollowed hot on their heels.

Internet servicesAs of 2014, Zambia had

2.3 million internet users,representing a penetration ofonly 15.4 per cent. This showsthat the internet services subsector offers exciting prospectsfor investment. During 2014,the Zambia Information andCommunications TechnologyAuthority (ZICTA) introduceddomain name system securityextensions to secure internetinfrastructure.

A key highlight is theentry of CEC Liquid Telecom,a joint venture between theCopperbelt Energy Corpo-ration (CEC) Plc and Liquidtelecommunications. CECLiquid Telecom is investingUS $15 million in infrastruc-ture as it joins the fray of inter-net service providers whileZamtel plans to launch itsown mobile money platformby mid-2015.

Internet service providers(ISPs) have banded togetherthrough the Internet Serv-ice Providers Association ofZambia. Members includeAfriconnect, Airtel, ITZ, CECLiquid Telecom, QuickEdge,Realtime Zambia, Zamnet,Coppernet, Microlink, MTNBusiness, MTN Zambia, Zam-tel Online and PostISP, a sub-sidiary of Post NewspapersLimited.

ZICTA is currently drivingthe extension of broadbandservices countrywide throughthe installation of 169 com-munication towers in chief-doms. This, being undertakenunder the government’s US$24 million project to extendmobile telephony to ruralareas, would also help resolve

the challenges that arose fromthe absence of a national ICTbackbone infrastructure, whicheffectively deprived manyrural areas of internet services.

Postal servicesThis sub sector is fairly

well organised in Zambia andone does not have a problemsending or receiving letters.

The state-run Zambia PostalServices Corporation (Zam-post) operates a network ofover 120 post offices and some80 sub-post offices, enablingit to reach even the remoteareas. There is a small but com-petitive presence of privatesector operators, notably DHLZambia, which also hosts theregional office for CentralAfrica, Fedex, Globeflight,Skynet and Postnet; the latteralso offers postal services.Besides, the three major dailynewspapers – Times of Zambia,The Post and Zambia DailyMail – offer courier services.

ZICTA is also leading anational addressing andpostcode project that involvesstreet naming and number-ing of houses.

ICT policyFollowing the enactment

of the ICT Act, the countryhas some formal structureguiding the growth of thissub sector of the economy.The main thrust is to ensurethat as the country embracesICTs, there are enough safe-guard against their being usedfor purposes inimical to state

Fibre Optic

Cables.

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and public interests. The ICTAct is complemented by theElectronic Communicationsand Transactions Act and thePostal and Courier ServicesAct, all of which were enactedin 2009 and operationalisedin 2010.

Mass CommunicationThis industry continues

to grow, with new entrants

coming in and a few failing.The biggest growth has beenin community radio, whichhas proliferated basically thewhole country. Presently, eachprovince boasts not less thanone community radio station,while some have a plethoraof them.

Print mediaThe print media sector

is dominated by three dailynewspapers, of which two arestate-owned. These are ThePost, the Zambia Daily Mail,andthe Times of Zambia. AlthoughThe Post is the youngest of thethree dailies (started in 1990as the Weekly Post), it enjoysthe widest circulation of allbut recent indications are thatthe Zambia Daily Mail and thenewest kid on the block – theDaily Nation [run by formerpresidential press aide RichardSakala] – are gaining ground

fast. There also exist a num-ber of weekly papers.

In terms of monthly pub-lications, the notable one isthe Bulletin and Record, whichoffers an indepth look at thenews. The only publicationdevoted to tourism, the TourismNews, seems to have ceasedthe print run but continuesrunning an online edition.

Magazine publishing isyet to be developed in thecountry, but there are twomagazines to reckon with,Icengelo (Cibemba) and Chal-lenge Magazine, both pub-lished by the Catholic Church’sMission Press.

Electronic mediaThe electronic media land-

scape has continued to grow,and this has been acceleratedby the advent of the so-callednew media. The latest entrantinto this category is Ndola’sRadio Chimwemwe, oper-ated by the United Church ofZambia. Before that, Ndolasaw the birth of Sun FM, acommercial radio stationwhile Lusaka welcomed PanAfrican Radio. Radio broad-casting is under three basiccategories: public radio, airedby ZNBC over three channels,commercial radio and com-

munity radio. Most of therecent growth has involvedcommunity radio, mainlydriven by non-state actors ina bid to enhance access toinformation across the countryand give people a say in theaffairs affecting them. Andas the country embraces broad-band internet usage, someradio stations have begun tostream their content online.An interesting feature here isBlog Talk Radio, a UK-basedZambian-operated broad-caster that is exclusively offeredonline; to reach more people,its content is re-broadcast byLivingstone’s Zambezi FMand Kitwe Flava FM.

This segment of mediahas also seen prolific growthin the number web-basedpublications. Notable amongthese are the Zambian Watch-dog, Mwebantu New Media,Tumfweko.com and Zam-bian Eye among others. Ofcourse, this has raised issuesof credibility but overall, thereappears to be few complaints.

TelevisionBesides the state-run ZNBC

TV, Zambia has a numberof independent TV channelsincluding the church-runTrinity Broadcasting Network(TBN), Muvi Televison, MobiTV and Copperbelt Television(CB TV); these offer 24-hourprogramming. ZNBC hasintroduced a second channelwhich runs 24 hour program-ming in a bid to deepen itsoffering. Currently, the ZNBCTV2 service is only availablealong the line of rail. Pay TVis offered by MultichoiceZambia – which also offeringGOTv as a cheaper product,Muvi TV and Strong Zambia.Muvi TV has also introduceda pay service and a free-to-air service dubbed AfricaUnite TV.

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TRANSPORTATIONA sound and well devel-

oped transportation systemis critical to development asit facilitates linkages betweenproducers and the market. Italso opens up areas to invest-ment and consequently devel-opment. Zambia’s transporta-tion chiefly comprises:

RoadsThe government has con-

tinued its robust road devel-opment programme anchoredon the Link Zambia 8,000,road tolling and the L400.It has also procured paving

equipment for the Pave Zam-bia 2,000 project, which equip-ment has since been distrib-uted to all the ten provinces.These projects were launchedshortly after the Patriotic frontassumed office, and it wasthe first time in decades thatsuch massive road workswere undertaken.

The Link Zambia 8,000project, launched in 2012,seeks to open up the country,particularly rural areas, toinvestment and marketing.The project aims to have atleast three major roads in eachprovince tarred over its five-year cycle. Roads hereunder-include the Pedicle, Mongu-

Kalabo, Kalabo-Sikongo-Angola border, Kasama-Mporokoso-Kaputa, Mbala-Nakonde and Mansa-Luwingu.Others are Chipata-Chadiza-Katete, Chama-Matumbo,Isoka-Muyombe-Lundazi-Chama, Kitwe Chingola dualcarriage way, LeaopardsHill-Chiawa and the bottomroad from Munyumbwe toChaanga.

Under the first phase ofLink Zambia 8,000, 22 proj-ects covering 2,260 km arebeing executed at a cost ofK9.8 billion.

The Pave Zambia project,launched in 2013, seeks toaddress 2,000 km of townshiproads across the country. Theseroads will be paved usinglabour-intensive paving blockand cobblestone technology.So far, works have commencedin Lusaka’s Chawama town-ship and Petauke in EasternProvince.

The government is alsorehabilitating a 357 km stretchof the Great East Road underphase two of the Nacala Cor-ridor project.

The Lusaka 400 (L400)aims to decongest the capitalcity by constructing 400 km

of link roads. Launched in2013 and expected to end by2016, over 150 km of workshad been completed by 2014,making the possibility ofdelivering ahead of schedulevery feasible.

The government furtherplans to rehabilitate at least1,300 km of the core feederroad network; compliment-ing the work of the RuralRoads Unit, this initiativewould help improve marketaccess for rural areas.

To make road rehabili-tation and maintenance self-financing, the governmenthas introduced road tolling.Being implemented at eightweigh bridges and 18 ports ofentry, the programme raisedK187.4 million for the treas-ury during 2014. Additionaltolling points have been iden-tified across the country andwould be commissioned onceappropriate infrastructureis rolled out.

In Zambia, one drives onthe left hand side of the road.The general speed limit onnational highways is 100km/h, secondary roads 80km/h and in urban built upareas 65 km/h unless other-wise indicated. For roads thatpass through national parks,animals have the right of way,and motorists will do well tobear this in mind at all times.

RailThis sub sector is con-

trolled by Zambia Railways(ZR), one of the major rail com-panies and the jointly ownedTanzania-Zambia Railways(TAZARA). The network linksZambia to the DemocraticRepublic of Congo and Angolain the north and Zimbabweand South Africa in the south,while the TAZARA network

Beginning life with just a single eight seatminibus, Quattro has grown into one ofZambia’s most important transportationbusinesses with a fleet of more than 500vehicles and a total workforce thatcurrently stands at close to 1,000throughout all branches.

In 2005 Quattro began transportationwork for the mines of Zambia and todayboasts transportation contracts to ferryemployees and goods for five of Zambia’ssix largest mining operations. Besidespersonnel transport, Quattro also dealsin waste management for the mines andis able to provide equipment such assewerage trucks, skip trucks and skip binson a contractual basis.

DRIVEN TO SUCCED

Quattro Co. Ltd.1536/6 Kafulafuta Rd., Heavy Ind. Area - P.O. Box 22463 Kitwe, ZambiaTel: +260 212 210442, Fax: +260 212 211145Email: quattro @quattro.co.zm, [email protected]


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links into the line at KapiriMposhi and runs to the portof Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Over the last decade or so,operations of Zambia Railwayswere concessioned to RailwaySystems of Zambia (RSZ). This

deal, intentioned to revampthe railway transport subsector, is mainly viewed as alost decade because lack ofre-capitalisation and generalneglect resulted in dilapi-dated rail stock and unreli-able service – which forcedthe diversion of merchandiseby rail to the already over-burdened road sector therebyraising the cost of road main-tenance and rehabilitation.Following a change of gov-ernment in 2011, the PF-ledadministration cancelled theconcession agreement withRSZ and reverted ownershipto Zambia Railways Limited.Consequently, the governmentearmarked K618.5 millionfrom its debut Eurobond pro-ceeds for track rehabilitationand procurement of rollingstock in 2013. 2014 saw, incommemoration of the coun-try’s golden jubilee of inde-pendence, the re-introductionof an express passenger trainbetween Livingstone andKitwe; this train is called theMichael Chilufya Sata jubileeexpress, in memory of late pres-

ident Michael Chilufya Sata,who died five days after thecountry celebrated its goldenjubilee of independence.

Further, the governmentsof Tanzania and Zambiahave agreed to recapitalize

TAZARA. Once this is done,the quality of rail transportis set to improve while thenegative impact on roadswould be mitigated.

In the near future, theZambian government plansto link the recently commis-sioned Chipata-Mchinji railline into the existing networkat either Mpika or Serenje onthe TAZARA corridor, withfurther plans to extend therail line from Kasama toMpulungu being explored.

AirZambia has four inter-

national airports at Lusaka,Livingstone, Ndola and Mfuwe.Several secondary air fields

and airstrips can be foundin Chipata, Kitwe, Kasama,Mongu, Solwezi and Mansa.Kenneth Kaunda internationalAirport, situated 24 km fromLusaka’s centre, is the mainairport linking the countryto the rest of the world.

The country’s interna-tional airports are managedby the Zambia Airports Cor-poration Limited (ZACL),formerly National AirportsCorporation Limited.

Following the liberaliza-tion of the country’s aviationindustry, operators have comeand go-both domestic andlocal. A major operator is emi-rates, which offers daily flightsbetween Lusaka and Dubai.Emirates signed an interlineagreement in 2014 with Pro-flight Zambia, the country’smost resilient local airline,that allows seamless connec-tions to and from Proflight’sdomestic destinations.

Tanzania’s FastJet, a lowcost airline, introduced flightsbetween Lusaka and Dar esSalaam, and is in the processof establishing a Zambian-registered operation thatwould offer both domesticand international flightsfrom Lusaka.

A key development inaviation since the last publi-cation is the introduction ofan infrastructure levy byZACL, to be used for infra-

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structure improvement at allnational airports. There are,further, ongoing improvementsat Kenneth Kaunda Interna-tional Airport (Lusaka), SimonMwansa Kapwepwe interna-tional Airport (Ndola), HarryMwaanga Nkumbula Interna-tional Airport (Livingstone)and Mfuwe.

Kenneth Kaunda interna-tional Airport is undergoingreconstruction and expan-sion to a tune of US $360 mil-lion while Simon MwansaKapwepwe International Air-port is being re-located andrebuilt at a cost of US $522million while Harry MwaangaNkumbula’s US $50 mil-lion upgrading project wasconcluded in 2013. There isthe ongoing construction ofKasaba Bay Airport, whichhas already gobbled US $15million besides plans to expandChipata Airport to interna-tional standards. SolweziAirstrip is being rehabilitatedwith the help of KansanshiMine while Kalumbila Min-erals Limited’s proposal tobuild a US $2.067 millionairport at Kalumbila awaitsapproval.

WaterMarine transport is not very

developed, largely becauseZambia is a landlocked coun-try. The only water access toZambia is on Lake Tanga-nyika, where the Marine VesselLiemba, one of the world’soldest operating steam ships,runs scheduled services fromBujumbura in Burundi, viaKigoma in Tanzania and docksat Mpulungu in Zambia. Theferry takes vehicles, cargo andpassengers in first, secondand third class.

Following the launch ofPost Boat (operated by Zam-post) on Lake Bangweulu in

2009, after years of absence,the government has commit-ted to bringing water transportservice closer to people wherethis mode is required. To thisend, the government wouldcommission 12 large vesselsfor passengers and cargo onLake Mweru, Lake Bangweuluand the Zambezi River. Fur-ther, the African Developmentbank has approved a US $3million fund for the rehabil-itation of Mpulungu Harbourin Northern Province, raisingits capacity to handle morecargo – a major boost toregional trade.

ManagementUnder the overall man-

agement of the Ministry ofTransport, Communications,Works and Supply, day to dayaffairs are managed by RoadDevelopment Agency, RoadTransport and Safety Agencyand National Road FundAgency in terms of road trans-port; ZACL manages all theinternational airports in thecountry while the regionalairports are managed bythe Civil Aviation Authority(CAA), formerly Departmentof Civil Aviation. Telecom-munications and postal serv-ices are managed by ZICTA.Mass communication mattersare handled by the Ministryof Information and Broad-casting Services.

ChallengesIn the media category,

there remains a critical needto allow other electronic media,and not just ZNBC, to broad-cast nationally. The currentsetup, much as it ensures thatthe state controls what reachespeople outside Lusaka for the‘national good’, means thatpeople are denied alternativesand as such cannot makefully informed decisions onnational issues.

For transportation, esca-lating fuel costs continued tobe a major challenge for yearsuntil the government effectedtwo fuel price reductions inDecember 2014 and January2015. But road service opera-tors, especially those in pas-senger service, have noted thatthe benefit of these reductionshave been outweighed by therecent doubling of presump-tive taxes they have to payeffective January 2015.

There is also need toexpand the road network andthe overall traffic manage-ment system. As the vehiclepopulation in the countryincreases, traffic congestionis becoming a normal partof daily life to the chagrin ofthe people. The challenge isto improve and expand theroad infrastructure.

Marine transport alsoneeds attention. Most harboursare not in good condition andneed to be improved. Address-ing challenges with marinetransport will also help preventmany marine accidents andthe attendant loss in termsof life and property.

ConclusionFrom current indications,

this sector is poised to growrobustly. But key challengesneed to be addressed as a wayof ensuring that the envisagedgrowth does not cause moreproblems than solutions.

■

www.realtime.co.zm

http://www.realtime.co.zm/

http://www.realtime.co.zm

Plot 415 A, Mafuta Road, Bwana Mkubwa Industrial AreaP.O. Box 71869, Ndola, ZambiaTel: +260 212 655 325-9Fax: +260 212 655 177/191E-mail:[email protected]

ABOUT INDENI:- Located at Ndola in the Copperbelt province- Supplied by a 1 700km pipeline from Dar-es-Salaam in the Indian Ocean- State owned- Built and started up in June 1973, designed by Snam-Progetti- Design capacity: 1,100,000 MT per year at a spike ratio of 77.5% crude oil,

22% gasoil and 7.5% naphta. Over the years, the spiking ratio has changed – intandem with developments in the economy – to 50% crude oil and 50% others.

NATURE OF BUSINESS:The Company refines petroleum feedstock into various finished products,including gasoil, (diesel), premium gasoline (petrol), liquified petroleumgas, industrial and domestic kerosene, aviation fuel (Jet A-1), lightand heavy fuel oil, bitumen and related products.

BACKGROUND:The Refinery was designed with an annual processingcapacity of 1.1 million metric tonnes.

The design configuration was to process a co-mingledfeedstock composed of crude oil (77.5%), gasoil(22%) and naphtha (7.5%). These proportionswere dictated by market demandat the time.

The feedstock is pumped througha pipeline, owned by TazamaPipelines, from Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania tothe Refinery in Ndola,a distance of some1 700 kilometres.

Indeni is a conventional hydro-skimming plantwith a Topping Unit designed for a throughput of

25 000 BPSD. Kerosene and naphtha are taken overheadto a hydrotreater of 9 000 BPSD and then split into light

naphtha and heavy naphtha (the latter is the Reformer feed),Kerosene for Jet A-1 and illuminating kerosene production. The

catalytic reformer is a medium pressure, semi-regenerative unit witha design capacity of 5 000 BPSD. Further, the Refinery has a 2 400

BPSD Vacuum Unit and an Asphalt Blowing Unit of capacity 350 BPSD for theproduction of various bitumen grades. All these units are supported by steam

generating equipment, ancilllary utilities (including a hot oil system), a fivemegawatt diesel fired power plant and a tank farm.

The Refinery has invested, and continues to invest, in robust information andcommunications technology (ICT) infrastructure that bolsters our operations,with the main process controls now monitored and manipulated online.

VISION - To be rated amongst the most efficient refineries in Africa.MISSION - To produce petroleum products of the highest quality, in line withISO 9001 in the safest manner and at the lowest unit cost.VALUES1) Safety shall always take priority in what we do.2) Productivity and the quality of our work will determine our continued

employment.3) We shall promote discipline, honesty, transparency and teamwork in our

interaction.4) In words and in deeds we shall promote the concept of cleaner production

as per ISO 14001.5) Cost management shall be at the core of our business decisions.6) We shall pursue manpower training and development programmes for the

future growth of the Company.


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IntroductionThe energy and water

resources sector has experi-enced some exciting timesover the past few years. Thesedevelopments will have alasting impact on the nationaleconomy, and are settingthe tone for the future. As iswidely known, energy is aprerequisite for the properfunctioning of all sectors ofthe economy and this cannotbe over-emphasised.

ENERGYFrom the challenges expe-

rienced during 2009 – nation-wide power outages – this subsector has seen some excitingdevelopments of late. Thegovernment – through ZescoLimited’s ongoing powerrehabilitation project – hasmoved proactively to reduce

the power deficit, leading toa reduction in load shedding.By end of 2014, 360 megawatts(MW) of power was broughtinto the national grid fol-lowing the conclusion of theKariba North bank hydropower expansion project.

The 120MW Itezhi-tezhihydro power project and a300MW thermal power projectbeing developed at Sinazongweare anticipated to come onstream during 2016, meaningthe country will have enoughpower to meet demand witha surplus for export.

As the country moves –at policy level – towards costreflective tariffs in electricity,one would expect enhancedinvestments in power gen-erations, which have been

dampened by low tariffs. Thiswould help develop Zambia’sample endowment of energyresources, especially the hydro-electric type – whose poten-tial is boosted by Zambia’sbeing home to 40% of waterresources in southern Africa.

Further good news in thissector is that the 750MW KafueGorge Lower project, whoseexecution stalled over gover-nance concerns, is expectedto start moving forward during2015 following progress infinalizing the procurementprocess for the engineering,procurement and construc-tion contractor, transactionadvisor and fund managerduring 2014.

Further, oil and gas explo-rations in some areas of the

Energy and Water Resources:Scaling new heights

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country have continued, withthe government expressingconfidence that some resultsmay be ready by 2016 tosignal whether the countrycould join the ranks of oilproducers.

On the other hand, effortsare ongoing to ensure secu-rity of supply in the petroleumsub sector. It is worth notingthat from the time the gov-ernment took over the respon-sibility of procuring petroleumfeedstock, the outages relatedto non-availability of crudehave drastically reduced.

Broadly, the country’ssources of energy include thefollowing:

ElectricityThis is the second most

important indigenous energysource in the country and hasbeen in the headlines since2008 as a regional power short-age anticipated from 2009came to roost earlier, leavingmany countries – Zambiaincluded – grappling withshortages.

Though electricity is secondto wood and charcoal among

indigenous energy sources,it is by far the most importantas it contributes to non-tradi-tional export earnings throughpower exports. Given thatZambia is among the best-drained countries in the sub-region, the potential in thissub sector is enormous. The

depth of this potential is seenin the fact that the miningsector remains the largest con-sumer of electricity, account-ing for 50% of the total con-sumption, followed by industryand commerce with 25%,residential at 15%, socialservices at 5% while 5% isexported to Botswana, Dem-ocratic Republic of the Congo(DRC), Namibia, Tanzaniaand South Africa. Zesco Lim-ited, a vertically integratedutility combining generation,transmission and distribu-

tion remains the dominantplayer, while CEC Plc domi-nates supply to the mines.

With a potential of 6,000MW, Zambia’s current installedelectricity generation capacityis about 2,300MW, of whichonly about 128MW is not

hydro power. The UnitedNations Industrial Develop-ment Organisation (UNIDO)– supported Shiwang’andumini hydro power station inMuchinga Province has beenbrought on stream whileChina Electric Corporationhas continued discussionswith government on thedevelopment of the Lunzuwahydro power project.

The Copperbelt EnergyCorporation (CEC) Plc, hith-erto focused on powering the

2015The year Zambia becomes a Coke Fuel Producer, reducing Zambia’s reliance on solid fuel imports.

Head Office - Plot # 10 Makeni Road, Makeni, P.O. Box 30973, Lusaka, Zambia, Tel: +260 974 184786

Coking Plant - Plot # 22024/M, Maamba Road, Maamba, Sinazongwe District, Zambia

Green Cycle LimitedGreen Cycle Ltd trading as PYROPlot # 10 Makeni Road, MakeniPO Box 30973, Lusaka, ZambiaTel: +260 974 184786Email: [email protected]

Green Cycle Limited trading as Pyro has been producing briquettes in Zambia for over2 years.

Our briquettes are produced for a variety of applications ranging from domesticbarbecuing charcoal briquettes to blended enhanced briquettes to suit industrial uses.

Green Cycle remains the only fuel briquette manufacturer in Zambia capable ofproducing air fluting long life briquettes.

All products are 100% biodegradable and no trees are cut down toproduce the briquettes.

Green Cycle Limited is proud to be a home grown alternative andsolution to lump wood charcoal, the primary cause for Zambia’salarming rate of deforestation.


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mining industry through atransmission and distributionnetwork of around 1,000 kmof overhead power lines, islooking to diversify and investin generation capacity. Thecompany is currently devel-oping the Kabompo Gorgehydro power project and isundertaking feasibility studieson the possibility exploitingthe Luapula River to generatepower; the latter project, ofcourse, will require the consentof the governments of Zambia

and Congo DR because theriver in question forms theborder between the two coun-tries. Investing in its owngeneration is of prime impor-tance for CEC Plc as its bulksupply agreement with ZescoLimited expires in 2020.

The Kabwe-based Lun-semfwa hydro power com-pany currently generates inthe region 56MW that it sellsto Zesco Limited, though it has

experienced some challengesover the recent past. During2015, Maamba Collieries isanticipated to offload 150MWfrom its coal-fired power plant.

The newest entrant in thissub sector is Ndola EnergyCompany Limited, a sub-sidiary of Great Lakes AfricaEnergy Limited. This companyoperates Zambia’s first heavyfuel oil (HFO) fired power plantand feeds 50MW of electricityinto the national grid.

Rural electrification con-tinues to be pursued aggres-sively, mostly using solarenergy. In this regard, theEnergy Regulation Board(ERB) scrapped licence feesfor investors in solar energyinfrastructure while the RuralElectrification Authority (REA)plans to spend at least US$50 million for rural electri-fication annually until 2030,when largely the whole coun-try will have access to elec-

tricity. REA, over the last fewyears has executed grid exten-sion projects in a numberof rural areas and anticipatesattaining the goal of power-ing nearly the whole countryby 2030.

PetroleumThe only wholly imported

energy source in Zambia,this sub-sector is dominatedby two major companies thatare involved in the procure-ment, pumping and refiningof crude oil in Zambia. Theseare Indeni Petroleum Refinery,wholly owned by the gov-ernment since the departureof Total Group in 2009, andTanzania Zambia Mafuta(TAZAMA) Pipeline Company,both based at Ndola on theCopperbelt. TAZAMA – ajoint venture between thegovernments of Tanzaniaand Zambia – transportsfeedstock from Dar es Salaamto Indeni at Ndola, where thefeedstock is processed intowhite petroleum products.The pipeline company alsomanages the Ndola FuelTerminal.

Plans are underway forsome additional plants atIndeni, with a diesel hydro-treater and light gasolineisomeriser already approvedby the board and shareholders.Once these are implemented,the next would the installa-tion of a hydrocracker, whichwould not only enable therefinery to process raw crudebut also boost the productionof white products.

The petroleum business isserviced by a plethora of OilMarketing Companies (OMCs)– Puma Energy Zambia, TotalZambia, Chevron Zambia,Petrotech Oil Corporation,Gulf Oil Company, Kafco Oil,Kobil, Engen, Suban Petro-

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leum, Petroda, Mount MeruPetroleum, Vuma and OryxEnergy among others play akey role.

To enhance security ofsupply in this sub sector, thegovernment has embarkedon the construction of fuel stor-age depots across the coun-try. The Mpika and Lusakadepots were commissionedduring 2014 with Solwezi andMongu depots earmarked forcompletion during 2015.Identification of additionalsites in other provinces is ongo-ing. The state is also reviewingthe procurement of feedstockand finished products with aview to eliminating middle-men. Bilateral discussionswith some oil producing coun-tries are being undertakenin this regard.

Solar energyIn the continuing quest for

greener energy sources, andas part of the government’soverall rural electrificationstrategy, solar energy is beingpromoted especially in ruralareas. A number of projects,dubbed energy service compa-nies (ESCOs) are being pilotedin selected parts of the countryto provide solar generatedelectricity to households.

Wood and charcoalThis is mostly used in the

rural areas of the country.

And with growing concernsabout environmental degra-dation through deforestation,the need to take electricity tothe rural areas cannot beover emphasised.

WATERZambia is well endowed

in terms of water resources,which cover about 11,890square kilometres of her totalarea. Despite Zambia’s beingthe best drained country inthe sub-region, accounting forabout 45% Southern Africa’swater resources, many ofher citizens have no accessto piped water – let aloneproper sanitation. Much asthe rural folk cannot be putin the at-risk category in thisregard – many rural house-

holds have wells and pitlatrines – the fact that Zambiaranks among Africa’s mosturbanised countries raisesconcern. Currently, about 4.8million Zambians have noaccess to safe drinking waterwhile 7.8 million people haveno access to basic sanitation,a situation the NationalWater and Sanitation Coun-cil (NWASCO) blames oninadequate investments. Butwhatever the reason, the per-formance of the water andsanitation sub-sector leavesmuch to be desired and manyZambians still stand kneedeep in the proverbial riverand still dying of thirst.

Commendably, the gov-ernment has continued effortsto address the challenges ofwater and sanitation, espe-cially in the urban and peri-urban areas with target ofincreasing availability of safedrinking water to about 65%of the population in rural areasand at least 84% of the urbanand peri-urban population.

It is also worth noting thatthe government has stream-lined the legal and institu-tional environment for the

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water sector through revisingthe National Water Policy,developing a National Sanita-tion policy and enactment ofthe Water Resources Manage-ment Act, which establishesthe Water Resources Man-agement Authority (WRMA).

RegulationThe energy and water

resources sector is managedby the Ministry of Mines,Energy and Water Devel-opment (MMEWD) throughfour autonomous institutionswhich are ERB, REA, WRMAand NWASCO. These insti-tutions’ prime mandate is toprotect consumers from abuse,and fostering the developmentof an environment conduciveto attracting private invest-ments into the energy andwater resources sector. TheERB also licences all energyundertakings in the country,while REA’s mandate is toensure that rural areas areelectrified and brought onto the national grid wherepossible. These institutionswork closely with, amongother organs, the ZambiaEnvironmental ManagementAuthority (ZEMA) and Com-petition and Consumer Pro-tection Commission (CCPC)in ensuring compliance withenvironmental and anti-trustlaws respectively.

ChallengesThe biggest challenge fac-

ing the sector in Zambia isensuring that changes in petro-leum product prices, espe-cially international crude oilprices, translate into reducedpump price almost imme-diately. This is importantbecause petroleum productsare a major input in the pro-duction chain and as such,a major part of the cost ofproduction.

The electricity sub sector’skey challenge is meetingdemand in a deficit situa-tion. By end 2014, installedcapacity was marginallyabove demand but more stillneeds to be done to developfurther capacity. This wouldenable the country earnforeign currency from power

exports to countries around,especially those that are notas well-endowed in terms ofwater supply.

Another challenge isencouraging more privatesector participation, especiallyin hydropower generationwhere the potential aboundsfor the development of minihydro power stations coun-trywide. The underproductionin this sector is highlighted bythe fact that only one powerstation, Kafue Gorge Power

Station, produces about one-third of the country’s electricity.

ConclusionDespite the current set-

backs, which are mainly short-term, the energy sector inZambia offers some of thewidest investment opportu-nities in the economy. As thesecond largest indigenoussource of energy, the value ofelectricity to Zambia’s econ-omy cannot be over-empha-sised. With more investments,the sector can transform intoa major foreign exchangeearner for the country, besidesstimulating developmentacross the country.

The country also offersmany opportunities for invest-ment in bio-fuel production.

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IntroductionBased on the recognition

that a healthy citizenry is acritical driver of economicdevelopment, the govern-ment of Zambia has, overthe years, continued to investin the health sector. Duringthe years of Patriotic Frontrule, the government hascommitted to increasing –over time – the budgetaryallocation to health in linewith the African Union’s AbujaProtocol; the protocol callson governments to spend atleast 15 per cent of nationalbudgets on health.

Initially, the state fundedhealth care in its entirety,and this was followed by aperiod of ‘privatised’ healthcare delivery between 1991and 2002. From the failuresexperienced in the healthreforms that sought to moreor less ‘privatise’ health care,the government has from2002 continued providinghealth services but the coun-try has also seen a prolifer-ation of private providers,albeit in urban areas mostly.In the rural areas, the churchoffers health services along-side the government; and insome rural areas, health facil-ities run by the church onlyare available, but servicesare delivered in conjunctionwith the government. In such

cases, the church-run insti-tutions receive grants fromthe government, as well asgovernment employed staffbeing seconded to such hos-pitals or health centres.

One key change in policyis that in rural areas, the statehas abolished user fees inrecognition of the fact thatmany in such areas wereunable to pay for services;but in urban areas, there isa fee-paying option evenin government-run institu-tions. The abolition of userfees in rural areas has, accord-ing to data from the Ministryof Health, has resulted inincreased numbers of peopleseeking medical attention inrural areas, with a correspon-ding reduction in mortality.

Over the last three years,the government has embarkedon a robust investment pro-gramme in the health sector.A total of 650 health centresare being constructed acrossthe country to in a continuedeffort to make health caredelivery as close to the peopleas possible.

During 2014, the govern-ment continued with the a pro-gramme of building regionalhubs for storage and distri-bution of essential drugs andsupplies around the country;

two such hubs are alreadyoperation in Chipata (EasternProvince) and Choma (South-ern Province). Two more areset to be operationalised atKasama (Northern Province)and Mongu (Western Pro-vince). Procurement of special-ized equipment and suppliesfor third level hospitals toenhance their capacity tooffer uninterrupted serviceshas also been prioritized.

Since 2012, the budget-ary allocation to health hashovered around 9 per cent;in 2014, K4.23 billion [9.9per cent of the budget] wasallocated to the sector, ofwhich K738.7 million was fordrugs and other supplieswith a further K312.3 millionearmarked for medical infra-structure and equipment.Rehabilitation of health carecentres at all levels as welltraining institutions receivedK245.7 million. In the 2015budget, K4,464.09 million(nearly K4.5 billion) or 9.6%of the budget has been ear-marked for health. Of thisamount, K753.52 million willgo towards drugs and med-ical supplies with medicalinfrastructure and equipmentgetting K268.24 million. Afurther K52.5 million has beenearmarked for the recruit-ment of more than 2,000health personnel.

Health:Caring forthe Nation

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As of April 2013, the coun-try boasted six third levelhospitals, 19 second levelhospitals and 84 first level(district) hospitals; it also had409 urban clinics, 1,131 ruralhealth centres and some 307health posts. These numbersare set to increase as moresuch facilities are at variouslevels of development acrossthe country.

Infrastructure upgrad-ing has gained momentumfunded by the governmentand/or cooperating partners.For example, Matero andChilenje clinics in Lusaka arebeing upgraded with assis-tance from the Japanese Inter-national Cooperation Agency(JICA) with K921.76 millionearmarked for constructionand K7.97 million for medicalequipment. A new hospitalwas recently commissionedat Lufwanyama while CTscans have been installed, orare being installed, in all thereferral hospitals. Ndola Cen-tral Hospital is, further, set tohave an operational mam-mography machine. The gov-ernment is also constructingtrauma centres at KabweGeneral and Liteta hospitalsin Central Province. Besidesgovernment efforts, the pri-vate sector is also supportinginfrastructure in the sector.For example, Indeni PetroleumRefinery Company Limitedhas undertaken to upgradeNdeke Clinic in Ndola into

a mini-hospital that wouldalso offer maternity healthcare; currently, the clinic hasno such service despite havinga huge catchment area stretch-ing into Masaiti district.

In 2012, the governmentlaunched the National healthStrategic Plan which seeks todrive the growth of the sectorover a five year period. Theobjectives of this plan includethe following:• Reducing under five mor-tality to at least 63 deathsper 1,000 live births;• Reducing maternal mor-bidity ratio to 159 deaths per100,000 live births;• Reducing the population/doctor level from 17,589 to10,000;• Reducing the population/nurse ratio from 1,864 to 700;and• Reducing malaria incidence252 cases per 1,000 people toat least 75 per 1,000 people.

To cover the remotest ofrural areas where there are nohealth centres or posts, thereis a Zambia Flying DoctorService (ZFDS) that providesimmediate care and air trans-port for urgent cases to higher-level facilities. However, ZFDS’sfleet of aircraft needs to bereplenished. Many rural andurban health centres arestaffed by nurses, mid-wivesand clinical officers but in mostvillages, traditional healerscontinue to play an impor-tant role in health care. Torationalise the input of tradi-tional medicines, a tradi-tional health practitioners’Bill is under review by theNational Assembly.

During 2014, the govern-ment procured trauma ambu-lances for all districts, some-thing worth noting. A numberof rural health centres also

received ambulance, all in thecontinued quest to enhanceservice delivery and shortenthe time of evacuating patien-tys in need of advanced treat-ment through the country’shealth care chain.

Given that Zambia’s pop-ulation is continuously grow-ing, it is imperative that morehuman, financial and mate-rial resources are providedto the sector. More medicaldoctors are needed to servicethe population, which meansthe government must findsolutions to problems that

make most of the country’sown doctors emigrate to othercountries. To respond to theneed for more medical doctors,the government has estab-lished a school of medicine at

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the Copperbelt University; thisschool is based in Ndola. Thegovernment has also licenceda private university – ApexMedical University to offertraining in medical areas.

While progress has beenmade in reducing the overallincidence of disease, diseaseslike malaria, tuberculosis andHIV/Aids continue to be prob-lematic. As at 2012, the coun-try reported 45,000 cases ofTB but the good news is earlydetection has increased toabove 70% and the cure rateto above 80%. For malaria,the government’s drive is tohave universal ownershipof insecticide treated mos-quito nets with at least 80 percent usage among pregnantwomen and children.


The Ministry of Health(MoH) and Ministry of Com-munity Development, Motherand Child Health (MCDMCH)are the primary governmentagencies in charge of thehealth sector. However, front-line management is delegatedto a number of statutory insti-tutions like the National HIV/Aids, Leprosy and STI Council(NAC), and the Pharmaceu-tical Regulatory Authority(PRA). For any medical prac-titioner or institution to oper-ate, they must be registeredwith the Health ProfessionalsCouncil of Zambia (HPCZ),which regulates the professionin the country. For nursingand mid-wifery staff, thelicensing authority is theNursing Council of Zambia(NCZ). Further, medical doctorsare supposed to be registeredwith the Medical Associationof Zambia.

As noted earlier, Zambiahas both state-run and pri-

vate hospitals and clinics. Inthe past, even presently-to alarge extent-most privatehospitals are owned andoperated by missions andsuperintended by the ChurchesHealth Association of Zambia(CHAZ); some have been setup by mining companies fortheir employees and a fewothers have been set up byindividuals either as sole pro-prietorships or partnerships.

For traditional health,non-governmental organi-sations such as the Tradi-tional Health Practitionersof Zambia (THPAZ) and theNg’angas’ Association areseeking to form a nationalcouncil that would ratio-nalise the role of traditionalhealth practices alongside amodern health care system.MoH includes a traditionalmedicine unit, reflecting agenerally held belief that asystem that combines tradi-tional and Western-styleapproaches would lead tobetter health care. And since2005, the government hasconstituted a team of expertsto study the efficacy of tradi-tional medicines in managingHIV positive patients; clinicaltrials are underway, as areinvestigations on how tradi-tional remedies can help man-age other diseases afflictingthe people.

In terms of essential drugavailability, Medical StoresLimited’s performance hascontinued improving, sittingat over 80%. Once the regionalhubs programme is completed,this should rise to 100%.

While child health careis available at all levels, thecountry also has ArthurDavison Children’s Hospitalin Ndola; this is the only hos-pital dedicated to holistic child

health care in the country,and is the national referralhospital for children. BeitCure International Hospitalin Lusaka also offers paedi-atric care but with speciali-sation in the care of childrenwith physical disabilities.

ChallengesThe major challenge in the

health sector is that of humanresources. Available data indi-cates that only about 65 percent of the recommendedhealth staff establishment isavailable. Much as the govern-ment is trying to bridge thisgap, more needs to be done.

There is also need to extendthe retention scheme for doc-tors to cover other health work-ers so as to encourage moreto stay in the country and/orreturn from the diaspora.

Further, HIV/AIDS remainsa challenge because it has notspared the ranks of the healthcare providers, thereby weak-ening the system further.Much as there is good newscoming out of the HIV/AIDScampaigns, more needs to bedone to reduce new infectionsfurther and more finances areneeded to enhance the man-agement of patients on ARVs.

ConclusionIn response to challenges

in this sector, the state hascontinued striving towardsimprovement. Budgetaryallocations to health are setto hit 10% while private sectorinvolvement is also growing.Considering the demands ofother sectors, the state’s per-formance in health is fairlypositive – even if stakeholdersinsist that more needs to bedone. Should current momen-tum be maintained, one cansay that the medium to longterm offers bright prospects.

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ABB ZAMBIA …………………………………………………………………………………… 166

ACCA ZAMBIA ………………………………………………………………………………. 144

AEL MINING SERVICES ……………………………………………………………….. 122

AIRTEL ……………………………………………….. Inside front cover + 1 + 154

AON ZAMBIA ………………………………………………………………………………… 144

ATLAS COPCO ZAMBIA ……………………………………………………………… 118

ATS AGROCHEMICALS ……………………………………………………………….. 112

BABA DRILLING & EXPLORATION CO. ……………………………….. 124

BCHOD CONSULTING ENGINEERS ………………………………………… 58

BENMAK CAR HIRE ………………………………………………………………………. 104

BINNIE CORPORATE LODGE ……………………………………………………. 78

BLU ROCK MINING SERVICES ………………………………………………….. 124

BNC CONSULT ……………………………………………………………………………….. 152

BOLLORE AFRICA LOGISTICS ………………………………………………….. 158

BSI STEEL ………………………………………………………………………………… 128 - 148

BUSINESS CONNEXION ……………………………………………………………… 84

CARRIBEA BEVERAGES ……………………………………………………………….. 132

CASTLE LEAD WORKS …………………………………………………………………. 130

CAVENDISH UNIVERSITY ZAMBIA ………………………………………… 24

CLASSECON ROOFING AFRICA ………………………………………………. 150

COATES BROTHERS ZAMBIA ……………………………………………………. 128

CONCRETE PIPES & PRODUCTS ………………………………………………. 152

COPPERNET SOLUTIONS ……………………………………………………………. 84

CRESTA GOLFVIEW ………………………………………………………………………. 18

DULUX ZAMBIA …………………………………………………………………………….. 152

EC MINING ……………………………………………………………………………………… 120

EQUATORIAL FOOD INGREDIENTS ……………………………………….. 13 2

FIRST NATIONAL BANK ……………………………………………………………… 138

FLAME ZAMBIA ……………………………………………………………………………… 146

G4S SECURE SOLUTIONS ……………………………………………………………. 88

GIRDER ENGINEERING ……………………………………………………………….. 152

GOLDMAN INSURANCE …………………………………………………………….. 142

GREEN CYCLE INVESTMENTS …………………………………………………… 168

HILL & DELAMAIN ………………………………………………………………………. 158

INDENI PETROLEUM REFINERY ……………………………………………….. 164

INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL …………………………………………………… 8

JUST ALUMINIUM …………………………………………………………………………. 134

KANSAI PLASCON ………………………………………………………………………… 150

KNIGHT PIESOLD ZAMBIA ………………………………………………………… 146

LAFARGE ZAMBIA …………………………………………. Outside back cover

LOUIS DREYFUS COMMODITIES ……………………………………………... 112

LUNTE LODGE ………………………………………………………………………………... 104

LUSAKA BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL

COLLEGE MANAGEMENT BOARD …………………………………………. 29

LYNX ZAMBIA ………………………………………………………………………………… 132

MAIDEN PUBLISHING HOUSE …………………………………………………. 34

MEANWOOD GENERAL INSURANCE ……………………………………. 144

METROPOLITAN SCHOOLS ………………………………………………………. 34

METROPOLITAN ZAMBIA ………………………………………………. 140 - 172

MICHELANGELO LODGE & RESTAURANT ………………………….. 102

MICMAR INVESTMENTS …………………………………………………………….. 148

MM INTEGRATED STEEL MILLS ……………………………………………….. 62

MORGANITE ZAMBIA …………………………………………………………………. 130

MUKUBA PENSION TRUST ………………………………………………………… 134

MULUNGUSHI INTERNATIONAL

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NAC 2000 CORPORATION ………………………………………………………… 160

NATURAL VALLEY …………………………………………………………………………. 132

OMNILYNE ………………………………………………………………………………………. 166

PARMALAT ………………………………………………………………………………………. 6

PERMANET ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 53

PHOENIX OF ZAMBIA ASSURANCE ………………………………………. 144

POWENG ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 166

PROTEA HOTELS ……………………………………………………………………………. 100

QUATTRO COMPANY ………………………………………………………………….. 160

REALTIME …………………………………………………………………………………………. 163

SARO AGRO INDUSTRIAL …………………………………………………………. 112

SOUTHERN SUN RIDGEWAY HOTEL ……………………………………… 10

STANBIC BANK ………………………………………………………………………………. 140

STAR ENERGY ………………………………………………………………………………….. 168

STERELIN MEDICAL & DIAGNOSTICS ………………………………….. 172

TAJ PAMODZI HOTEL ………………………………………………………. 16 - 17

THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA - UNZA ………………………………….. 4

TEVETA …………………………………………………………………………………… 44 - 45

THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF LUSAKA ……………………… 29

THITA ENGINEERING SERVICES ………………………………………………. 122

THOCHIMA ENTERPRISES…………………………………………………………….. 130

TRATTORIA ROSSO ………………………………………………………………………. 98

TRUCKMEC ………………………………………………………………………………………. 124

UNITY ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 130

UTI ZAMBIA …………………………………………………………………………. 124 - 158

VANWAY CARRIERS ………………………………………………………………………. 160

WORLDMASTERS FREIGHT LOGISTICS ………………………………… 160

YARA …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110

YATU FOODS …………………………………………………………………………………… 112

ZAFFICO ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 110

ZAMBEZI PORTLAND CEMENT ………………………………………………... 54

ZAMBIA INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED

ACCOUNTANTS ………………………………………………………………….. 32 - 33

ZAMEFA - METAL FABRICATORS OF ZAMBIA ……………………. 126

ZANACO ………………………………………………………………………………... 2 - 67

ZSIC GENERAL INSURANCE ……………………………………………………… 142

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