ABSTRACT

Today we are living in 21st century where automation is playing important role in

human life. Home automation allows us to control household appliances like light, door, fan, AC

etc. It also provides home security and emergency system to be activated.

Home automation not only refers to reduce human efforts but also energy efficiency

and time saving. The main objective of home automation and security is to help handicapped and

old aged people will enable them to control home appliances and alert them in critic. The goal of

our project is to design a user-friendly home automation system which can be easily integrated

into existing homes and businesses. Automatic Night Lamp with Morning Alarm System is a

simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual

works are 100% removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the

visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)

which senses the light actually like our eyes.

It automatically Day And Night Indication whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our

eyes and activates the morning alarm. By using this system energy consumption is also reduced

because nowadays the manually operated street lights are not switched off even the sunlight

comes and also switched on earlier before sunset. In this project, no need of manual operation

like ON time and OFF time setting. LDR and transistor are the main components of the project.

The resistance of light dependant resistor (LDR) varies according to the light falling on it. This

LDR is connected as biasing resistor of the transistor. According to the light falls on the LDR,

the transistor is operated in saturation and cut off region. This transistor switches the relay to

switch on / off the light. This project uses regulated 12V, 750mA power supply. 7812 three

terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to

rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/18V step down transformer.

INTRODUCTION

1

CHAPTER NO.1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW:

Day and Night Indicator with Morning Alarm System is a simple yet powerful

concept, which uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100%

removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible

region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)

which senses the light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights

whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes and activates the morning alarm. By

using this system energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays the manually

operated street lights are not switched off even the sunlight comes and also switched on

earlier before sunset. In this project, no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF

time setting. LDR and transistor are the main components of the project. The resistance

of light dependant resistor (LDR) varies according to the light falling on it. This LDR is

connected as biasing resistor of the transistor. According to the light falls on the LDR,

the transistor is operated in saturation and cut off region. This transistor switches the

relays switch on / off the light. This project uses regulated 6V power supply.

LDR is connected as biasing resistor of the transistor. According to the light falls

on the LDR, the transistor is operated in saturation and cut off region. This transistor

switches the relay to switch on / off the light. This project uses regulated 12V, 750mA

power supply. 7812 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation.

Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/18V

step down transformer. Consequently, industries, homes, and businesses are already

taking power saving measures to save money and to become more environmentally

friendly. Power saving techniques seems to have a small impact to each individual, but as

the price and demand for electricity rises, the collective power saving actions of everyone

will make a significant difference.

How many times have you forgotten to tu rn off the lights or TV when you

stopped using them? Have you even turned the kitchen lights on to grab dinner and then

leave them on when you left to watch TV? Chances are that situations similar to this have

happened to all of us- and it happens every day.

INTRODUCTION

2

Home automation not only refers to reduce human efforts but also energy efficiency and

time saving. The main objective of home automation and security is to help handicapped

and old aged people which will enable them to control home appliances and alert them in

critic The goal of our project is to design a user-friendly home automation system which

can be easily integrated into existing homes and businesses. Day and Night Indicator

with Morning Alarm System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a

switch. By using this system manual works are 100% removed. It automatically switches

ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes.

1.2 ADVANTAGES:

Highly sensitive

Works according to the light intensity

Fit and Forget system

Low cost and reliable circuit

Complete elimination of manpower

Can handle heavy loads up to 7A

System can be switched into manual mode whenever required.

1.3 APPLICATIONS:

Bed Rooms

Hostels and Hotels

Balcony / stair case / parking Lightings

Street lights

Garden Lights

LITERATTURE REVIEW

3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1THEORY:

The main aim of the Day and Night Indicator circuit is to help us to turn on the lights

as the night fall automatically and as the dawn sets in the Day and Night Indicator

automatically gets switches off the light and plays a musical morning wake up alarm.

Another feature of the project is that at the time of no light in the room during night the night

lamp gets turned on automatically. The main advantage of the project is that with the help of

the circuit you are not required to switch on or off the lights in nights or in the morning.

Besides the above you also do not need to set morning wake up alarms. The only requirement

of the project is to keep the circuit in a room where you get good amount of sunlight and then

see the magic of Day and Night Indicator.

System Features:

Convenient

Affordable

Easy Operation

Required Skills:

Understanding of IC555

Circuit Designing

Understanding Proteus Simulator

Knowledge on Sensors

Design and Fabrication of PCB

Project phase: -

Schematic design and drawing of PCB Design

Interfacing Circuits for IC555

Preparation of PCB

Assembling and Testing of Interfacing Circuits

Debugging and Testing

Project Report

LITERATTURE REVIEW

4

2.2 FUTURE SCOPE

This is one of the useful project when the mains power fails, but the as the power cut

offs the led glows it does not sense whether it is day or night ,so this project can be modified

by including a day night sensor in it. Hence the led will glow only when there is need of light.

This project can also me design by using simple IC 555 and a relay where as the operation for

glowing all the LEDs will be controlled by using the IC555.

The goal of our project is to design a user-friendly home automation system which can

be easily integrated into existing homes and businesses. Automatic Night Lamp with

Morning Alarm System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch.

By using this system manual works are 100% removed. It automatically switches ON lights

when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes.

PROJECT ANALYSIS

5

CHAPTER 3: PROJECT ANALYSIS

3.1 COMPONENT USED:

LedLight Emitting Diode

IC 555

IC um66

6V Dc Power supply

LDR Light Dependent Resistor

Transistor BC548

Zener Diode

Capacitor

Resistor

Loud Speaker

3.2 COMPONENT DETAILS:

3.2.1 LED:

Figure.3.1: Symbol of LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-

junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the

leads; electrons are able to recombine with electron hole s within the device, releasing energy

in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light

(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the

semiconductor.

PROJECT ANALYSIS

6

An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be

used to shape its radiation pattern. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the

earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as

transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide

variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and

limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet,

and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small

incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-

segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks.

3.2.2 BATTERY:

Figure.3.2: symbol of battery

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that

convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal,

or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the

electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode

materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline

battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable devices. Secondary (rechargeable

batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of the

PROJECT ANALYSIS

7

electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in

vehicles and lithium ion batteries used for portable electronics.

3.2.3 RESISTORS:

Figure.3.3: Symbol of Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act

to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current

flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, terminate transmission lines among other

uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be

used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.

Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating

voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or

a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are

ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be

composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated

circuits.

3.2.4 Capacitor:

A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in the electric field

between a pair of conductors (called "plates"). The process of storing energy in the capacitor

is known as "charging", and involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite

polarity, building up on each plate. A capacitor's ability to store charge is measured by its

capacitance, in units of farads.

PROJECT ANALYSIS

8

Figure.3.4: Symbol of Electrolytic Capacitor

The capacitor is used in almost every electronic circuit. It is a very important component and

it does many different things, depending on where it is placed .A capacitor is basically a

device that stores a charge of electricity.It has two or more plates that are separated by air or

a non conducting medium such as plastic .Capacitors do lots of things and it depends where

they are positioned in a circuit, the value of the surrounding components and the value of the

capacitor.One of the things that makes the study of a capacitor complex is the current flowing

into it starts off very high and gradually reduces as the capacitor charges.

All electrolytic capacitors (e-caps) are polarized capacitors whose anode electrode

(+) are made of a special metal on which an insulating oxide layer originates by anemically

oxidation (forming), which acts as the dielectric of the electrolytic capacitor. A non-solid or

solid electrolyte which covers the surface of the oxide layer in principle serves as the second

electrode (cathode) (-) of the capacitor.

3.2.5 BC 548:

The BC548 is a general purpose epitaxial silicon NPN bipolar junction transistor found

commonly in European electronic equipment. It is part of an historically significant series of

transistors that began in 1966 when Philips introduced the metal-cased BC108 family of

transistors that included the high-voltage BC107 and low noise BC109 variants .The BC546,

BC547, BC548, BC549 and BC550 have broadly similar characteristics. In particular they

have the same maximum collector current and power dissipation Absolute Maximum

Ratings, but their collector breakdown voltage ratings VCEO and VCBO vary. The BC548 has a

30VCBO, while the BC547 50 V and the BC546 80 V. The BC549 and BC550 are low-noise

versions with VCEOs of 30V and 45V respectively.

PROJECT ANALYSIS

9

Figure.3.5: Pin configuration of transistor BC548

The part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to

offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. As viewed in

the image to the right, and going from left to right, lead 1 is the collector, lead 2 is the base,

and lead 3 is the emitter.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Breakdown voltage, collector-to-emitter with base open-circuit VCEO = 30 V

Rated continuous collector current IC = 100 mA

Rated total power dissipation Ptotal = 500 mW

Transition frequency (gain-bandwidth product) ft = 150 MHz minimum

3.2.6 Zener Diodes:

Figure3.6: Symbol and characteristics of Zener diode

A Zener diode is a diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the

same manner as an ideal diode, but also permits it to flow in the reverse direction when the

PROJECT ANALYSIS

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voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "Zener knee voltage",

"Zener voltage", "avalanche point", or "peak inverse voltage".

A conventional solid-state diode allows significant current if it is reverse-biased above

its reverse breakdown voltage. When the reverse bias breakdown voltage is exceeded, a

conventional diode is subject to high current due to avalanche breakdown. Unless this current

is limited by circuitry, the diode may be permanently damaged due to overheating. A Zener

diode exhibits almost the same properties, except the device is specially designed so as to

have a reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called Zener voltage. By contrast with the

conventionaldevice, a reverse-biased Zener diode exhibits a controlled breakdown and allows

the current to keep the voltage across the Zener diode close to the Zener breakdown voltage.

For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 3.2 V exhibits a voltage drop of

very nearly 3.2 V across a wide range of reverse currents.

3.2.7 IC um66:

Figure3.7: IC UM66

UM66 is a melody integrated circuit. It is designed for use in bells, telephones, toys

etc. It has an inbuilt tone and a beat generator. The tone generator is a programmed divider

which produces certain frequencies. These frequencies are a factor of the oscillator

frequency. The beat generator is also a programmed divider which contains 15 available

beats. Four beats of these can be selected.

There is an inbuilt oscillator circuit that serves as a time base for beat and tone generator. It

has a 62 notes ROM to play music. A set of 4 bits controls the scale code while 2 bits

control the rhythm code. When power is turned on, the melody generator is reset and

melody begins from the first note. The speaker can be driven by an external npn transistor

connected to the output of UM66.

PROJECT ANALYSIS

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3.2.8 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

Figure3.8: TOP-FRONT VIEW OF LDR

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor

circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000

ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. Electronic opto

sensors are the devices that alter their electrical characteristics, in the presences of visible or

invisible light. The best-known devices of this type are the light dependent resistor (LDR),

the photo diode and the photo transistors. Light dependent resistor as the name suggests

depends on light for the variation of resistance.

LDR are made by depositing a film of cadmium supplied or cadmium serenade on a

substrate of ceramic containing no or very few free electrons when not illuminated. The film

is deposited in a zigzag fashion in the form of a strip. The longer the strip the more the value

of resistance.

When light falls on the strip, the resistance decreases. In the absence of light the

resistance can be in the order of 10K ohm to 15K ohm and is called the dark resistance.

PROJECT ANALYSIS

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3.2.9 Speaker:

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is a transducer that converts electrical energy into

acoustical energy. When an electric signal is applied to the input pin of speaker, it generates

sound waves. The other pin is connected to ground. A speaker is commonly used to

produce sound in response to a sensor output. For example, in an intruder alarm, the

speaker goes on whenever an intrusion takes place.

Fig 3.9speaker

The speaker diaphragm moves in accordance with the variations of applied electrical

signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air. In a speaker, the

driver produces sound waves by vibrating a flexible cone or diaphragm made out of paper,

plastic or metal which is attached to wide end of suspension. The suspension is attached to a

metal frame called Basket and is made up of some flexible material allowing the cone to

move. The narrow end of the cone is connected to voice coil, which is then connected to

Spider (a ring of flexible material) allowing coil to move back and forth and producing

sound waves.

PROJECT ANALYSIS

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3.3 Circuit diagram:

Figure3.10 CIRCUIT DIGARAM

3.4 WORKING:

The circuit of Dark and Light Indicator is quite easy to understand. At the time of

darkness, the output of LDR1 goes to high. And these high inputs are applied to IC1 NE555

at pin2 which shifts resistance of pin 2 of IC1 at high state. Due to this the resistance of pin 3

of NE555 switches to high. As a result of it, LED attached with pin 3 of IC1 glows. At the

same time resistance of LDR2 is also at high state. Due to this reason transistor T1 whose

base is connected with LDR2 remains in ideal. As a result of it IC2 UM66 which is

connected with the collector of transistor T1 remains in the off state and no sound will be

heard from the speaker. But at the time when the room is full of light resistance of LDR1

move to low condition.

NE555 shifts into high state. Due to these high resistance outputs from pin 3 of

IC1 NE555 moves to low state. Because of these low resistances, LED linked to pin 3 of

IC1 LED would not blink. In the same condition when the room is full of light LDR2

resistance is also low. Due to these small resistances transistor which is coupled with

LDR2 through its base begins it conduction. Transistor T1 gets power through power

supply of 6V via its power supply. And the output of transistor T1 is given to IC2 UM66

via its collector terminal. IC2 UM 66 is a sound generating IC. The sound produced by

IC2 is supplied to transistor T2. Transistor T2 is used to amplify the sound generated by

IC2. Now these amplified sound signals is supplied to Speaker Sp which is connected with

PROJECT ANALYSIS

14

transistor T2 collector terminal. Resistor R6 in the circuit is used to limit the current passing

into the IC3 while the zener diode of 3.3V is used to limit the flow of current.

3.5 PCB LAYOUT:

Printed circuit board is a piece of art .the of an electronic circuit depends upon the

layout and designing of PCB. The PCB designing of a circuit operation should be very

precise to work it properly .the soloed point should be small enough so that any stray between

thus point not exist. Also high package density of component can be produced stray which

should be avoided by proper circuit designing and component should spread in such a way

that two component produced minimum stray. Also the track of PCB, soldering points and

components mounting very correct and that will be of great help to success the project.

Figure3.11 PCB LAYOUT

Making such precise PCB easy, for preparing PCB layout, used PCB layout

manufacturing by Vega Company with the help computerized equipment’s. We cannot use

ready-made PCB for our project. Track of PCB shown in the figure. To make PCB with

professional touch the general method that should be carried out is as follows.

METHODOLOGY

15

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY

4.1. SOFTWARE REQUIRED

ABOUT PROTEUS SOFTWARE

Proteus was initially created as a multiplatform (DOS, Windows, Unix) system utility, to manipulate text and binary files and to

create CGI scripts. The language was later focused on Windows, by adding hundreds of specialized functions for: network and serial

communication, database interrogation, system service creation, console applications, keyboard emulation, ISAPI scripting (for IIS).

Most of these additional functions are only available in the Windows flavoure of the interpreter, even though a Linux version is still

available.

Proteus was designed to be practical (easy to use, efficient, complete), readable and consistent.

Its strongest points are:

powerful string manipulation;

comprehensibility of Proteus scripts;

Availability of advanced data structures: arrays, queues (single or double), stacks, bit maps, sets, AVL trees.

The language can be extended by adding user functions written in Proteus or DLLs created in C/C++.Proteus PCB design combines

the schematic capture and ARES PCB layout programs to provide a powerful, integrated and easy to use suite of tools for professional PCB

Design.. All Proteus PCB design products include an integrated shape based auto router and a basic SPICE simulation capability as standard.

More advanced routing modes are included in Proteus PCB Design Level 2 and higher whilst simulation capabilities can be enhanced by

purchasing the Advanced Simulation option and/or micro-controller simulation capabilities. The method used for making PCB can be done

by making layout manually or on the software. The procedure for designing PCB layout manually and by using Proteus software is given

below.

PROCEDURE FOR MAKING THE PCB LAYOUT MANUALLY:

1. Design the PCB layout on the graph paper by taking the guidance of circuit diagram.

2. When the PCB layout is completed, draw the same layout on trace paper.

3. Then take the mirror image i.e.by inverting the trace paper.

4. Now draw the mirror image on the PCB(printed circuit board) with the permanent marker.

PROCEDURE FOR MAKING THE PCB LAYOUT USING PROTEUS SOFTWARE:

1. Take the respective circuit diagram for which you have to design PCB layout.

2. Open ISIS schematic capture window.

3. Start designing schematic i.e. click on “P”(pick device),search for all the components and add it or place the component.

4. Now click on the component mode and place all the components as per the circuit diagram.

5. Click on the selection mode and joint all the connections as per the circuit diagram.

6. Click on junction mode and place the junction if required, if the component required in circuit diagram is not available then use dummy

junctions for the connections.

7. After drawing the whole schematic click on the PCB layout option i.e. ARES .

8. PCB layout window appears, clicking on component mode ,place all the components perfectly .

9. The software will also shows the connections of all the components when they are placed on the PCB layout page.

10. Click on the Track mode ,and join the track as per the connections of components in circuit diagram. The connections can be done

automatically also by placing components & selecting the option of „Auto router. Always the layer selection should be „Bottom layer‟.

Proteus PCB design combines the schematic capture and ARES PCB layout programs to provide a powerful, integrated and easy to

use suite of tools for professional PCB Design.. All Proteus PCB design products include an integrated shape based auto router and a basic

SPICE simulation capability as standard. More advanced routing modes are included in Proteus PCB Design Level 2 and higher whilst

simulation capabilities can be enhanced by purchasing the advancedsimulation optionand/or micro-controllersimulation capabilities.

METHODOLOGY

16

Fig 4.1: schematic of proteus

Now to draw the circuits with actual hardware select the Layout version. Then follow the following steps-

1-When the layout is opened all the components are already available in it. If any component is missing in the library then a cross mark

will be available along with it.

2-Select component one by one in selection mode

3-Make the connection with the Bottom Copper wire in the track mode. Select its width also according to the marker used in actual PCB.

4-If the paths are overlapping each other then there comes a cross sign or an error

5-Finally save it after doing all the connection

Fig4.2: PCB layout.

4.2. HARDWARE REQUIRED

The hardware required is nothing but the components and PCB to make the layout of the circuitry. The different methods are used

for making the PCB.The procedure is as follows: Printed circuit board artwork generation was initially a fully manual process done on

clear Mylar sheets, usually at a scale of 2 or 4 times the true size. The schematic diagram was first converted into a layout of components

pin pads, then traces were routed to provide the required interconnections. Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints

increased efficiency. Traces between devices were made with self-adhesive tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing mylar grids assisted in

layout. The finished artwork was then photographically reproduced on resist coated on the blank copper-clad boards.

ETCHING]

The simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in

etching solution such as ferric chloride. In spray etching, the etchant solution is distributed over the boards by nozzles, and recalculated

by pumps. Adjustment of the nozzle pattern, flow rate, temperature, and etchant composition gives predictable control of etching rates

and high production rates.

The etchant removes copper on all surfaces exposed by the resist. "Undercut" occurs when etchant attacks the thin edge of copper under

the resist; this can reduce conductor widths and cause open-circuits. Careful control of etch time is required to prevent undercut. Where

METHODOLOGY

17

metallic plating is used as a resist, it can "overhang" which can cause short-circuits between adjacent traces when closely spaced.

Overhang can be removed by wire-brushing the board after etching.

DRILLING

Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is

recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits

must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear the traces. Drilling with high-speed-steel is simply not feasible since the drill bits will dull

quickly and thus tear the copper and ruin the boards. The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement controlled

by a drill tape or drill file.

COMPONENT MOUNTING

After the printed circuit board (PCB) is completed, electronic components must be attached to form a functional printed circuit

assembly,or PCA (sometimes called a "printed circuit board assembly" PCBA). In through-hole construction, component leads are

inserted in holes. In surface-mount (SMT - surface mount technology) construction, the components are placed on pads or lands on the

outer surfaces of the PCB. In both kinds of construction, component leads are electrically and mechanically fixed to the board with a

molten metal solder.

SOLDERING

After PCBs are etched and then rinsed with water, the solder mask is applied, and then any exposed copper is coated with solder,

nickel/gold, or some other anti-corrosion coating.

Matte solder is usually fused to provide a better bonding surface or stripped to bare copper. Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol,

prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated bare

copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readily solderable. Traditionally, any exposed copper was coated with solder by hot air

solder levelling (HASL).

PROTECTION AND PACKAGING

PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components

have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation Many assembled PCBs

are static sensitive, and therefore must be placed in antistatic bags during transport. When handling these boards, the user must

be grounded (earthed). Improper handling techniques might transmit an accumulated static charge through the board, damaging or

destroying components. Even bare boards are sometimes static sensitive.

RESULT

18

CHAPTER 5: RESULT

The voltage of battery given to the circuit is 9volt but when the current passes through the

IC 7806 then it become 6 volt. The entire circuit can be run through this 6volt supply. There are

two condition accords in this project. .

1. At morning time :

a) The resistance of LDR is 100MΩ. Hence the current across LDR and resistance R1 is

given by,

I1

As seen in above figure current through triggering pin 2 is 15mAmp. But according to the

cut carrying through the pin for triggering of IC555 is 0.5 to0.9 uAmp. Hence there no triggering

is done and output pin 3 is become low.

b) . LDR2 and associated components generate the morning alarm at dawn. LDR2 detects

the ambient light in the room at sunrise and its resistance gradually falls and transistor T1 starts

conducting.

It biases the transistor and T1 gets in saturation state and it conduct.

The current through emitter is given by,

:. Ie=Ib+Ic

:. Ie=15mamp+2.461mamp

:. Ie= 17.461mamp

And current through R4 is given by,

RESULT

19

:.i4=17.45mamp

After the transistor T2 amplifying the voltage it carry through sound and sound will be

on.

2. At night time :

a) The resistance of LDR is 100Ω. Hence the current across LDR and resistance R1 is

given by,

I1

As seen in above figure current through triggering pin 2 is 5.21uAmp. But according to the

current carrying through the pin for triggering of IC555 is 0.5 to0.9 uAmp. Hence there are

triggering is done and output pin 3 is become high and night lamp would be on.

b) LDR2 and associated components generate the morning alarm at dawn. LDR2 detects

darkness and transistor T1 cannot start conducting. Hence melody signal cannot passes

through sound and it become off.

Fig5.1: Final hardware model of day and night indicator

RESULT

20

CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

Day night Indicator lamp with morning alarm System is not limited for any particular

application, it can be used anywhere in a process industries with little modifications in hardware

according to the requirements. This concept not only ensures that our work will be usable in the

future but also provides the flexibility to adapt and extend, as needs change. In this project work

we have studied and implemented a complete working model using a Proteus Simulator. The

layout and PCB designing has been mastered during the implementation. This work includes the

study of energy saving system in many applications.

I am proud to express my delight as the project I embarked upon is successfully finished

within the target date .The project gave me more confidence that I will be able to put in practice,

whatever theoretical knowledge I gained during my course of study till now .If really persuade

me to do more and more perhaps in better way in my future. Automatic Low Power Emergency

Light with charger is issued at the time of mains failure with an additional facility of overcharge

protection.I take this opportunity to thank everyone who contributed directly or indirectly for

successful completion of project.