7.5 Detergent 7.6 Classification of surfactants 7.7 Functions of detergent

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS NORFADZILAH AMIRAH BT MUHAMAD DIAH D20101037487MARIAMAH BT AROND20101037477 NUR WAHIDAH BT SAMION D20101037525

1Subtopics:7.1 Raw material7.2 Manufacturing process7.3 Types of soap7.4 Hydrophobic and hydrophilic orientation7.5 Detergent7.6 Classification of surfactant7.7 Functions of detergentWhat is Soap ???

Soap is a cleansing agent created by the chemical reaction of a fatty acid with an alkalimetal hydroxide. Fat + 3 NaOH glycine + 3 Soap

It is asaltcomposed of an alkali metal, such assodiumor potassium, and a mixture of "fatty"carboxylic acid.

Prepared by saponification process.

Raw material : Fat and alkali

History of soap2800 BCA soap-like material found in clay cylinders during the excavation of ancient Babylon.1500 BCEgyption manuscripts describe a matter created by combining animal fats and vegetable oils to create a soap-like substance.200 ADThe very first allusion to soap making in literature occurred by famous Greek physician named Galen.600 ADSoap making guilds were formed and the modern formula for soap was created.900 ADSoap started to be produced commercially.1700-1800 AD

During the industrial revolution, soap began its production in factories and stopped being produced in home kitchen.CurrentlySoap is being produced in the same way as it was centuries ago after the industrial revolution.The Soap Manufacturing ProcessThe essence of soap production is the saponification reaction:

It is exothermic reaction.Progress quickly and efficiently around 125 C inside autoclave type reactor.

SOAP MANUFACTURESoap is produced industrially in four basic steps:

Saponification A mixture of tallow (animal fat) and coconut oil is mixed with sodium hydroxide and heated. The soap produced is the salt of a long chain carboxylic acid.

*Saponification - process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalies

Glycerine removal Glycerine is more valuable than soap, so most of it is removed. Some of it is left in the soap to help make it soft and smooth. Soap is not very soluble in salt water, whereas glycerine is, so salt is added to the wet soap causing it to separate out into soap and glycerine in salt water.

Soap purificationAny remaining sodium hydroxide is neutralized with a weak acid such as citric acid and two thirds of the remaining water removed.

SOAP MANUFACTUREFinishingAdditives such as preservatives, colour and perfume are added and mixed in with the soap and it is shaped into bars for sale.

SOAP MANUFACTURE

Most fats and oil used are tallow, coconut oil and palm kernel.Different oil produce soaps of varying hardness, odour and leathering.Pure soap is hard and easily oxidized, so various additives are added make more aesthetically pleasing product.First additive is glycerine produced in saponification reaction.Glycerine makes the soap smoother and softer than pure soap.The glycerine is extracted from the soap with lye.Lye a brine solution added to the soap at the saponification stage.Wet soap is soluble in weak brine, but separates out as the electrolyte increase. Glycerine highly soluble in brine. Wet soap thus has quite a low electrolyte concentration and is about 30% water. Remove glycerine need more electrolyte added causing the wet soap separate into layer: Crude soap and glycerine mixture known as spent lye, neutral lye or sweet water.

The soap still contains some salt, which itself functions as an additive, altering the viscosity and colour of the soap.Once the spent lye has been removed the soap is dried, chipped, mixed, with other additives such as perfumes and preservatives and then plodded, formed into tablets and packaged for sale.

7.3 TYPES OF SOAPS7.4 HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC ORIENTATION

HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC ORIENTATION

Soap ionises in water to produce free moving soap anions and cations.

Soap anions reduces the surface tension of water that increase wetting ability of water.

Hydrophilic part of soap anions remains the same in water and hydrophobic part dissolves and penetrates into the grease. By the movement of water during the scrubbing and rubbing, grease is loosened and lifted off the surface. The hydrophobic part of soap anions surround the grease, the grease is suspended in the water

micelles

The grease is dispersed into smaller droplet.The small droplets do not redeposit on the surface of cloth due to repulsion between negatives charges.The droplet are suspended in water, forming an emulsion.Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease droplets and the surface of the cloth is then cleaned.

DETERGENTS

7.5 Detergent 7.6 Classification of detergents 7.7 Functions of detergent

7.5DETERGENTSCleansing agentsDetergents may be used in hard water without the formation of scum. Mostly made up of petroleumAlso known as surfactants ;as they decrease the surface tension of water.

Detergents in our daily life

Dishliquid Soap Car washing liquid ToothpasteBody lotion Facial cleanser Washingpowder Shampoo

Common ingredients in detergentsSurfactantsPlasticizers & bindersLather enhancersWaterFragranceDyes and pigmentOther chemical substances

Structure of detergentAmphipatic moleculesHaving both hydrophilic (polar) and hydrphobic(non polar) regions

Soluble in water polar group form H-bond with water non-polar aggregate due to hydrophobic interaction

In aqueous solution;they form micelles (organized spherical structures which contain several detergent molecules)

Amphiphatic molecule

A detergent-micelleMicelles cleaning mechanism in detergents

7.6CLASSIFICATION OF DETERGENTS

Non-ionic AnionicCationic Amphotheric Main featuresIonic detergentsNon-ionic detergentsAmphoteric detergents Contain head group with a net charge. Either anionic(- charged) or cationic(+ charged). Neutralizing the charge on the head group Useful for dissociatingprotein-proteininteractions. Eg: bile acid, deoxycholic acid Uncharged hydrophilichead group. Better suited for breaking lipid-lipid and lipid-proteininteractions. Considered to be non-denaturants. Eg: octyl thioglucoside, maltoside Offer combinedproperties of ionicand non-ionicdetergents. Lack conductivityand electrophoreticmobility. Do not bind to ion exchange resins. Suited for breakingprotein-proteininteractions. Eg: CHAPS, CHAPSO

7.7FUNCTIONS OF DETERGENTSTo disrupt the bipolar lipid membrane of cells In order to release and solubilize membrane-bound proteins For the stabilization, crystallization, or denaturation of proteinsReduce surface tensionIncrease miscibility, Stabilization of emulsions

SOAP vs DETERGENTSSoapDetergent From natural materialWill form scum in hard waterFrom fat & vegetable oil Synthetic materialNo scum in hard waterFrom petroleum productQUIZ!!Soaps were originally made from:

A.proteinsB.animal fats and vegetable oilsC.chemicals extracted from the soilToday's soaps are synthesised from products including:A.plasticsB.sodium hydroxide and alcoholC.proteins and hydrochloric acidIn a school laboratory, soap is usually made from:A.vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide and some alcoholB.methylated spirits (also called denatured alcohol) and any acidC.acids and caustic sodaSoaps work because the "water-loving" end of the soap molecule attracts a water molecule and the "water-hating" end attracts:A.other soap moleculesB.water molecules alsoC.grease or dirt

The "water-loving" end of the soap molecule has a charge that is:A.positiveB.negativeC.either positive or negative Hard water contains a lot of calcium and:A.magnesium saltsB.sodium saltsC.potassium saltsThe type of water that produces the greatest lather of bubbles is:A. any type of waterB. hard waterC. soft water

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