CURRENTENGLISH

GRAMMARAND

USAGE

CURRENTENGLISH

GRAMMARAND

USAGE

S.M. GUPTA

Current English Grammar and Usage

CUrrEnt EnGlish Grammar and UsaGE

S.M. GuptaEmeritus Professor of English

Sobhasaria Group of Institutions Sikar, Rajasthan

Delhi-1100922013

Current english grammar and usageS.M. Gupta

© 2013 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

isBn-978-81-203-4743-4

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patjparganj, Delhi-110091.

Preface xvAcknowledgements xvii

1. Word Classes 1–53Introduction 1Word Classes Defined 1Exercise 1.1 3Nouns 4

Types of Nouns 4Exercise 1.2 6

More about Nouns 6Gender Distinctions 9Case 10Syntactic Features of Nouns 12

Exercise 1.3 12Pronouns 13

Uses of Pronouns 14Exercise 1.4 19Verbs 20

Syntactic Features of Verbs 23Types of Verbs 26

Exercise 1.5 29Exercise 1.6 30Adjectives 30

Types of Adjectives 34Ordering of Adjectives 37

Exercise 1.7 38Exercise 1.8 38Adverbs 39

Morphological Characteristics of Adverbs 39Adverbs vs Adjectives 41Types of Adverbs 41

Contents

v

vi Contents

Exercise 1.9 43Prepositions 44

Types of Prepositions 44Conjunctions 46Interjections 48Exercise 1.10 49Exercise 1.11 50Conclusion 50

2. Phrases 54–70Introduction 54What is a Phrase? 54Noun Phrases 55

Functions of NPs 56Constituents of NP 56

Exercise 2.1 59Verb Phrases 59Exercise 2.2 61Exercise 2.3 61

Operator in the Verb Phrase 61Exercise 2.4 62Adjective Phrases or Adjectival Phrases 62Exercise 2.5 64Prepositional Phrases 64Adverb Phrases 66Onion Like Structure of Language 66Exercise 2.6 67

3. the sentence: different types 71–79Introduction 71Exercise 3.1 72Questions 73Exercise 3.2 75Exercise 3.3 76Imperatives 76Exclamations 77Fragments 77Exercise 3.4 77

4. sentence Patterns 80–93Sentence Pattern Defined 80Elements Defined 80Verb 82Object 83

Complement 83

Contents vii

Adverbials 84Basic Sentence Patterns 85Some Untypical Sentence Patterns 88

Extraposition 88Cleft Sentences 89

Exercise 4.1 90Exercise 4.2 91

5. Compound and Complex sentences 94–138 (Including Infinitival, Gerundial and Participial Constructions)Introduction 94Complex Sentences 97

Participial Constructions 99Infinitival Constructions 99Gerundial Constructions 100

Exercise 5.1 101Complex Sentences 101

Noun Clauses in Different Positions 102Subordinating Conjunctions 104Similarity between Noun Clauses and Non-finite Constructions 104Verbal Nouns or Gerunds 105Exercise 5.2 106Exercise 5.3 107Adjective Clauses 108

Two Types of Relative Clauses 111Participle Clauses are Reduced Relative Clauses 112

Exercise 5.4 113Adverbial Clauses 114

Adverbial Clauses of Time 115Adverbial Clauses of Place 115

Exercise 5.5 115Adverbial Clauses of Reason 116Adverbial Clause of Result 116

Exercise 5.6 117Exercise 5.7 118

Adverb Clause of Concession 118Adverb Clauses of Condition 119Adverb Clause of Purpose 121Adverb Clause of Manner 122

Exercise 5.8 122Compound Sentences 123

More about Coordination 124Conjunctive Adverbs 125Correlative Conjunctions 125

viii Contents

Conclusion 126Exercise 5.9 126Exercise 5.10 127Exercise 5.11 127List of Verbs Followed by Complement Clauses 127

6. Conditional sentences 139–147Introduction 139Open Condition 139Improbable/Rejected Condition 140Unfulfilled Condition 141Tips for Solving the Questions 142Exercise 6.1 142Exercise 6.2 143Exercise 6.3 143

7. indirect speech 148–160Introduction 148Distinctions between Direct and Indirect Speech 148

Reporting of Statements and Exclamations 148Exercise 7.1 152Exercise 7.2 153Reporting of Questions and Imperatives 153Reporting of Orders and Requests 154Exercise 7.3 154Exercise 7.4 155

8. the Uses of articles 161–174Introduction 161Relationship between the Types of Nouns and Articles 161Uses of the Indefinite Articles 163

Classifying and Describing Function of a and an 163Other Uses of a and an 163

Uses of the Definite Article 164Uses of Zero Article and Some 168Conclusion 170Exercise 8.1 171Exercise 8.2 172Exercise 8.3 172

9. determiners 175–192Introduction 175What is a Determiner 175Exercise 9.1 176Classification of Determiners 177

Contents ix

Exercise 9.2 179Characteristics of Determiners 179Exercise 9.3 182Uses of Determiners 183Exercise 9.4 184Exercise 9.5 185Exercise 9.6 187Exercise 9.7 187Exercise 9.8 188Exercise 9.9 189

10. Prepositions 193–204Introduction 193Prepositions of Time 194Exercise 10.1 196Prepositions of Place 196Exercise 10.2 197Prepositions of Direction and Location 198Exercise 10.3 199Prepositions in Fixed Phrases 199Exercise 10.4 200Verbs and Adjectives Followed by Prepositions 201Exercise 10.5 201Exercise 10.6 202

11. tenses 205–231Introduction 205Simple Present Tense 205

Form of Simple Present Tense 205Uses 205Adverbials Used 206

Present Continuous 206Forms in Present Continuous 206Uses 206Adverbials Used 207

Exercise 11.1 208Present Perfect vs Simple Past 209

Form 209Uses 209Adverbials Used 210

Simple Past Tense 210Form 211Uses 211Adverbials Used 212Difference between Simple Past and Present Perfect 212

Exercise 11.2 213

Current English Grammar And Usage

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120347434 Author : S M Gupta

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