ct2 compressor magazine may-2010

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May 2010

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PUBLICATION STAFFCTTwo Founder .........................Joseph M. KaneEditor and Publisher ..........D. Phillip BurnsideAssociate Publisher ..............Roberto ChelliniManaging Editor ......................Brent D. HaightSenior Editor ...................Michael J. BrezonickRegional Manager/Editor ...........Ian CameronFeature Editor.........................Dawn M. GeskeAssociate Editor.................Amanda M. KlempAssociate Editor ..........................Kyle KopplinField Editor/Business Manager .......................Bo Svensson

Advertising Manager ..........Christa L. JohnsonProduction Manager ..............Marisa J. RobertsGraphic Artist ........................Brenda L. BurbachGraphic Artist .............................Carla D. LemkeGraphic Artist............................Amanda J. RyanGraphic Artist ................................Alyssa LoopeCopy Editor............................Melissa C. McNultyCirculation Manager ..................Sheila Lizdas

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Chairman of the Board............Russell PalmerPresident ............................Michael J. OsengaSenior Vice President ........Michael J. Brezonick

We’ve moved past the worst — sowe hope. The stock market, while stillwaffling, seems to be moving up as atrend. It’s now flirting with the magicpivot point of 11,000 on the DowIndustrial Index. This is good newsfor those depending on their 401Ksfor their retirement nest eggs.

We last reported a move past the11,000 mark in January of 2006. Atthat time, we were just coming off avery favorable 2005. However, econ-omists already were raising flags re-garding sustainability. To them, itseemed a bit overheated. No onehad an inkling of a housing bubbleor a subprime disaster as an under-lying cause.

Though durable goods have reactedto a somewhat modest demand, theU.S. public is concerned about growthsustainability. If we are going to makethe stuff, someone first has to purchaseit on a regular basis. Taking the pulse ofthe buying public has to be a marketingnightmare. Consumers are spendingmore, factories are producing more,but, layoffs have not tapered off as fastas expected. Until we see some stabilityin the buying public, growth will re-main less than what we had hoped.

The job market looked to be re-bounding, with some 162,000 jobsadded during the month of March, onlyto run into a 24,000 jump in applica-tions for unemployment benefits duringthe week ending April 10. Estimates are that about 17% of working-ageAmericans remain unemployed or un-deremployed. The question is asked,“Can the economy show much vigor ifthe unemployment rate remains at

Volume - XV: Issue - IV

9.7%?” The risk of a “double-dip” re-cession hovers over us like a densecloud. One ray of light is that the oddsof that happening are much less thanat the start of the recovery. Why do wenot see more hiring when factory out-put surged by 0.9% a month ago? Oneanswer is that workers’ productivitygrew 3.8% during 2009 — the fastestpace in seven years.

A “Heard on the Street” column inThe Wall Street Journal reported on arecent deal in the oil and gas industry.It goes like this:

“When they aren’t fending off kill-joy regulators or rabid bank execu-tives, short sellers contend with peskystock buyouts. Right now, they haveproblems in the oil and gas explo-ration and production sector.

“The reason is a surge in mergersand acquisitions. A week or so ago,Mariner Energy was to brief analystson its strategy but instead surprisedinvestors by announcing it would sellitself to Apache Corp. for $2.7 billion.Mariner’s stock shot up 42%.

“Roughly $65.5 billion of E&P dealshave been announced since October,according to Dealogic, more than inthe previous 13 quarters combined.

“Conditions are favorable for furtherconsolidation. Stock markets are ac-commodatingly buoyant. The combi-nation of low gas prices and high oilprices has exposed both the strains onsome smaller companies’ balancesheets and made a move toward oilreserves desirable. The latest deal willenable Apache’s bigger balance sheetto finance development of Mariner’sdeepwater Gulf of Mexico oil pros-pects. Short sellers in the sectorshould be losing sleep.”

Though a lot of gloom exists in theworld today, we always need to holdout hope for better times. History tellsus that. The economy is moving for-ward, even though slowly. We in-evitably will reach another pivotpoint; a break in the employment bar-rier will burst. Hopefully, in spite ofeconomists’ doubts, this will occur yetthis year. In the meantime, may theLord continue to hold you in the hol-low of His hand. A

4 COMPRESSORTechTwo

Joe Kane

MEMBER OF BPA WORLDWIDE®PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

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Can We Justify Our Angst?

CT477.qxp 4/19/10 4:47 PM Page 1

mailto:[email protected]

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■ Volume XV: Issue IV ................................................................................4

■ Global Perspective — Is GTL a Viable Alternative to LNG? ..........................8

■ Market Talk — EIA to Change Production Estimation Protocol ..................10

■ LNG Regasification on Offshore Floating Terminals ................................12

■ ASI Medium-Voltage Variable Frequency Drives ......................................14

■ Atlas Energy, Reliance Industries Join Forces..........................................18

■ Konecranes Inspects Critical Components ..............................................22

■ Sentinel II Target — Peace of Mind ........................................................26

■ Marine Applications for LNG Regasification Systems ..............................34

■ Keeping Cool and Safe ..........................................................................38

■ TECHCorner — Torsional Behavior of Complex Compressor Trains ............42

■ Gas Reinjection Modules Onboard an FPSO Surpass 60,000 Service Hours ............................................................................52

■ Companies Recognized for Midstream Safety Statistics ..........................54

■ Valerus Announces New Executive Team Members..................................56

■ Handling of Boil-Off Gas in Large LNG Plants ..........................................58

■ New, Advanced Products from Altronic ..................................................62

■ A Different Grain of RICE........................................................................64

■ Is Venezuela Becoming a Natural Gas Player in Latin America? ..............74

■ About the Business — Power Ignition and Controls … Stoddard … SPX Hydraulic Technologies … Tension Systems Ltd. … Pump Users Symposium … Turbomachinery Symposium …Offshore Middle East Conf. & Expo … Laurence Reid Gas Conditioning Conf. … Apache Corp. … Mariner Energy ......................................................................................80

■ Dateline ................................................................................................11

■ Industry News........................................................................................23

■ Recent Orders ......................................................................................36

■ Featured Products ................................................................................67

■ Scheduled Downtime..............................................................................70

■ Literature Library ..................................................................................71

■ Advertisers’ Index ..................................................................................72

■ Marketplace ..........................................................................................73

p. 12

p. 34

MAY 2010

p. 58

p. 62

MAY 2010 6 COMPRESSORTechTwo

COMPRESSORTechTwo(ISSN 1085-2468) Volume 15, No. 4 — Published 10 issues/year (January-February, March, April, May, June, July,

August-September, October, November, December) by Diesel & Gas Turbine Publications, 20855 Watertown Road, Waukesha, WI 53186-

1873, U.S.A. Subscription rates are $75.00 per year/$10.00 per copy worldwide. Periodicals postage paid at Waukesha, WI 53186 and at

additional mailing offices. Copyright 2010 DIESEL & GAS TURBINE PUBLICATIONS.

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CT May TOC.qxp 4/21/10 1:51 PM Page 1



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Shell recently announced that thecompany’s Pearl gas-to-liquids (GTL)project in Ras Laffan, Qatar, couldgenerate US$6 billion a year in profit.The Pearl GTL project, which is dueon-stream in 2011, has seen its con-struction costs balloon from an initial$5 billion to $19 billion. The latest an-nouncement helps to clarify how Shellexpects to recoup this outlay.

According to Shell officials, the an-nual profit of $6 billion is based on anoil price of $70 per barrel (bbl) andoperating costs of around $6/bbl. ThePearl plant is now expected to startgas processing in late 2010 and beginfuel deliveries in early 2011.

Following the start-up of deliveriesfrom Pearl and a planned increase inoutput at the QatarGas liquefied nat-ural gas (LNG) project, Shell’s opera-tions in Qatar could account for asmuch as 10% of the company’s totalhydrocarbons production.

When complete, the plant is ex-pected to be the largest in the world,with production levels of 120,000bbl/d of natural gas liquids (NGLs)and ethane and 140,000 bbl/d of ultra-clean diesel, naphtha and other GTLproducts. The project has been de-layed several times from its originalcompletion date in late 2009. With thestart of deliveries now having beendelayed until 2011, when the facility islikely to operate at full capacity re-mains unclear. If the company is ableto make $6 billion a year in profitsfrom the facility, the huge construc-tion costs could be paid off relativelyquickly, perhaps within a five-yearperiod. As the profit estimates arebased on an oil price of $70/bbl, anyincrease in oil prices could lift theproject’s returns further.

The conversion of natural gas fromthe giant Qatar North Field to GTL isachieved through the Shell proprietaryGTL process first developed for theMalaysian plant of Bintulu. This plantwas started up in 1993 and was theworld’s first commercial GTL plant. Ithas the capacity to convert approxi-mately 106 Bcfd (3 x 106 m3/d) of nat-ural gas into some 14,700 bbl/d ofcleaner GTL products. Back in 2008,Shell set up an R&D center in Bintuluto develop the process further by ex-tending catalyst life and reducing re-lease of carbon dioxide.

The other plants producing GTL arebased on the Sasol process. The GTLis now jointly marketed in partnershipwith Chevron.

Three plants are presently in opera-tion with the Sasol process — two inSouth Africa and one again in Qatar.The Orky plant in Ras Laffan was firststarted in 2006, and only in March

2009 — reached an output of 29,000bbl/d very close to the design figureof 30,000 bbl/d. Also, in this case, theplant went through some unexpectedteething problems and exhibitedhigher project costs than anticipated.Sasol is hard at work to reduce capitaland operating costs. Developments in-clude a new catalyst for the FischerTropsch process, with higher conver-sion efficiency, doubling plant capac-ity (economy of scale) and considera-tion of the Air Products one-stage ionmembrane oxygen production andmethane partial oxidation process.

Both GTL processes presently onthe marketplace appear to still be inthe development stage. Shell andSasol are working to reduce invest-ment costs, increase productivity andminimize emissions.

LNG, however, can be considered amature process. Many changes havetaken place since its first introductionin the late 1960s. Now, only small ad-justments need to be introduced togain a competitive advantage.

At the present, GTL seems to beserving mostly local markets whereliquid hydrocarbons are in short sup-ply, and natural gas and coal can betransformed into clean fuel for trans-portation. Floating LNG versus float-ing GTL is still to be explored andcould be an interesting alternative.

The recent Shell announcement thatthe Pearl GTL plant is expecting to beprofitable in spite of the higher thanplanned investment is certainly verypromising for the future of GTL.

Rising oil prices (over $70/bbl) willmake the GTL solution even more at-tractive. However, LNG and GTL, inthe long run, will finally cover twodifferent market segments. A


Roberto Chellini

IS GTL A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO LNG?Solving Problems Seems to be a Constant in the Development of New Industrial Processes

By Roberto Chellini, Associate Publisher

CT454.qxp 4/21/10 9:58 AM Page 1

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The withdrawal season hascome to a close for the winter of2009-2010 and considering the waythe season started, with an overageof 409 Bcf (11.6 x 109 m3), or 10%,over the five-year average, the in-dustry exited the season with only1638 Bcf (46.4 x 109 m3) in storage.While this remained 160 Bcf (4.5 x109 m3) over the five-year average, itwas actually less than what was instorage last year at this time by 16Bcf (453 x 106 m3). While this wasexcellent news for the industry, themarket remains cautious as it at-tempts to comprehend the implica-tions of new supply sources and thestrength and impact of a recoveringU.S. economy.

Recent news from EIA could alsohave a profound impact on themarket, too. The U.S. EnergyInformation Agency (EIA) indicated ina recent Wall Street Journal articlethat it would be making a revision totheir natural gas production data afterfinding that it has been overstatingoutput. Production data is collectedby EIA using Form 914, which surveyslarger producers. This data is then ex-trapolated across the industry to es-tablish an estimated monthly produc-tion total. One of the underlyingissues is that it doesn’t capture thevariation in production from smallerproducers. The changes the EIA isplanning could lead to a downwardrevision of the nation’s natural gasproduction figures.

According to EIA, these changeswill involve new sampling and es-timation processes designed to sim-plify calculations and make use of themost recent reliable information avail-able from the states. According to EIA,the new protocol will introduce threemain changes:

Monthly Sample — Moving for-ward, the sample will be updated

every month using information that ismore recent.

Estimation — Estimation of produc-tion of nonsampled companies will usedata that is six to 18 months old (ratherthan the previous practice that useddata that was two to seven years old).

Timing — Calibration will be up-dated monthly rather than annually.

How the market will respond whenrevised data is provided is yet to beseen, but if findings lead to lower pro-duction numbers it could relieve someof the pressure on the market andcould potentially lead to an upwardmovement on prices going forward.

It is likely, though, that even if pro-duction output estimates are re-vised downward, the market willremain cautious. In part, that will re-

sult from a perception that the in-creased drilling we are currently seeingin the U.S. will lead to new productionand result in an oversupplied marketas demand for natural gas remainsmuted. Currently, consumption num-bers are rebounding, but a clear paceand evidence of sustainability will beneeded to ensure that the financialmarket has turned the corner.

As previously indicated (April 2010COMPRESSORTechTwo), drilling activitiescontinue to rise. As of April 1, BakerHughes reported that there were 949rigs drilling for natural gas in theUnited States. This is an increase of al-most 200 rigs from the first of this year.

At the same time, future prices re-main under pressure with the 12-month strip at US$4.75 (at the time ofthis writing), down from the previousmonth of $5.18. Future prices alsobriefly dipped below $4 as contractsclosed out for the month. Spot pricesat Henry Hub have been running be-low $4 as the industry exited thewithdrawal season and weather that ismore seasonal has settled in over theUnited States.

While generally the economic newshas been positive, lingering concernabout unemployment numberscontinues to weigh on the market.Generally, experts predict that unem-ployment will probably remain highfor the foreseeable future. An ex-tended period of high unemploymentnumbers could undermine a long-term recovery.

I am hopeful that next month willprovide some clarity regardingEIA’s production estimating modi-fications and a better sense of howthe market will interpret those revi-sions. At that time, we may be able tobetter understand their likely impacton future prices.

I look forward to visiting with youthen. A

EIA TO CHANGE PRODUCTION ESTIMATION PROTOCOLWithdrawal Season Demands Help Reduce Storage Surplus

By Harold Lampe


Harold LampeHarold Lampe is principal of

Energy Research Services of Tulsa,Oklahoma, U.S.A., which provides arange of marketing services for theenergy industry. He can be reached [email protected].

CT458.qxp 4/21/10 10:02 AM Page 1



*May 3-6, Offshore Technology

Conference - Reliant Center at Reliant

Park, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.; Tel: (972)

952-9494; Fax: (972) 952-9435

*May 11-13, Eastern Gas

Compression Roundtable - Robert

Morris University, Moon Township,

Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; Tel: (304) 293-

3745/(304) 293-3745; Fax: (304) 293-6751

*May 12-13, Four Corners Oil &

Gas Conference - McGee Park,

Farmington, New Mexico, U.S.A.;

Tel: (505) 325-0279; Fax: (505) 327-7556

*May 18-20, Sensor+Test 2010 - Int’l

Trade Fair for Sensorics, Measuring and

Testing Technology Nuernberg Messe,

Nuremberg, Germany; Tel: +49 5033

9639-0; Fax: +49 5033 1056

*June 1-4, AchemAsia - 8th International

Exhibition-Congress on Chemical

Engineering and Biotechnology, Beijing,

People’s Republic of China; Tel: +49 69

7564-423; Fax: +49 69 7564 450

June 1-4, Caspian Oil & Gas 2010 -

17th Int’l Caspian Oil & Gas Exhibition &

Conference Incorporating Refining and

Petrochemicals, Hyatt Meeting and

Conference Centre, Baku, Azerbaijan; Tel:

+44 207 596 5000; Fax: +44 207 596 5106

June 7-9, Sensors Expo & Conference

- Donald E. Stephens Convention

Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.; Tel:

(888) 219-8300; Fax: (617) 219-8310

*June 8-10, Global Petroleum Show -

Calgary Stampede Park, Calgary,

Alberta, Canada; Tel: (403) 209-3562;

Fax: (403) 245-8649

*June 9-10, Energy Exposition -

Cam-Plex Convention, Gil lette,

Wyoming, U.S.A.; Tel: (307) 234-1868;

Fax: (307) 234-1868

*June 14-18, ASME Turbo Expo -

Scott ish Exhibit ion & Conference

Centre, Glasgow, Scotland; Tel: (404)

847-0072; Fax: (404) 847-0151

June 21-25, Neftegaz 2010 -

Expocentre, Moscow, Russia; Tel: 0812

320 6363; Fax: 0812 320 8090

Aug. 24-27, ONS 2010 Exhibition and

Conference - Stavanger Forum,

Stavanger, Norway; Tel: +47 51 59 81

21; Fax: +47 51 55 10 15

Sept. 13-16, Rio Oil & Gas Expo andConference - Riocentro ConventionCenter, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, IBP; Tel:55 21 2112 9000; Fax: 55 21 2220 1596

*Sept 15-17, Wyoming Natural Gas Fair- Snow King Center, Jackson Hole,Wyoming, U.S.A.; Tel: (307) 234-7147:Fax: (307) 234-5306

Dateline

*Indicates shows and conferences in which COMPRESSORTechTwo is participating.

For a complete listing of upcoming events, please visit our website at www.compressortech2.com

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Exploiting gas fields in remote spotsaccounts for increased volumes of LNGfrom these fields, which are not other-wise connected to consumer areas. Itposes a problem of construction of im-port regasification terminals in popu-lated sites. For both safety and envi-ronmental reasons, authorization tobuild a regasification terminal onshoreis getting more and more difficult.

The latest trend is to bypass the ob-stacle by building regasification termi-nals offshore on artificial islands, bargesor Floating Storage and RegasificationUnits (FSRU-vessel). This trend can ap-ply to LNG carriers, which becomevery flexible because they are able todeliver cargo to any submerged buoyconnected to a mainland pipeline.

The French company Cryostar,which specializes in handling indus-trial gases at cryogenic temperatures,has developed and patented itsEcoVap modular system specifically

designed for the regasification processon LNG vessels. A 1 MW capacity pi-lot EcoVap-SW plant was recently pre-sented to potential customers andclassification societies at Cryostar’sHésingue, France, headquarters.

According to Bernard Mann, direc-tor, Process and Shipboard Line ofCryostar, the 1 MW size demonstra-tion plant was needed to allow mod-eling for a dynamic simulation of astandard 40 MW plant. The 1 MWwas selected to avoid distortion in thescaling-up process.

The EcoVap-SW system is designedto use seawater as a final heatingmedium. However, in the first genera-tion of regasification vessels, seawaterwas in direct contact with the verycold pipes of the heat exchanger thatcirculates the LNG. This could giverise to many concerns related tosafety, especially the risk of waterfreezing and leakage, which wouldthen contaminate and influence sea-water system availability.

Cryostar’s EcoVap system usespropane as intermediate fluid. Seawater transfers the heat to a propaneloop, which is kept within reasonabletemperature ranges. The propaneloop, in turn, transfers the heat to theLNG. In this process, propane is va-porized by the seawater and con-densed again by the LNG while theLNG is vaporized at low temperature.At this point, the cold natural gas isdirected through a second propaneloop, which raises it to the desiredtemperature before being delivered tothe pipeline. The heat exchangers areof semi-welded plate technologymade of titanium to ensure smoothoperation with seawater. The propaneis contained in a tank that fills the twoclosed loops where it is recirculatedwithout consumption.

LNG from the cryogenic tanks is fedto the EcoVap system at high pressure725 to 2029 psi (50 to 140 bar) by spe-cial booster pumps (RVP) also designedby Cryostar. This pump is based on aproven design, but specially adaptedfor offshore application. The RVP is aClass-Approved, vertical, multistage,centrifugal pump designed for deck-mounted operation. It is driven by a

LNG REGASIFICATION ON OFFSHOREFLOATING TERMINALS

Cryostar’s EcoVap Modular System Designed for Regasification on LNG Vessels

By Roberto Chellini

Computer rendering of Cryostar’s EcoVap system. The system uses propane as intermediatefluid. Sea water transfers the heat to a propane loop, which is kept within reasonable tempera-ture ranges.


The complete EcoVap testing installation at the Cryostar site of Hésingue, France. From the left:cryogenic nitrogen storage tank, high-pressure pump and 1 MW EcoVap module.

CT456.qxp 4/21/10 10:05 AM Page 1

standard electric motor. The number ofstages (up to 14) enclosed in the barreldepends on the pressure selected tomatch the pipeline pressure down-stream of the vaporization process.

A deck-mounted pump is easier tomaintain when compared to an LNGsubmerged pump. Motor bearings of asubmerged pump are lubricated byLNG and have to be serviced every8000 hours, while the bearings of astandard motor need service after40,000 hours. Maintenance operationsare also easier. While a submergedpump rotor has to be removed com-pletely from the barrel and then dis-mantled, only the motor of an RVPpump has to be pulled down whilethe impeller shaft, which has no wear-ing points, remains in the barrel.

These pumps are fed, at low pres-sure around 73 psi (5 bar), by the sub-merged pump inside the cryogenictank. While this pump features thesuction nozzle at the lower end andthe discharge at the motor end in theRVP, the flow direction has been re-versed in order to keep the dry gasseals (API approved) working on thelow-pressure side.

A typical booster pump module isequipped with two 50% pumps havinga total operating range of 725 to 2029psi (50 to 140 bar) discharge pressure,with a flow range of 4238 to 17,657 cfh(120 to 500 m3/h). Pressures and flowscan be adjusted to customer specifica-tions. An arrangement with two boosterpumps per skid usually enables an op-eration range from 10 to 100% of de-

sign rating. More than one skid may berequired to match the plant output.

The simulation test of the 1 MW pi-lot plant was accomplished with liquidnitrogen simulating LNG in the gasloop, while the two propane loopswere actually filled with propane gasout of a 883 cu.ft. (25 m3) tank.Among the guests invited to witnessthe pilot plant test were representa-tives of GDF-Suez, presumably thefirst customer of the EcoVap-SW forthe Triton project and Bureau Veritas.The pilot plant test was mandatory tobe qualified for the Triton project.

Cryostar’s EcoVap-SW main featuresare: high reliability and maintainability;excellent range ability because of thepump configuration; modular construc-tion for easy scaling; skid design forversatile installation; manufactured from

proven components; reliable and versa-tile pumps; and in-house cryogenicprocess and equipment knowledge.

The Triton LNG Project In May 2008, Gaz de France (GDF-

Suez following merger in July) andHöegh LNG AS signed a joint de-velopment agreement related to thedesign, construction supervision andoperation of a FSRU through a 50/50joint venture. The FSRU will serve theTriton offshore LNG terminal, devel-oped by GDF-Suez in the Adriatic Seaabout 20 mi. (34 km) off the Italianshore in the Marche Region.

The FSRU with LNG storage capacityof about 6.0 MMcf (170,000 m3), willbe moored to a submerged buoy andpipeline system receiving LNG fromconventional LNG carriers and supply-ing natural gas to the Italian energymarket through a subsea pipeline. Thebase load regasification capacity willbe 177 Bcf (5 x 109 m3) per year,which can be increased to 354 Bcf (10x 109 m3) per year with a second FSRUvessel. The FSRU vessel will be leasedfrom GDF-Suez to the Joint Ventureand operated by Höegh LNG on behalfof the joint venture.

The technologies applied in theFSRU vessel and in the ship-to-shipLNG transfer will be selected in orderto represent the safest and most cost-efficient solution with a minimal effecton the environment. Such a conceptis particularly well adapted to meetingthe growing gas needs and the strin-gent environmental requirements ofItaly. It will put Italy in the forefrontof new technological developments inLNG regasification.

The studies related to the permittingand development of the Triton offshoreLNG terminal are already well ad-vanced. The final investment decisionis expected by end of 2010. A


SEE DIRECTLINK ATWWW.COMPRESSORTECH2.COM

EcoVap demonstrationmodule. The 1 MW capac-ity plant is a scaled-downrepresentative of the ac-tual plant.

Detail of the upper section of the EcoVap demonstration module.

CT456.qxp 4/19/10 2:12 PM Page 2


Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali (ASI) hasbeen developing power controls forover 110 years. In the early 1990s, theItalian company pioneered high-speedtechnology for gas compression appli-cations, developments which led to thepresent power electronic solutions forhigh-power, high-speed applications.

ASI said that its medium-voltage(MV) drives are designed to improvethe overall flexibility and efficiency ofthe plant — achieving significant, long-term cost savings and emission contain-ment by reducing energy consumption.They feature a user-friendly interface,high reliability, optimum power quality,near to unit power factor and morethan 98% drive efficiency. The com-pany maintains complete capabilitiesmanufacturing both the drives and theelectric motors in-house.

The power conversion system canbe configured up to 100 MW basedon standard drive technology. Thecompany’s product range comprisestwo different power systems: the TNand GN series, which the companyengineered for regenerative operation

and demanding performance applica-tions, and the TH and NH series,which are designed for retrofitting toimprove efficiency and reduce envi-ronmental impact.

ASI said that MV drives use a state-of-the-art control system that allowsfull control of the entire process andenhances overall plant efficiency. Thatcommon control platform is based on

a high-performance 32-bit CPU fordistributed control and processing.The control system supports a widevariety of built-in standard communi-cation protocols for seamless integra-tion into the customer’s plant automa-tion platform.

Standard power modules are usedto provide the correct power solutionfor a given application. Users can se-lect a 12-pulse, 24-pulse or 36-pulseincoming diode rectifier (DFE). The Nseries drives can also be configuredfor active front-end (AFE) operation.By placing standard modules in paral-lel, it is easy to configure the drive tomatch specific power needs.

All drives can cooled by air orwater. The forced air cooling systemis applied in low-power applica-tions in which the amount of heatto be dissipated is low. For high-power applications (or dusty, pol-luted environments), the water-cooled system is preferred becauseit significantly reduces ventilationand air condit ioning costs . Theclosed-loop water cooling systemalso keeps the inside of the drivefree from harmful agents.

ASI equips its drives with a numberof auxiliaries such as switchgears,transformers and harmonic filters.Normally ASI drives do not requireharmonic filters, however, filters canbe provided for particularly weak net-works posing the risk of disturbance.The TH drives feature an intrinsicallyintegrated transformer. ASI’s other drives can be equipped with inte-grated or separate transformers tomeet plant requirements.

The company said its intuitive hu-man machine interface (HMI) is highlyversatile and permits the user to per-sonalize the drive settings and controlsat the touch of a finger through thefront panel-mounted touchscreen.

This control system provides cus-tomized reports that can be easily

ASI MEDIUM-VOLTAGE VARIABLEFREQUENCY DRIVES

Compressors can be Driven by Variable Speed Motors up to 100 MW Thanks to Power Electronics

By Roberto Chellini

Silcovert TH is a NeutralPoint Clamped VoltageSource Drive with IGBTpower devices, air coolingand a more efficient andprecise control for inductionand synchronous motors. Hseries drives (TH/NH) arecompatible with existingmotor systems, regardlessof brand or age.


Silcovert NH is a NeutralPoint Clamped VoltageSource Drive with IGBTpower devices and amore efficient and pre-cise control for inductionand synchronous mo-tors. Its water coolingmethod enables high out-put power ranges.

continued on page 16

CT470.qxp 4/19/10 4:44 PM Page 1

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R

ments for current and voltage har-monic distortion as defined by IECand NEMA standards.

The harmonic content motor-sideis also extremely low thanks to thespecial pulse width modulation(PWM) control that eliminates the

current harmonics without increasingthe drive’s complexity.

The reliability of ASI MV drives is en-hanced by the low number of compo-nents (most of them available off-the-shelf) and their modular construction.Those characteristics increase equip-ment life by leading to reduced repairand maintenance costs. The sophisti-cated algorithms of the torque andspeed control eliminate current peaksand produce very low torque ripple onthe motor shaft, thus reducing stress onmechanical and electric components.

According to ASI, experience hasshown that mean time between fail-ures (MTBF) for their variable fre-quency drives can be set at 60,000working hours. A


integrated into existing production re-ports. The software package includesfull-diagnostics capability, and con-verter data can be consulted on thedrive or sent to a master control orsupervision system. This control sys-tem can be configured to support asingle I/O point to hundreds of digi-tal, analog, sequence of events,and/or pulse accumulator I/O points,data trending, historic tracking, alarmprocessing, etc.

Frequency converters are knownfor their tendency to generate volt-age and current harmonics, but ASIsaid its MV drives ensure excellentpower factor line-side in every situa-tion due to the full wave rectificationusing multiphase diode operation.Their very low harmonic contentmeets the most stringent require-

Silcovert TN is a Neutral PointClamped Voltage Source Drivewith IGBT power devices anddigital control for high-per-formance variable speed dri-ves for induction motors. ThePWM technique with highswitching frequency allows analmost sinusoidal motor cur-rent with low total losses andripple-free torque. Diode FrontEnd and Active Front Endconfigurations are available.

Silcovert GN is a Neutral PointClamped Voltage Source Drivewith IGCT power devices andfields-oriented control technol-ogy for synchronous and in-duction motors. Its three-leveltopology with Active FrontEnd configuration achievesnear-unity efficiency, near-unity power factor, minimumtorque ripple and low har-monic content, both on theline and on the motor side.

CT470.qxp 4/19/10 4:46 PM Page 2



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Atlas Energy Inc. (Atlas) has enteredinto a joint venture transaction with awholly owned affiliate of RelianceIndustries Ltd. (Reliance), a global en-ergy firm that is the largest private sec-tor company in India. The deal hasAtlas transferring an interest in itsMarcellus Shale position equal to120,000 net acres (48,600 ha) in a trans-action valued at US$1.7 billion. Re-liance will pay approximately $340 mil-lion in cash upon closing and anadditional $1.36 billion in the form of adrilling carry. Atlas will serve as the de-velopment operator for the joint ven-ture. Reliance will have the option tooperate in certain project areas in thecoming years outside of Atlas’ core op-erating areas of Fayette, Greene, Wash-ington and Westmoreland Counties insouthwestern Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Reliance will acquire a 40% undi-vided interest in approximately 300,000net acres (121,000 ha) of undevelopedleasehold held by Atlas, and Atlas willretain a 60% undivided interest in theacreage. In addition to funding its own40% of drilling obligations, Reliancehas agreed to fund 75% of Atlas’ re-spective portion of drilling and com-pletion costs until the $1.36 billiondrilling carry is fully utilized. Atlas hasfive and one-half years to utilize thedrilling carry, subject to a two-year ex-

tension under certain conditions. Thecompanies have agreed upon a five-year development plan that calls forthe drilling of 45 horizontal MarcellusShale wells for the joint venture duringthe remainder of 2010, increasing to108 wells in 2011, 178 wells in 2012,and 300 wells in 2013 and 2014.

Atlas will act as the sole leasingagent for the joint venture in the areaof mutual interest (“AMI”). In the nearfuture, Atlas and Reliance expect toconsiderably grow the joint venture’sMarcellus Shale leasehold positionwithin the AMI. Reliance will have theoption to acquire a 40% share of suchnew acreage under terms comparableto those agreed to by Atlas, with eachparty paying its proportionate share ofacquisition costs.

In addition, if Atlas decides to sellall or part of the 280,000 additionalAppalachian acres (113,000 ha) cur-rently controlled by it, but excludedfrom the joint venture and not in-cluded in the AMI, Atlas has grantedReliance a right to purchase suchacreage at a price of $8,000 per acre($3240/ha). Reliance also receives aright of first offer with respect to po-tential future sales of this acreage byAtlas at lower prices. The acreage islocated predominantly in Mercer,Crawford and other Pennsylvania

counties not currently included inAtlas’ core Marcellus area of south-western Pennsylvania.

“We are excited by this opportunityto partner with Reliance, one of theworld’s largest vertically integrated en-ergy companies, and one that hasdemonstrated exceptional capabilityin all aspects of the energy business.We believe that this joint venture willgreatly increase the value of Atlas’business,” said Edward E. Cohen,chairman and chief executive officerof Atlas Energy.

“This transaction will enable us to ac-celerate sharply our development of theMarcellus while further reducing our al-ready low finding and developmentcosts, and our capital structure will im-mediately benefit from reduced lever-age and enhanced liquidity,” he said.“As a result of this joint venture, we an-ticipate creating a significant number ofnew, well-paying Pennsylvania jobs.Pennsylvania will also benefit from ourstrong commitment to the highest envi-ronmental and safety standards.”

The purchase and sale is subject tocertain closing conditions, includingthe consent of participating lenders un-der Atlas’ senior secured credit facility.

Reliance Industries Ltd. is an India-based industrial enterprise that ranksamong the largest refiners and petro-chemical producers in the world. Itsrecent market capitalization was over$78 billion, with current productionof almost 3 Bcfed (85 x 106 m3/day)of oil and gas production from itsE&P operations.

Atlas Energy Inc. is a large indepen-dent natural gas producer in theAppalachia and Michigan Basins andin the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania.Atlas reports that it is also the coun-try’s largest sponsor and manager oftax-advantaged energy investmentpartnerships.

Atlas also owns 1.1 million com-mon units in Atlas Pipeline PartnersL.P. and a 64% interest in AtlasPipeline Holdings L.P., a limited part-nership that owns the general partnerinterest of APL.

Atlas Pipeline Partners L.P. is activein the gathering and processing seg-ments of the midstream natural gas in-dustry. In the Midcontinent region inOklahoma and Texas, U.S.A., APLowns and operates eight active gasprocessing plants and a treating facil-ity, as well as approximately 10,300mi. (16,600 km) of active intrastategas gathering pipeline. In Appalachia,APL is a 49% joint venture partnerwith The Williams Companies inLaurel Mountain Midstream LLC. A

ATLAS ENERGY, RELIANCE INDUSTRIESJOIN FORCES

US$1.7 Billion Venture in Marcellus Shale

Atlas Energy Inc. is a large independent natural gas producer with U.S. holdings in theAppalachia and Michigan Basins and in the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania.



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Konecranes, a familiar name in theworld of overhead cranes and otherlifting equipment, offers its CriticalComponent Assessment (CCA), an ad-vanced inspection process utilizingnondestructive technology (NDT).CCA enables inspectors to identify andevaluate defects and deficiencies incritical load-bearing and safety-relatedoverhead lifting components not nor-mally discovered during routine in-spection. According to Konecranes, itsCCA produces a meaningful and con-sistent condition assessment, which al-lows customers to determine the relia-bility of their equipment.

Undetected defects and deficienciesin critical components can lead to cat-astrophic failure. Most compliance andpreventive maintenance inspectionsrely on visual observations and meas-urements, despite the fact that manydefects and deficiencies cannot beidentified with the naked eye.Konecranes said that the in-depth as-sessment possible with the CCAreaches beyond what is possible withvisual observations and measurements.

Experienced, certified inspectors ef-ficiently perform CCA inspections us-

ing proven proprietary methods suchas thermal imaging and electromag-netic-inductive technology to assessthe condition of critical components.Those components can include itemssuch as internal wires, strands andwire rope core; the mechanical cou-pling between hoist motor and gear-box; motor winding insulation; gear-box and mechanical load brakes; andmechanical components.

A complete bottom block hook in-spection using NDT can also be con-ducted to check for cumulative fatiguethat could lead to hook failure.

To provide maximum flexibility, thecompany said that various elements ofthe CCA can be applied individuallyor grouped in the most appropriatecombination to suit a customer’s par-ticular application. These elements fo-cus on critical areas of crane opera-tion and include an overall craneinspection and analysis, an evaluationof the operating environment, a keycomponents analysis and a mainte-nance and reliability study.

The CCA results summarize the cur-rent condition of the equipment in-cluding its current operating capacity

Undetected defects anddeficiencies in criticalcomponents can lead tocatastrophic failure. TheCCA is an in-depth as-sessment that goes be-yond visual observationsand measurements.


and the extent of its usability. Thiscomprehensive report allows cus-tomers to make informed decisions onhow to maximize the service life anduse of equipment, prioritize mainte-nance schedules and forecast mainte-nance expenses. No matter what thefindings, Konecranes can provide cus-tomers with the required repairs, re-placement parts and training to ensuresafe equipment operation. Konecranestechnicians can also provide customerswith engineered solutions to maximizeproductivity while minimizing down-time and total life-cycle costs.

Konecranes is a group of liftingbusinesses that serve serving a broadrange of customers, including manu-facturing and process industries,shipyards, ports and terminals. Kone-cranes provides productivity-enhanc-ing lifting solutions as well as serv-ices for lift ing equipment andmachine tools of all makes. Thegroup has 9800 employees, at morethan 545 locations in 43 countries, in-cluding 100 service branches inNorth America. A


KONECRANES INSPECTS CRITICAL COMPONENTS

In-Depth NDT Inspection and Assessment of Load-Bearing and Safety-Related Overhead Lifting Components

CT459.qxp 4/20/10 3:05 PM Page 1


Champion Laboratories Inc.Filtration manufacturer Champion Lab-

oratories Inc. has been listed at Number11 in Quality Magazine ’s 2010 “Leader-

ship 100” list,which honorscompanies thathave encour-aged their em-ployees to takean active rolein ensuringquality, and

for using and integrating employeeideas and opinions in the productionprocess. This is the first year thatChampion Laboratories has been in-cluded on Quality ’s Leadership 100, andit was the only company from the filterindustry listed.

“We’ve made some significant im-provements in our quality-control sys-tem over the last few years and everyone of those improvements has beenthe result of a committed joint effortfrom all of us here at Champ Labs,” saidJohn Gaither, vice president of Engi-neering and Quality.

Quality Magazine chose the honoreesafter surveying more than 800 manufac-turers on criteria such as scrap and re-work as a percentage of sales, warrantycosts as a percentage of sales, rejectedparts per million shipped, and contribu-tion of quality to profitability and share-holder value. Companies were also evalu-ated based on the number of qualityprograms in place; registration to variousstandards; percentage of employees dedi-cated to quality responsibilities; averagenumber of hours monthly that employeesreceive quality training; and the role thatquality professionals play in the acquisi-tion of test, measurement and inspectiontools, software and services.

fs-Elliott, Curtis Toledo, fs-Curtis fs-Elliott co. LLC and Curtis Toledo

Inc., operating under the name fs-Curtis,have established a customer support cen-ter in Houston, Texas, U.S.A. The com-pany will focus on industrial equipmentsales, customer service, repairs, field serv-ice and timely access to genuine serviceparts for fs-Elliott centrifugal air compres-sors and auxiliary equipment. fs-Com-pression is certified to service all fs-Elliottproducts. The company will also fullysupport fs-Curtis distributors in theHouston area with local stocking of com-plete units and service parts.

fs-Elliott is dedicated to centrifugal aircompressor technology, providing flexi-ble air compressor solutions to variousindustries from automotive manufactur-ing, food and beverage processing, to re-fining and the oil and gas industries. With

complete market focus, fs-Elliott is able toprovide its customers with a complete aircompressor package.

fs-Elliott’s headquarters, engineeringcenter and manufacturing operations arebased in Export, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. fs-Elliott also has service and packaging fa-cilities in Shanghai, China; Bangalore,India; and Jubail, Saudi Arabia.

fs-Curtis, a 154-year-old compressormanufacturing firm, offers a completeline of compressors from 0.33 to 300 hp

(0.25 to 224 kW), in reciprocating, rotaryscrew, portable and oil-less configura-tions. fs-Curtis also offers vacuum pumps,refrigerated compressed air dryers, desic-cant air dryers, compressed air filters, cli-mate control compressors, and genuinefs-Curtis parts and compressor lubricants.

fs-Curtis maintains a modern 150,000sq.ft. (1390 m2) production facility in St.Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., as well as facili-ties in San Diego and Los Angeles,California, U.S.A.




Industry News COMPRESSORTechTwo

THE 5TH EDITIONHAS RAISED THE BAR.

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The ProblemComplicated, expensive, dangerous

and often remote production machin-ery that is subject to frequent break-downs, is being serviced by too fewtrained and experienced personnel.Data exists everywhere, mountains ofit, and rivers of it — being generatedby more and more devices attached tothe equipment. Managers and opera-tors are drowning in data. And, ontop of this, they are faced with theever-present and changing environ-mental regulations.

The current popular engine shut-down panels are designed to shut theskid down based on static setpoints.Although this can be sufficient, often

they either trigger a nuisance trip, orthey intervene too late and shutdownpanels are there to salvage skids be-fore additional damage is done. Thepractice of preventive or time-based

maintenance, while more effectivethan run to failure, still leaves roomfor improvement. We know this be-cause machinery still breaks down atthe worst possible moment.

The gas industry is currently chal-lenged with the exodus of experi-enced operations and maintenancepersonnel, and the lack of qualifiedreplacements. Basically, the industryis being forced to grow its ownagain. The result of this is that inex-perienced personnel are doing thebest they can, but often will performthe wrong repair or not do the workcorrectly, leading to another failureand shutdown.

Existing and new environmentalregulations require higher levels ofmaintenance and control of compres-sion equipment. NOx, CO, VOCs andfugitive emissions are all under in-creasing scrutiny by state, local andfederal regulators. Control and moni-toring systems are, in large part, notdesigned to mitigate the risks or iden-tify the faults and recommend correc-tive action.

In order to address these current is-sues, the need now is for devices,products and services that are morepredictive and diagnostic in nature andtake action or produce actionable infor-mation based on a thorough analysis ofcurrent operating conditions and thewear patterns of critical components.

Sentinel II The Sentinel II is an engine and

compressor control and monitoringsystem modularly designed with intel-lectual capital (experience) built in.The system uses a unique andpatented process that incorporatescrankshaft referenced pressure and vi-bration data. Specific crank angle“windows” are identified for specificmachinery faults. This data is then sta-tistically analyzed to describe a “nor-mal” operating signature for each unitand operating condition. This is called

SENTINEL II TARGET — PEACE OF MINDDynalco’s Engine and Compressor Control

and Monitoring System — Modularly Designed with Operating Experience Built In

By Bob Webber

The Sentinel II system uses a unique and patented process that incorporates crankshaft refer-enced pressure and vibration data. Specific crank angle “windows” are identified for specificmachinery faults. This data is then statistically analyzed to describe a “normal” operating signa-ture for each unit and operating condition.


Bob Webber is principal engineer, DynalcoInc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.A. Table 1.


CT464.qxp 4/20/10 3:00 PM Page 1

Ariel.indd 1 3/22/10 2:42:23 PM

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a “learn,” so along with temperature,fuel flow and other pieces of operat-ing data, a complete picture of themachinery condition is developed.

This “learn” is then used as a “base-line” to determine how mechanicalcondition and performance are chang-ing over time. The system looks at

every window then compares the re-sult to the statistical norm or baselineand uses either an “SPC”-calculated alertof warning or alarm, or an operator-entered setpoint.

The system has the capability forcomplete shutdown and start sequenc-ing along with the ability to establishshutdown setpoints for any operatingparameter, calculated parameter orwindowed alert. Although not a PLC,the system sequence engine is a simple“drag and drop” operation. Because itis not a PLC, it does not require pro-gramming or ladder logic skills.

When a threshold is met, the condi-tion must persist for a period of timedetermined by the variance in thedata or user set to ensure the condi-tion is real. The system then providesspecific information on the alert con-dition such as “Cylinder 1L intakevalve hitting hard” and a specific rec-ommendation such as “Schedule re-pair next 30 days” in the case of awarning or “Shut down and repairnow” in the case of an alarm.

Once the operator acknowledgesthe alert, a yellow or red light on thealert beacon goes from blinking tosteady, to indicate the condition hasbeen noticed. The system records thealert, the recommendation, the dateand time it occurred, along with thedate and time, and who acknowl-edged it. To clear the alert and returnthe system to “green,” the conditionmust return to within the normal sta-tistical limits and persist at the normalstate for the calculated or preset per-sist period.

The system also provides real-timecomparison to empirically measuredcompressor efficiency or hp/MMscfd,and measures and reports the com-pressor load and flow by the use ofempirically developed compressorperformance equations. Every piece ofdata, information or Sentinel-derivedrecommendation is made available toSCADA, via Modbus Ethernet or viathe Internet if the client’s infrastructureis so equipped.

Modularity provides a highly cus-tomizable solution for engine-onlyapplications, compressor-only appli-cations or both. A large number ofI/O, both analog and digital, is sup-plied by adding boards, thus allow-ing a t ight custom application-specific installation. I/O is config-ured using a windows-based config-uration tool.

The system provides operators withperformance measures of compressorflow and horsepower, efficiency(hp/MMscfd) and deviation frombaseline. The system also providesoperators with driver energy usage


Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Figure 3.

CT464.qxp 4/21/10 10:42 AM Page 2

and efficiency such as engine heat-rate deviation from manufacturer’sguarantee, energy conversion rateand more.

Application and Real-World UseThe system is designed for high-

speed and slow-speed machinery although its initial market penetra-tion is high-speed engine and com-pressor packages running in gas-gathering operations. The system isapplicable to electric motor-drivencompressors, engine-driven genera-tors or pumps running at speedsfrom 100 to 1800 rpm.

Sentinel II provides information andrecommendations for impending me-chanical faults that, when used on afleet of machines, allow efficient re-source allocation and equipment use.Because the system continuouslymonitors the key mechanical faultsthat impact emissions levels, the unitcan be programmed to shut downwhen the likelihood of emission viola-tions are high, thus saving the clientthe cost and headache of fines.

A ScenarioRoutine valve-lash adjustments are

not effective. After adjustment, theSentinel system begins warning that in-take valve 2R and 6R were exceeding


Figure 4.

Figure 5. continued on page 30

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the “learned” norm by the calculatednumber of standard deviations. Theentire right bank was louder and hadlarger standard deviations after theadjustment than before. An investiga-tion found that two different techni-cians set each bank and that bothwere “soft.” Lifter and rocker armwear problems were encountered onthose valves that continued to havehigh amplitudes and react to speedchanges.

The Sentinel data (Table 1 andFigures 1 through 6) shows that the right-side amplitudes increasedby 32% from before and after the adjustments were made. The devia-tions only increase slightly, indicat-ing that the mechanical loosenesscausing cycle-to-cycle variations wasnot caused by the valve lash.

The graph in Figure 7 shows howa properly adjusted valve lash alongwith mechanically sound compo-nents respond to speed changes ascompared to a valve with knownproblems and poor adjustment. Theblack line is a running average ofthe data.

30 COMPRESSORTechTwo

ConclusionThis presentation concentrates on just

one of many issues and characteristicsof this particular Waukesha 7042 spark-ignited, natural gas-fueled engine.Sentinel alarmed on and documentedseveral other mechanical conditionfaults on both the engine and compres-sor. The graphs come primarily fromanother Dynalco tool called M-Health.

In this small case, how quality con-trol of maintenance activity can betracked and documented is easy tounderstand. It also allows a managerto quantify the performance impactthat a poorly adjusted or maintainedvalvetrain has on the cost of opera-tion. Of course, this has emissions im-plications as well.

Sentinel II is a control system thatprovides direct diagnosis of a prob-lem and suggests actions to frontlinepersonnel while providing economicjustification. Start-up, shutdown, sequencing, diagnostics and fleet-wide comparisons are in one modu-lar system. A



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Alliance Engineering

Wood Group’s Alliance Engineering hashired Matthew A. McKinstry andTommy L. Yates as facility engineerswhose responsibility will be to developand execute major offshore projects.

McKinstry has a process engineeringbackground, with 14 years of experiencein domestic and overseas oil and gasprojects. He has been the lead processengineer on Gulf of Mexico productionplatforms and on several large FEEDs forinternational projects. He holds MS andBS degrees in Chemical Engineering fromthe University of Michigan.

Yates has a mechanical engineeringbackground and, for the past 18 years,has led the engineering, design and con-

struction efforts for numerous onshoreand offshore production and transmissionfacilities around the world. He earned aBS degree in Mechanical Engineeringfrom Ohio State University and is a regis-tered Professional Engineer in the U.S.state of Texas.

Alliance Engineering has also hiredGreg Vetter as manager of offshore busi-ness developmentwithin its offshorebusiness unit. In hisnew role, Vetterwill be responsiblefor identifying op-portunities and en-hancing the growthof Alliance in exist-ing and new off-shore markets. Hehas over 10 yearsof sales, marketing and business devel-opment experience, with eight of thoseservicing the offshore oil and gas majorsand independents. He has a record ofsuccessful accomplishment, and comesto Alliance from EDG, where he servedas business development consultant re-sponsible for offshore business develop-ment. He holds a BBA degree in

Management from Baylor University,and is a member of SPE, PMI, API, GPAand AMA.

Based in Houston, Texas, U.S.A.,Alliance Engineering provides “highlyoptimized concept-to-completion cus-tom engineering solutions” for the oiland gas industry. Some of the most visi-ble projects in the world composeAlliance’s onshore and offshore projectportfolio, according to the company.Alliance said it emphasizes quality ini-tiatives and cost-effective engineeringas it serves customers in three energymarket segments: deepwater, shelf/FPSO and onshore. In addition to itsHouston headquarters, Alliance oper-ates out of an of f ice in Denver,Colorado, U.S.A.

Wood Group is an international energyservices company with approximatelyUS$5 billion in revenue, employing28,000 people worldwide and operatingin 50 countries. The group consists ofthree businesses — Engineering &Production Facilities, Well Support andGas Turbine Services — that provide arange of engineering, production support,maintenance management and industrialgas turbine overhaul and repair services

T. Yates

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to the oil and gas, and power generationindustries.

Dresser WaukeshaNatural gas engine manufacturer

Dresser Waukesha has been awarded ISO14001 certification for its headquartersand manufacturing operations inWaukesha, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

ISO 14001 is an internationally recog-nized standard for environmental man-agement systems that helps organizationsindentify the impact and risks associatedwith carbon emissions, energy and wateruse, and waste stream management, aswell as to develop programs to controland improve performance in those areas.

“The decision to seek ISO 14001 certifi-cation demonstrates Dresser Waukesha’scommitment to minimizing the impact ofour operations and products on the envi-ronment,” said Somnath Dasgupta, direc-tor of Environmental Health & Safety forDresser Waukesha.

“Receiving this certification is the cul-mination of a rigorous process that beganover a year ago and required the com-pany to conduct a thorough review ofevery aspect of our operations. It in-volves a detailed process by which we

identified potential environmental im-pacts. Going forward, we will use a proc-ess of continuous improvement to de-velop plans to eliminate or minimizethose impacts and promote sustainableprocesses,” he said.

“The ISO process also provides a plat-form for moving beyond compliance toestablishing future sustainability goalsand further reducing our impact on theenvironment,” he said.

Dasgupta also underscored DresserWaukesha’s ongoing commitment tohelping other companies reduce their en-ergy footprint by developing “greener,”more efficient engines. He said thatWaukesha’s product lineup includes en-gines that operate with very low emis-sions, engine-generator sets designed forcombined heat and power applications tosqueeze maximum energy out of the fuelthey burn and engines that operate onwaste gases such as methane from di-gesters and landfills.

The company has an ongoing part-nership with the U.S. Department ofEnergy for the development of efficient,low-emission engines. The first result ofthis collaboration is Waukesha’s highlyefficient 1 MW APG1000, which was in-

troduced in 2006. Recently, the com-pany received another grant that is be-ing used to increase the efficiency of itsAPG2000/3000 models.

Shenhua GroupChina’s state-owned Shenhua Group

has completed a feasibility study for itssecond coal-to-liquids (CTL) plant. Theplant is being developed with SouthAfrican coal processing specialist Sasol.While the commercialization of the tech-nology is still at an early stage in China, itssuccess in South Africa suggests that overtime it could come to play an importantrole in China’s fuels balance. The facilitywould have a capacity of 93,000 bbl/d,above earlier estimates of 80,000 bbl/d.

The PROS Co.The PROS Co. has announced the ad-

dit ion of a sales engineer. TomLogsdon, who resides in Farmington,New Mexico, U.S.A., will be responsiblefor sales and company promotions inthe Rocky Mountain States and EasternPlains. Logsdon has a professionalbackground in the Air Drilling sector ofthe industry.


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Hamworthy Gas Systems has deliv-ered its first vessels to feature regasifi-cation technology that uses seawateras the heating medium for vaporizingliquefied natural gas (LNG).

“This is a milestone in the introduc-tion of another new technology to theoffshore market,” said Reidar Strande,director of LNG Marine. Hamworthysupplied the onboard vaporizer sys-tem, comprising three LNG regasifica-tion skids. The technology is basedon an intermediate closed propaneloop that that transfers heat energyfrom seawater for vaporizing LNG.

“The intermediate propane circuitbetween seawater and LNG is appliedto avoid freezing. As it is based on sea-water heating the equipment, it has ahigh level of efficiency and thereforerequires less fuel and operating cost toregasify the LNG than steam-based sys-tems,” said Strande.

The first ship to complete its officialregasification test was Golar LNG’s 4.9MMcf (138,000 m3) LNG floating storageand regasification unit (FSRU) GolarWinter, which is chartered by Petrobrasand is part of an LNG import project inGuanabara Bay, Brazil.

LNG carriers will tranship cargoesto the FSRU, which will then send gasto an onshore gas grid through a sub-sea pipeline. Built as an LNG carrierin 2004, Golar Winter was convertedto an FSRU by Keppel Shipyard in

Singapore. After leaving the Keppelyard, LNG cargo was collected inTrinidad en route to Petrobras’ PecemTerminal, Brazil. Initial commissioningand testing began in Pecem beforethe vessel departed for Petrobras’ Rioterminal for further testing.

Golar Winter was tested with twoskids operating in parallel for full regasification capacity of 495 MMcfd(14 x 106 m3/d) at 1739 psi (120 bar),equivalent to 507 tons/h (460tonnes/h), said Hamworthy.

Hamworthy signed a contract withGolar LNG in July 2007 to deliver thepropane regasification skids. Capacityper skid is 247 MMcfd (7 x 106 m3/d),outlet pressure is 1492 psi (103 bar),and outlet temperature can reach42°F (6°C). Two skids will be usedduring nominal send-out, with a thirdskid on standby.

Each 77 ton (70 tonne) skid is 34 x20 x 26 ft. (10.5 x 6.1 x 8 m), andcontains the required pumps, motors,heat exchangers, instrumentation andcontrol systems to provide the re-quired capacity. The equipment is de-signed for marine installations andcryogenic working conditions, andcan handle large variations in send-out capacity, Hamworthy said.

The vaporizer system also wascommissioned on the Suez Neptune, a4 MMcf (145,000 m3) LNG shuttle re-gasification vessel (SRV) built by

Samsung Heavy Industries and deliv-ered in December 2009. The vesselhas picked up an LNG cargo inTrinidad, and regasification tests beingheld off Boston, Massachusetts,U.S.A., were due to be finalized inFebruary 2010. SRVs transport andstore LNG, which is then vaporizedinto natural gas and sent ashore bysubsea pipeline.

A second Neptune SRV, Suez CapeAnn, is scheduled for delivery duringthe second quarter 2010. For bothships, Hamworthy is supplying threeregasification skids per ship with eachvessel having a regasification capacityof 231 tons (210 tonnes/h) of LNG withsend-out pressure of 1666 psi (115 bar).

Hamworthy’s third regasificationproject was for the 4.5 MMcf (126,000m3) FSRU Golar Freeze for DubaiSupply Authority (DUSUP) and Shellin Dubai, United Arab Emirates.Hamworthy delivered the regasifica-tion skids for this vessel in September2009. The system was installed on the1977-built LNG carrier, which is beingconverted into an FSRU before beingchartered by DUSUP for 10 years,with options to extend for up to an-other five years.

After its delivery to DUSUP in thesecond quarter of 2010, Golar Freezewill be permanently moored alongsidea purpose-built jetty within the existingJebel Ali port. The FSRU will be capa-ble of storing 4.4 MMcf (125,000 m3) ofLNG and delivering up to 494 MMcfd(14 x 106 m3/d) of regasified LNG toDUSUP for further delivery into theDubai gas network.

In a separate move, HamworthyMoss AS has signed contracts to de-liver 10 shipboard inert gas systems tobe installed on a series of 316,000 dwtcrude oil and product tankers beingbuilt by Waigaoqiao Shipyard, China.

The company has won orders spec-ifying Hamworthy Moss flue gas sys-tems for four 316,000 dwt crude oiltankers due for delivery between June2010 and August 2011 to NanjingChangjiang Oil Transportation Corp.

Hamworthy has also secured con-tracts to supply Moss Multi-Inert sys-tems for six 316,000 dwt crude oil andproduct tankers to be delivered byWaigaoqiao Shipyard to Singaporeanship owner Ocean Tankers betweenJune 2010 and October 2011.

Geir Hellum, managing director ofHamworthy Moss, said, “These so-phisticated systems have been de-signed to enable Ocean Tankers thechoice to handle or store surplusproduct, in line with the demandingtrading patterns of the ships.” A

MARINE APPLICATIONS FOR LNGREGASIFICATION SYSTEMS

Hamworthy’s Regasification Systems on FPSO FleetBy Ian Cameron

The first ship to complete its official regasification test was Golar Winter, Golar LNG’s 4.9 MMcf(138,000 m3) LNG floating storage and regasification unit. Hamworthy outfitted the vessel withregasification technology that uses seawater as the heating medium for vaporizing LNG.



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Burckhardt Compressors toPolysilicon Production

Burckhardt Compression deliveredthree process gas compressors to“Semiconductor Plant” JSC for itspolysilicon production plant inZaporozhye, Ukraine. The contractorfor the project is centrotherm photo-voltaics, from Blaubeuren, Germany,which provides technology, equip-ment and services for the photo-voltaics industry. The contract consistsof three process gas compressors in-cluding auxiliaries, lube oil system,piping, compressor control systemand electric drive motors.

The compressor trains will be in-stalled in the gas recovery unit withinthe chlorine-silane regeneration oper-ation. This specific compression proc-ess requires knowledge in dry-run-ning technology, an accurate materialselection for this severe operating en-vrionment as well as reliability andhigh availability.

Burckhardt Compression has over20 years of experience in in-house tri-bology research and therefore offers awide range of application-specific ma-terials available with extensive exper-tise for process gases with extremelyabrasive pollution.

Polysilicon is used in the productionof monocrystalline and multicrystallinesolar wafers. The principal raw mater-ial is used to produce the solar cellsthat converts sunlight into electricity.

Start-up of the polysilicon productionis scheduled to be in the second quar-ter of 2010. Burckhardt Compression issupporting the customer by supervisionof the assembly and the commissioningof the compressors on-site.

Burckhardt Compression’s processgas compressors are used in the re-finery and petrochemical industry aswell as for industrial gases and gastransport and storage. The companysaid its products offer high availabil-ity and a long mean time between

overhauls thanks to design, in-houseengineered high-quality componentsand valves, which together withgreat serviceability result in lowestlife-cycle cost.

Burckhardt Compression is the onlymanufacturer offering a complete rangeof laby (labyrinth piston), process gasand hyper compressors.

Dresser-Rand Turbomachineryfor Four FPSOs

Dresser-Rand Group Inc. will sup-ply advanced turbomachinery to threedifferent clients for four floating, pro-duction, storage and offloading(FPSO) vessels. Three of the four aredestined for Petrobras’ pre-salt oilfields in the Santos Basin offshoreBrazil and one will work in the U.K.sector of the North Sea.

The order is for 14 centrifugal com-pressor trains comprising 18 casings,two DR-61G (LM2500) mechanicaldrive gas turbines and four DR-61GP


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(LM2500+) gas turbine generator setsfor these projects. The total price forthe scope being supplied exceedsUS$120 million.

The compressor trains will be man-ufactured in Le Havre, France, andOlean, New York, U.S.A; the gas tur-bine generator sets will be engineeredby Dresser-Rand’s gas turbine packag-ing center of excellence in Kongsberg,Norway. Dresser-Rand booked theseorders in March 2010.

“We are very pleased that we havebeen selected to supply the critical ro-tating equipment for these importantprojects. Leveraging our global pres-ence and world-class singularprocesses, our teams in Houston[Texas, U.S.A], Le Havre, Kongsbergand Kuala Lumpur [Malaysia] workedclosely with our clients’ teams on se-lecting the best technology to meet ap-plication requirements and offer single-source solutions for compression andpower generation,” said Jesus Pacheco,

Dresser-Rand’s executive vice presi-dent, New Equipment Worldwide.Among the equipment being suppliedwill be some of the highest-density re-injection compressors ever built, suchas the 550 bar [7975 psi] units to com-press a 35+ mole weight naturalgas/CO2-blended stream, as well asCO2 compressors to re-inject carbondioxide to over 300 bar [4350 psi] pres-sure,” he said.

“Two of the four FPSO projects in-volve relocation of existing vesselsand required very short cycle times,which we were able to meet. Thisaward is representative of the valueour technology, cycle times and ad-vanced business processes bring toour clients,” added Pacheco.

These vessels will be capable ofhandling oil production and treatmentof approximately 100,000 to 120,000bbls/d and have gas compression ca-pabilities of up to 150 MMscfd (4.25 x106 m3/day).


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“We believe activity in the floatingproduction market will continue to besignificant and, as our success inevery FPSO project that has closedsince the fourth quarter of 2009shows, that our value proposition re-mains compelling,” said Pacheco.

Dresser-Rand supplies rotatingequipment to the worldwide oil, gas,petrochemical and process industries.The company operates manufactur-ing facilities in the United States,France, United Kingdom, Germany,Norway, India and China, and main-tains a network of 37 service andsupport centers covering more than140 countries. A

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Caterpillar Global Petroleum has in-troduced the C7 ACERT, C9 ACERTand C32 ACERT hazardous locationwater-cooled manifold diesel engines,designed to meet the requirements ofoffshore and other hazardous applica-tions where an ignition source fromthe engine, such as hot skin tempera-tures or electrical arching, could sparkan explosion due to hazardous chemi-cals or gases in the environment orcause danger due to engines housedin close quarters.

The C7 is available with ratings of205, 231 and 275 hp (153, 172 and205 kW) at 2200 rpm; the C9 is rated341 hp (254 kW) at 2200 rpm; and theC32 is available at 801, 860, 920 or1100 hp (597, 641, 686 or 820 kW at2100 rpm.

The engines were developed tomeet the most current land and offshore emission requirements in-cluding EPA Tier 3, EU Stage 3a andIMO and EPA Marine Tier 2.Additionally, said Caterpillar, with theuse of the EPA Tier 4 flexibility provi-sions, the EPA Tier 3 ratings will beapplicable for land-based applicationsuntil 2018.

Caterpillar’s manifold engines fea-ture water-cooled exhausts and tur-

bochargers to maintain lower engineskin temperatures. The reduced en-gine skin temperature allows the en-gine to operate in enclosed areas andaround hazardous materials. ATEXsafety directives require that engineskin temperatures remain below 392°F(200°C) (T3).

Certifications obtained by the engines include:

•ATEX 94/9 Group II, 3G (Zone 2)Ex nA T3;

• Electrical system certifiedto gas group IIC;

• Mechanical system certi-fied to gas group IIA;

•NEC 500 — Class I Division 2Non-incendive Field Wiring GroupT3 certification; and

•NEC 500 — Class I Zone 2 AExnA nR Group IIC T3 certification.

To prevent errant sparks, the elec-trical harness and components aredesigned with a protective moldingto keep contained any sparks thatmay occur .

Depending on the application, dif-ferent cooling options are available toprovide packaging flexibility. Both theseparate circuit (water-to-air) after-cooled and the remote aftercooledcooling system are available on the

KEEPING COOL AND SAFECaterpillar Introduces Hazardous Location Water-Cooled Manifold Diesel Engines


Caterpillar has introduced theC7 ACERT, C9 ACERT and C32 ACERThazardous location water-cooled mani-

fold diesel engines, designed to meet therequirements of offshore and other haz-

ardous applications where an ignitionsource from the engine, such as hot skintemperatures or electrical arching, couldspark an explosion.

C9 ACERT engines. The C7 ACERTand C32 ACERT engines feature theseparate circuit (water-to-air) after-cooled cooling system.

ATEX safety directives require thatengine skin temperatures remain be-low 392°F (200°C) (T3). In order tocomply, some ATEX configurationscome with software to automaticallyderate engine power to maintainATEX T3 skin temperatures in all am-bient conditions up to 113°F (45°C),said the company.

Caterpil lar said these engines represent the first from the companythat come from the factory with the hazardous location certifica-tions. While previous engine modelswere able to operate in those envi-ronments, the user had to apply for certifications.

Typical application can be found inoffshore well servicing duties such asworkover, pumping, fracturing, ce-menting and coiled tubing. The C7and C9 engines are manufactured inGreenville, South Carolina, U.S.A.,and the C32s are manufactured inGriffin, Georgia, U.S.A. They are allcurrently available for order. A


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Editor’s Note: This is the fourth in a series of technicalarticles by the author. The first article, “Recommendationsfor Pulsation Control of Reciprocating Compressors,” waspublished in the January-February issue of COMPRESSORTechTwo.The second, “Piston-Rod Load Capability of ReciprocatingCompressors,” appeared in the March issue, and the third,“Crosshead Slap in Reciprocating Compressors,” was pub-lished in the April issue.

A multimachine train consists of several complex shaftsand rotors and relatively flexible shaft extensions and cou-plings. It may also include gears and flywheels. Becauseconnected machines function as spring systems in series,the potential exists for torsional resonance and torsional fa-tigue damage. Couplings are often modified to tune theoverall system.

Multimachine complex trains have complex torsional be-havior. Complex rotating machine trains are becoming com-mon trains in industries. For example: 1. Train includingcompressor, electric motor and turbo expander gas recoveryturbine. 2. Multi-throw and multicylinder reciprocating ma-chines. Figure 1 shows an example of complex rotating ma-chine trains.

Figure 1. Three machine casings, compressor, motor and recovery tur-bine, joined through couplings and SSS clutch.

The design of complex machine trains includes opti-mization for dynamic loads acting on foundation, irregular-

ity degree and torsional stresses[1, 2]. It needs detailed tor-sional analysis to ensure reliability, availability and properdesign. Avoiding torsional resonance (particularly at ornear the lower operating speed harmonics), and to ensurethat shafts and other components are suitably sized toavoid failure during possible severe transient disturbancesis of paramount importance. If shaft or rotating componentfailures occur, the consequences can be catastrophic. Anentire machine can be wrecked as a result of large unbal-ancing forces that can arise following shaft separation.These have actually occurred[3]. Vast damage and loss ofhuman life can occur.

Torsional Model The model must be accurate enough to simulate the real

system behavior (usually below the 10th multiple of themaximum rotating speed). Very high frequency additionalmodes have no effect on reliability (no resonance is fore-seen and also they are high-frequency and low-amplitudeexciting harmonics)[4]. Basically, the model is representedby a number of rotating masses connected to each otherby means of mass-less shaft intervals with appropriate tor-sional stiffness.

Rotating masses can represent both the shaft or rotor in-tervals and the connected components (such as impellers,blades, connecting rods, piston rods, crossheads, etc).Proper dedicated lumped masses for all accessories (suchas flywheel, gear wheel, exciter, connecting flange, etc.)also must be added to the model. Figure 2 shows a tor-sional model for a complex rotating machine train.

Figure 2.Torsional model for a complex rotating machine train.

Nomenclature used in presented model:ui Torsional displacement of mass i (rad).Ji Polar moment of inertia of mass i (kg s3/m).Ki Torsional stiffness of the shaft internal i (Nm).Ci Damping coefficient for interval i (kg s2/m).CMi Damping coefficient for the mass i (kg s2/m).


TORSIONAL BEHAVIOR OF COMPLEX COMPRESSOR TRAINSThe Design of Complex Machine Trains Includes Optimization for Dynamic Loads

Acting on Foundations, Irregularity Degree and Torsional StressesBy Amin Almasi

Amin Almasi is lead rotating equipment engineer in TechnicasReunidas S.A., Madrid, Spain. He holds a chartered engineer cer-tificate from IMechE (CEng MIMechE), a chartered professionalengineer license from Engineers Australia (MIEAust CPEng –Mechanical) and he also holds MS and BS degrees in MechanicalEngineering. He specializes in rotating machines including recip-rocating, centrifugal and screw compressors, gas and steam tur-bines, process pumps, condition monitoring and reliability.Almasi is an active member of IMechE, Engineers Australia,ASME, CMVI, Vibration Institute, SPE, IEEE, SMRP and IDGTE. Hehas authored more than 30 papers and articles dealing with ro-tating machines, condition monitoring and reliability. For addi-tional information or answers to questions, contact the authorvia his e-mail address: [email protected] continued on page 44

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n Model lumped mass total number.m Maximum torque harmonic order.Ma,i Resonance amplifier for shaft interval i.v Torsional natural frequency (rad/s).Mi Applied torque to mass i (Nm).

Torsional Natural Frequencies The goal is to locate natural frequencies away (usually by

10%) from potential excitation frequencies that might comefrom machines[4, 5, 6]. In addition, as a recommendation, nat-ural frequencies should be placed 10% outside of electricalnet frequency and 5% outside of its second multiple[4]. Inpractice, the first three modes of vibration usually need tobe investigated carefully.

Torsional natural frequencies come from equation (1).The calculation of the undamped natural frequencies is aproblem of Eigen values and Eigen vectors that representnatural frequencies and mode shapes respectively.

Because of low damping level[3, 4], undamped natural fre-quencies can represent natural frequencies of the real train.In case the torsional natural frequencies do not meet men-tioned margins (10% away from potential excitation fre-quencies), individual train components should be modified.A parametric study of the natural frequency calculationmethod presented here can provide information on how todenute a rotating machine’s train. Modification of the cou-pling torsional stiffness by an appropriate tuning of thecoupling type or space diameter is primary and is the easi-est solution.

Generally, the coupling is the most flexible shaft intervalin a train and has a strong influence on torsional naturalfrequencies, especially the first torsional natural frequency.Range of available coupling options is vast, from flexiblecouplings to rigid forged flanged connection (without cou-pling). However, if a coupling modification is not sufficientand further modification is required (for example more tor-sional stiffness is required to raise torsional natural frequen-cies), modification of the electric machine shaft geometry

(mostly diameter) can be studied jointly with electric ma-chine sub-vendor. Rotating machine rotor, shaft or crank-shaft geometry is never modified to accommodate torsionalapplication requirements.

Steady-State and Transient Torsional Responses The governing equations of system to calculate the

damped forced torsional vibration are as equation (2).

The general expression of the steady-state appliedtorques (Mi), includes a vibrating component superimposedon an average torque level as shown in equation (3). Trainload torques can be decomposed, through a “FourierAnalysis” into a series of sinusoidal curves, which frequen-cies are multiples of the machine running speed. The mod-ulus generally decreases as the harmonic order increases.Optimum solution suggested as calculation of 25 harmonics(m=1 to 25 in this formula).

The torsional dampening is assumed to be the hysteretic.Solution of equation (2) can be obtained based on“Principle of Linear Superposition.” The system is com-posed of (n) linear differential equations with (n) parame-ters, tri-diagonal and symmetrical. Its solution can be trans-ferred to the solution of (m) differential equation systems(each equation related to a different harmonic of the excit-ing forces).

The transient torsional analysis requires a different andmore time-consuming calculation method. It requires a di-rect integration of the motion equations, and the solution istime dependent. The differential equations of motion aresimilar to those of the steady-state equation (2) but theyhave different exciting torques[4].


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Case StudyAnalytical results are presented for a multi-throw, heavy-

duty, complex reciprocating compressor for refinery serv-ice. Driver is a direct-coupled, 18-pole, 330 rpm, inductionelectric motor. Extensive simulations are shown for thistrain regarding frequency separation, required maximumcurrent pulsation and all possible transient cases. A flexiblecoupling is the best and optimum option.

The first torsional natural frequency is well below thetrain operating speed. (It is around 3.7 Hz and approxi-mately 33% below train speed.) The second natural fre-quency is well above the 10th harmonic of train operatingspeed. (It is around 70 Hz.) This implies an adequate sepa-ration. Coupling stiffness variance of about 30% would berequired for the train to reach resonance.

Figure 3 shows the reciprocating compressor braketorque vs. crank angle for one revolution of the crankshaftunder steady-state conditions. The solid and dashed-dottedcurves represent compressor torque for normal full loadand (50%) unloaded conditions, respectively.

The transient event of a phase short circuit is assumed tolast about 0.8 seconds. The electric motor is subjected to ahigh-frequency and high-amplitude oscillating torque. Peaktorque is around 3.5 times the normal value. Torsional tran-

sient response is substantially reduced by train dampingwith a flexible coupling. The compressor is started whileunloaded, and the nominal running speed is achievedwithin five seconds.

Table I shows equivalent moment of inertia for compres-sor train components. It shows the importance of electricmotor moment of inertia.

Table I: Equivalent moment of inertia for compressor train components.

Table II shows equivalent interval stiffness for compres-sor train components (other train components are consid-erably stiffer than flexible coupling). For a train with flexi-ble coupling (specifically for when a flexible coupling withrubber elements which have low stiffness is used), it ispossible to approximate the first natural torsional fre-quency with a simple 2° of freedom model (consideringthat the coupling as the only flexible interval). Usually itprovides the first natural torsional frequency with around10 to 20% error.

According to the API, proper margins (with natural fre-quencies) for all harmonics up to 10th multiple of machinespeed shall be investigated. In addition, other coinci-dences up to 20th multiple of machine speed shall be re-spected if there are lower frequencies or frequenciesaround the third natural torsional frequency. In this exam-ple, very close margins are evident for 13th, 15th and 16th

multiples of machine speed with second and third tor-sional natural frequencies. No significant source of excita-tion in all parts of the package should occur to excitethese frequencies (such as bearings, meshes, grids, teeth,mechanisms, VSD, etc.). The case of the 16th multiple ofmachine speed is of more concern.


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Component Equivalent Moment of Inertia of Components as % of Train (Total)

Moment of Inertia

Each Cylinder - ~ 1%Throw (Four Throw)

Flywheel and Half Coupling 31.5%

Half Coupling 1.5%

Electric Motor 63%



CT463.qxp 4/20/10 12:59 PM Page 3


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Practical Recommendation Numerous torsional vibration problems continue to occur in

complex rotating machine trains. Main reasons are lack of com-prehensive torsional vibration study, improper application andmaintenance of couplings (mainly flexible couplings), usingelectric machines traditionally used in noncomplex applica-tions (such as variable speed motors) and lack of monitoring.

As a rule of thumb, the electric machine shaft diametershould be equal to or greater than the reciprocating ma-chine crankshaft diameter. Shaft materials should be high-strength steel. If welds are required on the shaft, a weld-able shaft material should be used. Proper weld proceduresand material compatibility must be considered.

Fabrication details such as the electric machine pole bolttorque, etc., should consider loads caused by torsional vibra-tion. Continuous operation at torsional resonance should beavoided. Coupling and electric machine torsional characteris-tics have strong influence on train torsional vibration and canbe modified to tune the system. Avoid full-load shutdownsespecially of trains with torque-sensitive equipment. Trainswith short flanged connections (no coupling) and single-bearing electric machines have much lower damping; how-ever, they have higher natural frequencies and may be ac-ceptable after careful review of torsional analysis.

Measuring and verifying torsional vibration is importantduring performance tests. Transient events are critical andshould be respected in details. They include synchronouselectric machine start-up, short circuit and loaded shutdown.

A train that passes through a torsional natural frequencyduring start-up may produce significant transient shaftstresses. A start-up analysis should be performed to deter-mine if low-cycle fatigue is a potential problem. Couplingtorque is usually chosen on the basis of mean requirementsfor full load. It must have a sufficient service factor to han-dle likely overload (such as electrical faults).

Only accurate modeling of an electrical machine can re-sult in an accurate torsional analysis of a train (accuratemodeling such as detailed Finite Element Model [F.E.M.] ordetailed analytical model to obtain flexibility and inertia ofrotating parts of an electric machine). Otherwise, it can re-sult in missed torsional natural frequencies, inaccurate tor-sional analysis and torsional problems.

Recommendations for coupling include high torsional stiff-ness coupling (best and optimum option, if torsional simulationconfirmed, frequency separation and transient torques) or flexi-ble coupling (more elasticity and damping and more mainte-nance) or integral, rigid, forged-flange connection (more rigid-ity, high natural frequencies and much less damping).

ConclusionsThe torsional analysis method for complex rotating equip-

ment should include data used in mass elastic systems, display


Interval Equivalent Interval Stiffness as Ratio of Flexible Coupling Stiffness (K/Kcoupling)

First Throw – Second Throw 172

Second Throw – Third Throw 27

Third Throw – Fourth Throw 172

Compressor (Fourth Throw) 94– Flywheel

Coupling 1

Electric Motor 31

Table II: Equivalent interval stiffness for compressor train components.


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of torque vs. speed, torsional critical speeds, mode shape dia-grams, all possible steady-state and transient cases, worst-casedesign, upset condition results and sensitivity analysis.

References[1]Heinz P. Bloch, “Compressor and Modern Process

Application,” John Wiley and Sons, 2006.[2]Heinz P. Bloch, “A Practical Guide To Compressor

Technology,” Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2006.[3]Duncan N. Walker, “Torsional Vibration of

Turbomachinery,” McGraw-Hill, 2004.[4]Enzo Giacomelli, Carlo Mazzali, Nocola Campo, Paolo

Battagli, Fabio Falciani, “Torsional Analysis of A-20Cylinder Hypercompressor Train, Proceeding ofESDA2006, Engineering System and Analysis,” Torino,Italy, July 4-7, 2006.

[5]Shelley Greenfeld and Kelly Eberle, “New API Standard618 (5th Edition) and its Impact on ReciprocatingCompressor Package Design – Part I, II and III,”COMPRESSORTechTwo, June, July, August/September 2008.

[6]Vibration in Reciprocating Machinery and PipingSystems, Engineering Dynamics Inc., Engineering DynamicInc. (EDI), San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A., June 2007.


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Flaring of associated gas at oilwellheads has been a long-standingpractice in spite of international rec-ommendations. The Norwegian gov-ernment has been one of the morestrict guardians of the environment.Norway discourages oil companiesfrom such practice on the continentalshelf under its jurisdiction by intro-ducing a heavy “carbon tax” that pe-nalizes gas flaring.

The first application of associatedgas reinjection modules onboard anFPSO is said to date back to 2001.Then, LMF of Austria was asked tosupply one gas reinjection module forthe Petrojarl I FPSO.

At the beginning of the new centuryStatoil Hydro (at that time Statoil)started producing oil from the GlitneField located in the North Sea, 143 mi.

(230 km) west of Stavanger, Norway, inwater depth just over 328 ft. (100 m).

Glitne is the smallest oil field inNorwegian waters and is estimated tocontain 25 MMbbl of recoverable oilreserves to be produced within a two-to three-year timeframe. Subsequentdrilling more than doubled the esti-mated reserves (Glitne II) and ex-tended the time of recovery well be-yond the original timeframe.

The Petrojarl I is a purpose built,turret-mooring, production vessel,built in Japan in 1986 that had per-formed 10 different jobs in the NorthSea in 15 years. In 2001, the decisionwas made to upgrade it to make itcomply with the latest NorwegianShelf conditions. The refurbishing op-erations took place at the Kvaerner’sRosenberg yards in Stavanger and

DNV issued certificates for another 15years of operation.

Upgrading of this FPSO includedthe installation, in a more friendlyway, of a water reinjection module,two gas reinjection modules andnew diesel-driven generating sets toproduce the power required on-board. The production stream arriv-ing on the Petrojarl I is first treatedin the separation plant where the oilis stored in the 180,000 bbl FPSOstorage tanks to be then exported tothe UK. Produced water is purifiedand reinjected in the reservoir andthe low-pressure 24.6 psi (1.7 bar)associated gas, still in wet condition,is recompressed up to 297 psi (20.5bar) to be further processed on-board before being reinjected in thesame well used to reinject produc-tion water.

LMF has engineered and manufac-tured the compressor module accord-ing to API 618 code.

The 178,000 lb. (81,000 kg) mod-ule features an LMF B 154 balancedopposed reciprocating compressordriven, at 720 rpm, by an 805 hp(600 kW) electric motor, with inter-stage heat exchangers, moister separa-tors, interconnecting piping, instru-ments and controls. The four-cylindercompressor features a cast-iron crank-case with integral crosshead exten-sions. The four-throw, forged-steelcrankshaft has a 5.9 in. (150 mm)stroke with a 11.6 fps (3.6 m/s) meanpiston speed, which allows a longservice life for the PTFE piston andrider rings. The first compression stageconsists of two double-acting cylin-

GAS REINJECTION MODULES ONBOARD AN FPSO SURPASS 60,000

SERVICE HOURS Upgrades Include a Water Reinjection, Two Gas

Reinjection Modules and Diesel-Driven Generator SetsBy Roberto Chellini

The Petrojarl I FPSO in which the LMF reinjection module has been in operation for more than60,000 service hours.


The LMF associated gas reinjection modulebeing lifted for installment on the Petrojarl IFPSO deck during the upgrading operationsperformed in 2001 at Kvaerner’s Rosenbergshipyard in Stavanger, Norway.

CT457.qxp 4/21/10 11:41 AM Page 1

ders featuring a 21.7 in. (550 mm)bore while the second-stage cylin-ders have a 11.4 in. (290 mm) bore.

To handle a wide variety of gascompositions and flows (and to alsomeet different condensation rates ofthe compressed gas), each compres-sor stage is designed to be con-trolled individually between 10 and

100% by the HydroCOM hydraulicsuction valve control system and abypass valve to meet zero to 10%,also, if necessary. The complete con-trol system, designed by LMF, in-cludes a PLC controlling the com-pressor logic system.

The water-cooled cylinders are oillubricated, the lube oil system for

crankcase and cylinder lubrication isincluded in the package.

Pulsation suppression is achievedwith a vessel system at the inlet anddischarge sides of each compressionstage. The vessel system is built ac-cording to a pulsation study respond-ing to API 618, Approach III.

All the equipment is assembled onone steel skid and some top framesthat are bolted together to form themodule. The complete assembly wassubmitted to a test run, according toAPI 618, at LMF premises prior to ship-ment. The various skids and frameswere shipped separately and the mod-ules reassembled in Bremerhaven,Germany, before being lifted andplaced on board the FPSO.

Oil production at the Glitne Fieldstarted on Aug. 28, 2001, and all thewater and natural gas associated withoil production have been reinjected inthe reservoir in order not to pollutethe environment.

According to LMF, the gas compres-sion module has been operating incontinuous service with full satisfactionof the operator. The total number ofservice hours reported by the operatorin September 2009 is 56,618, presum-ably surpassing the 60,000 service-hourmilestone at the time of publication. A


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CT457.qxp 4/22/10 9:14 AM Page 2



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At its 89th annual convention inAustin, Texas, U.S.A., the Gas Pro-cessors Association (GPA) recognizedboth GPA and Gas Processors Sup-pliers Association (GPSA) membercompanies for outstanding midstreamindustry safety achievements in 2009.GPA President Bob Dunn made thepresentations before an audience ofmore than 1600 industry professionalsfrom around the world.

“Despite gas processing involvingvolatile substances at high pressures,the natural gas industry has a superbsafety record,” said Dunn, senior vicepresident of Prism Gas Systems.“Recognizing the outstanding safetyperformances of our member compa-nies each year and routinely bringingtogether safety managers throughoutthe year to share learned knowledgefor the benefit of everyone, are im-portant parts of this association’s con-tinuous focus on safety.”

GPA member companies that re-ceived Safety Award recognitions forbeing the top performers according tolast year’s safety statistics includethose listed here.

In Division I (companies reportingmore than 500,000 workhours), HessCorp. (Houston, Texas) received first-place honors for its 0.290 “total cases”incident rate and zero “fatalities pluslost workdays” incident rate over688,508 workhours among top U.S.firms. Second place was awarded toBP America Production Co. (Houston)for a 0.338 “total cases” incident rateand zero “fatalities plus lost workdays”incident rate for 592,418 workhours.

Among GPA’s international-basedentrants, the Division I first-place win-ner was United Gas Derivatives Co.(Cairo, Egypt) with a 0.170 “totalcases” incident rate and zero “fatalitiesplus lost workdays” incident rate for1,173,249 workhours. PharanoicPetroleum Co. (Cairo, Egypt) receivedsecond place with a 0.199 “totalcases” incident rate and zero “fatalitiesplus lost workdays” incident rate for1,005,577 workhours.

In Division II (companies reporting100,000 to 500,000 workhours), firstplace went to U.S.-based CenterPointEnergy Field Services (Shreveport,Louisiana, U.S.A.) with a zero “total

cases” incident rate and zero “fatalitiesplus lost workdays” incident rate dur-ing 294,665 workhours. Second placewas awarded to AKA Energy GroupLLC (Durango, Colorado, U.S.A.),which reported “total cases” and “fa-talities plus lost workdays” incidentrates of zero for 164,069 workhours.

On the international side, first-place winner in Division II wasPhoenix Park Gas Processors Ltd.(Trinidad, West Indies) with a zero“total cases” incident rate and zero“fatalities plus lost workdays” incidentrate for 291,256 workhours.

Division III (including companiesreporting less than 100,000 work-hours), SemGas LP (Tulsa, Oklahoma,U.S.A.) received the first-place awardfor companies based in the U.S. with

a zero “total cases” incident rate andzero “fatalities plus lost workdays” in-cident rate for 85,707 workhours.Second place went to Hawk FieldServices LLC (Tyler, Texas) with zero“total cases” incident rate and zero“fatalities plus lost workdays” incidentrate for 83,184 workhours.

Aitken Creek Gas Storage ULC(Calgary, Alberta, Canada) receivedthe top international honor for the di-vision with zero “total cases” incidentrate and zero “fatalities plus lostworkdays” incident rate for 33,765workhours.

Also presented were the GPAPresident’s Awards for Safety Im-provement, recognizing member com-panies that notably improved theirown safety records. By the award’s cri-

COMPANIES RECOGNIZED FOR MIDSTREAM SAFETY STATISTICS

Annual Safety Honors Given by Gas Processors Association


Workhours/Years Company7,000,000 Workhours United Gas Derivatives Co. Plants5,000,000 Workhours Anadarko Petroleum Corp. San Juan River Gas Plant

Pharaonic Petroleum Co. Operations 2,500,000 Workhours Saudi Aramco Yanbu NGL Fractionation2,000,000 Workhours Saudi Aramco Haradh Gas Plant1,500,000 Workhours Saudi Aramco Juaymah NGL Fractionation1,000,000 Workhours Aux Sable Liquid Products

Chevron Hatter Pond Gas Plant Saudi Aramco Hawiyah Gas PlantSaudi Aramco Juaymah NGL FractionationSaudi Aramco Shedgum Gas Plant

500,000 Workhours Aux Sable Liquid ProductsCenterPoint Energy Field Services OperationsSouthern Union Gas Services Ltd. Jal #3 PlantSaudi Aramco Shedgum Gas PlantTarga Resources Mont Belvieu TerminalSaudi Aramco Juaymah NGL FractionationSaudi Aramco Uthmaniyah Gas Plant

45 Years Devon Gas Service LP Worland Gas PlantTarga Resources Calvert City

30 Years Targa Resources Lake Charles Plant 15 Years Elkhorn Gas Processing Roystone Gas Processing

Hiland Partners Eagle Chief Plant ONEOK Field Services Co. LLC Panther Creek Plant Targa Resources Lowry Plant

10 Years Southern Union Gas Services Ltd. Jal #3 Plant Targa Resources Yscloskey Plant

5 Years AKA Energy Group LLC San Bois Treating FacilityEnerfin Resources Co. North Texas OperationsEnerfin Resources Co. Cenpat OperationsPVR Midstream Crescent Gas PlantTarga Resources Abilene Plant

Companies receiving facility safety honors for 2009.

CT453.qxp 4/19/10 5:05 PM Page 1

teria, the improvement must havebeen at least a 25% reduction in thecompany’s total recordable incidentrate for the year in comparison to theiraverage of comparable records for thethree previous years, and they mustnot have had an Occupational Safetyand Health Administration reportableincident during the year.

GPA Safety Improvement winnerswere CenterPoint Energy FieldServices (Shreveport, Louisiana),Hiland Partners (Enid, Oklahoma) andSaudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia).

GPSA also honored safety winnersfrom its membership of supplier com-panies. Barry D. Payne and AssociatesInc. (Houston), CB&I (Houston),ENGlobal Engineering (Tulsa), MasterCorp. and Ref-Chem (both of Odessa,Texas) received top distinctions fromGPSA President Harvey Hensley fromENGlobal.

A GPSA Award for Safety Improve-ment was also presented, going tomember company URS Corp. (Tulsa).

Facility safety honors, recognizing afacility for operating without a lost-time accident or fatality, are recog-nized by the association each year,too. The following facilities werenoted for such accomplishmentsbased on having achieved at leasthalf-million workhours or having sat-

isfied five-year-interval plateaus withinstatistical year 2009.

Additionally, GPA member compa-nies with no lost-time accidents fromJan. 1, 2009, through Dec. 31, 2009,received Perfect Record certificates.

The Gas Processors Association(GPA) is an incorporated, nonprofittrade association made up of about115 corporate members, all of whomare engaged in processing natural gasinto merchantable pipeline gas, vol-ume movement or further processingof liquid products from natural gas.The active membership, as a group,accounts for more than 90% of all nat-ural gas liquids produced in the UnitedStates and also includes a number ofCanadian companies and internationalcompanies that produce natural gasliquids on a global scale. GPA hasserved the light hydrocarbons industrysince 1921 and has been instrumentalin shaping the midstream business. A


MAY 2010

Company WorkhoursExxonMobil 1,185,583 United Gas Derivatives Co. 1,173,249 Pharaonic Petroleum Co. 1,005,577 Bahrain National Gas Co. 833,097 Hess Corp. 688,508 Enogex LLC 660,160 BP America Production Co. 592,418 CenterPoint Energy Field Services 294,665 Phoenix Park Gas Processors Ltd. 291,256 Pioneer Natural Resources 233,203 Chesapeake Energy 227,713 Hiland Partners 180,957 PVR Midstream LLC 176,645 Red Cedar Gathering Co. 167,607 AKA Energy Group LLC 164,069 Mustang Fuel Corp. 142,650 Questar Gas Management 138,895 Aux Sable Liquid Products Inc. 117,860 Enerfin Resources Co. 103,657 Copano Energy 85,802 SemGas LP 85,707 Hawk Field Services LLC 83,184 Superior Pipeline Co. 75,803 Carrera Gas Companies LLC 67,546 Prism Gas Systems LP 62,685 M2 Midstream LLC 50,226 El Paso Production Oil & Gas Gathering Co. LLC 45,117 Aitken Creek Gas Storage ULC (Unocal - Chevron) 33,765 Marlin Midstream 29,787 Elkhorn Energy LLC 27,040


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Companies receiving Perfect Record certificates for 2009.


CT453.qxp 4/22/10 9:26 AM Page 2




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Houston, Texas, U.S.A.-based Valerus CompressionServices, a full-service provider of natural gas compression,processing and treating services, has announced two newmembers to its leadership team: Scott McKinnon, vice presi-dent of procurement; and Frank Smith, vice president ofproduction equipment.

In his role as vice president of procurement, McKinnonwill be responsible for “enhancing vendor relationshipsand maximizing purchasing strength” in the manufactur-ing, packaging and general operations areas.

A certified purchasing manager, McKinnon brings toValerus more than 25 years of experience in global sourc-ing, supply chain and procurement manufacturing opera-tions. He previously worked at Ingersoll Rand Co., wherehe most recently served as a sector vice president andoversaw spending in manufacturing and assembly facilitiesaround the world. Prior to that, McKinnon spent 19 yearswith Pratt & Whitney as a procurement manager amongvarious company divisions. McKinnon has an MBA fromEmbry-Riddle University and a BS degree from FloridaState University.

As vice president of production equipment, Frank Smithwill be responsible for expanding overall business servicesand increasing market share in the production equipmentbusiness, with emphasis on shale play.

Previously, Smith served as the executive vice presidentof NATCO, where throughout his 17-year tenure hehelped grow the standard and traditional business seg-ment to over US$350 million in revenue. He holds a BAdegree in Marketing from Texas Tech University and cur-rently serves on the board of directors for the PetroleumEquipment Suppliers Association and the Gas ProcessorsSuppliers Association. Smith also is a member of theSociety of Petroleum Engineers and the AmericanPetroleum Institute.

Valerus Compression Services owns and operates com-pression equipment in excess of 450,000 hp (336 MW) andcurrently operates more than 30 facilities worldwide. a




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VALERUS ANNOUNCES NEWEXECUTIVE TEAM MEMBERS

Company Expands Procurement andProduction Equipment Leadership

TMEIC GE deliverselectric drivesdesigned for largecompressors.TMEIC GE has earned a global reputation for delivering reliable electric drives and motors to industry. For the Oil & Gas industry, TMEIC GE offers electric drives with:

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CT465.qxp 4/19/10 2:16 PM Page 1


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GE Oil & Gas, PetrovietnamGE Oil & Gas has signed a Memor-

andum of Understanding (MOU) with theVietnam National Oil and Gas Group(Petrovietnam), the Government ofVietnam wholly owned company respon-sible for all oil and gas resources in thecountry and the third largest oil producerin Southeast Asia.

Signatories to the MOU were NguyenQuoc Thap, vice president of Petro-vietnam, and Marco Caccavale, NorthAmerica region, general manager of GEOil & Gas, in the presence of HisExcellency Nguyen Tan Dung, primeminister of the Socialist Republic ofVietnam, during his visit to Washington,D.C., U.S.A.

Regarding the MOU, Nguyen QuocThap said, “This agreement will acceler-ate our already successful cooperationwith GE Oil & Gas, reinforcing our long-term partnership to benefit the efficientdevelopment of oil and gas resources inVietnam. We are confident that GE Oil &Gas will continue to play an importantrole in helping Petrovietnam contribute tothe national and regional economy.”

Claudi Santiago, president and CEO,GE Oil & Gas, said, “We are honored tosign this MOU with Petrovietnam — al-ready a highly valued partner to GE Oil &Gas. Our agreement sets out a clear basisfor continued successful cooperation inthe coming years. We are dedicated tosupporting the continued development ofoil and gas resources in Vietnam and arecapable of delivering technologically ad-vanced projects of significant scale tomeet the growing energy needs ofVietnam and the region.”

The MOU outlines the principles andbasis of long-term collaboration betweenGE Oil & Gas and Petrovietnam regardingthe supply of advanced oil and gasequipment, services and spare parts tooptimize the total life-cycle value of keyoil and gas projects. It creates a frame-work of standardized contractual terms,conditions and manufacturing slot reser-vations, and provides for potential futurecooperation on new oil and gas technolo-gies, and access to GE’s Lean and SixSigma management practices as well asother training and technical support.

GE Oil & Gas has a strong localpresence in Vietnam in Hanoi and inHo Chi Minh City for turbomachinery,drill ing and production equipment,and services support, respectively. Thecompany provides technology, equip-ment and services to projects such asthe BP Pipeline, Dung Quat Refinery,Phu My Refinery, Caumau Fertilizerand Vietsovpetro. The MOU will en-able GE Oil & Gas to more effectivelycol laborate on other projects with

Petrovietnam, including Petrovietnam’sNghi Son Refinery, Long Son Refinery,Chevron Block B Off-Shore developmentand the Long Son Petrochem Complex.

Monico Inc.Monico Inc. has relocated its headquar-

ters to 5527 Louetta Rd., Suite D., Spring,Texas, 77379. Phone: 281-350-8751.

Monico Inc. provides pre-configuredmonitoring solutions for industrial enginecommunications. The company specializes

in communications with industrial engines,generator sets, marine propulsion andauxiliary engines, and heavy constructionequipment using many different standardand nonstandard protocols. Monico’s ex-perience in communicating with Cat-erpillar engines and generator sets hasearned it the opportunity to service deal-ers in Taiwan, China, Europe, Russia, theMiddle East, Australia, South America andalmost every dealer in the United States.





InsdustryNews.qxp 4/20/10 1:10 PM Page 4


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GE Oil & Gas has gained leader-ship status in the supply of large re-frigerating compressors for LNG pro-ducing plants. However, these plantsalso need gas compression for whatare called “auxiliary services” such ashandling of boil-off gas (BOG) andflash gas. The size of the compressorsused in these services is not as spec-tacular as those for the refrigerationprocess, but the cryogenic tempera-ture of the gas and the variation incapacity call for dedicated machines.

In order to supply customers theentire line of compressors installedin an LNG plant, GE Oil & Gas hasintroduced spe-cialized “auxiliary”compressors.

Especially de-manding, due tothe low and largelyvariable gas temperature (-256° to -112°F [-160° to -80°C]), and for thewide variation of the flow to be han-dled, is the BOG compressor.(Minimum flow occurs when the plantis on hold and the BOG comes fromthe plant storage tanks. Maximumflow occurs when loading one or eventwo LNG carriers — an operatingmode that can be found again in LNGreceiving terminals.)

BOG compression can be done by

reciprocating compressors, which arecurrently used in the majority of LNGplants, and by centrifugal compres-sors, which are gaining ground in theplants now under construction.

To better handle large flow varia-tions, the service is typically subdi-vided into two or three machinesworking in parallel (this configura-tion is applicable both with recipsand centrifugals). The main featurescharacterizing these centrifugal com-pressors are: the use of variable inletguide vanes (IGV) to control theflow and the head; the use of cryo-genic materials for all components in

contact with very cold gas that canreach -256°F (-160°C).

All other system components be-long to the horizontally split (MCL —low pressure) and vertically split(BCL — high pressure) centrifugalcompressors.

GE started the development ofBOG centrifugal compressors by im-plementing a technology that, to acertain degree, was already wellknown. In fact, GE has built a num-

ber of ethylene compressors han-dling gas at temperatures as low as -148°F (-100°C) — a good startingpoint to reach -256°F (-160°C).

Also in the IGV field, GE’s experi-ence extends from the single-stage(SRL) to high-pressure (BCL) ammo-nia synthesis compressors with recy-cle impeller where the gas flow tobe recycled depends on the reactorcat conditions.

The typical configuration of the GEOil & Gas BOG compressor, to feed thegas turbine fuel system, consists of atwo-casing centrifugal compressor traindriven by a fixed-speed electric motor

through a step-upgear. BOG is fed atapproximately 14.5psi (1 bar) around -256°F (-160°C) atthe inlet of the low-

pressure casing (MCL) and deliveredat the outlet of the high-pressure cas-ing at a pressure of 435 to 580 psi (30to 40 bar) depending on the type ofgas turbine used to drive the mainLNG refrigerating compressors (thedischarge pressure is set to match theneeds of the turbine fuel system).

Due to the largely variable flowand temperature conditions of thisservice, the system is frequentlyequipped with a large quenching

HANDLING OF BOIL-OFF GAS IN LARGE LNG PLANTSBOG and End Flash Compressors Complete GE’s Offer to

Large LNG Producing and Receiving TerminalsBy Roberto Chellini

Model of an electric motor driveboil-off gas (BOG) compressortrain.


To better handle large flow variations, the service is typically subdivided into two or three machines working in parallel

CT467.qxp 4/21/10 12:57 PM Page 1

MAY 2010 59

KIENEDIESEL ACCESSORIES, INC.

Telephone: 1-800-264-5950 Fax: 630-543-5953E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.kienediesel.com

KIENE INDICATOR VALVESFOR COMPRESSOR ANALYSIS

•• Large, Straight-Through flow path minimizes channel resonanceand maximizes accuracy.

•• Compact design is safe — no need for separate nipples oradapters.

•• Vent Valve safely relieves pressure prior to removing transducer.

•• 2000 PSI, 250° (F) capacity.

•• Quarter-turn for fast operation

Safety Locking Handle option is also available

THE CV-SERIES INDICATOR VALVES ARE DESIGNED SPECIFI-CALLY FOR COMPRESSOR ANALYSIS.

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drum receiving the BOG, the recycle gas (hot) and an LNGconnection used to spray LNG to make up minimum flowand/or decrease the temperature. The LNG spray system is al-ways present for safety reasons but its use is restricted towhen it is really needed due to costs.

It has to be noted that while the BOG temperature fromthe land storage tanks is practically constant and around -256°F (-160°C), the temperature of the BOG from LNG carri-ers can vary substantially (-184° to -112°F [-120° to -80°C])based on the distance of the compressor system from themooring point of the ship. LNG spray can be necessary toavoid thermal shocks in the piping and compressor materials.This is also when capacity control by IGV is not sufficient and

part of the compressed gas is recycled from discharge to thequenching drum. The cooler placed on the line can only miti-gate the temperature rise due to compression.

GE Oil & Gas has focused on the design of four com-ponents from the Centrifugal Compressor product line:variable inlet guide vanes (IGVs), dedicated inlet flange,cryogenic materials and dedicated mechanical design.

Variable Inlet Guide VanesGE’s experience in the use of IGVs is extensive (for ax-

ial and centrifugal compressors, gas turbines and ex-panders), but until recently did not cover cryogenic appli-cations on compression stages. It was therefore decided tocarry out an in-depth investigation of the aerodynamicand mechanic design of the system. On the aerodynamicside, CFD analysis allowed GE to optimize the profile, thelength and the number of blades necessary to achieve awide control of flow and head. In addition, the inlet scrollwas redesigned and its distance from the first impeller eyecalculated to minimize flow distortion at the impeller inlet.

The system was then designed to withstand thermalcontinued on page 60

Inside of the testing device showing the gears of the IGV during thetest carried out at the Florence, Italy, R&D facility with liquid nitrogen.



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“While the BOG temperature from the landstorage tanks is practically constant andaround -256°F (-160°C), the temperature of the BOG from LNG carriers can vary

substantially (-184° to -112°F [-120° to -80°C])based on the distance of the compressor

system from the mooring point of the ship.”

CT467.qxp 4/19/10 5:01 PM Page 2


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shocks and operate at cryogenic temperatures with thehighest reliability.

Aerodynamic and mechanical testing of the system tookplace on a prototype at the GE Oil & Gas research anddevelopment manufacturing center in Florence, Italy.

Dedicated Inlet FlangeThe IGVs are assembled on the inlet flange and submit-

ted to the lowest temperatures and to thermal shocks dur-ing transients, which are common in this type of service.The inlet flange houses the dry gas seals, one main bearingand the shaft for the actuation of the IGV, which operatesat cryogenic temperature at its inner section and at ambi-ent temperature on the outer one, which in turn becomesa potential point of ice formation (blocking IGV turning).

A heating serpentine has been incorporated in theflange to protect the dry gas seals and the bearing fromexcessive low temperatures. The serpentine is heatedwith oil drawn from the lube oil console and warmed upby a dedicated heater. Drainage of the oil from the ser-pentine is provided as a safety device to avoid oil freez-ing in case of power failure.

A separate electric heating device has been placedaround the shaft controlling the IGV. In case of heating

Testing device and variable inlet guide vanes (IGVs) tested at cryogenictemperature, reached by means of liquefied nitrogen, in a specially de-signed pit located at the GE Oil & Gas R&D facility in Florence.



IDEAL ANALYZER TO MEASUREENGINE EMISSIONS

E Instruments InternationalPhone: 215-750-1212www.E-Inst.com

E INSTRUMENTS provides the latest technology inhand-held instrumentation withthe NEW E2200 analyzer that isideal for emissions monitoringincluding quarterly tests as wellas tuning and maintenance of richand lean burning gas &diesel engines.

E2200 features include:

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• CO2% and Excess Air Calculations

• Built-In Impact Printer

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• Temperature & Draft/Diff. PressureMeasurements

CT467.qxp 4/19/10 5:01 PM Page 3


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failure, a nitrogen buffering systemwill automatically replace the heaterto avoid ice formation and thusblockage of the shaft controlling theIGV position.

This dedicated flange has been de-signed to function as an end coverfor barrel-type (BCL) centrifugal com-pressors and also to equip horizon-tally split (MCL) compressors aftermodifying the cold end of the casing.

The IGV system is usually mountedonly on the low-pressure casing, but de-pending on the degree of flow and headcontrol requested, can be assembled onthe high-pressure casing as well.

Cryogenic Materials and Dedicated Mechanical Design

To maintain a good resilience at lowtemperatures, alloy steel with 9% nickelcontent has been used for all compo-nents in contact with cryogenic gas.

The 3-D and 2-D impellers are stan-dard in their general configuration,however, the hub area has been ex-tended to better distribute the stressesin their interface with the shaft andthe key removed to avoid stress con-centration. In fact, during start-up, thecryogenic gas will cool the impellersbefore the shaft cools down and thestresses on the hub tend to increaseuntil a steady state is achieved.

When the compressor is shut down,temperature stratification tends tobuild up inside the machine to avoidrotor bowing, which would inducehigh vibration during the dedicatedstart-up procedure that has been de-veloped to create a homogenous tem-perature distribution across all of theinternal components.

During transients, which are veryfrequent in this type of service, expan-sion of the various components, due totheir varying size and mass, occurswith different timing. Consequently,the clearance of the interstagelabyrinth seals placed on the di-aphragms, had to be substantiallymodified when compared with com-pressors handling gas at conventionaltemperatures. In fact, during shut-down, the rotor warms up morequickly than compared to the di-aphragms and contact of the labyrinthswith the impeller eye must be avoided.In addition, compressor performancehas to be calculated taking into ac-count internal recirculation in steady-state conditions.

Testing ProgramA performance test on the IGV sys-

tem plus first stage of compressionhas been performed and demon-strated very good flow control and

improved efficiency in respect to theoriginal standard design. An IGV test-ing vehicle was set up to test the IGVoperability at various temperaturesincluding steady state, with the IGVimmersed in liquid nitrogen down to-310°F (-190°C).

The GE Oil & Gas offering for BOGcompressors also includes a cryogenicperformance and mechanical test,which is carried out in an external testbed. The cryogenic temperature is ob-tained in the inlet of the compressorthrough a heat exchanger capable ofdecreasing the inlet temperature

down to -184°F (-120°C). The testingfacility provides the capability to com-pletely simulate the operability ofboth low- and high-pressure casingcompressors at full load. A



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Altronic Inc. has released theDetonation Sensing Monitors (DET-1600 and DET-1620), 24 Vdc-pow-ered, 32-bit microprocessor-basedelectronic instruments designed foruse on natural gas-fueled engines todetect detonation and misfire andavoid consequential engine damage.Industry-standard, low-cost, piezo-electric vibration sensors are mounteddirectly on the engine and are used totransform the vibrations caused by com-bustion into electrical signals, which arethen evaluated by the DET device.

These values — generated for everycylinder on a cycle-by-cycle basis —are then measured against misfire anddetonation setpoints configured by theuser for the monitored engine. Themonitor accepts up to 16 detonationsensors that are wired to pluggablePhoenix-type connectors; the recom-mended configuration is one sensorper cylinder. The DET-1600 is used inconjunction with standard negative-ground ignition systems; the DET-1620is used exclusively with the AltronicCPU-2000 digital ignition system.

The DET system can be configured

to take a number of control actions toprotect the monitored engine upon in-dication of detonation (or misfire). Inmany applications, the DET will useone of two solid-state output switchesto activate an external unloader to re-duce engine load. Should that reme-dial action be unsuccessful addressingthe detonation issue, the DET can beconfigured (when used in conjunctionwith a digital ignition system) to auto-matically retard the ignition timing.

In the event that an ignition timingadjustment also proves to be ineffectivein eliminating engine detonation, thesecond output switch — typically tiedto a digital annunciator or other moni-

toring device — acts as a final safetymeasure to shut down the engine.

The DET system is housed in arugged, powder-coated, aluminumenclosure and features an integral2x16 backlit LCD to display the deto-nation and misfire reference levelnumbers, engine cylinder labels, con-trol and output switch status, thecause of shutdown log and all diag-nostic messages. System configurationis accomplished using an onboardRS485 serial port and a powerful, yeteasy-to-use, system configuration andmonitoring program. A


Altronic Detonation SensingMonitors are designed for use onnatural gas-fueled engines to detectdetonation and misfire and avoidconsequential engine damage.


ALTRONIC DIGITAL/BAR-GRAPH SETPOINT GAUGE MONITORSPRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, VIBRATION AND OTHER VARIABLES

The Altronic DSG-1611DUPS, DSG-1692DUS, and DSG-1682DUPS are ad-vanced digital/bar-graph setpoint gauges for monitoring, displaying andprotecting either one or two process variables such as temperatures, pres-sures, etc. The DSG-1611 is a universal one-point model that replaces theformer DSG-1301/1601 series. The DSG-1682DUPS and DSG-1692DUS aretwo-point versions.

NEW, ADVANCED PRODUCTS FROM ALTRONICDetonation Sensing Monitors Help Guard Against Catastrophic Engine Damage

CT474.qxp 4/21/10 1:03 PM Page 1



• Field proven with over 55,000 units sold

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• Fail Safe in Open Loop or Closed Loop Modes

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Altronic digital/bar-graphsetpoint gauge monitorsare available in three

configurations.

These universal models can be con-nected to either type J or K thermocou-ples, zero to 5 volts or zero to 25 mA(scalable) input signals. In the DSG-1692, this choice is made independentlyfor each of the two monitored points.In addition, all versions have an RS-485serial port with Modbus communica-tions protocol with five selectable baudrates: 9600, 19,200, 38,400, 57,600 and115,200. This versatility makes the DSGgauges universal panel products, thusreducing spare parts requirements to aminimum. Power requirement is 12 to36 Vdc, 0.25 Amps maximum.

A unique feature of the DSG gaugesis the high-resolution 16-character,eight-line digital readout/bar-graphdisplay that gives the operator an im-mediate indication of the reading as apercent of (user-selectable) transducerspan or span between high/low set-points, as well as a reference to direc-tion and amplitude of a rapid changein reading. The display also indicatesthe units and annunciates an alarm bynumber (first or second setpoint) andtype (high or low).

The front panel of the microproces-sor-based gauge has a sealed mem-brane keypad for easy selection and ad-justment of the units, transducer rangeand setpoints. There are two (one onthe DSG-1682DUPS) solid-state, form C(N.O. and N.C.) output switches. Eachoutput can be assigned both high andlow setpoint values that are retained in-definitely. The precision nature of theoutput switch allows these gauges to beused as control devices.

DSG-1611DUPS: The single-pointmodel has both 4 to 20 mA propor-tional output and RS-485 serial com-munications. It replaces all prior mod-els of the DSG-1301 and 1601 and canbe programmed for both a low andhigh output for each of the two out-put switches.

DSG-1682DUPS: The dual-channelDSG-1682DUPS is a single-loop PIDcontroller that accepts up to two typeJ or K thermocouples or zero to 5volt, zero to 25 mA transducer inputsignals. This sophisticated instrument/controller is designed to offer the fol-lowing modes of operation:

• 4 to 20 mA output loop vs. thechannel 1 input or channel 2 —channel 1 (differential); and

• direct or inverse PID outputbased on the input of channel 1or in a “mapping” mode that al-lows the channel 1 PID setpoint tobe modified by the monitored in-put of channel 2.

DSG-1692DUS: In the standarddual-point model, each channel is in-dependently assigned for type J or K

thermocouple, zero to 5 voltsor zero to 25 mA inputsignals. This allows thedevice to be used forone temperature andone pressure or twoof either type. In ad-dition, the device canbe set up with a dif-ferential setpoint be-tween the two moni-tored points. A


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In February of 2010 the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) released a new amendment tothe final rule on the “Subpart ZZZZ —National Emissions Standards forHazardous Air Pollutants for StationaryReciprocating Internal CombustionEngines,” with new requirements tar-geting compression ignition (CI) ordiesel engines and revisions yet to befinalized for spark-ignited (SI) or nat-ural gas and gaseous-fueled engines— herewith termed “CI RICE” and “SIRICE,” respectively.

The SI RICE portion of the rule isanticipated to be finalized by Sep-tember 2010, but both CI RICE and SIRICE emission standards stem from theMarch 2009 EPA proposed rule, whichis just now happening. This one-yeartimeframe since last March to thisFebruary might seem like warp speedwhen we consider that 14 years passedfrom the time EPA was mandated byCongress to address the mitigation ofhazardous air pollutant (HAP) emis-sions (through the Clean Air ActAmendments of 1990) to initial promul-gation of the RICE NESHAP rule.

The only significant action otherthan this February 2010 final ruleamendment was one promulgatedin January 2008, tightening this veryRICE NESHAP Subpart . Table 1summarizes the timeline of eachsuccessive Subpart ZZZZ final rul-ing since 1990.

The original 2004 Subpart ZZZZtargeted only those RICE with siterating over 500 hp (373 kW) locatedat facilities considered “major” forhazardous air pollutants HAPs. Theterms “major source” and “areasource” have been defined by theEPA based on the quantity of haz-ardous pollutant being emitted. A fa-cility is considered a “major source”if it has the “potential to emit” atleast 10 tpy (9.07 T/yr) of any singleHAP or 25 tpy (22.7 T/yr) or moreof any combined HAPs.

The designation of major or areasource is important because, gener-ally speaking, mandates that areevermore stringent apply to majorsources versus area sources.

The history of air quality regula-tory programs from the Clean Air Act


A DIFFERENT GRAIN OF RICE Revised National Emissions Standards for

Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines in Stationary ApplicationsBy Brian Kromer

Brian KromerBrian Kromer is managing director

of Infleksion, a firm dedicated to pro-viding custom market analytics, strate-gic dashboards and software to the en-ergy industry, with a special emphasison point source emissions. He can bereached at [email protected].

Table 1. The “3 Ruling” history ofRICE NESHAP — note the currentNESHAP Subpart ZZZZ emissionstandards for both major and areasources are pending a final rule inAugust for SI RICE.

CT471.qxp 4/19/10 4:20 PM Page 1


Emission Limits for New and Reconstructed Stationary RICE • 500 hp atMajor Sources and New and Reconstructed Stationary RICE at Area Sources

Emission RequirementEngine Engine Type Manufacture g/KW-hr or (g/hp-hr) orPower and Fuel Date [ppmvd at 15 % O2]

HC+NOx NOx CO VOC

Non-emergency July 1, 2008 3.8 6.525 < hp < 100 SI Natural Gas and (2.8) (4.8)

Non-emergency SI July 1, 2008 3.8 200.0Lean Burn LPG (severe duty) (2.8) (149.2)Non-emergency July 1, 2008 (2.0) (4.0) (1.0)

100 ≤ hp ≤ SI Natural Gas and [160] [540] [86]Non-emergency SI Jan. 1, 2011 (1.0) (2.0) (0.7)

Lean Burn LPG [82] [270] [60]Non-emergency July 1, 2008 (3.0) (5.0) (1.0)

hp < 500 SI Landfill or [220] [610] [80]Digester Gas Jan. 1, 2011 (2.0) (5.0) (1.0)

[150] [610] [80]25 < hp <130 Emergency Jan. 1, 2009 (10.0) (387)

≥ 130 hp Emergency Jan. 1, 2009 (2.0) (4.) (1.0)[160] [540] [86]

follows a logical pattern of starting with the major sourcesfirst and then working toward the smaller area sources. Infact, the amendments specifically targeting RICE underNESHAP Subpart ZZZZ are a perfect example of whythere have been two significant revisions since the original2004 final rule — to include a broader spectrum at majorsources and to bring in area source RICE as well.

This is because the EPA has statutory obligations underthe Clean Air Act of 1990 to address hazardous air pollu-tants from various source types. In particular, sections112 (d), 112 (c) (3) and 112 (k) of the Clean Air ActAmendments (CAAA) of 1990 cover the impact to sourcetypes such as RICE in stationary service applications.

Subparts C through ZZZZ define the “source categories”like turbines, boilers or internal combustion engines andset forth specific standards to be met through the applica-tion of emission controls for that given source category.Subpart ZZZZ is a different grain of RICE, because it fo-cuses exclusively on reciprocating internal combustion en-gines in stationary service, thus the term RICE.

Often, Subpart ZZZZ is called “Quad-Zee” or “the RICENESHAP,” and the rule covers both CI RICE (diesel en-gines) and SI RICE (natural gas engines) in the presentFebruary 2010 final ruling.

The passage of the CAAA legislation is important to un-derstand in the context of SI RICE, because gas compres-sion activities dominate this class of prime mover in serv-ice. Therefore, changes to Subpart ZZZZ that directly affectSI RICE also influence the natural gas industry as a whole.

The original NESHAP Subpart ZZZZ RICE rule was notpromulgated until 2004, or approximately 14 years afterthe passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.This was in part because of the tremendous number of“source categories” EPA has addressed under Subparts Cthrough ZZZZ of its NESHAP regulations.

Logically, since Subpart ZZZZ seemingly is the last inthe alphabet, there were many other “source categories”in line ahead of internal combustion engines in nonmo-bile applications. Or, could it be because the ZZZZ reallylooked like “Zzzz” and puts one to sleep? But the sleepyappearance of four Zs put together should not disguise

MAY 2010 65

Table 2. New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) to consider withthe pending RICE NESHAP’s yet to come in August for SI RICE.

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BORSIG ZM Compression GmbH, a member of theBORSIG Group, offers Reciprocating Compressorsfor Process Gases, Centrifugal Compressors forProcess Gases, Reciprocating Compressors forCNG Filling Stations, Compressor Valves, RootsBlowers and Blower Systems. Our products stand forhigh quality, compentence and reliability.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS for Process Gasesacc. API 618, in vertical design (PV) as well as boxertype units with horizontal cylinder arrangement (PH)with up to a maximum of 6 axes.

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the expanding scope of Subpart ZZZZ and the broaderrequirements it will bring to CI RICE and SI RICE.

The original Subpart ZZZZ rule targeted only “majorsources” and engines greater than 500 hp (373 kW). InJanuary of 2008, a second final rule amendment was pro-mulgated that covered not just “major sources,” but alsocertain types of RICE at “area sources.” In March 2009, ad-ditional Subpart ZZZZ amendments were proposed tospecifically deal with other CI RICE and SI RICE (includingcertain types of existing engines at area sources). Theamendment remained in the proposal state until recently,when in February 2010, the final ruling for CI RICE wentinto effect and the timeline for the SI RICE was set forAugust 2010.

Now both “major source” and “area source” defini-tions, according to the EPA, will be targeting enginesabove and below 500 hp (373 kW) and result in abroader range of total impact CI RICE and SI RICE.

While it is unclear as to the full implications of the up-coming final rule for Subpart ZZZZ with respect to SI RICE,the March 2009 proposed rule serves as the foundation forthe changes to come because it is the March 2009 pro-posed rule that has served as the foundation for theFebruary 2010 final ruling on CI RICE or diesel engines.The March 2009 proposed rule will serve as the foundationfor the additional requirements targeting SI RICE or naturalgas engines anticipated to be finalized in August 2010.

The EPA has statutory obligations under the Clean Air ActAmendments of 1990 to address HAPs from various sourcecategories such as RICE in stationary service applications.Certainly, this is a high-level overview of the air quality reg-ulatory matrix that originates at the federal level targetinginternal combustion engines. There are many points of con-sideration not necessarily covered in this article for the sakeof timeliness and simplicity.

There are other sections and subparts of air quality reg-ulations that have less of a unilateral impact on stationaryRICE (both CI and SI type engines) that must also be con-sidered in the compliance equation. Subpart IIII andSubpart JJJJ of the New Source Performance Standards(NSPS) directly affect internal combustion engines, but,generally speaking, apply to installation date or modifica-tion date triggers as is the case with Subpart ZZZZ. Table2 shows the current NSPS emission standards for SI RICE.

Since the NSPS is known, these standards must be con-sidered alongside the yet to be determined SI RICE re-quirements under Subpart ZZZZ coming in August 2010.

NESHAP Subpart ZZZZ has been singled out and high-lighted here because it is one of currency and signifi-cance to the natural gas industry.

Remarkably, the legacy of legislation passed over 20years ago is its ability to continue spawning new regula-tory mandates even today.

Ultimately, the assessment of regulatory impacts on airemission sources represents a complex analytical exer-cise that requires the consideration of many factors notfully explored by this simple overview. The roles and re-lationships among those many other nuances born out ofthe Clean Air Act gives growth to a different kind ofgrain of “RICE.” A




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Machine ConditionMonitoring and Analysis

Azima DLI, a provider of predictivemachine condition monitoring and analy-sis services, offers a series of prepack-aged programs designed to ensure com-prehensive equipment reliability anduptime results, said the company. Azimaoffers three Watchman Reliability ServicePlans that feature an evaluation of theplant environment and risk profile alongwith a set of solutions and deliverable tomeet specific uptime, compliance andcost-avoidance objectives.

Each package includes primary tech-nologies, such as vibration analysis, lubeoil analysis and infrared thermography aswell as transparency of portal delivery,analysis support and a range of optionalservices to complete condition monitor-ing. The three models are: WatchmanProfessional, Watchman Insight andWatchman Select.


Polycarbonate EnclosuresAdalet now offers thermoplastic, poly-

carbonate enclosures as part of its indus-trial enclosure product line. Ranging insizes from 6 in. x 6 in. x 4 in. (15.2 cm x15.2 cm x 10.2 cm) to 18 in. x 16 in. x 10

in. (45.7 cm x 40.6 cm x 25.4 cm), theN4XP line of polycarbonate enclosuresprovide high impact resistance and supe-rior UV protection in a lightweight, non-corrosive design. Enclosures are availablein opaque or clear covers for viewing, areUL/cUL listed and meet type 2, 3, 3R, 4,4X, 5, 6/6P, 12, 13 and marine use.

Each enclosure ships with a cover gas-ket providing a watertight seal for NEMA4 applications and add-on mounting feetfor wall-mount applications. Threadedbrass inserts are standard and provide se-cure back panel installation. The enclo-sures are light grey in color with a glossfinish and can be ordered as screw cover

for submersible 6P ratings or stainless-steel latch cover designs for quick ac-cess. Accessories such as back panels,swing panels and panel adjustment kitsare available. All enclosures can be or-dered with modifications such as holes,slots or cutouts.

While extremely lightweight, polycar-bonate enclosures provide an impact re-sistance of over 900 lb.in. (102 Nm).Designed for use in rugged and harshapplications, the Adalet N4XP enclosuresoffer high strength and durability andUV protection when exposed to sun-light. The enclosures are noncorrosivewhen used in extreme environments andnonconductive, thereby eliminating ashock hazard.

Adalet, a Scott Fetzer Co., manufac-tures explosionproof enclosure systemsand cable accessories, enclosure thermalmanagement products and industrialNEMA-rated sheet metal enclosures andrelated accessories.


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to its iVu Image Sensor series. The company said it deliverseasy-to-apply yet comprehensive vision inspection to hard-to-access areas. Both the iVu TG Image Sensor and iVu Bar CodeReaders, first introduced with integrated touchscreens for on-siteinspection setup and modifications, are available as iVu RemoteSeries Sensors, replacing the sensors’ touchscreens with a sepa-rate display. This arrangement allows users to program iVu sen-sors through a single display and to change inspection parame-ters remotely. Banner said that the iVu Remote Display offers anall-in-one vision inspection solution for difficult-to-reach areaswithout the need for a PC or other external devices.

The iVu Remote Display boasts the same intuitive program-ming interface as the iVu’s integrated touchscreen, whichspeeds operator training and reduces installation time. One dis-play can be used to program multiple iVu sensors. RemoteSeries Sensors operate independently of the Remote Display, sothe display can also be hot-swapped, a feature that helps mini-mize downtime when reprogramming sensors to satisfy new ap-plication requirements.

Connected via a cable between 3 ft. (1 m) and 50 ft. (16 m) inlength, the Remote Display facilitates access to the user interfaceand allows personnel to view inspection images from a distance.The company said that capability proves particularly beneficial incertified application environments, where personnel access couldcompromise the integrity of the area.

Banner said a number of features make the iVu RemoteTouch Screen Display ideal for complex inspections in chal-lenging-to-access areas. They include a display that incorpo-rates two LEDs providing feedback on the remote sensor’s op-eration (one for Power/Error and the other indicating Pass/Failinspection results), a 3.5 in. (8.89 cm) diagonal color LCD flat-panel touchscreen display, lightweight design with an er-gonomic shape that fits comfortably in the hand and the abilityto be hot-swapped among multiple live sensors. The screen of-fers a wide viewing angle of 60° left and right, 50° up and 55°down. A mounting bracket/docking station and stylus with ca-ble are included.

Banner offers a selection of five cordsets up to 50 ft. (16 m)in length.


Respiratory Facepiece Seal TechnologyScott Health & Safety has

launched its SureSealSystem, which the com-pany described as the“most dynamic facepieceseal available today forusers of respiratory protec-tion products.”

Developed with numer-ous innovations such asan enhanced sealing sur-face and practical per-sonal protective equip-ment (PPE) interfaces, theScott SureSeal systemcombines greater usercomfort with superior fit.Scott said that because it

is integrated with the Scott AV-3000 facepiece, users experiencean expansive field of vision and exceptional voice intelligibility.

The SureSeal System utilizes a U-shaped seal that maintainsa continuous circumferential seal around the user’s face. Scottdeveloped its patent-pending design, called reverse reflex, toallow the SureSeal System to flex with facepiece movement,resulting in a higher fit factor and improved user comfort.


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Additionally, a fifth strap improvessealing capabilities by adding anotherpoint of connection to the smallerKevlar head harness. The tighteningbuckles are positioned so they won’ttorque the seal and cause leaks i fover-tightened.

Scott said that an important featureof the SureSeal System is its deeper,lower-profile seal that offers a more ro-bust interface with protective suits,hoods, shrouds and helmets. Ad-ditionally, a smaller Kevlar head har-ness eliminates bunching and discom-fort under helmets and hard hats. Forproper and quick donning, a reflectivepositioning tab is located on the backof the head harness.

As with all of Scott’s AV-series face-pieces, the AV-3000 facepiece with theSureSeal System honors Scott’s Top-Down Convertibility design concept,which allows a single facepiece to beused for all NFPA/CBRN/NIOSH respira-tory applications. The SureSeal System isavailable on all new AV-3000 facepiecesand can be retrofitted to AV-3000 face-pieces currently in use.


Vacuum Pumps andCompressors

GD Nash has introduced its new2BE4 series vacuum pumps and com-pressors. Nash said that the 2BE4 seriesprovides the same long life and reliableoperation for which its 2BE3 series isknown, but benefits from its effort toupgrade and perfect that series.Features of the new design include op-timized inlet and discharge porting forenhanced performance, the use ofcylindrical roller bearings for improvedload ratings and increased reliability (abearing upgrade that can be applied toexisting 2BE3 series units), optionallobe purge piping to remove entrainedsolids and prevent erosion, eliminationof the need for inlet bypass piping inmost installations, a choice of ductileiron or stainless-steel construction anda configuration that allows it to be adrop-in replacement for existing 2BE3installations.

The 2BE4 series feature a suction ca-

pacity of 212,000 to 388,000 cfh (6000 to11,000 m3/hr) and suction pressure rang-ing from 11.6 to 21.8 psia (0.8 to 1.5bara). Discharge pressures can rangefrom 21.8 to 54.4 psia (1.5 to 3.75 bara).

Nash, a division of Gardner Denver,manufactures l iquid ring vacuumpumps, compressors and engineeredsystems serving the chemical, petro-leum, power, paper, mining, environ-mental and food industries. Nash alsoprovides global service and technicalsupport for its products through its loca-tions around the world.


Subsea Power ConverterPower Supply manufacturer Schaefer

Inc., has announced a new power con-verter designed for use in subsea mineralexploration or other deep-sea applications.

Based upon Schaefer’s C3700 powerconverter, the robust design provides upto 1100 W of power with an adjustable,tightly regulated 24 Vdc output. Schaefercan also engineer units to accept a highvoltage input (up to 5000 Vdc) or to sup-ply higher-output voltages and/or outputpower. No minimum load is required forstable operation.

The converter is optimized such thatseawater can be used as the input re-turn path; and it has convection coolingover a wide temperature range of -4° to167°F (-20°C to 75°C). All dissipatedheat is efficiently conducted through asingle flat aluminum surface that can bemounted to the subsea structure. Over-temperature shutdown with alarms, fea-turing automatic recovery, is inherent inthe design. Additional features andcomprehensive protection circuitry in-cludes remote sensing, Power-OK, DC-OK, current limiting, short-circuit pro-tection, overvoltage protection andoverload protection.

Schaefer said that the use of industrialgrade components yields a highly effi-cient, space-saving solution while in-creased mechanical strength and tropicalprotection facilitates reliable operation inextreme environments.



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Manufacturing and RepairCompressor Ele-ments offers liter-ature on its com-pressor-re la tedmachining, manu-facturing and re-pair. The com-pany manufac-tures and repairsa complete line ofcompressor parts,maintains a ware-house inventoryof new replace-ment parts, and

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Rotor Dynamics AnalysisThe Turboma-chinery ResearchConsortium of theTurbomachineryLaboratory atTexas A&M Uni-versity offers abrochure on itsXLTRC2 rotor dy-namics softwaresuite. XLTRC2 is asuite of fast, accu-rate and user-friendly codes forexecuting a com-

plete lateral and torsional rubber dynamic analysisof rotating machinery including pumps, compres-sors and turbines. XLTRC2 runs on most versions ofWindows with Microsoft Office 97 or later.


Magnetic BearingsAdvances InMagnetic Bearingsis the title of awhite paper in-cluded in a com-pany capabilitiesfolder from Syn-chrony. In addi-tion, the folder in-cludes multipageoverviews of se-lected Synchronyproducts, includ-ing its Fusion andNovaGlide brands

of magnetic bearings and the NovaDrive 400 andNovaGen 400 oil-less drivetrains. The company alsomanufactures high-speed motors and generators fora wide range of industrial applications.


Laser AlignmentInformation on Express Alignment (XA) from Fixturlaseris available in a 12-page brochure that explains the widerange of standard technical features in the Fixturlaser XAsystem. Those include CCD technology, line laser, largedetector surfaces 1.18 in. (30 mm) and pre-mounted fix-tures. Also described are the 3-D color animation dis-plays, wireless data transfer capability and the automaticExpress Mode that speeds the measurement and align-ment process.


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ACI Services, Inc. ......................................29

ADIPEC 2010 ..............................................78

AXH air-coolers ..........................................66

Altronic, Inc. ..............................................2-3

ARIEL ..........................................................27

BG Service Co., Inc., The............................57

BETA Machinery Analysis ..........................23

BORSIG ZM Compression GmbH ..............65

* Burckhardt Compression AG ................43, 49

CC Technology ......................................20-21

CECO, Compressor Engineering Corp. ......61

* CPI, Compressor Products International ....17

Cameron’s Compression

Systems Group ..................................40-41

Canfield Industries, Inc./

Spartan Scientific ....................................60

* Cook Compression ......................Third Cover

Cummins Inc. ..............................................45

CRYOSTAR SAS ........................................46

* Dresser-Rand ..............................................47

DYNALCO ............................................59, 71

ECOM America ..........................................69

E Instruments Group ..................................60

* Elliott Company ........................Second Cover

* Ellwood Crankshaft Group ..........................68

EmeraChem, LLC........................................53

EMIT Technologies, Inc. ..............................1

Enerproject SA ............................................44

Exline, Inc. ..................................................76

Flexware, Inc. ..............................................68

Foley Equipment..........................................76

* GE Oil & Gas ................................................5

GPSA, Gas Processors

Suppliers Association ..............................73

Harsco Industrial - Air-X-Changers ............31* HOERBIGER Kompressortechnik

Holding GmbH....................................32-33

In The News ................................................72

KB Delta Mfg, Inc. ......................................55

Kiene Diesel Accessories, Inc. ..................59

Kobelco EDTI Compressors, Inc. ..............15

Kobe Steel, Ltd. ..........................................15

LCEC, Louisiana Chemical

Equip. Co., LP..........................................50

LMF Leobersdorfer Maschinenfabrik AG ......7

Lincoln Crankshaft & Machine Ltd. ............79

MAN Diesel ..................................................9

MIRATECH Corporation ..............................11

MOTORTECH GmbH..................................35

Murphy, FW ................................Fourth Cover

* Neuman & Esser Group ..............................39

PROGNOST Systems, Inc. ..................36-37

Progressive Equipment Inc. ........................63

PROS Company, The ..................................50

Rawson Energy Services (RES) ................16

Robt. L. Rowan & Assoc., Inc. ....................77

Rottler Manufacturing ..................................19

Stitt Spark Plug Company ..........................51

Summit Industrial Products ........................30

Superbolt Inc. ............................................66

TMEIC GE ..................................................56

* Tech Transfer, Inc. ..................................24-25

Testo, Inc. ....................................................48

Ultrachem, Inc. ............................................75

Wesco Valve and Manufacturing Company....67

Company Name Page Number Company Name Page Number Company Name Page Number

* Further information on this company’s products can be foundin the 2009 Edition of the Global Sourcing Guide (at GSGnet.net) and 2010 Compression Technology Sourcing Supplement (at CT2SS.com).



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To date, major producers and ex-porters of natural gas in Latin Americahave been Mexico, serving the con-sumer markets in the North (UnitedStates), and Bolivia, exporting its gasto several countries located in SouthAmerica. Venezuela has been a majorexporter of oil and heavy hydrocar-bons (from the Orinoco Belt) but notof natural gas, although its provennatural gas reserves amount to 170.9Tcf (4.84 x 1012 m3), representing 2.6%of world gas reserves (BP StatisticalReview of World Energy, June 2009).

Geopolitical reasons have preventedinternational oil companies from invest-ing large amounts of money inVenezuela to develop the necessary in-frastructures needed to export thissource of energy. However, as reportedby Business Monitor International inseveral issues of its Daily Oil & GasAlert, the situation might be changing.

In April, according to the VenezuelanEnergy Minister Rafael Ramírez, aJapanese company offered Venezuela aUS$1 billion loan to develop the largeMariscal Sucre offshore gas project. In

addition, the state-run Petróleos deVenezuela (PdVSA) is holding bilateraltalks over funding for the $8.3 billionMariscal Sucre development after a re-cent project tender failed to attract bids.Apparently, the unnamed Japaneseconcern is prepared to advance theloan. Ramírez added that the govern-ment was “looking for a large-scalefirm” (such as Gazprom) to help de-velop Mariscal Sucre’s reserves.

The much-delayed Mariscal (Mar-shall) Sucre complex is one of sev-eral gas projects in the shallow wa-ters bordering Trinidad & Tobagothat PdVSA is hoping will propelVenezuela into the ranks of theworld’s major gas producers.

The project comprises the Dragón,Patao, Mejillones and Río Caribe gasfields, and according to the governmentholds 14.7 Tcf (416 x 109 m3) of gas.

Under PdVSA’s development plans,gas from Mariscal Sucre will supply thelocal market, with the surplus to beliquefied for export. An LNG plantwould be built at the Gran Mariscal deAyacucho industrial facility in Sucre

State and comprise two trains, eachwith a send-out capacity of 4.7 MMtons per annum (tpa) or 6.48 x 109 m3.A final investment decision on MariscalSucre LNG is due by year-end 2010,and operations are expected to start in2014-2015, beyond the original 2013start-up date. Combined production atthe fields is expected to reach 438 Bcf(12.4 x 109 m3) of gas per annum and20,000 barrels per day of condensate.

PdVSA puts the costs of the up-stream section of the project at $2.7billion, while the total price tag issupposed to be around $8.3 billion.To attract funding, in January 2010PdVSA offered a 40% stake in theproject to foreign investors, short-l ist ing Gazprom, Japanese firmsMarubeni, Mitsui, Mitsubishi andItochu, and several Western interna-tional oil companies for the tender.The licensing round, however, re-ceived no bids.

Thus, PdVSA is now trying to se-cure investment from Gazprom andJapanese conglomerates on a bilateralbasis. While it is Caracas, Venezuela’sgrowing ties with Moscow, Russia,that have been grabbing the headlinesover the last year, its investment linkswith Tokyo, Japan, are more ad-vanced and arguably as valuable tothe struggling Latin American country.

The wide-ranging preliminary agree-ments signed with Tokyo covered thepotential participation of Japanese con-glomerates in upstream and down-stream Venezuelan projects, includingloans for the upgrade of the Puerto laCruz and El Palito refineries and a jointfeasibility study of the Junín 11 Blockin the Orinoco heavy oil belt. In addi-tion, PdVSA signed a Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MoU) with fourJapanese firms over their participationin the Mariscal Sucre LNG terminal.Under a preliminary deal signed earlier,Mitsubishi and Mitsui hold 2.5% each inthe first proposed train of the plant andItochu and Mitsubishi have 10% and5%, respectively, in the second train.

Following his visit to Tokyo,President Hugo Chávez announcedthat the trip yielded $33.5 billionworth of agreements. A $1 billionloan, however, would mark the firstconcrete investment under the deals.The loan, which is yet to be con-firmed by the Japanese side, couldcome from any of the four Japanesesignatories of the Mariscal Sucre MoU.In return for funding, the Asian in-vestors will be looking to secure LNGsupplies for their domestic market.The amount of Mariscal Sucre’s gasavailable for export, however, is inquestion, and that uncertainty is be-lieved to have been the main reason

IS VENEZUELA BECOMING A NATURALGAS PLAYER IN LATIN AMERICA?

Recent Developments May Reshape theNatural Gas Export Market in Latin America

By Roberto Chellini

Great Expectations Gas Projects Offshore Venezuela


CT468.qxp 4/21/10 1:35 PM Page 1

behind the failure of the project bid-ding round. Apparently, severe powershortages caused by Venezuela’s pro-longed drought have led the govern-ment to raise the amount of MariscalSucre’s gas used for internal con-sumption. This would severely dam-age the economics of the LNG plantby forcing companies to sell gas atgovernment-imposed domestic prices.

At present, gas from Venezuela’snon-associated onshore gas fields issold for around $0.9 per million BTU,way below international prices. Atsuch low prices, even the politicallydriven Gazprom will struggle to justifyits investment in the project. Unlessthe government is prepared either toraise wholesale gas prices or to freeup more supplies for export, it is un-likely that Mariscal Sucre will be ableto attract the required investment.Moreover, given Caracas’ track recordof contract alterations, any agreementsreached with the IOCs now run therisk of being overridden duringVenezuela’s next energy supply crisis.

In North Venezuela, Spain’s RepsolYPF and Italy’s Eni announced, onApril 12, that the Perla field in their50:50-owned Cardón-IV explorationblock in the Gulf of Venezuela mayhave 30% greater gas reserves thaninitially estimated in October 2009.

The reserves upgrade announce-ment was made following the drillingof the Perla-2 well at a depth of 197ft. (60 m) in the shallow waters of theGulf of Venezuela. The results ofPerla-2 mean the partners have re-vised up the field’s gas reserve esti-mates to approximately 8.8 Tcf to 9.9Tcf (250 x 109 m3 to 280 x 109 m3).Production targets will also requireupward revision, and the field’s loca-tion in relatively shallow waters willhelp to lower future production costs,boosting the project’s economics. The

company also stated that two newPerla development wells will bedrilled in mid-2010. Under their con-tract, Repsol and Eni will have totransfer a 35% stake in the project tostate-controlled PdVSA, leaving thetwo European firms with a 32.5%stake each.

When the Perla gas discovery wasannounced in late 2009, i t wasVenezuela’s largest natural gas discov-ery and the biggest gas find in Repsol’s

corporate history. The reserves up-grade at Perla is a further boost to theprospects for Venezuela’s gas sector. At170.9 Tcf (4.84 x 1012 m3), Venezuelahas Latin America’s largest proven gasreserves, but upstream attention hasfocused for decades on the country’slarge oil reserves and its importance asone of the top oil exporters to the U.S.market. As a result, non-associated gasproduction remains low and gas distri-bution infrastructure is limited. Thegovernment has ambitious plans forthe sector, however, and has set a tar-get to raise national gas production to4.6 Tcf (130 x 109 m3) by 2013, from1.1 Tcf (31.5 x 109 m3) in 2008.

To support these goals, the govern-ment and PdVSA are hoping to de-velop a national gas infrastructure andLNG export capability. In spite of theupgrade of the Perla field’s reserves,however, PdVSA would have to dra-matically ramp up capex to achieve itsgas output targets. A



Gulf of Venezuela Gas Exploration Repsol and Eni’s Stake


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Bearing SelectionGuide

A product selection guidefrom Waukesha Bearings de-scribes a variety of bearing de-signs. The guide also providesexamples of typical applica-tions in which each type fre-quently sees service. Infor-mation is provided for tiltingpad thrust, tilting pad journal,polymer-lined and solid poly-mer, active magnetic, fixedprofile, ceramic and verticalbearings as well as horizontalbearing assemblies.


Thrust BearingsDesign Guide

Kingsbury offers a designguide that contains three sec-tions that will guide the userto a proper thrust bearing se-lection. Section I covers thefundamentals of equalizingfluid film thrust bearings.Section II reviews design fea-tures and accessories formonitoring performance.Section III contains system-atic guidelines for matchingyour application with theideal bearing.


Oil-Flooded RotaryCompressors

LeROI Gas Compressors fromRotary Compression Tech-nologies Inc. has prepared ahandy summary of the fea-tures, benefits and specifica-tions of its HG20 Series ofgeared and nongeared single-stage oil-flooded rotary com-pressors. Also included aredetails of options available forgas gathering, wellhead boost-ing, fuel gas boosting, vaporrecovery, inert gas boosting orlandfall gas handling.


Valve PerformanceSimulator

A new service from Klaushelps eliminate expensive,time-consuming, iterative pilotmodel valve testing offers rec-ommendations to meet chang-ing field conditions, supportnew OEM designs and offerAPI 618-compliant valve re-ports. The company’s propri-etary ValveSim software usescomputational fluid dynamics(CFD) to test valve perform-ance in a 3-D, digital “virtualflow loop.”



From major equipmentoverhauls to minorinspections, the ExlineField Services Divisionoffers comprehensiveon-site maintenanceand service to keepyour machines rolling.We specialize in reciprocatingengines, compressors, generators,rotating equipment, and other industrial

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Personal LocatorDevice

m2m Data Corp. offers infor-mation on the iSafety fea-tures in the Spot PersonalLocator device, which con-tains a satellite communicatorand GPS receiver in a smallpackage that can be worn onthe person. The literature de-scribes the numerous fea-tures of the device and ex-plains its simple, three-buttonoperation.


Gas Engine RebuildService

Cummins Inc. has prepareda document outlining theCummins Scheduled RebuildProgram that is designed tomaximize crit ical uptime.Included is an explanation ofhow your Cummins distribu-tor can help you schedule anoptimum engine rebuilddate. Also included is infor-mation on the levels of serv-ice available and warrantyinformation.


Energy TransferProducts

A detailed, 28-page documentsummarizing the company’srange of products and supportcapabilities is available fromRexnord. Summaries of Rex-nord product lines includingFalk and Rexnord gear drives;Rexnord, Link-Belt and MBbrand bearings; Rexnord andFalk coupling products; Rex-nord FlatTop and other heavy-duty, engineered steel chainand roller chain.


Air Starters

A four-color brochure fromTDI Tech Development offersan overview on the com-pany’s TurboTwin air starters.The piece presents the fea-tures and benefits of its tur-bine air starters, an overviewof available models and in-formation on the availabilityof detailed, industry-specificcatalogs featuring TurboTwinair starters.



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CompressorSpecialists

Compression Leasing ServicesInc. offers a library of bro-chures and information on itswide range of services to thecompression industry. Thesubject matter of those publi-cations includes the com-pany’s gas packaging, sales,leasing, service, machineshop, fabrication and designcapabilities. Also included isinformation on the firm’s con-struction air equipment.


Bolting Expertise

An informative brochure de-signed to introduce the prod-ucts, services and advancedtechnical capabilities of Alltiteis now available. Subjects ad-dressed include the com-pany’s on-site calibrationservices and its catalog of so-phisticated pneumatic, hy-draulic and manual torquetools that are available forrent or sale. A description ofthe company’s diverse servicecapabilities is included.



TransCanada Corp.TransCanada Corp. President and CEO Hal Kvisle will retire

effective June 30, 2010. Russ Girling, currently COO, will suc-ceed him as president and CEO on July 1, 2010. Kvisle will assistGirling with the transition through Aug. 31, 2010, and will beavailable as an advisor thereafter.

“Executive development and succession planning are importantresponsibilities of the board of directors,” Barry Jackson, chairmanof the board of directors. “Russ has demonstrated outstanding vi-sion and leadership over his 16 years at TransCanada. He has hadexposure to all aspects of our business and has consistentlyshown an unwavering commitment to the company’s long-termsuccess. His strategic thinking ability, commercial acumen, bot-tom-line focus and people/leadership skills will serve the com-pany well in the years ahead. We are confident in our choice ofRuss as Hal’s successor and look forward to TransCanada’s futureunder his leadership.”

Kvisle joined TransCanada in 1999 as executive vice presidentand became CEO in 2001. In 2008, he was named Canada’sOutstanding CEO of the Year.

Incoming President and CEO Russ Girling joined the companyin 1994 and, prior to his appointment as chief operating officer inJuly 2009, held a number of leadership positions including: presi-dent, pipelines; CFO and executive vice president, corporate de-velopment; and executive vice president, power. He is the cur-rent Chairman of the Interstate Natural Gas Association ofAmerica (INGAA).

Industry News — COMPRESSORTechTwo






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Tools and SuppliesEnco has re-leased its 2010catalog, whichcontains over75,000 productsin 14 categories.The companyalso offers over100,000 items on-line at www.use -enco . com.New offerings in2010 include abroader selectionof the products

for which the company has been known since1940 — cutting tools, measuring instruments,vises, fasteners, clamps, machinery, chucks andpower tools.


Engineering, Procurement and Construction

Willbros USA Inc.has prepared ma-terial providing asuccinct overviewof the engineer-ing, procurementand constructionservices firm’s of-ferings to the en-ergy industry.Highlighted is thecompany’s em-phasis on interop-erability, scalabil-ity and advanced

analysis in which GIS and integrity program man-agement are used to compile data that can be ana-lyzed to understand how each element of a proj-ect affects other elements.


Manufacturing CrankshaftsEllwood Crank-shaft Group (ECG)has published lit-erature featuringthe history andcrankshaft rangeof the company.The forging capa-bilities allow ECGto produce morethan 10,000 crank-shafts between 13and 23 ft. (4 and 7m) in length. Mar-ket segments in-

clude stationary power, compressors, locomotives,power generation and marine.


Mat SystemsAn overview of the economic and environmental advan-tages of the C-Lock interlocking mat products availablefrom Canadian Mat Systems Inc. of Edmonton andAlberta, Canada, are outlined in a color brochure. Thepiece lists a range of applications for which the com-pany’s products can help expand work activity outsideregular seasonal constraints while helping to protect theenvironment and reduce mitigation and remediation costs.




LC&M…taking the load!

LC&M are pleased to announce the recent purchase and installation of our new 11,000mm CNC Orbital Crankshaft

Grinding Machine, offering you, our customers…

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We are the UK’s leading manufacturer of large crankshafts, from forging to finish grind - maximum capacity 11,000mm long by

25 tonnes in weight. We also specialise in crankshaft and turbine shaft repair, refurbishment and regrind.

Lincoln Crankshaft & Machine LtdBay 18 Beevor StreetLincoln, LN6 7DJ, England

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Power Ignition and Controls hasbeen named the exclusive distributorfor Stoddard Silencers for theprovinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan andBritish Columbia, Canada. StoddardSilencers is a Canadian manufacturer ofsilencer products designed to controlthe potentially harmful effects of noisepollution in industrial environments.Stoddard Silencers specializes in thedesign and manufacture of silencers forengines, rotary blowers, vents, com-pressors, vacuum pumps and turbinesin industrial applications.

SPX Hydraulic Technologies, a busi-ness unit of SPX Corp.’s IndustrialProducts and Services segment, has ac-quired U.K.-based Torque TensionSystems Ltd. (TTS), a global supplierof hydraulic torque wrench and ten-sioner tool products. Transaction termswere not disclosed.

Torque Tension Systems Ltd. had an-nual revenues of approximately US$7.65million in 2009. The company’s hy-draulic bolting product lines includeDura-Lite hydraulic torque wrenches,LDF Torque wrenches, subsea bolt ten-sioners, hydraulic nut splitters, flangepullers and flange spreaders. In additionto serving the power and energy mar-ket, TTS’s tools are utilized in the petro-chemical, automotive, chemical, railwaysand shipbuilding industries. The com-pany has additional offices in Australiaand Malaysia.

SPX Hydraulic Technologies is aglobal manufacturer of high-force hy-draulic pumps, cylinders, jacks, pullersand tools, serving customers aroundthe world. With brands that includeGlobe, Hytec, PowerTeam, Stone andSPX Rail Systems Clamplock.

In a significant change to the machin-ery event calendar, Texas A&MUniversity’s Turbomachinery Laboratoryhas moved the date of the International

Pump Users Symposium, tradition-ally held in February, to run concur-rently with the fall TurbomachinerySymposium. As a result, the 2011event — the 27th International PumpUsers Symposium — will be held inparallel with the 40th TurbomachinerySymposium, Sept. 12-15, 2011.

Some details resulting from theschedule change have not been set-tled. One definite change will be thedue date for abstracts for prospectivepresentations at the 2011 PumpUsers Symposium. The original dead-line was May 3, 2010, but organizershave announced a new deadline ofSept. 27, 2010, which coincides withthe previously announced abstractdue date for presentations plannedfor the 2011 instal lment of theTurbomachinery Symposium.

The Advisory Board of the OffshoreMiddle East Conference & Ex-hibition is accepting abstracts for pre-sentations at its 2010 conference, whichwill be held Oct. 12-14, 2010, in Dohar,Qatar. The event addresses the techno-logical challenges associated with de-veloping resources safely and economi-cally. Abstracts between 150 and 300words are due by May 18, 2010. Theymust be submitted using the onlineform at www.offshoremiddleeast.com.

The 2011 Laurance Reid GasConditioning Conference, scheduledfor Feb. 20-23, 2011, in Norman,Oklahoma, U.S.A. has issued a call forpapers. Authors should submit a 250-word abstract including title and all au-thors by June 11, 2010, along with ane-mail address and contact informa-tion. Consideration of abstracts will be-gin on June 17, and final paper selec-tions will be made on Sept. 13.Detailed information can be found onthe events website at www.lrgcc.org.

Apache Corp. and Mariner

Energy have entered into a US$2.7billion merger agreement that G.Steven Farris, Apache’s chairman andCEO said will provide “an excitingnew platform for growth in the deep-water [Gulf of Mexico] and comple-ments our strengths in the Gulf Shelfand the Permian Basin.” Mariner’sdeepwater portfolio includes nearly100 blocks, seven discoveries in de-velopment — including interests inLucius and Heidelberg — and morethan 50 prospects.

In February, Mariner produced63,000 boe per day from the GulfShelf and deepwater, the PermianBasin and unconventional onshoreplays. At the close of 2009, Marinerhad estimated proved reserves of 181MMboe (47% liquid hydrocarbons) aswell as unbooked resource potentialof 2 billion boe. Mariner also hasmore than 240 blocks on the GulfShelf and more than 200,000 net acres(80,900 ha) across several emergingonshore plays.

Days earlier, Apache announcedthat it will acquire Gulf Shelf assetsfrom Devon Energy Corp. that addproduction of 19,000 boe per daywith year-end 2009 estimated provedand probable reserves of 83 MMboeacross 158 blocks. The propertiesgained in that US$1.05 billion deal areprojected to produce 9500 bbl of liq-uid and 55 MMcfd (1.56 x 106 m3/day)of natural gas (net) after closing,which is expected in June.

Apache is the largest held-by-production acreage owner and the second-largest producer in Gulf watersless than 1200 ft. (366 m) deep. The acquired assets comprise 477,000 netacres (193,035 ha) across 158 blocks.The fields have 80 platforms and 211production caissons in waters to 450ft. (137 m) deep. A

About the Business


POWER IGNITION AND CONTROLS … STODDARD … SPX HYDRAULIC TECHNOLOGIES … TENSION SYSTEMS LTD. …PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM … TURBOMACHINERY SYMPOSIUM …

OFFSHORE MIDDLE EAST CONF. & EXPO … LAURENCE REID GAS CONDITIONING CONF. …

APACHE CORP. … MARINER ENERGYEdited By Phil Burnside

CT2473.qxp 4/19/10 2:59 PM Page 1

http://www.offshoremiddleeast.com

http://www.lrgcc.org

Turnkey Reliabilitywww.cookcompression.com

Recognizing opportunities for improved compressor reliability is one thing. Implementing them is another.

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engineering, state-of-the-art products, emissions expertise,

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We’re everything you need to make reliability… a reality.

©2010 Cook Compression

Turnkey Compressor Reliability


Cook.qxp 3/25/10 9:01 AM Page 1

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Markets go up and down. New technologies replace the old. Better strategies adapt to the future. It al l builds experience. And the more you have, the more you know.

That’s how FW Murphy keeps innovating.We read the market. We see the changes coming.Then we invest in new reseach and development to get the future here faster.

Not sure about the best way to monitor and control your equipment? Just ask Murphy—you can always rely on our experience.

That’s what inspires us.

FW Murphy P.O. Box 470248 Tulsa, OK 74147 918.317.4100www.ffwwmmuurrpphhyy.com Control Systems & Services Division, Rosenberg, TX +1 281.633.4500

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After 70 years in business,we’ve seen a lot.

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The CenturionTM Plus brings exceptional technology to control systems, with several customization options and a

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FWmurphy.qxp 2/16/10 2:08 PM Page 1

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ct2 compressor magazine may-2010

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