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MODULE: Construction

Technology 2

Assignment 1 :

Cladding System

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TABLE OF CONTENT

I. Building Project Details .. 3

80 Robinson Road Building

IA. Technical Data 4

IB. BCA Awards for Construction Excellence .. 4

IC. Building Unique Qualities . 4

ID. External Cladding Works .. 5

II. Building Faade Brief .. 6

IIA. Faade Installation Methods ................. 6

IIB. Faade Material Options for Stone, Metal & Glass. 6

IIC. Faade System & Installation Details 7

* Stone Cladding ... 7

** Fixing / Anchoring System Method 7

** Advantage in using Stone Cladding .. 7

* Glass Curtain Walling .... 8

** Fixing / Anchoring System Method 8

** Advantage in using Glass Curtain Wall . 9

* Structural Glazed Walling .. 10

** Installation Approach ... 10

** Fixing / Anchoring System Method .. 12

** Advantage in using Structural Glazed Wall . 13

IID. Faade Functional Purpose & Performance Reqt ......... 14

III. Faade Choice Consideration ... 15

IIIA. Faade System and Material ................. 15

IIIB. Faade/Cladding Fixing/Anchorage System .... 16

IV. References : Codes and Standards ,..... 16

I. BUILDING PROJECT DETAILS :

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80 Robinson Road Building

Location : 12 Boon Tat Street corner Robinson Road, Singapore

Contractor : Mitsui Constr. Co. Ltd

Principal Consultant : RSP Architects Planners & Engineers P L

I.A. Technical Data :

Floors :

25 (above ground)

Construction Type :

High Rise Building

Architectural Style :

Modernism

Building Category :Commercial Building

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I.B. BCA Awards for

Construction Excellence:

(ref //BCA Construction Excellence

Awards / CEA 1986 - 1996)

Certificate of Merit 1996

I.C. Bldg. Unique Qualities :

(ref //carrier.com.sg/

about_cust_comm11_80robinson.shtml)

Hollow floor slabs, joined together and strengthened with special cables Designed and built lighter than normal building due to the MRT line runs under

the building

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I.D. External Cladding Works :

Ground Level :

(Bldg Exterior Column, Beam & Concrete Wall Facing) Granite Stone Facing / Cladding Glass Infill Panel

Ground Level :

(Commercial Space Exterior Facade)

Structural Glazed Wall Panels Aluminum Facing / Cladding

Upper Level :

(Bldg Facing, Cladding, & Infill Panels)

Granite Stone Facing / Cladding Aluminum Curtain Wall Glass Curtain Wall Glass Infill Panels

II. BUILDING FAADE BRIEF :

II A. Faade Installation Methods :

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Facing : An external enclosing wall supported by a continuous background

structure

Cladding :

An external enclosing wall capable of spanning between two supportsand supported on the face of the building / frame. This supports can bebeams, columns or rails.

Infill Panels :

An external enclosing wall which sit within the structural frame.

II B. Faade Materials Options for Stone, Metals & Glass :

Stone :

Marble Travertine Quartzite Granite Slate Limestone Sandstone

Metals :

Stainless Steel uPVC Coated Aluminums

Glass :

Float Glass (annealed glass)

Safety Glass Laminated Glass : PVB or Resin Laminated Toughened Glass Wired Safety Glass

II C. Faade System Installation Details :

Stone Cladding :

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FIXING / ANCHORING SYSTEM METHOD: Direct Fixing to Concrete Wall;

o Stone slabs are independently fixed to the backingwall with a cavity between the wall and the panel.

o This allows the replacement and repair of any slabwithout damaging the rest of the facade.

Indirect Fixing to Sub Channel Systems;o Sub channels are used either when the projection

sizes are large or the walls are brick or where

bolts cannot be used.

o Natural Stones panels are supported with stainlesssteel fixings in vertical or horizontal joints,

depending on the location of the slab on the

faade.

o The main purpose of these anchors is to transferthe dead load of the panels to the building.

ADVANTAGE IN USING STONE CLADDING: Security Air Ventilation caused by the space between the wall

and the stone, which crates a natural isolation for the

building.

Air circulation through the cavity and open jointskeeps the natural stone panel's dry and clean

providing natural maintenance for the long durability

of the faade.

The fixings enable three dimensional adjustability,which provide 20 mm tolerance.

Replacement of Facing is easier due to minimaldamage to the wall

Design flexibility Long Life Span

Glass Curtain Walling :

FIXING / ANCHORING SYSTEM METHOD:

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Stick System ;o The vast majority of curtain walls are installed long pieces (referred to as

sticks) between floors vertically and between vertical members horizontally.

o Framing members may be fabricated in a shop environment, but allinstallation and glazing is typically performed at the jobsite.

Unitized System ;o Unitized curtain walls entail

factory fabrication &

assembly of panels and

include factory glazing.

o These completed units arehung on the building

structure to form the

building enclosure.

o Advantage in using thissystem;

Speed in installation Lower fieldinstallation costs

Quality control foran interior climate

controlled

environment.

Unit and Mullion System ;o A combination of a stick and unitized systemo Mullions are erected first. Infill units and transoms are placed within themullions in unit formo Advantage in using this system;

Reduced transportation and handling problems since units are smaller insize

ADVANTAGE IN USING GLASS CURTAIN WALL: Aesthetic

o The aluminum frame is typically infilled with glass, which provides anarchitecturally pleasing building

o The use of Aluminum offers the unique advantage of being able to be easilyextruded into nearly any shape required for design and aesthetic purposes.

o Other common infills include: stone veneer, aluminum panels, louvers, andoperable windows or vents.

Day Lighting Ability to span multiple floors more than one floor

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o commonly known as twin-span or multi-span Withstand three inches (75 mm) of relative floor movement without glass breakage

or water leakage.

The loads imposed on the curtain wall are transferred to the building structurethrough the anchors which attach the mullions to the building. Take into account consideration design requirement, such as;

o Load transfer from faade to building, such as Dead Load, Wind Load, SeismicLoad, Thermal Load and Blast Wall.

o Thermal expansion and contractiono Building sway and movemento Water diversiono Thermal efficiency for cost effective heating, cooling and lighting in the buildingo Air infiltration Controlo Water Penetration Control

Pressure Equalization and Rain Screen Principle;o The most common feature in the curtain wall technology, the rain screen

principle theorizes that equilibrium of air pressure between the outside and inside

of the "rain screen" prevents water penetration into the building itself.

o The glass is captured between an inner and an outer gasket in a space called theglazing rebate. The glazing rebate is ventilated to the exterior so that the pressure

on the inner and outer sides of the exterior gasket is the same. When the pressure

is equal across this gasket water cannot be drawn through joints or defects in the

gasket/sealant.

Structural Glazed Walling :

INSTALLATION APPROACH: Silicon Glazing ;

o A method of attaching a glass panel to a metal frame using a structuralsilicone adhesive sealant. The sealant contact dimension (bite) and thickness

are designed to provide a method of structural support to glass, an airtight

and weather-tight seal and a flexible connection that absorbs differential

movements between dissimilar materials from wind, thermal or seismic

loading. The joints are not intended to absorb live load movements due to

floor loadings.

o This method of glass attachment provides a smooth exterior glass facade on abuilding

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MULLION W/ SILICONE DETAIL TRANSOM W/ SILICONE DETAIL

Frameless Glazing using Patches :o Structural glass walls overcome the restrictions of conventional frames to

provide the ultimate all glass faade. They use proprietary mechanical fixings

and toughened safety glass and combine strength and visible lightness to

provide high performance window faade systems.

o Structural glass is secured to a support structure by a variety of fitting optionswhich are designed to meet the unique requirements of the project. These

fixings absorb forces when the glass flexes under load and provide a secure

connection between the glass component and the support structure.

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FRAMELESS GLAZING WALL DETAIL

FIXING / ANCHORING SYSTEM METHOD: Direct and Two- Sided Silicone Glazing ;

o Involves adhering the glass or cladding to aluminum on opposite sides, eithervertically or horizontally, with the other two edges held captive with an

aluminum bead or cover strip, sealed with silicon sealant.

o Generally an on-site application

Four Sided Silicone Glazingo Involves adhering the glass or cladding to aluminum on four sides achieving

a totally flush, frameless external appearance.

o It requires specific design and QA procedures and should be glazed in afactory environment. The final waterproofing of the joints between panels is

done using a gun applied silicon sealant on site.

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Suspended Multi-Panel Assemblieso The glass facade is hung from the building structure like a curtain. The top

tier panels are connected to the structure by adjustable hanger brackets and

subsequent lower panels are connected by special fittings at their corners.

The facade is located into channels at the perimeter and all glass joints and

channels are sealed with silicone sealant. The hanging assembly is normallystabilised against wind load by glass fins located and fixed to the support

structure with fittings at the joints.

o The adjustable suspension system in conjunction with perimeter channelspermits the system to move independently of the building structure. This

compensates for construction dimensional variations and overcomes

problems associated with building movement, vibration and seismic loads.

Ground Based Multi-Panel Assemblieso Conventional toughened glass door entrance systems are the basic form of

ground based assemblies, where the glass dead load is supported by the floor.

They can be designed with or without doors and are normally a maximum oftwo tiers and 6 metres high, requiring lateral support from glass fins or a steel

structure.

Planar Glazingo System is designed with spider point fixed glass and high tension stainless

steel rod in the form of vertical or horizontal trusses as wind bracing. The

tension rod truss system utilises two pre-stressed catenaries that carry inward

and outward wind loading. Loads are transferred from the glass through

countersunk point fixings and spiders to the compression struts.

o The dead load of the glass is carried by suspension hangers or top hungvertical tension rods connected to the spiders. The truss junctions consist of a

combination of machined and cast stainless steel components. The trusses aretensioned between the concrete or steel structure and the systems pre-tension

loading and sizing of the tension rods is determined from the thermal load,

creep, seismic and wind loading conditions specific to the building.

ADVANTAGE IN USING STRUCTURAL GLAZED WALL: Aesthetic

o Feel of Opennesso Lightweighto

High Tech Appearance of the building

Day Lighting Self-weight of the glass and wind or other external loads are carried by the glass

itself.

When properly installed, the structural sealant forms a continuous, waterproofseal against leakage and air infiltration.

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The sealant and spacer transmit wind load movement to the structure andwithstand flexure, tension, compression and differential thermal shear stresses.

Silicone resists UV, ozone and other environmental exposures and does not take

on a compression set or lose resiliency. While structural sealants generally carry

a 20-year of exposure still demonstrate elasticity, adhesion and strength.

II D. Faade Functional Purpose & Performance

Requirements :

Load Transfer :

Faade should be able to support its own weigh and resist otherenvironmental loads. Self weight and other environmental loads shall be

transferred to the faade fixing/anchoring system then to the building

frame/structure and subsequently to the foundations.

Thermal Performance : Prevent solar heat transfer into the building

Temperature Movement :

Can withstand expansion and contraction forces due to change in temperatureRelative Movement :

Can withstand the relative movement between itself and the building framedue to lateral movement, earthquake shock

Weather Exclusion :

Prevent the ingress of;

Moisture due to surface dampness and run-off as a result of wind drivenrain

Air Infiltration -- air that leak into of from the building envelope due todifference in air pressure

Water Penetration water leakage into the building through the faadeduring medium to heavy rainfall

Sound Insulation :

Prevent sound penetration in and out of the buildingVentilation :

Prevent air infiltration into the building

Glare :

Reduce excessive solar glare through windows into the building

III. FAADE CHOICE CONSIDERATION :

III A. Faade System and Material :

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Architectural Features :

Aesthetic and FunctionalityCost of System :

Material Cost Installation Labor Cost Equipment & Rental CostMeet Performance Requirements :

(refer to Section IID)Method of Building Construction :

Installation Methodology Safety Consideration Actual Site Condition

location of workshop, stockyard and warehouses accessibility Duration and Installation Schedule shall be in accordance to project schedule and will not hinder the other

work on site

Workmanship specialist requirement and availability

Material Strength and Endurance:

Physically Strong & Durable Life Span Perform well under compressive forces

Wind

Rain

Movement of floor slabs due to Lateral Movement (seismic) Soil Movement due to Earthquake shock or tremors

Protection against Climatic Conditions :

Insulation Low Heat Transfer Factor Weather Tightness PerformanceMaintenance Requirement:

Accessibility for Repair and ReplacementIII B. Facing/Cladding Fixing / Anchoring System :

Over all technical specification of the project. Dead load, Wind Load & Seismic Load Size of projection Type of wall Type of Facing, Cladding & Infill Panels Height of building Nature/ Process of the facing installation

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IV. REFERENCES : Codes & Standards

Singapore Codes :

CP 96 Code of Practice for Curtain Walls SS 381 Material and performance Tests for Aluminum Curtain

Walls

SS 492 Performance Requirements for Strength and Robustness

International Standards for Design & Installation:

ASTM C170-90 - Stnd. Test Method for Compressive Strength ofDimension Stone

ASTM C880-96 - Stnd. Test Method for Flexural Strength ofDimension Stone

ASTM C1242-93 - Stnd. Guide for Design, Selection & Installationof Exterior Dimension Stone Anchors & Anchoring System

DIN 1053-1 - Masonry Part 1: Design and Construction BS 8298 - Design & Installation of Natural Stone Cladding & Lining ASTM C503-96 - Stnd. Specification for Marble Dimension Stone ASTM C615-96 - Stnd. Specification for Granite Dimension Stone ASTM C1404-09a- Stnd. Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing