1. 1. 9 786059 119177
2. 2. Bukitap,I.EurasiaInternationalTourismCongress:Current,Issues,Trends,andIndicators, 2015 organizasyonu kapsamnda yaymlanmtr. Bu kitapta yaymlanan tum bildirilerin ieriklerindenyazarlarsorumludur. This book has been published under the international organization themed as I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current, Issues, Trends, and Indicators, 2015. Authors are responsibleforintentsoftheirproceedingspublishedinthisbook I.EurasiaInternationalTourismCongress: CurrentIssues,Trends,andIndicators (EITOC-2015) KONYA-MAYIS-2015 Editrler M. Akif UKURAYIR Alaattin BAODA afak U NU VAR Mehmet SAGIR Mnevver IEKDAGI Semih BU YU KIPEKI Vol. I
3. 3. 978-605-9119-15-3(Tk) ISBN:978-605-9119-17-7(1.c) AybilYayneviSertifikaNo:17394 AybilBasmeviSertifikaNo:20781 KONYA-MAYIS-2015 Y A Y I N L A R I www.aybilonline.com Bask&Cilt: AybilDijitalBaskSistemleriveMatbaaHizmetleri FerhuniyeMh.SultanahCd.No:30/AKONYA Tel:0.3323502171Fax:0.3323507121 I.EurasiaInternationalTourismCongress: CurrentIssues,Trends,andIndicators (EITOC-2015) Herhakksakldr.Bukitabntamamyadabirksm,yazarnnizniolmakszn, elektronik,mekanik,fotokopiyadaherhangibirkaytsistemiileoaltlamaz, yaynlanamaz,depolanamaz. Bukitaptakibilgilerinhertrlsorumluluuyazarlarnaaittir. Editrler M. Akif UKURAYIR Alaattin BAODA afak U NU VAR Mehmet SAGIR Mnevver IEKDAGI Semih BU YU KIPEKI
4. 4. Kongre kitabnn baslmas iin verdii destekten dolay SELUKLU BELEDYESNE Teekkrlerimizi sunuyoruz.
5. 5. SUNU 40. yl kutlamalarn gerekletirdiimiz bu yl birok nemli etkinlik dzenlemenin kvancn yayoruz. Seluk niversitesi, kurulduu 1975 ylndan bu yana her alanda geliim trendini yakalam, bilimsel, sosyal, ekonomik, kltrel ve sportif anlamda etkin ve dinamik bir niversite kimliine kavumutur. Yaklak 80.000 rencisi ile Trkiye'nin en byk yksekretim kurumlar arasnda yer alan Seluk niversitesi yapt bilimsel aratrmalar kadar, gerekletirdii bilimsel toplantlarla da bilim dnyasnda adndan sz ettirmektedir. Bu hedef dorultusunda I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends and Indicators (EITOC)- (I. Avrasya Uluslararas Turizm Kongresi: Gncel Konular, Eilimler ve Gstergeler) Kongresi'nin Turizm Fakltemiz tarafndan dzenlenmesinden byk memnuniyet duymaktaym. niversitemizde zel bir yere sahip olan Turizm Fakltesi, 2010 ylnda Turizm letmecilii ve Otelcilik Yksekokulu ad altnda eitim-retime balam ve 16 Mays 2013 tarihinde Resmi Gazetede yaynlanan Bakanlar Kurulu kararyla faklte statsn elde etmitir. Turizm Fakltesi, kurulduu gnden bugne ok sayda kongre, panel, sempozyum gerekletirmitir. Yine niversitemiz bnyesinde yer alan Turizm Fakltesi Uygulama Oteli, Turizm Fakltemiz idaresinde faaliyetlerini rnek bir ekilde srdrmektedir. Ayrca, Turizm Fakltemizin donanml akademik personeli uluslararas bilimsel dergilerde yaynlar yapmakta, kresel gelimeleri yakndan izlemektedirler. I. Avrasya Uluslararas Turizm Kongresi, yurt dndan ve yurt iinden ok sayda akademisyenin ve sektr temsilcisinin katlmyla Turizm Fakltemiz tarafndan dzenlenmektedir. Sahasnda yetkin akademisyenlerin 228 bildirisi bu kongre erevesinde sunulacak, turizm sektrnn sorunlar geni ekilde tartlma imkn bulacaktr. ok sayda sekin bilim insann ve sektr temsilcisini Seluk niversitesi bnyesinde ve Konyada arlamaktan mutluluk duyduumu belirtmek isterim. Emei geen tm alma arkadalarma, kurumlara ve sektr mensuplarna niversitem ve ahsm adna teekkr ediyorum. Prof. Dr. Hakk GKBEL Seluk niversitesi Rektr
6. 6. PRESENTATION We are proud of this year in which we celebrated our 40 th year and organised many important events. Since the establishment in 1975, Selcuk University has developed a corporate identity by catching the developmental trends in each area and by being a dynamic and effective University in scientific, social, economic, sportive and cultural events. With its about 800.000 students, Selcuk university which is among the biggest Higher Education Institutions in Turkey makes and indelible impression in scientific world not only with its scientific researches but also with its scientific organisations. In line with this purpose, Im glad that I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends and Indicators (EITOC) is organized by out Tourism Faculty. Tourism Faculty which is precious for our University started its education and training year in 2010 under the name of The School of Tourism and Hotel Management and with the decree of council of ministers which is published in official newspaper it has gained the status of being a faculty. Tourism Faculty has organised so many congresses, panels, symposiums since it established. Again Tourism Faculty Practice Hotel, which is within our University, carries on the activities under the control of Tourism Faculty. Moreover; Tourism Facultys successful academic staff makes publishing in international scientific journals and follows global developments. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress is organised by our Tourism Faculty with the participation of many foreign and local academicians and representatives of the sector. 227 papers of the expert academicians will be presented in this congress and the issues of the tourism sector will be discussed broadly. I am glad to host many outstanding academicians and sector representatives within our University and in Konya I would like to thank to my colleagues, to the institutions and to sector representatives on behalf of my University and myself Prof. Dr. Hakk GKBEL Rector of Selcuk University
7. 7. NSZ Bir menzile/hedefe ulamak iin ilk adm atmak, yolun tamamlanmas iin ilk ve en nemli kouldur. I. Avrasya Uluslararas Turizm Kongresi, mtevaz admlarla balad ve 228 bildiri, 450 katlmc ile turizme gnl verenlerin nemli katklar sunduu bir organizasyona dnt. Turizm yalnzca seyahat, konaklama ve gastronomiden ibaret faaliyetler btn deildir. Turizm, ayn zamanda farkl kltrlerin etkileimidir; bir anlamda diplomasidir, bara ve birliktelie alan kapdr. nyarglar kaldran, farkl milletleri ve kltrleri birbirine yaklatran turizm etkinlikleri, lkeler iin yaamsal neme sahiptir. Turizm ayn zamanda bacasz endstri olarak tanmlanmakta ve lke ekonomileri iinde izlenen politikalara gre etkin bir yere sahip olmaktadr. Trkiyenin hlihazrdaki turizm gelirleri 34 milyar dolar civarndadr. Trkiyenin hedefi turizm gelirlerini 2023 ylnda 50 milyar dolara karmaktr. Trkiyenin turizm alannda baarl olmas ve hedeflerine ulaabilmesi iin turizm sektrnde nitelikli igcne ihtiyac vardr. Turizm faklteleri bu alanda ok nemli bir ilevi yerine getirmektedirler. Eitim retimin yannda akademik etkinlikler de kentlerin ve lkelerin turizm deerlerinin konuulmas, dnyaya duyurulmas ve sektre ynelik politikalar gelitirilmesinde olduka arlkl bir yere sahiptir. I. Avrasya Uluslararas Turizm Kongresinde gn boyunca turizm sektrnn paydalar olan uzmanlar, akademisyenler ve STK temsilcileri Seluk niversitesi ev sahipliinde Mevlana kenti Konya'da turizmi ve farkl boyutlarn konuacaklardr. Kongremizde 450 katlmc, 228 bildiri sahibi yer almaktadr. 17 lke, 88 niversite ve 62 ilden gelen turizm paydalar Konyada buluuyor. Kongremiz ilk kez dzenlenmesine ramen byk bir ilgiye mazhar olmutur. Yedi bin yllk tarihiyle Konyada, Mevlana ikliminde, Seluklu Bakentinde konuklarmz arlama frsat bulmak bizim iin ek deerli bir mutluluk vesilesi olmutur. Kongremizin geleneksellemesi en byk dileimizdir. Konyann kongre turizmine kap aralamas adna da, kongremizin byk bir ilev greceine inanyorum. Kongrenin gerekletirilmesi srecinde birok zorlu aamadan geilmitir. Kongreye beklentilerimizin zerinde ilgi gsteren deerli bildiri sahiplerine, bildirileri deerlendiren bilim kurulu yelerimize itenlikle teekkrlerimi sunuyorum. Kongre iin bizleri cesaretlendiren ve desteklerini esirgemeyen Seluk niversitesi Rektr Sayn Prof. Dr. Hakk GKBEL'e kran borluyum. Kongrenin dzenlenmesinde sponsorluk desteklerini esirgemeyen, Konyann ve deerlerinin tantm iin zveriden kanmayan tm kurululara ve yneticilerine ne kadar teekkr etsem azdr. Avrasya Turizm Kongresinin gereklemesine emei geen ok deerli
8. 8. meslektalarma teekkr ediyorum. Hocalarmza sayglarm ifade ediyor, aramzdan ayrlm olanlar rahmetle anmak istiyorum. Kongre srecinde her trl zveriyi gsteren Aratrma Grevlisi Alaattin BAODA kongrenin ok nemli ilerini tek bana yrtt, kendisine zel olarak teekkr etmek istiyorum. Dekan Yardmclar Do. Dr. afak NVAR ve Yrd. Do. Dr. Mehmet SAIR, Yrd. Do. Dr. Semih BYKPEK ve retim grevlisi Mnevver EKDAI kongre yolculuu srasnda nemli katklar sundular, kendilerine teekkr bor bilirim. Srecin bandan sonuna kadar destek veren, cesaretlendiren ve yanmzda olan btn meslektalarma, yerel yneticilere ve niversitemiz Ynetimine Fakltemiz adna bir kez daha teekkr ederken, kongrenin akademik dnyaya, Konyaya ve Trkiyeye nemli katklar salayacana olan inancm bir kez daha tekrar etmek istiyorum. Prof. Dr. M. Akif UKURAYIR Seluk niversitesi Turizm Fakltesi Dekan
9. 9. PREFACE Taking the first step to reach a target is the first and the most important condition to complete it I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress started with modest steps and turned into an organization in which precious contributions are made with 228 papers and 450 participators. Tourism isnt a complement of activities with only travel, accommodation and gastronomy. Tourism is also the interaction of different cultures; diplomacy, an open door to peace and collaboration in one sense. Tourism activities which eliminate prejudices and empathize different nations and cultures are vital for countries. Tourism is also defined as flueless industry and has an effective role according to tracked policies in national economies. Turkeys tourism income is about 34 billion dollars at present. Turkeys target is to increase tourism income up to 50 billion dollars by 2023. To be successful in Tourism and to reach its goal Turkey needs qualified labour force in tourism sector. In this sense, tourism faculties functions are very important. Besides education and trainings academic activities have effective roles in advertising tourism values of countries and cities to the World and in developing policies related to the sector. In I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress, for three days, experts, academicians and nongovernmental organizations representatives who are stakeholders of tourism will discuss Konyas, city of Mevlanas tourism and different aspects of tourism, hosted by Selcuk University. There are 450 participators and 228 papers in our congress. Tourism stakeholders who come from form 17 countries, 88 University and 62 cities will meet in Konya. Although it is the first organization of our congress, it attracted a considerable attention. To have the opportunity to welcome/ host our guests in Mevlana climate, in the capital of Seljuk Empire, in Konya with its seven thousand years history is a pleasing occasion for us. Our first wish is to make our Congress a traditional one. I believe that our Congress will function effectively to open a gate for Congress Tourism in Konya. While the process of the organization, our faculty went through many difficulties. I sincerely present my thanks to the owners of the papers who interested in our congress more than we expected and to the members of scientific board who evaluated the papers. I owe a debt of gratitude to the rector of Selcuk University dear Prof. Dr. Hakk GOKBEL who encouraged us and supported us during this process. I have to thank all the institutions and managers who supported the organization of the congress financially to advertise Konya and its values. Many thanks to my precious colleagues who contributed to the process of I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress organization. I respect our professors and remember the ones
10. 10. who passed away. I would like to thank Research Assistant Alaattin BASODA specially who worked his magic and who contributed to many important points, alone, during congress process. Many thanks to the vice-deans, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Safak UNUVAR and Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet SAGIR, to Assist. Prof. Dr. Semih BUYUKIPEKCI and to lecturer Munevver CICEKDAGI for their considerable contributions to the congress organization process. While I would like to thank once more to all my colleagues, to local managers and to our University Administrators who were with us and encouraged us throughout the process, I would also repeat once more my faith that I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress will contribute to the academic World, to Konya and to Turkey. Prof. Dr. M. Akif UKURAYIR Dean of Tourism Faculty, Selcuk University
11. 11. HONORARY CHAIRS Prof. Dr. Hakk GKBEL Rector of Selcuk University Muammer EROL Governor of Konya Congress Scientific Committee Prof. Dr. Alan FYALL, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA Dr. Chandrakant B. SALUNKHE, Post Graduate Center of Botany, INDIA Harald PLAMPER, Zappelin University, GERMANY Prof. Dr. Noel SCOTT, Griffith University, AUSTRAILA Assos. Prof. Dr. Qadir BAYRAMLI, Azerbaijan State Economics University, Azerbaijan Prof. Dr. Tom BAUM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Prof. Dr. Robertico Croes, University of Central Florida, Orlando, ABD Prof. Dr. A. Celil AKICI, Mersin University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Adnan TRKSOY, Ege University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet Akn AKSU, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKTA, Okan University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ahmet GRBZ, Karabk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali ALAGZ, Seluk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali BORAN, Seluk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Ali ERBA, Eskiehir Osman Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Alp TMUR Dokuz Eyll University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Atila YKSEL, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Azize TUN HASSAN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cengiz DEMR, zmir Ktip elebi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cevat TOSUN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Cevdet AVCIKURT, Balkesir University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. aatay NSAN, Karatay University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Derman KKALTAN, stanbul Arel University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Doan GRSOY, Washington State University, USA Prof. Dr. Doan TUNCER Bakent University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Doan Yaar AYHAN, Bakent University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Fevzi OKUMU, University of Central Florida, USA Prof. Dr. Fsun stanbullu DNER, stanbul University, TURKEY
12. 12. Prof. Dr. ge PIRNAR, Yaar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. smail KIZILIRMAK, stanbul University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kemal BRDR, Mersin University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kurban NLNEN, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Kurtulu KARAMUSTAFA, Erciyes University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Levent ALTINAY, Oxford Brookes Universty, UK Prof. Dr. Mehmet SARIIIK, Sakarya University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mehmet YELTA, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mithat Zeki DNER, stanbul University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Muharrem TUNA, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mustafa KOYUNCU, anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Mustafa TEPEC, Celal Bayar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Muzaffer UYSAL, Virginia Tech University, USA Prof. Dr. Nzhet KAHRAMAN, stanbul Ticaret University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Necdet HACIOLU, Balkesir University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Orhan Z, Yaar University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Orhan BATMAN, Sakarya University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. zkan TTNC, Dokuz Eyll University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. cal USTA, Dokuz Eyll University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Saime ORAL, Dokuz Eyll University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Raif PARLAKKAYA, Necmettin Erbakan University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Sleyman KARAOR, Seluk University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Salih KULUVAN, stanbul Medeniyet University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Turgut VAR, zmir Ekonomi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. eyhmus BALOLU, University of Nevada, USA Prof. Dr. Yksel ZTRK, Gazi University, TURKEY Prof. Dr. Yksel EKNC, Oxford Brookes University, UK Prof. Dr. Zeynep ASLAN, Nevehir Hac Bekta Veli University, TURKEY Dr. Bilgehan GLCAN, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Beykan ZEL, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Dr. Cafer TOPALOLU Mula Stk Koman University, TURKEY Dr. Burhan KILI, Mula Stk Koman University, TURKEY Dr. Bahattin ZDEMR, Akdeniz University, TURKEY Dr. Dilek DNMEZ POLAT, anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TURKEY
13. 13. Dr. Driye BOZOK, Balkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Dndar DENZER, Anadolu University, TURKEY Dr. Fisun YKSEL, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Dr. Fatma Nur PLK, Adana Bilim ve Teknoloji University, TURKEY Dr. Gknil Nur KOAK, Mersin University, TURKEY Dr. Gke ZDEMR, Yaar University, TURKEY Dr. brahim YILMAZ, Nevehir Hac Bekta Veli University, TURKEY Dr. lhan BLKOLU, zmir Katip elebi University, TURKEY Dr. rfan YAZICIOLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. M. Ouzhan LBAN, Balkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Kamil UNUR, Mersin University, TURKEY Dr. Mehmet KALI, Eskiehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY Dr. Mahmut DEMR, Sleyman Demirel University, TURKEY Dr. Murat DODUBAY, Balkesir University, TURKEY Dr. Mete SEZGN, Seluk University, TURKEY Dr. Oktay EMR, Anadolu University, TURKEY Dr. Ouz TRKAY, Sakarya University, TURKEY Dr. Ramazan Pars AHBAZ, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Osman Eralp OLAKOLU, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Dr. afak NVAR, Seluk University, TURKEY Dr. Serdar TARAKIOLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. irvan en DEMR, Sleyman Demirel University, TURKEY Dr. enol AVU, Adnan Menderes University, TURKEY Dr. Yasin BOYLU, Gazi University, TURKEY Dr. Umut AVCI, Mula Stk Koman University, TURKEY Dr. Zafer TER, zmir Ktip elebi University, TURKEY Dr. Yaar SARI, Eskiehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY Dr. Tugay ARAT, Selcuk University Dr. Ceyhun alar KILIN, Selcuk University Congress Organizing Board Congress Secreteriat Prof. Dr. M. Akif UKURAYIR Dr. afak NVAR Dr. Chandrakant SALUNKHE, India Dr. Semih BYKPEK Harald PLAMPER, Germany Dr. Mehmet SAIR
14. 14. Dr. Qadir BAYRAMLI, Azerbaijan Dr. Melis ATTAR Dr. afak NVAR Lecturer Mnevver EKDAI Dr. Mete SEZGN Res. Assist. Alaattin BAODA Dr. Abdullah KARAMAN Res. Assist. eyda SARI Dr. Vural ALIYAN Res. Assist. ar SALI Dr. Tugay ARAT Res. Assist. Fatmanur Kbra CELLOLU Dr. Ceyhun alar KILIN Res. Assist. Seda ZDEMR Dr. Mehmet SAIR Res. Assist. Betl KORKMAZ Dr. Gamze TEMZEL Dr. Semih BYKPEK Dr. Erkan Akgz Dr. H. Alpay Karasoy Dr. Alper ATE Dr. Betl GARDA Dr. Melis ATTAR Lecturer Mnevver EKDAI Lecturer hsan Devlet ATABEY Lecturer Neriman ELK Res. Assist. Alaattin BAODA Res. Assist. eyda SARI Res. Assist. ar SALI Res. Assist. Fatmanur Kbra CELLOLU Res. Assist. Seda ZDEMR Res. Assist. Betl KORKMAZ
15. 15. Gel, gel, ne olursan ol yine gel, ister kafir, ister mecusi, ister puta tapan ol yine gel, bizim dergahmz, mitsizlik dergah deildir, yz kere tvbeni bozmu olsan da yine gel Come, come, whoever you are, Wanderer, worshipper, lover of leaving, Ours is not a caravan of despair. Even if you have broken your vows a thousand times It doesnt matter Come, come yet again, come
16. 16. i NDEKLER TOURISM ORIENTED POLICING AND PROTECTION SERVICES (TOPPS) Mehmet Murat PAYAM.........................................................................................................1 A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL INBOUND TOURISTS IN TURKEY Mahsa SERPOUSH, Cemalettin cal FDANBOY ..............................................................8 EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF ATTENDING IN PRESSING LOCAL HANDICRAFT MARKETS Reza Pourali, Mortaza Karami , Reza Khalili, Vahid Azizi..................................................12 EVALUATING STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Locadia Leona MASARA, Masters Student, Hilal Erku ZTRK......................................20 THE ACCESSIBILITY EVALUATION OF OFFICIAL TOURISM WEBSITE OF TURKEY Gknil NUR SEVER, Salar KUHZADY ................................................................................30 INNOVATION PERCEPTIONS AND PRACTICES IN THE TURKISH HOTEL INDUSTRY Raif PARLAKKAYA, Kevser INAR.....................................................................................37 SITE COLLECTION FOR INVESTMENT PROGRAM IN HOTEL ESTABLIS HMENTS AND AN APPLICATION Mnevver EKDAI........................................................................................................48 TIME TRAVEL METHOT IN TOURISM: THE CASE OF KONYA/ ATALHYK Fatih YILMAZ, Fatma ARSLAN, Nilgn AVCI.....................................................................54 STUDENTS LECTURER EXPERT OPINIONS BASED NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF ENGLISH FOR OCCUPATIONAL PURPOSES (EOP) IN TOURISM ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAMS Akif GKE, Orhan BATMAN ............................................................................................65 TURKEY IN UNESCO REPRESENTATIVE LIST OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF HUMANITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR TURKISH TOURISM Cagri SACLI, Cevdet AVCIKURT ........................................................................................81 HOTEL MANAGERS PERSPECTIVES TO DISABLED TOURISM: CASE OF HOTELS IN KONYA Mete SEZGIN, Cagri SACLI, Seda OZDEMIR.....................................................................90 THE CONTRIBUTION OF GAZIPAA ALANYA AIRPORT TO ALANYAS TOURISM ACTIVITIES Yldrm SALDIRANER, Jan Sanem JULAR, ebnem KSEOLU.....................................99 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPECTATIONS AND SATISFACTION OF SOUTH KOREAN TOURISTS VISITING URKEY Tolga GK, Krad SAYIN ..................................................................................................110 SUSTAINABLE VALORIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VIA TOUR GUIDES: TURKISH CASE OF EPHESUS ANCIENT CITY Mehmet Yavuz ETNKAYA, Zafer TER ...........................................................................118
17. 17. ii CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Neriman ELK, Suudan Gke GK..................................................................................130 AN ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING IN TRAVEL AGENCIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY Rahman TEMZKAN, Orhan YABANCI ...............................................................................136 POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM TO TURKISH ECONOMY AND INNOVATIVE MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT ge PIRNAR, Ufuk TUTAN ...................................................................................................142 A RESEARCH ON VINEYARDS AND GARDENS IN NDE AND ITS DISTRICTS AS A TOURISTIC PRODUCT FOR TURKISH TOURISM Ruhan R, Burcu Glsevil BELBER. ...................................................................................148 DISSEMINATION OF HOTELS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LEVELS ON INTERNET VIA GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE IN TURKEY Burhan AYDEMR, Cagri SACLI, Muhammet E. SOYDAS .................................................161 THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT IN EGYPTIAN TRAVEL AGENTS Ghada Abdallah, Yasmeen Abd El-Moaty Attia....................................................................167 THE ADOPTION OF WEB1.0 AND WEB2.0 TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TOP TEN DESTINATIONS IN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Marwa M. Ghanem...............................................................................................................181 TYPOLOGICAL BRIEF OF SEX TOURIST PRODUCT CUSTOMERS IN THE OPINION OF THE YOUNG POLES (RANDOM SAMPLE TESTING) Grzegorz Godlewski, Beata Rafalska ...................................................................................199 TEMALI OTELLERN TKETC SATIN ALMA DAVRANILARINA ETKS ZERNE BR ARATIRMA Ramazan Pars AHBAZ, Murat TEKBALKAN.....................................................................209 IDIR DESTNASYONUNUN SINIR TURZM POTANSYELNE YNELK BR ALAN ARATIRMASI Burcu ILGAZ YILDIRIM, Serap ALKAYA, evket YRK, Gamze MEE.............................222 TRKYE TURZM STRATEJS (2023) VZYONUNDA TRKYE SALIK TURZMNN ANALZ Meltem UYGUN....................................................................................................................236 ADANA L VE LELERNN SPOR TURZM AISINDAN DEERLENDRLMES Alper BOZKURT...................................................................................................................243 SEYAHAT ACENTELER LE KONAKLAMA LETMELER ARASINDAK HUKUK ANLAMAZLIK Dilah Mine SABL...........................................................................................................250 KIRSAL YRELERDE TELEVZYON DZLERNN TURZM HAREKETLER ZERNDEK ETKS: SEVDALUK DZS RNE zge GD DEMRBULAT, Musa OFLAZ, Cemali BUZLUKU.....................................256
18. 18. iii OTEL LETMELERNDE ALIANLARIN SNZM DZEYLERNN BELRLENMES: BALIKESRDE BR UYGULAMA Nuran AKT AIK...............................................................................................................267 KIRSAL KALKINMA BALAMINDA ANLIURFA LNN KIRSAL TURZM POTANSYELNN DEERLENDRLMES Mustafa T, Kasm KAYA, Mehmet Reit SEVN, Gnl SEVN, Veysel ASOLU.......280 TRK MUTFAK KLTRNDE SLAMIN ETKS pek NAL, Ramazan AKA ................................................................................................288 MEN PLANLAMADA TOYOTA WAY PRENSPLERNN KULLANILABLRL Murat DODUBAY, Selin LSAY, Glhan CEVZKAYA .....................................................294 MORTGAGE KRZNN TURZM SEKTRNDEK STHDAMA ETKS: MULA RNE Ece KIRLI ZEN, Ozan BAHAR ..........................................................................................304 TURZM BLGELERNDE EMNYET VE GVENLN SALANMASI Mehmet Murat PAYAM.........................................................................................................316 KENTSEL DNM VE KENT TURZM: ANKARA-HAMAMN RNE zgr SARI...........................................................................................................................327 MARKA KENT AMASYANIN ALTERNATF TURZM POTANSYELNN DEERLENDRLMES Atf ULUBAY, Burak ERYILMAZ .........................................................................................333 TURZM LETMELERNDE SATIN ALMA TERCHLERN ETKLEMEDE KURUMSAL TBARIN MARKA SADAKATNE ETKS Kudret GL, Melike GL, Genay SAAT ........................................................................334 SRDRLEBLR TURZM PERSPEKTFNDE HBRDTE VE PAYDA YAKLAIMI: ALMANYA, NGLTERE VE TRKYE KIYASLAMALARI Dorian ALU, Armando ALU, Bekir PARLAK ....................................................................357 AYNI SOFRADA K LKE (M?) TRK VE YUNAN MUTFAKLARININ KARILATIRMALI ANALZ Burak ML, Derman KKALTAN...................................................................................372 YETENEK YNETM VE YENLK PERFORMANSI LKS: BODRUM RNE zer AHN, Osman Nuri ZDOAN.................................................................................383 MTERLERN OTEL SEMLERNDE SOSYAL MEDYANIN ROL Burak ERYILMAZ, Burhanettin ZENGN.............................................................................396 KLTREL PEYZAJ BLEENLER ve TURZM LKSNDE GRSEL PEYZAJ ANALZ: NALLIHAN-BEYDL KY RNE Gizem CENGZ GKE, Sebahat AIKSZ.......................................................................409 TANITIM BRORLER GZYLE ANADOLU YRESEL MUTFAKLARI Osman ULHA, Aytekin KALKAN.......................................................................................420
19. 19. iv DK MALYETL HAVAYOLU LETMELERN ETKLEYEN MAKRO VE MKRO EVRE FAKTRLER ZERNE BR NCELEME mer OBAN, Serhat HARMAN .........................................................................................436 YKSEKRETMDE TURZM LSANS ETM VEREN DEVLET NVERSTELERNN SON 5 YILLIK DEERLENDRMES Hseyin ENEROL, Simge TOKAY ......................................................................................451 SRDRLEBLR TURZMN TALEP TAHMNLEMES Nur ELK, Ozan BAHAR ...................................................................................................464 TURZM SEKTRNDE STAJ YAPAN YKSEKRETM (N LSANS VE LSANS) RENCLERNN MARUZ KALDIKLARI MOBBNG LE ALIMA PERFORMANSI ARASINDAK LKNN NCELENMES: GRESUN NVERSTESNDE TURZM RENCLER ZERNE BR UYGULAMA Hakan AKYURT, Eray TURPCU, Gamze KILI .................................................................476 ZMR LNDEK 4 VE 5 YILDIZLI KONAKLAMA LETMELERNDE ALIANLARIN PSKOLOJK DDET (MOBBNG) ALGILARI Fatma PALABIYIK, Mehmet Emre GLER .........................................................................490 ELEKTRONK ORTAMDA YAPILAN EVRM YORUMLARA DAYANARAK TKETCLERN YYECEKECEK LETMELERNDEN DUYDUKLARI MEMNUNYETLERN VE BEKLENTLERN BELRLENMES zlem GELEN, Mehmet Emre GLER ................................................................................501 TRKYEDE LSANS DZEYNDE TURZM ETMNN SORUNLARI VE ZM NERLER brahim YILMAZ...................................................................................................................517 KONAKLAMA LETMELER RNENDE STRESNN E BALILIK VE TEN AYRILMA NYETNE ETKS: ANAKKALE LNDE BR ARATIRMA Bekir ETT, Damla DEMR HARPUTLUOLU...............................................................527 KONAKLAMA VE YYECEK HZMETLER ALT SEKTRNN FNANSAL PERFORMANSININ KARILATIRMALI TABLOLAR ANALZ TEKN LE NCELENMES: TRKYE CUMHURYET MERKEZ BANKASI SEKTR BLANOLARINDA BR ARATIRMA Erdin KARADENZ, Selda KAHLOULLARI, Mehmet BEYAZGL...............................537 YEREL HALKIN NVERSTE VE NVERSTE RENCLERNE BAKI AISI: EME RNE Cevdet AVCIKURT, Esin ZKAN, Samet Can CURKAN ...................................................547 KONAKLAMA LETMELERNDE REKABET STRATEJS OLARAK NC YA GRUBUNA ODAKLANMA VE 50+ HOTELS STANDARTLARI Yksel GRSOY, Ramazan GRAL.....................................................................................556 KONAKLAMA LETMELERNDE MOBBNG - RGTSEL GVEN LKS: ANAKKALE LNDE BR ARATIRMA Bekir Eitti, Blent Akyz .....................................................................................................566
20. 20. v TELEVZYON KANALLARINDA YAYINLANAN GEZ PROGRAMLARININ TURZMN GELMESNDEK ROL Sedat CEREC ......................................................................................................................580 NASIL GASTRONOM EHR OLUNUR? Bilal YALIN........................................................................................................................588 STAJ DNEMNDE MARUZ KALINAN MOBBNGN SEKTRDE KARYER YAPMA STENE ETKS: TURZM ALANINDA NLSANS ETM ALAN RENCLER ZERNDE BR UYGULAMA Aya YKSEL, Ebru ULUCAN, Murat ZMEN..................................................................595 ALIMA KOULLARI, TATMN VE SEKTREL BALILIK LKS. OTEL ALIANLARI ZERNDE BR ARATIRMA Bayram AHN, Ahmet KARATA........................................................................................607 MACERA TURSTNN AKI DENEYMNE YNELK BR MODEL NERS* Reyhan A.AYAZLAR .............................................................................................................620 TEORKTEN PRATE, PRATKTEN DAVRANIA: GASTRONOM VE MUTFAK SANATLARI RENCLER N BAINDA ETM mit SORMAZ, Eda GNE, Ylmaz SEM ......................................................................633 KONYANIN TOPRAK ALTINDAK SELUKLU HAZNELER Mehmet HAYIRLIOLU.......................................................................................................645 DESTNASYON REKABETNDE GASTRONOM TURZMNN NEM: RZE RNE Zeynep KAZANCI BAARAN, Mevlde Canan CAN ...........................................................660 RZE TURZMNN SWOT ANALZ LE DEERLENDRLMES Mevlde Canan CAN, Zeynep KAZANCI BAARAN ...........................................................672 ET BALAMINDA BR ARATIRMA; GNEYDOU ANADOLU BLGES KONAKLAMA LETMELER RNE Said KINGIR, Mesut SOYALIN, Muhammet Fatih SANCAR ...............................................683 SRDRLEBLR TURZM AISINDAN YEL NOVASYON: MULA RNE Mehmet AVCI, Onur YILDIZ, Nur ELK............................................................................694 TURSTK BR RN OLARAK MZE PAZARLAMASINDA ZYARET DENEYMLER ZERNE BR ARATIRMA: SAMSUN L RNE Yaar GLTEKN, Yetkin BULUT .......................................................................................704 OTEL LETMELERNDE ALIANLARIN TEMEL BENLK DEERLENDRMELER VE STRESLERNN TATMNLERNE ETKS Dilek ACAR GREL, Ylmaz AKGNDZ..........................................................................716 AZERBAYCAN CUMHURYYETNDE TURZM POTANSYEL VE ONUN MEVCUT DURUMUNA DAR MESELELER. Ferhad Qamboy MIKAYILOV, Emil Filman QASIMOV Nicat Mirmehemmed SEYIDOV............................................................................................728 TURZM LETMELERNN TBAR YNETMNDE YEL YILDIZ UYGULAMASININ NEM Erkan AKGZ, Aytu ARSLAN, Hacer Derya AKKRP .....................................................736
21. 21. vi TURSTK DESTNASYONUN KLM KONFORUNUN BELRLENMESNDE TURZM KLM NDS (T) MODEL VE BEYEHR LES ANALZ Ramazan GRAL .................................................................................................................748 TRKYE TURZMNE YEN BAKILAR: SRDRLEBLR TURZM EKSENNDE EVRE SORUNLARI Sami KARACAN, Esin KARACAN, Yksel GNGR..........................................................757 EKOTURZM AISINDAN RZE L VE EVRESNN DEERLENDRLMES Eren ERKILI, Fatma Doanay ERGEN.............................................................................771 KURUMSAL YNETM VE TURZM: ALARKO RKETLER TOPLULUU RNE Gnseli GLTRK BARAN, Gamze ZOUL..............................................................782 N TURZM PAZARINDA TRKYENN YER ZERNE BR DEERLENDRME: N DI TURZM KALTE HZMET SERTFKASI PROGRAMI Aytu ARSLAN, Erkan AKGZ............................................................................................796 KIRGIZSTAN LE TRKYE ARASINDA TURZMDE BRLNDE VE GELMEDE SVL TOPLUM KURULULARININ NEM Cevit YAVUZ.........................................................................................................................806 AZERBAYCAN TURZM GELMNN PLANLAMASI, KARILATIRMALAR - DEERLENDRMELER NERLER Ali Blent KUTVAN, Sebuhi ASLANOV ..............................................................................815 SEL PAZARLAMA UYGULAMALARININ, RGTSEL ADALET ALGISINA VE RGTSEL SNZME ETKS Berrin GZEL, Ceren , Tue LTER...........................................................................821
22. 22. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 1 TOURISM ORIENTED POLICING AND PROTECTION SERVICES (TOPPS) Mehmet Murat PAYAM, Assist. Prof. Dr. Adyaman University, Social Sciences Vocational College, Property Protection and Security Division nikbaht@yahoo.com Abstract It is obvious that tourism is a critical revenue source for many countries and visitors are affected by the perception of safety and security at the destinations. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism continues to be one of the worlds largest sectors. In addition to this, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report considers safety and security to be a pillar of tourism competitiveness with reliability of police services a central anchor. As any safety or security mishap can destroy a tourism destinations reputation, the safety and security of tourists should be a matter of national security. In this context, it is believed that tourism police help create the destination image. For this purpose, the Tourist Police Unit should be set up in order to provide safety and security to tourists. Any investments in tourism oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of the destination and the country. If a country wants to increase its competitiveness in the tourism industry, tourist police system must be introduced as soon as possible. The objective then is to become one of the top five most visited safe and secure destinations in the world. There should be consensus on the necessity to introduce a separate Tourism Police Unit at least in major cities such as Antalya, stanbul and Konya. In short this paper provides an overview of tourism security and concentrates on the world of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection services (TOPPs). Key-Words: tourism, police, security, tourism police 1. Introduction The tourism industry has been among the fastest growing industries in recent years and it is now the third largest industry in the world (United Nations World Tourism Organization [UNWTO], 2011). According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism continues to be one of the worlds largest sectors, too. In addition to this, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (2013) considers safety and security to be a pillar of tourism competitiveness with reliability of police services a central anchor (World Economic Forum [WEF], 2013). It is obvious that tourism is a critical revenue source for many countries and visitors are affected by the perception of safety and security at the destinations. In a study conducted in California, visitors stated that safety and security is a top factor in choosing their destinations (Tarlow, 2012a). As mentioned in World Tourism Organizations Manual, safety and security are essential for providing quality in tourism (World Tourism Organization [WTO], 1996, p.11). Many researchers, who conducted tourism related studies, also argued that safety and security are most important to tourists while traveling and the first aspect they consider is safety and security (Pizam, Tarlow and Bloom, 1997; Rittichainuwat and Chakraborty, 2012; Snmez and Graefe, 1998). Although the tourism sector has been growing steadily in the past few decades, the perception of insecurity at a destination can greatly hinder or even erase this progress. Namely, sudden changes in security situations in a country and the perception of insecurity at a destination can drastically alter the demand for tourism in a country. According to AlBattat and Mat Som (2013), safety and security are the most important factors in the tourism industry when compared with low price. As a results the destinations image, safety and security affect the tourists destination choice. In a research made by Weiping (2010), it is found out that improving security is vital and all interviewees agreed that security image is very important to international travellers. They stated that security images were increasingly more important today, following the increased threat of terrorism attacks (Weiping, 2010, p.214). Thus, as any safety or security mishap can destroy a tourism destinations reputation, the safety and security of the tourists should be a matter of national security. While Turkey is generally regarded as a safe and secure country and its security image is positive among visitors (Bilim, 2004), there needs to be a greater role in training police to safeguard
23. 23. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 2 tourism industry. It is believed that police are important in helping and protecting the tourism industry and tourism police help create the destination image (Bilim, 2004; Pizam and Mansfeld, 1996; Snmez, Apostolopoulos and Tarlow, 1999; Tarlow, 2014b; Tarlow, 1998). Countries around the world have developed a number of strategies to involve police in tourism industry, with some countries even establishing separate tourism police units for image formation. Thus, cooperation between the tourism industry and police is critical. Most of the countries and cities in the world have also started to create specific tourism policing divisions (Snmez et al., 1999). As safety and security in tourism are very important for tourists while traveling, we have to cooperate with the police departments to prevent tourism related crimes at the destinations and to enhance the sense of safety and security there. Consequently, we should form police units that are completely focused on overseeing the safety and security of tourists. For this purpose, the Tourist Police Unit1 should be established as soon as possible in order to provide safety, security and assistance to the tourists. Because it is believed that any investments in tourism oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of the destination and the country. If a country wants to increase its competitiveness in the tourism industry, tourist police system must be enacted as soon as possible. The objective then is to become one of the top five most visited (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, [MCT], 2007, p.4) safe and secure destinations in the world. There should be consensus on the necessity to introduce a Tourist Police Unit at least in major cities such as Antalya, stanbul and Konya because destinations security image is considered critical on travel decisions. In short this paper provides an overview of tourism security and concentrates on the world of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection services (TOPPs). 2. What is Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Service? Tourism security is often either divided into the public mode or private mode or some combination of these two (Tarlow, 2012a). Tourism policing often uses the acronym TOPPs, meaning Tourism/Tourist Oriented Policing and Protection Services. In Spanish the word is often translated as seguridad turstica or politur a composite of the two Spanish words polica and turismo (Tarlow, 2014a, p.19; Tarlow, 2014b). TOPPs was first proposed in the early part of the 1990s by tourism security experts such as Tarlow, Pizam and Mansfeld (Tarlow, 2005). In 1994, the Metro-Dade Police Department formed the first Tourist Oriented Policing unit which was a partnership between the police department, the Federal Aviation Administration and the airlines serving the Miami International Airport (Henninger, 2001). Tourist Police is a system that protects and saves the lives and the properties of tourists from many threats and hazards. These are special policemen who work for tourists protection, safety and security (Nam, 2009). Tourism Oriented Policing was first defined by the Miami Metro-Dade Police Department as a philosophy of policing based on the concept that specially trained police officers, working closely with business leaders, airport authorities, businesses that cater to the traveling public, and private citizens can help prevent or tremendously reduce the tourism problems related to crime, fear of crime, and the decay of the neighborhoods that tourist frequently travel (Metro- Dade Police Department, 1994 cited in Henninger, 2001, p.3). Tourism policing is different from any other forms of policing and it takes the relationship between the visitor and the locales economy into account. So just changing uniforms or calling someone a tourism police officer without proper training and education may actually be counter-productive (Tarlow, 2012b). The tourism policing model is built on the community policing model of creating a partnership between the police and the community they serve (cited in Wolf, 2008, p. 407). Tourist Oriented Policing (TOP) is a process of applying Community Oriented Policing (COP) techniques to 1 The terms Tourist Police Unit and Tourist Police refer to Tourism Police (Turkish: Turizm Polisi) in this paper.
24. 24. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 3 another segment of our citizen base in the tourism industry (Henninger, 2001). Many of the ideas in community policing had a major influence on what would become another form of policing, tourism oriented policing/protection services which today is better known by its acronym TOPPs. TOPPs drew its inspiration from Community Policing (CP) but modified CP so as to meet the evergrowing security needs of the tourism community (Tarlow, 2005). In summary, Tourism Oriented Policing is based on the concept that the law enforcement agencies public or private , tourism industry, government and tourists work together in creative and strategic ways to help solve safety and security problems at tourism destinations. Tourism police are special police who work for tourists safety and security. Tourism Oriented Policing Unit is generally divided into many types of patrol teams, namely; Foot Patrol, Bike Patrol, Equestrian (Mounted) Patrol, Motorcycle Patrol, Patrol Car Crew, Marine Patrol and Aviation/Air Support. 3. Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Services in the World During the mid 1990s the World Tourism Organisation carried out a major survey of member states on the topic of police services for tourists. The survey found that 48 countries (72%) said they provided special police or security protection to tourist facilities and sites, with these services mostly, 37/67, part of state or municipal police forces. Only 14/67 or 21% had a special tourist police force. Very few countries, 9/67 or 13%, had specific legislation establishing tourist police services (Handszuh, 1997). There has been an increase of countries and cities in the world that are introducing Tourist Police Units to bring down tourism related crimes and provide the best tourism services to the tourists at the destinations recently. For instance, the Tourist Police Unit established in 1988 is a specialised unit of the Royal Malaysian Police. In so far, the tourist police unit has been established in Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Selangor and Johor (wikipedia.org). Internet searches indicate that specialist tourist police services are currently operating in Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Greece, Jordan, the Philippines, Egypt, London, Greece, Seoul- Korea, Libya, Nepal, Srilanka, Argentina, Republic of Dominique, Costa Rica, Peru and Vietnam. Kenya and Uganda have also set up dedicated tourism police units for tourism safety and security (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa [UNECA], 2013). The Tourism Police Unit (Turkish: Turizm Polisi) was established in 1973 in stanbul (Kumbasar, 1988, p.43). Turkish National Police employing almost 250.000 sworn police officers is one of the largest public sector organizations that prides itself on providing professional police and security services to the general public and tourists. Now in Turkey, tourist police services are currently operating in the provinces of Ankara, Antalya, stanbul and zmir. 4. The Importance of Tourism Oriented Policing and Protection Services Academic practitioners began to fathom the safety and security research in the tourism industry in the 1990s (AlBattat and Mat Som, 2013, p.3) as the first rule of good hospitality is taking care of our guests. As tourism safet and security is part of the tourism system and a failure or a mishap in safety and security can cause the tourism system collapse. Customer services and good security are part of the same tourism system and without them tourism often withers (Tarlow, 2014c, p.7). More than any other economic activity, the success or failure of a tourist destination depends on the ability to provide a safe and secure environment for its visitors (UNECA, 2013, p.100). A research made on policing in reducing feelings of insecurity initially showed that the actions of the police really contribute to a reduction in the feelings of insecurity of the public and tourists. In a research the findings clearly showed that the most effective manner to increase the public safety through police actions is to ensure that this takes place from within the direct residential areas of the public, and if the police provide localized made-to- measure services (Lasthuizen, Van Eeuwijk and Huberts, 2005, p.375). So policing in tourism destinations can reduce the tourists feelings of insecurity. According to Tarlow (2012a), if tourism security is used properly
25. 25. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 4 it can be a powerful marketing tool that can bring people to ones hotel, location, attraction, or community. Effective policing is of paramount importance when dealing with crime and tourism. In some countries such as Egypt there is dedicated tourist police who are also trained to interact with the tourists, assist with directions and are knowledgeable about the tourism products in a specific location to advice tourists (Perry and Potgieter, 2013, p.108). Thus, it is very important that there is also a sperate tourist police unit in Turkey and these dedicated police are trained to interact with tourists in a positive manner in Turkey. 1990s began to see the need for what was then called tourism safety and security. As the importance of tourism spread throughout the world, the idea of tourism policing also spread (Tarlow, 2014a). Snmez et al. (1999) stated that cooperation between the tourism industry and police agencies is critical when proactively dealing with tourism safety and security. They also stated that the tourism policing is new in the United States, and police officers are needed more knowledge to implement the traditional community oriented policing with tourism techniques. That is to say, tourism policing presents a whole new concept of proactive policing as a form of economic development relating to tourism (Tourism & More, 2014, p. 11-2). Thus, police agencies throughout the world have begun developing and implementing specialised units whose sole responsibility is the protection of tourists and have trained selected personnel to deal specifically with tourist matters (Pizam et al., 1997, p.23). There has been a long standing discussion within tourism circles about the value of having specialised tourism policing services at destinations (Wilks, 2011). We can say that wherever there is tourism, there is a major need for tourism security and tourism oriented policing as tourist police help increase a countrys image in the eyes of tourists. Given the sensitivity of the tourism industry and tourists to safety and security related issues, member states should be encouraged to establish dedicated tourist police units or departments (UNECA, 2013, p.100). In fact, the Tourist Police Units should be set up in order to provide security and assistance to tourists by police personnel who are specially trained and briefed on tourism and to keep a check on crimes involving tourists (WTO, 1996, p.70). TOPPs units deal with 5 very distinct forms of protection. TOPPs populations then include: visitors (an unstable population), industrys employees (a more stable population), tourism investors (a stable population), tourism sites (inanimate but concrete entities), and reputations and economies (abstract and highly changeable entities open to wide fluctuations) (Tarlow, 2005). That is to say, Tourist Police provide information and assistance to the tourists and visitors about laws, customs, culture and attractions in the local community. Tourist Police personnel also provide visitors with assistance and information, particularly concerning native customs, culture, laws, and local attractions. Police with foreign language skills and a special brief to look after visitors are a valuable addition to a quality tourism product. A visible police presence is still very important in tourist areas (Wilks, 2011; WTO, 1996; Tourism & More, 2014). Their visible presence not only implements increased security, but also effectively attends to tourists concerns, as it becomes more convenient for tourists to submit any issues or complaints. The more uniformed police officers are visible at the tourist destinations, the more secure tourists feel about the destinations (Mthembu, 2009, p.48). But, it is also very important that too much police presence does not constantly remind tourists of crime (Perry and Potgieter, 2013). Namely, uniformed tourist police should be careful not to make tourist feel uncomfortable and fearful. The Tourist Police presence then aids in solidifying Turkeys reputation as a secure and enjoyable travel destination. A major premise of tourism policing is that policing at tourism destinations will reduce tourism related crimes, enhance the sense of safety and security at the destinations and help create the security image of the destinations positively. These units do more than protect visitors and the locale; they also make a positive tourism image statement. For the TOPPs to be successful it is not only how you prevent or deal with tourism
26. 26. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 5 related crimes, but also how you deal with each person or tourist as a customer. Thus, TOPPs units clearly know that good customer service is a vital element of good safety and security (Tarlow, 2014b). As a result, this reality proves the necessity to introduce Tourism Police Units in order to serve better services towards the foreign visitors and tourists and in order to improve the security of Turkeys tourist environment. Keeping tourists safe, secure and informed while visiting Turkey must be a necessary commitment for Tourist Police. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations In general, the most effective way to prevent or reduce the number of safety and security incidents happening at tourist destinations is by strong cooperation between the tourism industry, law enforcement agencies, the local community, governmental authorities, and the tourists themselves (Pizam and Mansfeld, 2006, p.353). It is clear that partnerships between the tourism industry and police are an essential element in quality tourism services. If tourist police is used correctly and properly, they can become an economic development tool for the tourism industry (Tarlow, 2012b). So the police and tourism industry should work together in creative ways to help solve tourism related problems in order to have more safe and secure destinations. Tarlow (2014a) indicates that tourism oriented policing and protection services (TOPPs) around the world will be needed more than ever (Tarlow, 2014a, p.261). An investment in tourism oriented policing will be an investment in the economic future of Turkey. Thus, Tourist Police Unit must be introduced as soon as possible to increase Turkeys competitiveness in the tourism industry. In addition, we should focus on improving Turkeys reputation as a secure tourist destination and developing consensus on the necessity to introduce separate Tourist Police Units in major places such as Antalya, stanbul, zmir, Ankara and Konya. The objective then is to become one of the top five most visited coutries in the world. When introducing Tourist Police Units the following recommendations should be taken into consideration: First of all, separate Tourist Police Units should be established. They should consist of sufficient male and female officers. These units must be distinguished from other security/police officers by a unique and distinct uniform. Namely, tourist police should be easily recognizable with their uniforms. They should be stationed in popular attractions such as monuments or tourist-heavy commercial hubs. Tourist Police will be trained to assist visitors and offer a more welcoming experience. They must have near fluency in English or any other language. They also must have high moral and ethical standards. Secondly, tourist police need to receive training and education in how to interact with the tourism industry and how important they are in helping and protecting the industry (Pizam and Mansfeld, 1996; Snmez et al., 1999; Tarlow, 1998). Tourism security related courses can be introduced in the police academy and then used as part of inservice training. Each course should also contain information pertinent to the local countys situation (Tourism & More, 2014). Tourist police must be well-trained. In the 21st century policing and security requires well-trained professionals who are specialists in their field (Tarlow, 2014b). Tourists should be thought of as no different than residents. But the demands of policing tourists is different than policing residents, and this basic training should be implemented to educate strategies to better handle tourist situations. Tourist Police should be trained on how to handle crimes against and crimes committed by tourists (Perry and Potgieter, 2013). That is to say, they should be equipped with knowledge of the unique crime characteristics associated with tourism. We should enhance the skills of tourist police in dealing with criminal activity in tourism environments. Tourism security and safety are not appropriate jobs for everyone. Tourist Police need to be extraverted people with high degrees of tolerance. Tourism security is specialty that not everyone is capable of doing. We should choose the personnel carefully and then give them the chance to progress in their careers within the ranks of tourism security professionals. Finally, extra pay should be considered for tourism policing and security specialists. Namely, tourist police should be highly trained professionals who are paid the same wages of any other well trained professionals (Tarlow, 2014b; Tarlow, 2012b). Tourism security is more than just
27. 27. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 6 having police officers patrolling at the destinations or equipping them with a uniform that reads tourism police. In short the aim of the Tourist Police should be to create a hassle free, secure, safe and memorable experience to all tourists and visitors within Turkey. References AlBattat, A.R., & Mat Som, A. (2013). Emergency Preparedness for Disasters and Crises in the Hotel Industry, SAGE Open, July-September 2013, pp. 1-10. Bilim, Y. (2004). Poller Turistik Destinasyonlarda (Turizm Merkezlerinde) Polis ve Hizmetlerinin Avrupal Turistler Tarafndan Alglanmas, Yaynlanmam Yksek Lisans Tezi, Mustafa Kemal niversitesi, Hatay. Handszuh, H. (1997). Policing in tourism for visitor and resident protection, in Report from a WTO survey, Madrid, World Tourism Organisation, 1997. Henninger, D. (2001). What Impact Will Tourist Oriented Policing Have On Small Sized Police Departments By The Year 2006?, A project presented to California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training, Sacramento, California. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_Police_%28Malaysia%29. Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl. (2007). Trkiye Turizm Stratejisi 2023, Eylem Plan 2007-2013, T.C. Kltr ve Turizm Bakanl Yayn, Yayn No: 3085, Ankara, Retrieved from http://www.sp.gov.tr/documents/Turizm_Strateji _2023.pdf. Lasthuizen, K., Van Eeuwijk, B. A. P., & Huberts, L. W. J. C. (2005). How Policing Can Reduce Feelings of Insecurity: Results from Survey Research in the Netherlands, Police Practice and Research, Vol. 6, No. 4, September 2005, pp. 375-390. Mthembu. N. (2009). Tourism Crime, Safety and Security in the Umhlathuze District Municipality, Kwazulu-Natal, Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa. Nam, L. Y. (2009). The role and functions of tourist police in Gangwon province, Police Science Study, Apr. 2nd Edition. Perry, E. C., & Potgieter, C. (2013). Crime and Tourism in South Africa, J Hum Ecol, 43(1), (2013), pp. 101-111. Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (Eds). (1996) Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, Wiley, New York. Pizam, A., & Mansfeld, Y. (Eds). (2006). Tourism Security and Safety: from theory to practice, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Pizam, A., Tarlow, P. E., & Bloom, J. (1997). Making tourists feel safe: Whose responsibility is it?, Journal of Travel Research, 31, pp. 23-28. Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2012). Perceptions of importance and what safety is enough, Journal of Business Research, 65, (2012), pp. 42-50. Snmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 112-144, Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160- 7383(97)00072-8. Snmez, S.F., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P.E. (1999). Tourism in Crisis: Managing the Effects of Terrorism, Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), pp. 13-18. Tarlow, P. E. (1998). Keeping tourists safe, (Section 1), Review Journal, Las Vegas: International Association of Community Police (IACP). Tarlow, P. E. (2005). The Impact of Community Policing on Tourism and Tourism Oriented Policing/Protection Services (TOPs), e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol.3, No. 1, 2005. Tarlow, P. E. (2012a). Tourism Security as a Marketing Tool, Tourism Tidbits, Hotel Online News for the Hospitality Executive, November, 2012. Tarlow, P. E. (2012b). How Can Your Guests Be Sure They Are Safe?, Tourism Tidbits, Hotel Online News for the Hospitality Executive, May, 2012. Tarlow, P. E. (2014a). Tourism Security: Strategies for Effectively Managing Travel Risk and Safety, Waltham-MA, USA: Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann. Tarlow, P. E. (2014b). Tourism Police Help Create the Destination Image, Retrieved from http://www.tourism-review.com/travel-tourism-magazine-tourism-police-create-the-image-of-the- destination-article2450. Tarlow, P. E. (2014c). Tourism Oriented Policing and the Tourism Industry, International Journal of Event Management Research, Special Edition: Risk Management, Volume 8, Number 1, 2014.
28. 28. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 7 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. (2013). Sustainable tourism master plan for the Inter- Governmental Authority On Development (IGAD) Region 2013 2023, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, www.uneca.org United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2011). United Nations World Tourism Organization, Tourism Highlights 2011, United Nations, 2011. Weiping (2010). Exploring Images Of Indonesia As Perceived By Indonesian Tourism Industry Members And UK Residents Pre-The Bali Bombings And Post-The Bali Bombings, (Doctoral dissertation), University of Bedfordshire, UK. Wilks, J. (2011). Policing In Tourism, Travel Law Quarterly, 2011, pp. 30-34. Wolf, R. (2008). Tourism oriented policing: an examination of a Florida/Caribbean partnership for police training, International Journal of Police Science & Management, Volume 10 Number 4, 2008, pp. 402-416. World Economic Forum. (2013). The travel and tourism competitiveness report 2013, Geneva: World Economic Forum. World Tourism Organization. (1996). Tourist Safety and Security: Practical Measures for Destinations, Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
29. 29. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 8 A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL INBOUND TOURISTS IN TURKEY Mahsa SERPOUSH, PhD. Student Yldrm Beyazt University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Management and Organization Department ms_phdm@yahoo.com.tr Cemalettin cal FDANBOY, PhD. Candidate Bakent University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Management and Organization Department ocalfidanboy@hotmail.com Abstract There are lots of changes happening every day from climate changes to international legal changes. These may have an impact on the tourism industry and more specifically, the number of tourists. The study of what influence the tourism sector should be an updated one as the changes are happening continuously .In this paper, the number of international inbound tourists in Turkey is taken as a level variable with reference to system dynamics and subsequently, the consonants and flows are defined for it. Finally, a system dynamics model is suggested which demonstrate what affects and what is affected from the number of international inbound tourists in Turkey. This will help us understand what variables cause the increase and decrease in the number of tourists followed by what variables are going to change in response to this increase-decrease and in which way; positive or negative reinforcement. Key-Words: system dynamics, international inbound tourists 1. Introduction Tourism has been of great importance throughout the history; when people travelled thousands of kilometers for days to reach their destination and now that the long distances are taken within hours or even minutes. Along with the development of tourism industry, there were some periods where a decrease or an increase was seen in the number of tourists. Studies have tried to identify the factors that can affect or be affected from the number of tourists coming to a specific destination. The studies have not been restricted to the identification of factors, however, they have gone one step further and some scholars have attempted to forecast tourism. In the recent years, specifically, the forecasting models have attracted the attention of many scholars and the ones active in the market such as travel agencies who are thriving for information concerning the future of tourism and its probable changes. As there are factors which affect tourism and the factors which are affected from tourism, it can be said that there should be two groups; one that have impact on tourism and one that get impact from tourism, however, an organization or a person can be present in both of the groups. Fulfilling the expectations of these groups which is the accurate forecast of tourism is not going to be met until the factors both affecting and affected, are carefully determined. In this paper, a system dynamics model is suggested for the number of international inbound tourism in Turkey after review of the available literature. This can assist us to depict a picture of the possible future of tourism and to use this picture while devising plans for future. This can provide a full image to a wide range of people directly or indirectly related to the tourism sector from the top managers to an owner of a small market in a touristic destination. If the model can be completed and run, there will be chance for forecasting the number of international inbound tourism in future. Although the estimations will not be certainly true as the continuous changes are happening all the time, they can be of help even at a minimum level because they can depict a general picture of the future situation to us.
30. 30. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 9 2. Literature Review Peng et al. (2014) used meta-analysis for predicting the international tourism demand and their results demonstrated that despite the modeling method, number of variables and their measures, sample size and also data frequency, the origins of tourists, time period and destination may affect the accuracy of the forecasting model (Peng, Song, & Crouch, 2014). Another related study was also done comparing the accuracy of these models, univariate or multivariate, for the international city tourism demand for Paris (Gunter & Onder, 2015). Forecasting the tourism requires the identification of the factors which influence the tourism. Badulescu and Rusu (2009) explained some of these factors in their article which are as follows: environmental issues, security issues, globalization, demographic challenges, competition and business environment, and economic crisis. Akta (2005) indicated a regression equation for the variables affecting tourism revenues in Turkey and he expressed the dependent variables as: the number of coming tourists (inbound tourism) to Turkey during a specific time, the capacity of Turkey for giving services to tourists based on the number of beds available, the number of travel agencies, governments assigned budget for introducing tourism and advertising relatedly, US dollar exchange rate, Germanys Mark exchange rate and the allowed amount of foreigners investment in Turkey. In another article, key factors were recognized for the case of Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve (CBBR) in Vietnam which have been categorized under three groups: tourism economy, natural resources and social-demography (Mai & O.J.H). Besides, a dynamics of the system was delineated in that article. A similar attempt has also been taken in order to present a system dynamics model for the sustainable development of economic circle in tourist destinations (Luo, Jin, Liao, Ren, & Gao, 2012).The case of Guilin was also studied and the resort development was explained by the means of system dynamics (Honggang & Jigang, 2000). In another research, sustainable tourism industry in China was analyzed by employing a system dynamics approach (Fu, Li, & Ning, 2011). As it was mentioned, the system dynamics model was used in tourism in different countries and cases nevertheless the results gained from each case is not the same as the other one. Therefore, the case study of Turkey may result in new findings and results regarding the fact that tourism is one the most important and developed industries in Turkey. 3. Method Level variable was taken the number of international inbound tourists in Turkey. There can be two kinds of flows to the level variable; in-flows and out-flows. In-flows are the variables which cause increase in the level variable, number of international inbound tourism in Turkey. Out- Flows contain the variables which can reduce the number of international inbound tourists. The flows and level variable can be seen in figure1. The second step is to determine what affects the number of tourists entries and also the number of tourists who leave Turkey. In this step, we need to collect data to distinguish factors. The first choice may be the review of the literature and history of changes in tourism. We need to look back at the changes in the number of international tourists entries or their leavings which have happened throughout a period of time, for example for a period of fifty years and then, seek for their probable causes. The study of current situation will just help us to determine few numbers of factors; however, researching a period of time may enable us to find more factors. Moreover, a factor which could be seen in the past, but it cannot be seen now and the effects may be present, can be identified in this case as well.
31. 31. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 10 Figure 1: Level and flows The second method for data collection regarding the current situation is asking the experts in the fields which were related to the tourism field according to the literature about the possible factors. Next, the methods which are available for the consensus between experts can be used though it can be hard to reach consensus as the tourism environment is so wide and varied and lots of variables may be named by diverse experts. The simplest way may be noticing the frequency of the answers. For example, security issues will be mentioned by almost all of the respondents and as a result, it is going to be fitted into the system dynamics model. The third step is to seek for the statistics and numbers; the number of international tourists to Turkey and the number of exits or the total number of inbound tourism in Turkey. Testing the data of each year, may result in an approximate equation between the level variable, the number of international inbound tourism in Turkey, and the flows, the number of international tourists entries and exits. By putting the equation in the model, the prediction will become possible. The fourth step, as it was mentioned, is running the model and seeing the results which are estimations of the future. 4. Conclusion and Recommendation This paper suggested that there are factors involving with tourism, causing it to change in a specific direction, positive or negative. There have been studies in different countries and different cases focused on presenting a system dynamics model for tourism, however, there seems to be a need to conduct the same study in the Turkish context for the reason that even in the literature, each case was studied independently from any other cases and the findings from one case was not tried to be generalized to the other ones because of the various tourism environments in each case and their special characteristics which make them different from each other. On the other hand, although some studies have examined the interfering factors with tourism, the changing nature of the environment, here the environment of tourism makes us to think of researching the factors which have influence on tourism and to come up with updated results. The key point in this article is that employing the system thinking approach, more specifically the system dynamics model, will empower us to have rates in the model and therefore, the model cannot be just in qualitative mode but also quantitative. For instance, in a certain time, time A, if we find the number of international tourists entries to Turkey, we can calculate the number of exits or the total number of inbound tourism in Turkey. More detailed, when the factors which affect entries or exits are defined, the same calculations can be taken place but from the earlier step. In other words, the capacity of services given to tourists is showed by the number of beds and this number is known, then the number of entries on the first round, following by the total
32. 32. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 11 number of international inbound tourism, then again following by the international tourists exits from Turkey can all be estimated as they are in relationships with each other and the tourism system is a dynamic system. For future research, the period of fifty years of international inbound tourism can be taken into account and subsequently, the factors having impact on the number of international inbound entries and international inbound exists can be recognized and they can be fitted into the system dynamics model. The second suggestion is to arrange interviews with the experts in both tourism- related fields and tourism in order to get an insight of the current factors and then compare the historical factors and the current ones for any similarity. There may be hidden trends behind the number of international inbound tourism. References AKTA, C. (2005). Obtaining the Optimum Regression Equation for Variables Which Affect tourism Revenues in Turkey. Dou niversitesi Dergisi, 163-174. BDULESCU, A., & RUSU, S. (2009). The Dynamics of The International Tourism Market. Recent Developments and Challenges. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 145-152. Fu, Y., Li, D., & Ning, L. (2011). A System Dynamics Approach for Analyzing Sustainable Tourism Industry in China. International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS) (pp. 1-4). Wuhan: IEEE. Gunter, U., & Onder, I. (2015). Forecasting international city tourism demand for Paris: Accuracy of uni- and multivariate models employing monthly data. Tourism Management, 123-135. Honggang, Z., & Jigang, B. (2000). A System Dynamics Study of Resort Development Project Management in Tourism Region: A Case Study of Guilin. Retrieved from CEUR Workshop Proceedings: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-72/038%20Xu%20Resort.pdf Luo, Y., Jin, M., Liao, Z., Ren, P., & Gao, H. (2012). Sustainable Development of Economic Circle in Tourist Destinations Based on System Dynamics. Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences, 1011-1018. Mai, T. V., & O.J.H, B. (n.d.). System Thinking Approach as a Unique Tool for Sustainable Tourism Development:A Case Study in the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve of Vietnam. Retrieved from Journals ISSS | International Society for the Systems Sciences: http://journals.isss.org/index.php/proceedings54th/article/viewFile/1457/509 Peng, B., Song, H., & Crouch, G. I. (2014). A meta-analysis of international tourism demand forecasting and implications for practice. Tourism Management, 181-193.
33. 33. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 12 EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF ATTENDING IN PRESSING LOCAL HANDICRAFT MARKETS Reza Pourali M.A in Geography and Tourism Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Rezapourali87@yahoo.com Mortaza Karami M.A in Geography and Tourism Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality mortazakarami@rocketmail.com Reza Khalili PhD in Geography and urban Planning, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Vahid Azizi M.A student in management, Tabriz Metropolis Municipality Abstract Paying attention to women was reached to new phase in the process of human development and women are placed on the center of gravity of the development descriptions by distributing the theory of stable development in the year 1980. Nowadays different countries as an example Iran has accomplished many programs in order to improve rural and urban woman's place in the society. Therefore paying too much attention for empowering rural women, who are about the half of the village's population, is one of the important policy. Empowering women is a process in which women are informed their own inner needs and demands. They try to have spunk in order to reach the goal and to have required ability to carry out their needs. This research has accomplished by a reviewer studies to understand the importance of empowering women, the important factors in empowering women especially rural women, women employment within the framework of local markets and the impressions which can leave in local society. This research shows that some factors like increasing education, accessing to financial sources, improving the state of health, having legal rights arising from tenancy. Removing market discrimination and decreasing wrong traditional beliefs are the important factors in empowering women. Keywords: empowering, women, local markets, handicraft. 1. Introduction Nowadays empowering exploits as a manageable technique in reaction to need of employment in organization throughout the world (Berri, 1993; Johnson, 1993; Foy, 1994). Kanter (1977) believes that empowering is donation of power to person, who presents in inefficient part of organization. He imagines the power in one (connectedly), that powerful people are at one end of it and powerless people are at the other end of it. Empowering has relation to confidence. Simulation decision and specially breaking up the inner limit between ordinary people and management. There is too much agreements between empowering and new organizational forms like reticulate structure (Rahnavard, 1387:106). It is not acceptable that empowering is always good and suitable for organization. Empowering doesn't guarantee the prosperity in any situation. Its impression is depend on accompany with needs, aims, culture of organization, people's idea and structure. The recent studies of social authorities have shown that accessing to stable development is impossible without active participation of woman all fields like social, economical and family. The performances examinations on the field pf participation of women in affair's society have shown that social and cultural factors and different expectations of society from men and women are important obstacles on the way of women participation. Therefore by the year 1980, the term "Sexuality and Development" was applied instead of the term "Women" in development. After
34. 34. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 13 that some methods were adopted to participate women in development and to remove obstacles. One of theses methods is empowering women of course by putting the emphasis on this point that the participation of women is not only because of their enjoyment from benefits and outcomes of development plans but also they should participate in accomplishment of development plans activity. 2.Explanation of the Problem Constructing handicraft markets is one of the aims of cultural heritage, handicraft and tourism organization. Finally suitable places for marketing, necessity materials accord with ecological condition of region, participation of local community in its constructing process and so on are its substructure aspect that programmers pay too much attention to this subject. Empowering local community (esp. women) has particular importance in order to prepare them to present their local handicraft and it isn't placed on priority of relevant plans to promotion of handicraft. In order to empower the local community it is necessary to apply some policies to improve literacy and proficiency, access to required investment, easiness access to financial resources and repay the received loans, prepare necessary fields to access to markets and on the other side it is necessary to make them familiar with demands and tact of tourisms, marketing methods, accounting techniques and so on. Also by observing different educating workshops it should try to reveal the importance and value of introducing and selling the local products to people. According to the place of handicraft as a second factor of growth and development of national impure production and also its place beyond the tourism industry as an important source of universal economic growth and rural women place as an important kind of handicraft producers, the role of women employment defines in both universal and national level. 3. Literature Review 3.1. Definition of Empowering The term empowering has nominated as "acquisition of liberty and voluntary self-government or legal power", being able and promoting of (Farhady and Bastar, 2006). UNICEF knows empowering as a process during which people do same activities in order to overcome the improvement obstacles that cause to guarantee their own destiny. In another definition empowering is defined as an access to information, education resources, decision power, self- government and dominate to their own life (Annonymous, 2005). On the other hand the fund of U.N.O (2006) has introduced 5 factors of empowering women which consist of processing, right to vote, accessing to resources and opportunities, right and power to control their life inside and outside of the houses, ability to influence on social changes to create national and international economical and social order (Moridosadat and Cowerkers, 1386:9). So empowering and partnership are deeply interdependent in some way that the participation of women cause empowering and their empowering will cause the increase of participation. As Honold (1997) says: various presuppositions about empowering render its definition. Menon 2 (1995) emphasizes on recognition aspect in empowering and believes that empowering is perception and controlling decision by subordinators. Bowen and Lawler define empowering as a political strategy to share the ability of empowering (Bowen and Lawler, 1992: 42). Barbee and Bott define empowering as donating the responsibility to those people who affairs with matters. These mentioned definitions are reflections of various presuppositions about the nature of empowering. In the first definition, recognition aspect of empowering was taken under advisement. The second definition emphasizes on the lienation of authority. While the third definition takes responsibility into consideration (Barbee and Bott, 1991:28). Anyhow we should consider that all of these definitions about empowering are night slightly. Fisher (1993) believes that empowering is a function of 3 variants: 1- Authority 2- Resources 3- Information.
35. 35. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 14 3.2.The Demand Nature of Empowering Clodon and Doyle (1996) emphasize on morality aspect of empowering and believe that the confidence of management to subordinators is an important factor. The emphasis on protection role of management can be seen in the writings of some authors like Block (1994), Sullivan (1994), Sullivan and Howell (1996). According to this viewpoint, a strong organization is an organization that the managers appear in protection role and give more decision power to the subordinators (Malon, 1997). In other words managers behave like a teacher and let the subordinators to involve themselves deeply in solving problems. Lashi (1999) believes that the effective factors on empowering are as follow: management conception (precautionary action of managements in transferring authority), structure of obligation (a degree of self-acting in doing entrusted duties). Organizational culture (the degree that the culture of organization strengthens the feeling of empowering) and kind of strengthening (fascination of employment based on reward or ownership feeling among people). He believes that various combinations of these factors will represent different shapes of empowering in organizations. 3.3.Definition of Handicraft From UNESCO points of view those manufactures can be called handicrafts which are made completely or made by helping manual device. Interfering mechanical devices is acceptable till it doesn't disprove the direct presence of hard or mankind (UNESCO Publication, 2006:4). The items should be prepared by natural original materials and it can be produced unlimitedly. These manufactures can be beautiful, innovative, artistic or consumption and while describing cultural, artistic meanings, consisting of decorative, religious, traditional and social aspects and other meaningful symbols (Hajipour Shoshtari, 1387:11). 3.4.The place of handicraft in social-cultural development Because of few millennium antecedents of handicraft in Iran and its various courses. This is considered as Iranian important professional and also devotes the highest rote of employment. In recent years the examination of the process of non-petriolic exports shows that more than half a milliard dollars has gained to the country by carpet and handicraft exporting. Whereas the regular statistics of WTO of handicraft had been amounted to 4 milliards. From the viewpoint of employment rate in handicraft. Iran has the 3rd place after India and China. Also from various courses of handicraft, which 150 kinds of it has recognized has the 1st rate and from the produce capacity point of view has the 3rd rate in the world. But from viewpoint of export rate, Iran is placed in the lower rate (Pop, 1380:39). Now from the employment potentiality point of view about 10 million persons are bustling either directly or indirectly (Rostami, 1383:45). From the importance viewpoint of handicraft in national impure products, we should say that the higher rates in another words 3 percent is devoted to this part. Whereas automotive industry devotes 2.5 percent and the portion of petrochemical industry is only about 2 percent. This statistic shows that the role and place of handicraft in economical development of Iran and word is in a higher level. In recent years some factors like weakness of economical establishments, cooperative and private sector inefficaciousness of custodian of producing organization in policy and protection of handicraft, incomplete infirmity of universal markets, nonattendance of foreign tourisms, in acquaintance of producers, cooperative and establishments and private sectors with exporting process and lack of adequate information from the tact of consumers cause exporting handicraft to decrease. In spite of the attentions of many countries to national arts some factors like severalty of public and governmental sectors on the field of handicraft, lack of required assistance for policy and
36. 36. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators (EITOC-2015) 15 planning, lack of suitable investment and bank facilities and lack of laws, which has assembled more protections from industrial workers, has caused that this industry face with many problems. The important point is that there is a deeply relation between beneficial part of handicraft with development of tourism industry and in many cases they consider as a complementary in economical development. In addition to economical place, cultural role of handicraft is important in universal development. The main message of handicraft and tourism industry is exchange of culture i.e, fulfillment of civil talks, finding social and cultural similarities, familiarity with the kind of structures and social relations, cultural and social ceremonies, artistic, industrial and scientific abilities, anthropology and traditional arts are the kind of this permanent talks. 3.4.Women Employment According to this point that the high percent of women are getting busy with activities that are related with handicraft so it is necessary to point to women employment in the form of statistic. Paying attention to the presented statistic in the last 3 decades shows that some factors cause that the portion of women employment decrease more than men. Some of these factors are as follow: social obstacles, illiteracy and lack of literacy, sexuality discrimination, law obstacles like: family law, employment law, economical factors like: economic standstill and upswing, emigration from village to city, believe in uneconomical rate of women, lack of variety in employing chance and promoting women's payment and cultural and traditional limitation. According to exact numeration of the whole country in the year 1335, 90.9 percent of active men are employed and 9.1 percent of them are unemployed. This ratio has run to this statistic that in the year 1365 to 81.7 and 12.9, in the year 1375 to 91.5 and 8.5. But the exact numeration of women shows that in the year 1355n, 83.6 percent of active women are employed and 16.4 percent of them are unemployed. This ratio has run to this statistic that in the year 1365 to 74.4, 25.4 and in the year 1375 to 87.6 13.7 percent. If we consider the ratio of employed women to all employed in the year 1354, 1355, 1365 and 1375 the portion of women have been in this order: 12.2%, 13.8%, 9%, 13.1%. it is noted that the portion of employed women in the ratio of 1375 to 1345 has decreased only 1%, which is not considered too much changes in the portion of employed women (Iran Statistic Center, 1381). Decreasing portion of women employment in comparison with the rate of working men and women participation, which is the sign and rate of real people at the age of working in economical activities, is quite perce