blood :- is a specialized biological fluid consist of rbc,wbc,&

8/14/2019 Blood :- Is a Specialized Biological Fluid Consist of RBC,WBC,&

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Blood :- Is a specialized biological fluid consist of RBC,WBC,& plateletssuspended in a complex fluid medium known as bloods plasma .blood iscirculated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action

of the heart.

Characteristic of blood-:

1-Blood ph is (7.35-7.45) slightly alkaline.2-Blood temp. is (38C. (3-Salts concentration in blood (0.85-0.9%. (4-Blood volume (8%) of total body weight.

Functions of blood

1-Transport oxygen (o2) from lungs to the body's tissues.

2-Transport carbon dioxide (co2) from tissue to lungs.

3-Transport enzymes to the various cells.

4-Transport hormones from endocrine glands to the targetorgans.

5-Transport produced waste from the tissue to the lungs,kidneys,& sweat glands.

6-Regulate normal body temp.

7-Maintain the acid base balance.

Blood components-:

1-Plasma consist (55%) of blood contents.

2-The cells consist (45%) of blood contents.

a-Erythrocytes (R.B.C) red blood cells.

b-Leucocytes (W.B.C) white blood cells.

c- Thrombocytes (platelets. (

Plasma:-Is an complex solution and suspension of chemicalsubstances ,slightly alkaline fluid with atypical yellowish color .it consists

of (90%) water and (10%) dry matter ,nine parts of it are made up byorganic substances where as one part is made up by minerals .these

organic substance are composed of lipids, proteins (globulins , albumins

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,& fibrinogen) ,glucose, glycoprotein ,hormones ,amino acid & vitamins.the mineral substances are dissolved in ionic form (Na+ , K+ , Ca++(.

Functions of plasma proteins-:

1-Source of amino acid and protein.

2-Responsible of osmosis pressure of blood.

3-Responsble of normal suspension of R.B.C

4-Responsible of solubility of lipid &carbohydrates.

5-Add antibodies to the blood.

6-Maintain the normal blood pressure.

7-Transport some ions like (k+,Na+,Cl+,HCO3-(.

Serum:-The protein of plasma remaining after coagulation of blood , same ofplasma but without fibrinogen, prothrombin (|| factor ), V factor ,V|| factor.

Erythrocytes:- (R.B.C(

Are BI-CONCAVE Discs with thick end edges ,appearing circular

when seen in face view.

Characteristics of R.B.C:

1-Appear the bi-concave discs.

2-Its diameter is about (7.2)Microns & thickness isabout(2.2)Microns.

3-Mature cell without nucleus.

4-Its contain a red pigment called (haemoglobin) responsible oftransport gases.

5-Life of span is about (120)days.

6-Function of (R.B.C)is transport gases.

7-Number of (R.B.C)is (4.5)millions/mm3 in male and about(4.8)millions/mm3 in female.

Production of erythrocytes (RBC(-:

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*It called erythropoiesis.*It start of production (RBC ) in liver and spleen in five month , pregnancy but after five

months.

*it start bone marrow in production of (R.B.C(.

production Factors of (RBC(:

1-Proteins (amino acid.(

2-Iron.

3-vitamen b12, folic acid &vitamin b6.

4-Intrisic factor in stomach

Function of (RBC(:-

1-Carriage of oxygen .this depends onthe haemoglobin they contain

2-Helping in the regulation of the ph ofthe blood

3-Carrying of blood group antigens.

The factor which stimulating

(RBC) production:

1-Hypoxia (decrease O2 in tissues) due to:

a- Anaemia.

b-Diseases of the heart & lung.

2-Hormonal stimulation example androgen hormone because that (RBC)

cunt in male more than female.

3-Bleeding.

Leukocytes (white blood cell:(-

Leukocytes (WBC) are responsible of the defense of organism ,in

the blood they are much less numerous than red cells . the

number of leukocytes in the blood varies according to age ,

sex ,and physiological condition .in normal adult there are

roughly (6.000-10.000)/Cu.mm

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Leukocytes divided into tow groups:1-Granulocytes 2- Lymphoid cells or agranulocytes.

1-Granulocytes:- Is due to the presence of granules in the cytoplasmof these cells they developed from red bone marrow

A) Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes(-:

About (60-70%) of circulating leukocytes .they are (12-15)Mm in diameter with

a nucleus consisting of (2-5)lobes (usually 3) linked by fine threads of chromatin

.neutrophile are very active in phagocyting bacteria and are present in large

amount in the pus of wound.

b)Eosinphils-:

Are far less numerous than neutrophils .about only (2-4%) of leukocyte in

normal blood .the cell has a diameter of (12-15)Mm and contain a

characteristic (bi-loped) nucleus ,the endoplasmic reticulum ,golgi

complex and mitochondria are poorly developed.

c)Bas iophils-:

Make up less than (1%) of blood leukocytes and therefore difficult of locate in

smears of normal blood they are about (9-10)Mm in diameter .cytoplasm is very

rich in granules which take a dark purple color .the nucleus is bi-ortri-blood

2-A granulocyte (lymphoid cells(-:

They developed from lymphoid tissues ,no granules in their cytoplasm ,no lobes

nucleus

a-Lymphocytes-:

Are common in the blood (20-40%)& (8-10)Mm in diameter and generally

they are smaller than the other leukocytes but they are still a few larger

than red cell .the nucleus is round and large compare to the cell and it

occupies most of it .these cell differentiated into (T)&(B)-lymphocytes.

b-Monocytes-:

Are bone marrow derived ,a granulocytes with diameter (12-20)Mm

the nucleus is oval ,horse-shoe or kidney shape . the cytoplasm is

transparent but with an appearance of ground glass.

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Leukocytosis:- It is total white blood cells count is higher than 11000/Cu.Mmof blood which occurs in-:

1-Bacterial infection 2- Exercises.

Leukopenia :- It is a total white blood cells count is lowerthan 4000/C"u.Mm of blood which occur in-:

1-Measles. 2-Typhoid fever 3- Radiation or drugs which cause bone marrow

depression.

Plat e lets (Thrombocytes-:(

Disc shape ,non-nucleated .life is about (10)days .numbers of platelets is about

(150.000-400.000)Mm formed in red bone marrow .diameter is (2)Mm .the main

function of platelets is to stop the loss of blood from wounds (hemostasis )to

his purpose . they aggrate and release factors which promote the blood

coagulation.

H emostasis:

Means different mechanisms which prevent blood loss ,whenever a vessels is

ruptured or severed series of events is achieved to arrest bleeding (by from

platelets plug at the site of the injury & this plug is converted into clot by

formation of fibrin(.

Coagulation-:

The process of clotting called (coagulation), if the blood clots too easily the

result can be (thrombosis ) clotting in an broking blood vessel . if the blood

take too long of clot ,a hemorrhage can result clotting involves various chemical

known as (coagulation factors ).in plasma ,these factors are called (plasma

coagulation factors )a few platelets coagulation factors are released by

platelets ,clotting is complex process.

Anticoagulation materials-:

Aspirin ,Heparin ,Warafrin ,Clopidogrel ,Enoxaparin ,Dana paroid ,Thrombin,

Inhibitors ,Trinzaparin , sodium ,Citrate , acid-Citrate.

Coagulation factor-:

1-I: fibrinogen2-II: prothrombin

3-III: thromboplastin 4-Iv :Calcium ion

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5-V: proacceler in or orlabile factor6-VI :Not assigned7-VII serum prothrombin conversion accelerator(SPCA) or stable factor.8-VIII :Antihemophilic factor.9-IX :Christmas factor or plasma thromboplastin component (PTC.(

10-X: Stuart factor or stuart-prower factor11-XI : Plasma thromboplasin antecedent (pta.(12-XII :Hageman factor13-XIII : Fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF(.

*Platelet coagulation factors-:

platelet factor (pf1 , pf2 , pf3 ,pf4(

Thrombocytopenia:

It is decrease of platelet count (50.000-100.000)per micro liter of blood

Causes of thrombocytopenia:

1-Decrease production of platelets due to B12 deficiency , radiation ,chemotherapy & tumor of bone marrow (leukemia.(

2-Increase destruction of platelets by some drugs

Ex : Aspirin

Platelets functions-:1-Haemostasis (arrest bleeding.(

2-Clot retraction after coagulation.

Diagram of clotting blood process

Prothrombin

Prothrombin activator ca++

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Thrombin

Fibrinogen monomer

Ca++

Fibrin fibers

Thrombin activated (fibrin

-stabilizing) Factor

Cross linked fibrin fibers

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blood :- is a specialized biological fluid consist of rbc,wbc,&

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