birds of jaÚ national park, brazilian amazon: species ... · this study presents a bird check-list...

ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 12: 109–140, 2001© The Neotropical Ornithological Society

BIRDS OF JAÚ NATIONAL PARK, BRAZILIAN AMAZON: SPECIES CHECK-LIST, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND CONSERVATION

Sérgio Henrique Borges1, Mario Cohn-Haft2 , André M. Pereira Carvalhaes3, Luiza Magalli Henriques4, José Fernando Pacheco5 & Andrew Whittaker6

1Fundação Vitória Amazônica. R. R/S, casa 07, Quadra Q, Morada do Sol, 69080-060, Manaus, AM, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]

2Museum of Natural Science and Department of Zoology and Physiology, 119 Foster Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.

3Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu, Rubião Júnior, 18618-000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.

4Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, C.P. 399, 66017-970, Belém, Pará, Brasil.5UFRRJ, Institututo de Biologia, Lab. De Ornitologia, Rodovia BR465 Km 7, 23851-970,

Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.6Conjunto Acariquara Sul, R. Samaúmas 214, 69085-053, Manaus, Brazil.

Resumo. – Aves do Parque Nacional de Jaú, Amazônia brasileira: lista de espécies, biogeografia econservação. – Este artigo apresenta uma listagem detalhada da avifauna do Parque Nacional do Jaú loca-lizado a oeste do baixo Rio Negro, uma região muito mal conhecida do ponto de vista ornitológico.Durante os trabalhos de campo desenvolvidos nos últimos sete anos foram registradas 445 espécies deaves confirmadas e um adicional de oito espécies hipotéticas para o Parque o que representa mais de 50%da avifauna conhecida da Amazônia Central. Uma comparação com outra listagem de aves da margemleste do Rio Negro (reservas do Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais ou PDBFF), mos-trou uma grande semelhança no número de espécies de aves de matas de terra firme nas duas áreas deestudo, com 257 espécies registradas para as reservas do BDFFP e 245 para o PNJ. Várias extensõesimportantes de distribuições geográficas foram documentadas no PNJ, em especial de aves consideradasrestritas à região do alto Rio Negro (e.g., Myrmotherula cherriei, M. ambigua e Rhegmatorhina cristata). Alémdisso, várias espécies de vegetações não florestais da Amazônia tiveram suas distribuições ampliadas comos registros do PNJ (e.g., Formicivora grisea, Emberizoides herbicola, Caprimulgus rufus, Asio stygius e Schistochlamysmelanopis). Este estudo apresenta o primeiro registro de Myrmeciza disjuncta para o Brasil, uma espécie de avecuja biologia é muito mal conhecida. Aparentemente a única ameaça direta à avifauna do PNJ é a caça dealgumas espécies de cracídeos pela pequena população residente no PNJ. O impacto humano sobre acobertura florestal é muito pequena. O bom estado de conservação do PNJ aliado à representatividaderegional de sua avifauna, tornam o PNJ uma importante área para a proteção da biodiversidade da Amazô-nia.

Abstract. – This article presents a detailed bird checklist of Jaú National Park (JNP) located at west bankof the lower Rio Negro, a region poorly known ornithologically. In the field work conducted during thelast seven years, we recorded 445 bird species, with eight additional hypothetical records for the park, rep-resenting more than 50% of the known Central Amazonian avifauna. A comparison of the JNP and Bio-logical Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) reserves (eastern bank of the Rio Negro) show ahigh similarity in number of species of terra firme forest among the two study sites, with 257 speciesrecorded from BDFFP reserves and 245 species from JNP. Several important range extensions were docu-mented in JNP, especially for birds previously considered endemic to the upper Rio Negro (e. g. Myrmothe-

109

BORGES ET AL.

rula cherriei, M. ambigua, Rhegmatorhina cristata and Dolospingus fringilloides). Moreover, several non-forest Ama-zonian birds have their distribution extended by JNP records (e. g. Formicivora grisea, Emberizoides herbicola,Caprimulgus rufus, Asio stygius and Schistochlamys melanopis). Also this study presents the first Brazilian recordof Myrmeciza disjuncta, a poorly known antbird. Currently, the only threat to the JNP avifauna is the huntingof some cracids by the local residents. The actual human impact in the vegetation cover of the JNP is verysmall. The good conservation status in conjunction with the regional representation of their avifaunamakes the JNP an important area for the protection of the Amazon biodiversity. Accepted 20 August 2000.

Key words: Neotropical birds, Imeri refuge, Amazonia, Rio Negro, protected area, Jaú National Park, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION

Biogeographical criteria were used to estab-lish the conservation units of the BrazilianAmazon (Rylands 1991, Barreto Filho 1999),despite the lack of sufficient knowledge con-cerning the biological diversity of the region(Nelson et al. 1990, Oren & Albuquerque1991). Therefore reserves, national parks andecological stations in the Brazilian Amazonwere created without previous fauna and florainventories (Rylands 1991). It should be rec-ognized that an inventory of plants and ani-mals and their ecological requirements areprerequisites for establishing conservationpriorities. However, it is difficult to compilecomplete species lists in the Amazon regiondue to the exceptional species richness andthe small number of field researchers able toinventory large, poorly explored, and highlyspecies-rich regions.

One of the conservation units establishedwithout local assessment of the biologicaldiversity is the Jaú National Park (JNP), thelargest Brazilian national park, located on thewest bank of the lower Rio Negro. Althoughno biological inventories from the area werecompleted prior to creation of the JNP, recentbiological inventories confirm the importanceof the region in the protection of a represen-tative portion of Amazonian biodiversity(Fundação Vitória Amazônica 1998a, 1998b).

This study presents a bird check-list of JaúNational Park (JNP) with emphasis on theirdistribution, biogeography and conservation.Bird surveys in JNP have been conducted

since 1992 as a part of the biological researchprogram that supports the management planof the park (Carvalhaes 1996, FundaçãoVitória Amazônica 1998a). Because the west-ern portion of the lower Rio Negro has notbeen investigated from an ornithological per-spective (Oren & Albuquerque 1991), wepresent information on poorly known birdspecies. Most of these species are found invegetation types typical of the Rio Negrobasin. e.g., forest flooded by black water rivers(Pires & Prance 1985) and sandy soil vegeta-tion (Anderson 1981).

STUDY AREA

The Jaú National Park encompasses an areaof the 2,272.000 ha located in the lower RioNegro, 200 km northwest of Manaus (Fig. 1).The limits of JNP are defined by three blackwater rivers: the Jaú river (nuclear region ofthe park), the Unini river (north portion), andthe Carabinani river (south portion). Thor-oughly sampling this entire area for birds islogistically impossible; so we limited ourefforts to only some portions of the JNP,especially from the mouth to middle courseof the Jaú river (Fig. 2).

The climate in the JNP is warm andhumid with a mean monthly temperatureranging from 26.3 to 27.2oC (Ferreira &Prance 1998). The annual precipitation rangesfrom 1750 to 2500 mm with a dry seasonextending from June to September, and a wetseason from December to May (FundaçãoVitória Amazônica 1998a).

110

BIRDS OF JAÚ NATIONAL PARK, BRAZIL

There is a marked seasonality in the waterlevel of JNP rivers related to local relief. Gen-erally, the low water season extends fromSeptember to November and the high waterfrom May to August (Fundação VitóriaAmazônica 1998a). However, the fluvialdynamics in JNP rivers are very complex dueto the considerable spatial and temporal vari-ability in the water cycle (Fundação VitóriaAmazônica 1998a).

The most important vegetation types andhabitats for birds at JNP are described incontinuation.

Terra firme forest. Occupies some 70% of JNP(Fundação Vitória Amazônica 1998a) and ischaracterized by large trees in the order of 25m in height, with some tallest ones reaching35 m (Fig. 3). There is considerable heteroge-neity in local plant communities in the terrafirme forest related to soil mosaics in the

region (Fundação Vitória Amazônica 1998a).This heterogeneity can also be related tohuman disturbance (Ferreira & Prance 1999).Some of our studies sites were located in sec-ondary growth forest more than 40 years old.The understory of the terra firme forest isdominated by several palm species.

Igapó forest. Is the second more extensive veg-etation type in the park and occupies 12% ofthe area (Figs 4 & 5). This type of forest isseasonally flooded by black water rivers (Pires& Prance 1985). The vegetation structure andfloristic composition of igapó forest areinfluenced by the flooding levels of rivers andlakes (Ferreira 1997). In sites exposed tosevere and long duration flooding, the speciesrichness is lower than in sites flooded onlyfor short periods (Junk 1989, Ferreira 1997).Some places, such as oxbow lakes, tend to bemono-dominant with more widely spaced

FIG. 1. Map of Amazonas State showing the general location of the Jaú National Park.

111

112

BORG

ES E

T AL.

FIG
. 2. Map of the Jaú National Park showing the localities where bird inventory was made.


trees (SHB, pers. observ.). Generally, theunderstory of this forest is open (Fig. 5),although some areas are very shrubby. Theedges between the forest and the river chan-

nel and lakes are dominated by shrubby vege-tation, mainly Symeria paniculata, an importantmicro-habitat for some bird species such asInezia subflava and Sakesphorus canadensis. For a

FIG. 3. Aerial view of the canopy of terra firme forest.

FIG. 4. Aerial view of contact of igapó (light areas) and terra firme (darker areas) forests.

113

BORGES ET AL.

more detailed discussion on the avifauna ofthis habitat, see Borges & Carvalhaes (2000).

Disturbed vegetation. The low human population

(< 1000 inhabitants) that live in the JNP man-age the terra firme forest for subsistence agri-culture. The cut and burned areas averageabout one to two ha per family and are used

FIG. 5. Understory of igapó flooded forest during the dry season.

FIG. 6. Aerial fiew of small patches of young secondary forest and recent cut and burned areas.

114


in a more or less regular interval of three tofive years, when new sites are cleared or oldsites are reused (Fundação Vitória Amazôni-ca 1998a, 1998b). This cyclic activity creates amosaic of secondary forest of different agesalong the river channels in the JNP (Fig. 6).

Palm swamps. Large areas of swampy vegeta-tion dominated by Mauritia palms are foundin the interfluvial region of Jaú/Carabinanirivers in the western portion of the park. Thefauna and flora of this habitat are probablypeculiar, but we have not yet been able tosample these swamps.

Wood sandy soil vegetation (campinarana forest).This is a typical vegetation type of the RioNegro basin over sandy and periodically wetpodzol soils (Anderson 1981). This is a lowforest with 7–15 m canopy height and openunderstory dominated by low diameter tree-lets (Figs 7 & 8). The majority of the plantspecies of this forest type are not found inthe adjacent terra firme forest. This vegeta-

tion type covers small areas in the easternpart of JNP. Some characteristic tree speciesare Pradosia schomburgkiana and Aldina sp.(Alberto Vicentini, pers. com.).

Shrubby campina (campina). Also associatedwith sandy soil is an open field occupyingsome 900 ha. This field has a low shrubbyvegetation with few treelets over 5-m tall(Figs 7 & 9). This shrubby campina is season-ally flooded by the waterbed. In the borderbetween campinarana forest and shrubbycampina, the vegetation is much denser.

Stone and sand banks. Occur along the riversduring the low water season. They are impor-tant microhabitats for foraging migratorybirds (Scolopacidae) and foraging and breed-ing sites for some residents species (e.g., Phae-tusa simplex).

A more detailed description of JNP vege-tation can be found in Ferreira (1997), Fer-reira & Prance (1998), and Fundação VitóriaAmazônica (1998a). The appendix is a check-

FIG. 7. Areal view of campina shrubby and small patch of campinarana forest.

115

BORGES ET AL.

list which includes habitat associations ofeach species, based on our field observations.For some species, results are unclear, rendinghabitat classification preliminary.

METHODS

Differences between the methods for sam-pling tropical birds lead to difficulties in com-paring local species lists (Remsen 1994). Mist-nets sample understory birds, and are espe-cially useful to sample shy species, but cannotcapture birds with large body mass, birds ofthe canopy or on birds that remain on theground (Karr 1981). Quantitative censuses ofbirds (point counts, transect censuses) still arenot widely used in tropical forest, partlly dueto difficulties in recognizing the vocalizationsof hundreds of species. The use of taperecorders can be of some help because tape

records can be analyzed by more experiencedornithologists (Parker 1991, Remsen 1994).

In order to obtain a species list as com-plete as possible, we used the methodsdescribed in continuation: 1) Binocular observa-tion; 2) Mist netting: a sampling effort of morethan 5.000 net/h, including the photographyof most of the captured species, wasemployed to capture birds in several habitatsof JNP, including flooded forest, terra firmeforest, secondary forests, woody and shrubbysandy soil vegetation; 3) Specimen collection:some birds were collected during the fieldwork, and the voucher specimens weredeposited in the bird collection of the MuseuParaense Emílio Goeldi; 4) Tape recording: werecorded bird vocalization with Sony TCM5000 and Marantz PMD222 recorders usingdirectional microphones ME-66 and ME-80.The recordings will be archived in Library ofNatural Sounds, Cornell University andArquivo Sonoro Elias Coelho (UFRJ).

The frequencies of species recording byeach method was: specimens collection(21.4% of species, 95/445), tape recording(60.4%, 269/445), mist-netting (31.7%, 141/445), binocular observation and/or voice rec-ognition without tape recording (32.6%, 145/445). Some 38 species were registered only bya single ornithologist. The check-list indicatesall methods used to recorded the presence ofeach bird species at JNP (see Appendix).

BIRD STUDIES IN JNP

The first ornithological expedition to JNPtook place in May 1992 by Andrew Whittaker(AW) who observed and tape recorded birdsin the region of the Jaú river mouth. A yearlater, José Fernando Pacheco (JFP) and AndréMoraes Pereira Carvalhaes (AMPC) madeobservations in the same area for five days. InJune 1993, the first specimens of birds werecollected by a field expedition conducted bythe Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Over nine

FIG. 8. Understory of campinarana forest. Notethe low diameter of trees.

116


days, AW, AMPC and the Museu Goeldi tech-nician Dionísio C.P. Neto collected birds interra firme forest and woody sandy soil vege-tation near the Patauá stream (the localitiesnames cited in the text are indicated on Fig.2). During the same expedition AMPC initi-ated a banding program and tape recordedbirds at Miratucu lake. In October 1993, JFPand AMPC returned to the region of the Jaúriver mouth to tape record and observe birds.During 1994, the field work in JNP wasintensified. AMPC stayed in JNP for 58 daysfrom January to February, capturing and taperecording birds near the Jaú river mouth,Macaco stream, Seringalzinho, Miratucu lake,and Patauá stream. A five days expedition wasmade by AMPC in July 1995 to Miratucu lake,Seringalzinho and Jaú river mouth. FromSeptember to November 1994, AMPC andSérgio Henrique Borges (SHB) captured andtape recorded birds in the Jaú river mouth

and Miratucu lake for 35 days. In March andApril 1995, AMPC, SHB and Luiza MagalliHenriques (LMH) tape recorded and cap-tured birds for 15 days in the Miratucu lakeregion. In June and July of that year, the samegroup of ornithologists worked in the Tam-bor region in the middle course of the Jaúriver for 21 field days. In October 1995, SHB,LMH and Mario Cohn-Haft (MCH) returnedto Tambor region for 25 days. A small birdcollection was made, including importantbird records for JNP. In October–November1996, SHB and MCH tape recorded andcollected birds in the Patauá campina, Jaúriver mouth region and Rio Negro islandsfor 10 days. In 1998 and 1999, the regionsof the Patauá campina and Seringalzinhocampina were visited by SHB for 20 fielddays. We estimate that at least 3000 h werededicated to field work by individuals orsmall groups of ornithologists over the last

FIG. 9. Ground view of shrubby campina.

117

BORGES ET AL.

seven years.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Species richnessSome 445 bird species were recorded for JNP(see Appendix). In addition, eight species(Crypturellus erythropus, Mitu tomentosa, Neomor-phus sp., Chordeiles acutipennis, Sclerurus caudacu-tus, Elaenia parvirostris, Tolmomyias sulphurescensand Tityra semifasciata) are considered hypo-thetical for JNP due inadequate level of docu-mentation.

The habitat with the highest number ofspecies was terra firme forest (Table 1). Igapóflooded forest was the second richest vegeta-tion type followed by secondary forest,including recently cut and burned areas foragriculture practices. The proportion of habi-tat-restricted species was higher in igapó for-est (11.3%) than in disturbed habitats (6%).Sandy soil vegetation (campina shrubby andcampinarana forest) had a low species rich-ness. However, most species recorded incampina shrubby were restricted to this habi-tat (Table 1).

In order to evaluate the regional represen-tation of bird species richness of JNP, wecompared our list with that of Cohn-Haft etal. (1997) for the Biological Dynamics of For-est Fragments Project (BDFFP) reserves

north of Manaus. It should be noted thatcheck-list comparisons between variousresearch sites have severe limitations due todifferences in methodology, unequal samplingeffort and differences in habitat use, amongother problems (Remsen 1994). There isnotable differences in sampling efforts amongthe sites studied north of Manaus and JNP.For example, the effort in capturing birds inthe BDFFP reserves was 30 times greaterthan in JNP (150,000 net/h vs 5000). More-over, the avifauna of BDFFP reserve wasstudied intensively for more than 15 years(Cohn-Haft et al. 1997). To diminish the dif-ferences in comparing the two check-lists, werestricted our comparison to terra firme for-est avifauna because several habitats found inthe JNP are lacking in the BDFFP reserves(e.g., igapó forest). In the JNP, we listed allhabitats where given species were observedwithout distinction of habitat preference. Incontrast, Cohn-Haft et al. (1997) discrimi-nated the habitat preference of each species.We selected all species indicated in theBDFFP as birds of primary terra firme forest(marked with number one), independentlyof their position on the habitat preferencerank. The only exception was for speciesconsidered as casual, which were omitted.Species differing in their habitat use classifica-tion between the two lists were excluded fromthe comparison. For example, the swifts, vul-tures and swallows were classified in JNP listas aerial, but the BDFFP list separated theseby habitats, such as primary or secondary for-ests. Aquatic birds (Phalacrocoracidae,Ardeidae, Scolopacidae etc.) also were elimi-nated.

These efforts resulted in a total of 257terra firme species for the BDFFP reserves,and 245 for JNP. The Manaus region presentsa remarkable species diversity in the familiesAccipitridae (12 species at Manaus vs 6 atPNJ), Strigidae (6 vs 3 species) and Tyran-nidae (37 vs 29 species). In JNP, we recorded

TABLE 1. Bird species richness in the major habi-tats of JNP. Percents in parentheses were calcu-lated in relation to the total number of species inthe park (445).

Major habitats Total species1

Exclusive species

Terra firme forestIgapó flooded forestDisturbed vegetationCampinarana forestCampina shrubby

254 (57.2)166 (37.4)115 (26)74 (16.6)26 (5.8)

125 (28)50 (11.2)

27 (6)2 (0.45)15 (3.4)

1Including species recording in other habitats.

118


more species of Trochilidae (14 vs 10 species)and Thamnophilidae (29 vs 25 species).Although the comparison between BDFFPreserves and JNP resulted in small differ-ences in species richness, it is important toconsider the abundance “status” of birds inthe two areas. Cohn-Haft et al. (1997) includespecies considered as vagrant in their studysites, but suggest that they are not part ofcore avifauna of BDFFP. As the samplingeffort was much less intensive in the JNP, itwas not possible to make such distinctions, sothe JNP list may contain a mixture of coreand casual elements in the park avifauna park.

No doubt the JNP list will be augmentedover time. Cohn-Haft et al. (1997) added 49species to the first list that was published forthe BDFFP (Stotz & Bierregaard 1989) afteradditional eight years of field work. If the pat-terns of species richness are similar in the tworegions, we expect an increase of bird specieslist of the JNP habitats with additional sam-pling, especially in the terra firme forests.

Species accounts A number of poorly known bird species andnew records to central Amazonia avifaunawere found in JNP. Here we selected some ofthese species relevant from a biogeographicperspective or species poorly known in theirnatural habitats for a more detailed descrip-tion. For the species with available taperecordings, the name of who made it is indi-cated.

Chordeiles pusillus. The presence of this smallnighthawk in JNP was documented through askin and several tape records (MCH, SHB)made in campina shrubby at Patauá campina(1o52’S, 61o46’W). This species is widely dis-tributed in southeastern Brazil, Colombia andVenezuela (Cleere 1999). The formerlyknown distribution is on the periphery ofAmazonia, occurring in savannas at Amapá(Silva et al. 1997) and Orinoco drainage (Zim-

mer & Hilty 1997). One subspecies (C. p.esmeraldae) is reported in extreme northwestBrazil (Cleere 1999).

Caprimulgus rufus. The nominate population ofthis species is distributed from southern Ven-ezuela, eastern Guyana and Surinam toFrench Guyana, and southern tributaries ofthe Amazon river (Robbins & Parker 1997).In northwestern Brazil, it was known onlyfrom the upper tributaries of Rio Negro(Robbins & Parker 1997). There are also oldrecords of C. rufus collected by Natterer inthe Manaus region (Pelzeln 1868). This bird isvery common on the campina shrubby atPatauá stream (1o52’S, 61o46’W), where sev-eral tape records were made (SHB, MCH).

Nyctibius bracteatus. Known from scatteredlocalities in Ecuador, Brazil and Guyana, andPeru, but probably widely distributed in low-land Amazonia (Cohn-Haft 1999). Probably alocal rare species. There are only two recordsfrom JNP: heard in a terra firme forest atPatauá stream (1o49’S, 61o46’W) and taperecorded (SHB) in a 10 years old secondaryforest at Seringalzinho locality (1o52’S,61o35’W).

Nyctibius leucopterus. A rare potoo species onlyrecently rediscovered with several unpub-lished records scattered though lowlandAmazonia (Cohn-Haft 1993, Cohn-Haft et al.1997, Cohn-Haft 1999). Recorded at JNPwith two skins collected near Patauá streamin a terra firme forest (1o49’S, 61o46’W).

Touit huetii. There are no published records ofthis parrotlet from the Rio Negro Basin (For-shaw 1989, Collar 1997), although there ismention to “a single record from Manaus”(Collar 1997). The known distribution of T.huetii includes several localities in southernand northeastern of Venezuela, easternColombia, Ecuador and Peru south to north-

119

BORGES ET AL.

ern Bolivia (Collar 1997). In Brazil, there arerecords from the regions of the Aripuanã andTocantins rivers, south of the Amazon river(Collar 1997). Recently recorded from theOrinoco drainage in Venezuela (Zimmer &Hilty 1997). Recorded by vocalization andobservation in the Unini river by AW.

Polyplancta aurescens. In Brazil this humming-bird was recorded in the regions of the Juruáand Javari rivers in the western Amazon(Pinto 1978). There are field records from theUaupés river (upper Rio Negro) along theColombian/Brazilian border (Hilty & Brown1986). It recently was reported near theJiparaná river in Rondonia and from Marajóisland in the mouth of the Amazon river(Stotz et al. 1997, Oren & Henriques 1994). Afemale was captured and photographed inJune 1995 in terra firme forest around astream along the middle Jaú river (2o14’S,62o26’W).

Notharchus ordii. Records of this species arewidely distributed in Venezuela, Peru, Boliviaand several regions of Brazil, suggesting thatthis species occurs at low density across a vastarea in the Amazon (Zimmer et al. 1997). InBrazil, this puffbird was previously reportedfrom the upper Rio Negro to the westernportion of the Amazon river and the rightmargin of the lower Amazon (Pinto 1978).There is an old record from the Xingú/Tapa-jós interfluvial region (Sick 1997). Recentrecords include the Urucú river (Peres &Whittaker 1991), the Orinoco river in Vene-zuela (Zimmer & Hilty 1997) and the AltaFloresta region in the south of the Amazonriver (Zimmer et al. 1997). Apparently, thisspecies was not reported from centralAmazônia and the lower Rio Negro. N. ordiiwas first reported in JNP in the middle Jaúriver (2o14’S, 62o26’W) by MCH in June of1996. In November 1996, a specimen wascollected at Patauá stream (1o49’S, 61o46’W)

in the eastern portion of JNP. Both recordswere from terra firme forest.

Nonnula amaurocephala. This bird wasdescribed from skins collected in the lowerSolimões river in 1921. There are only 11skins in museums, and the last time the spe-cies was recorded, before the 90's, was in1936 (Whittaker et al. 1995). We observed it inMay of 1992 in the Unini river in the northernregion of JNP (1o35’S, 61o40’W). Later, thespecies was recorded in the regions of theMacaco stream in January of 1994 (2o05’S,62o07’W) and Onças stream (2o20’S, 62o29’W)in June of 1995. Two individuals were cap-tured and photographed by AMPC (Whit-taker et al. 1995). All observations andcaptures of this puffbird were in igapóflooded forest, supporting Whittaker et al.(1995) suggestion that N. amaurocephala isrestricted to this vegetation.

Micromonacha lanceolata. This species is knownin Brazil from the upper Juruá river in west-ern Amazonia (Sick 1997). Recent records arefrom the Urucú river (Peres & Whittaker1991) and regions around Tefé (Johns 1991,Pacheco fide Sick 1997). Two individuals,probably a pair, were observed in a terrafirme forest of the middle Jaú river (2o14’S,62o26’W) in June of 1995.

Eubucco richardsoni. This species has beenrecorded south of Amazon river from Peru tothe upper Madeira river (Pinto 1978, Sick1997) and along the Colombian/Brazilianborder (Hilty & Brown 1986). One individualwas tape recorded (SHB) from a canopymixed flock in June of 1996 from the middleJaú river (2o14’S, 62o26’W). Although Hilty &Brown (1986) reported this species as foundin “white water” (várzea), we recorded it interra firme forest. Apparently, this is the firstrecord of this species north of the Amazonriver in central Amazônia.

120


Selenidera nattereri. This species was recentlyrecorded from the Orinoco river in Venezu-ela, where it occurs in terra firme forest andsandy soil vegetation (Zimmer et al. 1997).Three specimens were collected from terrafirme forest in the middle Jaú river (2o14’S,62o26’W).

Xiphorhynchus necopinus. This poorly knownwoodcreper was believed to be restricted toflooded vegetation in Amazonia (Stotz, fideRidgely & Tudor 1994, Pacheco, fide Sick1997). Because of its morphological similaritywith X. picus (Ridgely & Tudor 1994), thespecific status of X. necopinus was questionedby Pinto (1978). One individual of this wood-creeper was collected on a river island of theRio Negro next to the mouth of the Jaú riverin November of 1996. This island was domi-nated by igapó forest, reinforcing the associa-tion between X. necopinus and floodedvegetation (Stotz fide Ridgely & Tudor 1994).

Hyloctistes subulatus. Along the western andcentral Amazon, H. subulatus has beenreported only south of the Amazon river.Records north of Amazon river wererestricted to upper Rio Negro (Ridgely &Tudor 1994). The Emílio Goeldi Museumhas two specimens collected from the leftmargin of the Japurá river. Apparently, theseare the first records of this species from theleft margin of Amazon river in central Ama-zon. We collected a pair near Patauá stream inthe eastern portion of JNP (1o52’S, 61o46’W).

Myrmotherula cherriei. This antwren is commonin the igapó forest of the eastern region ofthe JNP. It also was recorded in the campi-narana and campina vegetation in Patauá andSeringalzinho campina regions. It is fre-quently associated with small mixed flocks ofHylophilus semicinereus, Polioptila plumbea, andHypocnemoides melanopogon. The occurrence ofthis species in the JNP is supported by sev-

eral tape recordings (SHB, MCH, AW) andtwo pairs collected in June of 1993 nearMiratucu lake (1o57’S, 61o49’W). The previ-ously reported presence of this antwren inBrazil was for the upper Rio Negro (Ridgely& Tudor 1994). The Emílio Goeldi Museumhas two specimens collected some 50 km innorthwest of the Jaú river mouth (Novaes1994). Zimmer & Hilty (1997) recorded M.cherriei from the Orinoco river drainage inVenezuela. A more recent account of the dis-tribution of M. cherriei can be found in Isler etal. (1999). Apparently, M. cherriei is replaced inthe same habitat (igapó forest) of the middlecourse of the Jaú river by M. surinamensis.

Myrmotherula ambigua. We collected a speci-men of this canopy antwren from the middleJaú river (2o14’S, 62o26’W) following a mixedflock in terra firme forest in June of 1996.The known distribution of this speciesincludes the upper Rio Negro and westernRoraima (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Stotz 1997).In Brazil, it was known from the Uaupés river(Pinto 1978). Stotz (1997) reported this spe-cies as common in canopy mixed flocks interra firme forest and seasonally flooded for-est near the Apiaú river in Roraima. InColombia, it is known only from sandy soilvegetation (Hilty & Brown 1986). In JNP, M.ambigua was recorded only in terra firme for-est.

Formicivora grisea. The presence of this speciesin campina vegetation around Patauá camp-ina (1o49’S, 61o46’W) is supported by afemale specimen and tape records (MCH,SHB) obtained in November of 1997. This isapparently the first record of this species forcentral Amazonia north of the Amazon river.South of the Amazon, F. grisea is widely dis-tributed east of the Madeira river. In Colom-bia, it is known from the Uaupés river (Hilty& Brown 1986). Recent Brazilian records ofF. grisea are from Amapá (Silva et al. 1997),

121

BORGES ET AL.

Rondônia (Stotz et al. 1997) and Roraima(Stotz 1997).

Percnostola minor. This species is rare in JNP,with only three individuals captured in almost5000 net/h. One of those individuals wascaptured and photographed near a stream interra firme forest of Miratucu lake (1o57’S,61o49’W). This specimen had a gray iris, athinner bill than Manaus bird (Cohn-Haft etal. 1997), and clear gray crown feathers mar-gins. These external morphological traits aresimilar to Percnostola rufifrons minor (Ridgely &Tudor 1994). The known distribution of thissubspecies includes eastern Colombia, south-ern Venezuela and the upper Rio Negro(Caparella et al. 1997). Recently, Caparella et al.(1997) revised the taxonomic status of Percnos-tola rufifrons complex and recommended thatbirds recorded in eastern Colombia, north-western Brazil, southern Venezuela andnortheastern Peru be treated as P. minor.Caparella et al. (1997) also described a newsubspecies of P. minor (P. m. jensoni) from theconfluence of the Napo and Amazonas rivers.The crown feathers of P. m. jensoni have thesame scaly appearance of minor, but differfrom the latter by the wider gray margins.Moreover, the Putumayo and Içá rivers areconsidered as geographical barriers betweenthe two forms (Caparella et al. 1997). Basedon the known distribution of the P. rufifronssubspecies, it is reasonable that the specimenscaptured in JNP are P. minor. Unfortunately,no specimens were collected to confirm iden-tification. The type locality of P. r. minor isSanta Isabel do Negro river (Pinto 1978),some 400 km north of Miratucu lake.

Myrmeciza disjuncta. This rare and poorlyknown antbird was previously considered asendemic to the Orinoco river region (Haffer1974, Ridgely & Tudor 1994). After itsdescription in 1945, M. disjuncta has beenreported from only three sites: Puerto Inirida,

Colombia (Hilty & Brown 1986), Baria riverin Venezuelan-Brazilian border (Willard et al.1991) and Yapacana National Park, Venezuela(Zimmer 1999). The natural history of thisantbird was recently described by Zimmer(1999). We found M. disjuncta in a small patch(2 ha) of sand soil campina called Seringalz-inho campina (01o54’S, 61o35’W). At leastthree individuals were vocalizing in verydense shrubby campina. Two good qualitytape recording (SHB) were taken and a pairwas collected. This is the first record of Myr-meciza disjuncta for Brazil. A more detaileddescription of this record will be presentedelsewhere (Borges & Almeida, in prep.).

Hylophylax punctulata. This rare and locally dis-tributed antbird species (Ridgely & Tudor1994) was recently recorded from theOrinoco river and Roraima, in areas of sea-sonally flooded vegetation (Zimmer & Hilty1997, Stotz 1997). In JNP, H. punctulata wasobserved in shrubby and flooded vegetationnear a small stream (2o20’S, 62o29’W). Thisspecies appears associated with streams inareas of transition between igapó flooded for-est and terra firme forest. This habitat is char-acterized by some structural peculiarities suchtall trees (> than 25 m) and dense lianas cov-ering the trees. This is the same microhabitatwhere Nonnula amaurocephala is found.

Megastictus margaritatus. In June 1995, fourindividuals were captured in the Tamborregion (2o14’S, 62o26’W). In addition, oneindividual was tape recorded in the samelocality. All records of M. margaritatus were interra firme forest. In Brazil, M. margaritatushas been recorded from the upper Rio Negro,Purus and Madeira drainages (Ridgely &Tudor 1994, Pinto 1978). This antbird wasapparently unknown to the north of Amazonin central Amazonia.

Rhegmatorhina cristata. The presence of this rare

122


antbird was documented in JNP by two indi-viduals captured and photographed in terrafirme forest along the middle Jaú river(2o14’S, 62o26’W) in June 1995. In June 1996another individual was observed and taperecorded (MCH) in the same region whilefollowing a group of army ants together withPithys albifrons, Gymnopithys leucaspis and Phle-gopsis erythroptera (see Willis 1969). In addition,a female was captured and photographed in asand soil campina of the Seringalzinhoregion. The previously known distribution ofR. cristata covers southeastern Colombia andextreme northeastern Brazil, in the areas ofthe Uaupés river (Pinto 1978, Ridgely &Tudor 1994). One specimen of R. cristata wascollected by the Museu Emílio Goeldi teamon the left bank of the Japurá river (Haffer1992).

Hemitriccus minimus. This small flycatcher wasrecorded for the first time in JNP (AW) inJune 1993 in the Patauá campina (1o49’S,61o46’W). In October 1995, another taperecording (MCH, SHB) was made in a igapóflooded forest near the mouth of the Jaú river(1o54’S, 61o27’W). A pair of H. minimus wascollected in the same region in November1996. The distribution of this species is localin Amazonia with records in the lower Tapa-jós river and northeastern Bolívia (Ridgely &Tudor 1994). Novaes (1994) recorded thisflycatcher in a igapó flooded forest some 50km northwest of the Jaú river. The specieshas also been recorded in the Alta florestaregion near the border of Mato Grosso andPará (Zimmer et al. 1997). Apparently, H. min-imus prefers sandy soil vegetation (Ridgely &Tudor 1994). In JNP H. minimus can be foundin campinarana and igapó flooded forestswith sandy soil.

Elaenia ruficeps. This is a savanna species ofsouthern Venezuela, Colombia and the Gui-anas (Ridgely & Tudor 1994, Zimmer & Hilty

1997). In Brazil, E. ruficeps occurs along thelower Amazonas, the lower Madeira andalong the Cururu river in southern Pará(Ridgely & Tudor 1994). In the Negro basinit is found in sandy soil vegetation (Oren1981). One specimen was collected and sev-eral individuals were tape recorded (MCH,SHB) in the Patauá campina (1o49’S,61o46’W).

Hylophilus brunneiceps. This poorly known spe-cies is apparently restricted to the Rio Negrobasin (Ridgely & Tudor 1989). It wasrecorded in JNP by tape recordings in igapóforests at the mouth of Jaú river (SHB,MCH). In October of 1996, one specimenwas collected in a campinarana forest nearPatauá campina (1o49’S, 61o46’W). Two otherspecimens were collected near the mouth ofthe Jaú river in November of 1996. It is fairlycommon in low igapó forest along the Jaúriver and in campinarana vegetation, whereother typical birds of this vegetation arefound, such as H. minimus, Xenopipo atronitensand Galbula leucogastra.

Emberizoides herbicola. This was one of themost surprising bird records for JNP. Thisopen area bird is distributed in savannasalong the periphery of the Amazon basin insoutheastern Brazil, Colombia, Venezuelaand Guiana (Ridgely & Tudor 1989). Thisspecies resulted as the most common bird inthe campina vegetation near Patauá region.One specimen was collected and several indi-viduals were tape recorded (SHB, MCH) inNovember 1996.

Dolospingus fringilloides. A little known seed-eater species whose distributional rangeincludes southern Venezuela, the upper RioNegro drainage in Brazil and eastern Colom-bia (Ridgely & Tudor 1989). Two malesand one female were captured and photo-graphed, and an adult male was tape recorded

123

BORGES ET AL.

(SHB), in a small patch (2 ha) of sand soil ofthe Seringalzinho campina (01o 54’S, 61o

35’W).

Avian biogeography of JNP The extensive inventories of birds in CentralAmazônia (Cohn-Haft et al. 1997, this article)permit a preliminary evaluation of the biogeo-graphical affinities of JNP. Few Guiananbirds, such as Polioptila gujanensis and Pachyram-phus surinamus, are found in JNP. However, theJNP avifauna is basically composed of typicalwestern Rio Negro elements (Haffer 1974)such as Gymnopithys leucaspis, Tyranneutes stoltz-manni and Phoenicircus nigricollis. These com-mon species have fairly well-knowndistributions (Haffer 1974, Ridgely & Tudor1989, 1994).

The most surprising and important con-tribution of the JNP avifauna to understand-ing the distribution of Amazonian birds arethe records of several species previously con-sidered endemic to the upper Rio Negro andOrinoco region (Ridgely & Tudor 1989,1994). From a group of 16 bird speciesrestricted to the upper Rio Negro andOrinoco river (Haffer 1974), 8 were registeredin JNP (Notharchus ordii, Selenidera nattereri, Het-erocercus flavivertex, Myrmotherula cherriei, M.ambigua, Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus, Myrme-ciza disjuncta, Dolospingus fringilloides). Thisgroup of species formed the faunal basis forthe Haffer’s proposed Imeri refuge (1974).The birds were not previously adequatelysampled in the area of the lower course of thewestern Negro river (Oren & Albuquerque1991), and this could explain why these birdswere not reported before for this region.Moreover, the species H. flavivertex, M. cherrieiand Myrmeciza disjuncta (Zimmer & Hilty 1997,Zimmer 1999) are restricted to igapó forestand sandy soil vegetation (campinas andcampinaranas) which are widespread habitatsin the Rio Negro basin, but poorly studied byornithologists (for exceptions, see Borges &

Carvalhaes 2000, Oren 1981). These distribu-tional extensions reinforce the importance ofthe Rio Negro in delimiting the boundaries ofbird distributions, as suggested by Haffer(1974). In fact there are several examples ofrelated birds that replaced each other in theleft (Gymnopithys rufigula, Tyraneutes virescens,Hylophilus muscicapinus and Phoenicircus carnifex)and right (G. leucaspis, T. stolzmanni, H. hypox-antha and P. nigricollis) margins of the Negroriver.

The nonforest birds recorded in thecampinas of JNP represent a group withcomplex distributional origins. The majorityof bird species from the natural open vegeta-tion in JNP are found in savanna vegetationin other parts of Amazonia, such as inRoraima and Amapá (e.g., Emberizoides herbi-cola, Schistochlamys melanopis, Formicivora grisea,some nightjar; see Silva et al. 1997, Stotz1997). Other species, such as Polytmus theresiae,Myrmeciza disjuncta, Tachyphonus phoenicius andDolospingus fringilloides, are more typical ofsandy soil campinas (Oren 1981, Zimmer1999). The campinas are isolated one fromthe others by hundreds of kilometers of terrafirme forest. Due to this “island” distributionthe most obvious question to ask is: how didthese open area species disperse to thisregion? The historical interpretation of thenonforest bird distribution in the Amazoniahas received less attention compared to thatof forest birds (but see Haffer 1974, 1985;Oren 1981). Haffer (1974) suggested thatthe presence of nonforest birds in isolatedopen fields is explained by the ancient con-nections of nonforest areas across the Ama-zon valley. In the same way, Oren (1981)suggested a dry corridor connecting someparts of the middle Amazonia to the lowerRio Negro.

The geological history of the region of theJNP presents some peculiarities. The westernportion of the park is on very old geologicalformations (Prosperança, Trombetas and

124


Alter do Chão formations) with ages varyingbetween 100 to more than 500 millions years(Fundação Vitória Amazônica 1998a). Theseold formations occupy some 35% of the JNParea (Fundação Vitória Amazônica 1998a).Most part of JNP, however, is above themuch more recent Solimões formation, ofsome 2 to 6 millions years (Fundação VitóriaAmazônica 1998a). This mixed scenario inthe historical genesis of JNP can be related tosome fauna and flora distributions in JNP.Some bird species (e.g., Selenidera natereri andMegastictus margaritatus) were only recorded inthe middle Jaú (Solimões formation) andnever in the eastern part of JNP, although nophysical barrier such as mountains or largerivers separated these major regions. Satelliteimages of the region show that sandy soilvegetation is more widely distributed inthe eastern part of JNP. The soil origin ofthe region may have influenced thevegetation types, and indirectly the distribu-tion of birds. This interaction betweengeology, vegetation and bird distribution inJNP, however, deserve further detailedstudies.

Another important geographical aspect ofJNP is its position in the interfluvial regionamong the Negro and Solimões/Japurá rivers(see Fig. 1). The floodplains of the Rio Negroand Solimões drainages are quite distinct ingeology and vegetation types (Irion et al.1997, Worbes 1997). The avifauna of JNPsuggests an influence of the “white waters”(várzea) systems of the Solimões river in thelocal bird distribution. This influence is illus-trated by some typical “white water” birdssuch as Opisthocomus hoazin, Ramphocelusnigrogularis and Lampropsar tanagrinus, recordedonly in the region of the middle Jaú river. Wesuspect that the floodplain avifauna of JNP isa mixture of “white water” and “black water”(igapó) elements (see Zimmer 1997 for a dis-cussion on the avifauna of these flooded for-est types).

Species and habitat conservation in JNPThe JNP region encompasses some vegeta-tion types characteristic of the Rio Negrobasin. In the lower Rio Negro, the two mostimportant conservation units, JNP andAnavilhanas Ecological Station, includeextensive areas of black water flooded forest.The conservation units of the upper RioNegro, such as Pico da Neblina NationalPark, include large expanses of sandy soilvegetation (Radambrasil 1978). This vegeta-tion type has an endemic fauna and flora(Anderson 1981, Oren 1981). In the lowerRio Negro, sandy soil vegetation has a morerestricted distribution. This habitat in JNP isimportant for the protection of severalsavanna and campina endemic birds such asMyrmeciza disjuncta, Polytmus theresiae, Dolospin-gus fringilloides, and Elaenia ruficeps.

Currently, there is no direct threat to thebirds of JNP, although some species arehunted within the park boundaries. However,currassows (Cracidae) merit special atten-tion. Currassows are sensitive to hunting, andlocal extinction has been documented fromother localities in the Amazon (Silva & Sthral1991, Santos 1998). Of the five speciesrecorded in JNP, only Nothocrax urumutum andPenelope jacquacu are fairly common. Pipilecumanensis, Mitu tuberosa and M. tomentosa arerare in the park and were observed on fewoccasions. Local people say that these speciesare hard to find in the Jaú river, but are morecommon in the Carabinani river, a nearlyunpopulated river with difficult access due towaterfalls (Fundação Vitória Amazônica1998b). Local studies are needed to evaluatethe population status of the Cracidae in JNP.

There are no great human impacts on thevegetation cover at JNP because the localhuman density is very low (0.04 inhabitants/km2; Fundação Vitória Amazônica 1998b).Due to large areas of undisturbed forest,associated with the low human density, theJNP constitutes an important reserve for the

125

BORGES ET AL.

conservation of the Amazon biodiversity. Weconsider continuous bird species inventoryand study on the population status of threat-ened species (e.g., curassows) as priorities inthe management plan of JNP (FundaçãoVitória Amazônica 1998a).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The financial and logistical support of thisstudy was provided by CNPq, Capes, WWF,European Commission and Fundação VitóriaAmazônica. We are grateful to several JNPresidents, especially S. Leôncio, Lindomar,Cleu, S. Nato, Márico, Ademir and Antenorwho helped us during the field work in JNP;to Marcos Pinheiro who prepared the figures,and to Fundação Vitória Amazônia staff,especially Carlos Miller, Regina Oliveira andAndrew Murchie. D. Latife (in memorian), S.Beré, Jandil, S. Nato and S. Maurício (in memo-rian) kindly provided us hospitality during ourfield work in Seringalzinho and Tamborregion. The Environmental Agency of Brazil(IBAMA) provided the licenses to work inJNP. We extend our thanks to the Uapé-açucrew, especially Célio Ribeiro, our “captain”in the Jaú river trips. Dionísio Pimentel(Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi) helped us tocollect the first bird specimens in JNP. DanielGomes, Luís Fábio Silveira, Claudia Bauer,Ricardo Afonso, Marcelo Tonini and MarcelaTorres helped us during the field work in JNP.Richard Miller, Philip Stouffer, Thomas S.Schulenberg and Raymond McNeil providedvaluable comments and helped to translatethe earlier versions of this manuscript. REFERENCES

Anderson, A. 1981. White-sand vegetation of bra-silian Amazonia. Biotropica 13: 199–210.

Barreto Filho, H. T. 1999. Notas para a história deum artefato sócio-cultural: o Parque Nacionaldo Jaú. Terra das Águas, Rev. Estudos

Amazônicos 1: 53–76.Borges, S. H., & A. Carvalhaes. 2000. Bird species

of black water inundation forests in the JaúNational Park (Amazonas state, Brazil): Theircontribution to regional species richness.Biodivers. Conserv. 9: 201–214.

Capparella, A. P., G. H. Rosenberg, & S. W. Cardiff.1997. A new subspecies of Percnostola rufifrons(Formicariidae) form northeastern AmazonianPeru, with revision of the rufifrons complex.Ornithol. Monogr. 48:165–170.

Carvalhaes, A. M. P. C. 1996. Avifauna do ParqueNacional do Jaú, AM, como subsídio para elab-oração do plano de manejo. M. Sc. thesis, Univ.Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo.

Cleere, N. 1999. Family Caprimulgidae (Nightjars).Pp. 302–386 in del Hoyo, J., A Elliot, & J. Sar-gatal (eds.). Handbook of the birds of theworld, Vol. 5: Barn-owls to hummingbirds.Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Cohn-Haft, M. 1993. Rediscovery of White-wingedPotoo (Nyctibius leucopterus). Auk 110: 391–394.

Cohn-Haft, M., A. Whittaker, & P. C. Stouffer.1997. A new look at the “species-poor” centralAmazon: the avifauna north of Manaus, Brazil.Ornithol. Monogr. 48: 205–235.

Cohn-Haft, M. 1999. Family Nyctibiidae (Potoos).Pp. 288–301 in del Hoyo, J., A Elliot, & J. Sar-gatal (eds.). Handbook of the birds of theworld, Vol: 5. Barn-owls to hummingbirds.Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Collar, N. 1997. Family Psittacidae (Parrots). Pp.280–477 in del Hoyo, J., A. Elliot, & J. Sargatal(eds.). Handbook of the birds of the world,Vol. 4: Sandgrouse to cuckoos. Lynx Edicions,Barcelona.

Ferreira, L. V. 1997. Effects of the duration offlooding on species richness and floristics com-position in three hectares in Jaú National Parkin floodplain forest in Central Amazonia.Biodivers. Conserv. 6: 1353–1363.

Ferreira, L. V., & G. T. Prance. 1998. Species rich-ness and floristic composition in four hectaresin the Jaú National Park in upland forests inCentral Amazonia. Biodivers. Conserv. 7:1349–1364.

Ferreira, L. V., & G. T. Prance. 1999. Ecosystemrecovery in terra firme forest after cutting andburning: a comparison on species richness, flo-

126


ristic composition and forest structure in theJaú National Park, Amazonia. Bot. J. Linn. Soc.130: 97–110.

Forshaw, J.M. 1989. Parrots of the world. Landsd-owne Editions, Willoughby, Australia.

Fundação Vitória Amazônica 1998a. Plano demanejo do Parque Nacional do Jaú. FundaçãoVitória Amazônica/Instituto Brasileiro doMeio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Reno-váveis, Manaus, Brazil.

Fundação Vitória Amazônica 1998b. A gênese deum plano de manejo – o caso do ParqueNacional do Jaú. Fundação Vitória Amazônica,Manaus, Brazil.

Haffer, J. 1974. Avian speciation in tropical SouthAmerica. Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 14: 1–390.

Haffer, J. 1985. Avian zoogeography of the neotro-pical lowlands. Ornithol. Monogr. 36: 113–146.

Haffer, J. 1992. On the “river effect” in some for-est birds of southern Amazonia. Bol. Mus.Para. Emílio Goeldi (Sér. Zool.) 8: 217–245.

Hilty, S. L., & W. L. Brown 1986. A guide to thebirds of Colombia. Princeton Univ. Press, Prin-ceton, New Jersey.

Irion, G., J. Wolfgang, & J. A. S. Mello. 1997. Thelarge Central Amazonian river floodplains nearManaus: geological, climatological, hydrologi-cal and geomorphological aspects. Pp. 23–46 inJunk, W. R. (ed.). The Central Amazon flood-plain, ecology of a pulsing system. Spring-Ver-lag Berlin, Heidelberg.

Isler, M. L., P. R. Isler, & B. M. Whitney. 1999.Species limits in antbirds (Passeriformes:Thamnophilidae): The Myrmotherula surinamensiscomplex. Auk 116: 83–96.

Johns, A. 1991. Responses of Amazonian rain for-est birds to habitat modification. J. Trop. Ecol.7: 417–437.

Junk, W. R. 1989. Flood tolerance and tree distri-bution in Central Amazon floodplain. Pp. 47–64 in Holm-Nielsen, L. B., I. C. Nielsen, & H.Balslev (eds.). Tropical forests: dynamics, spe-ciation and diversity. Academic Press, London.

Karr, J. 1981. Surveying birds with mist nets. Stud.Avian Biol. 6: 62–67.

Novaes, F. C. 1994. Aves da floresta de igapó, RioNegro (Estado do Amazonas), Brasil. Bol.

Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi (Sér. Zool.) 10: 155–167.

Nelson, B. W., C. A. C. Ferreira, M. F. Silva, & M.L. Kawasaki. 1990. Endemism centres, refugiaand botanical collection density in BrazilianAmazon. Nature 345: 714–716.

Oren, D. C. 1981. Zoogeographic analysis of thewhite sand campina avifauna of Amazonia.Ph.D. diss., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Massa-chusetts.

Oren, D. C., & H. G. Albuquerque. 1991. Priorityareas for new avian collections in BrazilianAmazonia. Goeldiana (Zool.) 6: 1–11.

Oren, D. C., & L. M. P. Henriques. 1994. New andreconfirmed bird records for Marajó island,Amazon rivers estuary, Brazil. Bol. Mus. Para.Emílio Goeldi (Sér. Zool.) 10: 169–182.

Peres, C. A., & A. Whittaker. 1991. Annotatedchecklist of the bird species of the upper RioUrucu, Amazonas, Brazil. Bull. Br. Ornithol.Club 111: 156–171.

Pelzeln, A. von. 1868. Zur ornithologie brasiliens.Pichler’s Witwe & Son, Vienna.

Pinto, O. M. O. 1978. Novo catálogo de aves doBrasil. Volume 1. Empresa Gráfica da Rev. dosTribunais, São Paulo.

Pires, J. M., & G. T. Prance. 1985. The vegetationtypes of brazilian Amazon. Pp. 109–145 inPrance, G. T., & T. E. Lovejoy (eds.). Key envi-ronment - Amazonia. Pergamon Press, NewYork.

Parker, T. A. III. 1991. On the use of tape record-ers in avifaunal surveys. Auk 108: 443–444.

Radambrasil. 1978. Projeto Radambrasil, levanta-mento de recursos naturais. Volume 18. Min-istério das Minas e Energia, Manaus, Brazil.

Remsen, J. V. 1994. Use and misuse of bird lists incommunity ecology and conservation. Auk111: 225–227.

Ridgely, R. S., & G. Tudor. 1989. The birds ofSouth America. Volume 1: The Oscines Passe-rines. Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Ridgely, R. S., & G. Tudor. 1994. The birds ofSouth America. Volume 2: The SuboscinesPasserines. Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas.

Robbins, M. B., & T. A. Parker III. 1997. Voice andtaxonomy of Caprimulgus (rufus) otiosus (Capri-mulgidae) with a reevaluation of Caprimulgusrufus subspecies. Ornithol. Monogr. 48: 601–

127

BORGES ET AL.

607.Rylands, A. B. 1991. The status of conservation

areas in the Brazilian Amazon. World WildlifeFund & The Conservation Foundation, Balti-more, Maryland.

Santos, P. M. R. S. 1998. O Mutum-piurí (Crax glo-bulosa) em Mamirauá (Amazonas, Brasil). Bull.CSG (Cracidae Specialists Group) 7:13–19.

Sick, H. 1997. Ornitologia brasileira. Edição revistae ampliada por J. F. Pacheco. Nova Fronteira,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Silva, J. L., & S. Strahl. 1991. Human impacts onpopulations of chachalacas, guans, and curas-sows (Galliformes: Cracidae) in Venezuela. Pp.37–52 in Robinson, J. G., & K. Redford (eds.).Neotropical wildlife use and conservation.Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Silva, J. M. C. da, D. C. Oren, J. C. Roma, & L. M. P.Henriques. 1997. Composition and distributionpatterns of the avifauna of an Amazonianupland savanna, Amapá, Brazil. Ornithol.Monogr. 48: 743–762.

Stotz, D. F., & R. O. Bierregaard. 1989. The birdsof the fazendas Porto Alegre, Dimona andEsteio, north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.Rev. Bras. Biol. 49: 861–72.

Stotz, D. F. 1997. Levantamento preliminar da avi-fauna em Roraima. Pp. 581–608 in Barbosa, R.I., E. J. G. Ferreira, & E. G. Castellón (eds.).Homem, ambiente e ecologia no Estado deRoraima. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas daAmazônia, Manaus, Brazil.

Stotz, D. F., S. M. Lanyon, T. S. Schulenberg, D. E.

Willard, A. T. Peterson, & J. W. Fitzpatrick.1997. An avifaunal survey of two tropical forestlocalities on the middle Rio Jiparaná, Rondônia,Brazil. Ornithol. Monogr. 48: 763–782.

Whittaker, A., A. M. P. Carvalhaes, & J. F.Pacheco.1995. Rediscovery of the Chestnut-headed Nunlet Nonnula amaurocephala in Ama-zonian Brazil. Cotinga 3: 48–50.

Willard, D. E., M. S. Foster, G. F. Barrowclough, R.W. Dickerman, P. F. Cannell, S. L. Coats, J. L.Cracraft, & J. P. O’Neill. 1991. The birds ofCerro de la Neblina, Territorio Federal Amazo-nas, Venezuela. Fieldiana Zool. 65: 1–90.

Willis, E. O. 1969. On the behavior of five speciesof Rhegmatorhina, ant-following antbirds of theAmazon basin. Wilson Bull. 81: 363–395.

Worbes, M. 1997. The forest ecosystem of thefloodplains. Pp. 222–264 in Junk, W. J. (ed.).The central Amazon floodplain, ecology of apulsing system. Spring-Verlag, Berlin.

Zimmer, K. J. 1997. Species limits in Cranioleucavulpina. Ornithol. Monogr. 48: 865–886.

Zimmer, K. J., & S. L. Hilty. 1997. Avifauna of alocality in the upper Orinoco drainage of Ama-zonas, Venezuela. Ornithol. Monogr. 48: 865–886.

Zimmer K. J., T. A. Parker, M. L. Isler, & P. R.Isler. 1997. Survey of a southern Amazonia avi-fauna: the Alta Floresta region, Mato Grosso,Brazil. Ornithol. Monogr. 48: 887–918.

Zimmer, K. J. 1999. Behavior and vocalizations ofthe Caura and the Yapacana antbirds. WilsonBull. 111: 195–209.

APPENDIX. Bird check-list of Jaú National Park. The sequence of non-Passeriformes families followSick (1997) with minor modifications. For Passeriformes, the sequence of families and species followRidgely & Tudor (1989, 1994), with the exception of Dendrocolaptidae, Furnariidae and Thraupinae forwhich we adopted the sequence of Sick (1997). The list includes eight hypothetical species (between paren-theses).

Families and species Documentation1 Abundance2 Habitat3

Tinamidae Tinamus major Crypturellus cinereus Crypturellus soui Crypturellus undulatus (Crypturellus erythropus)

obs, vv5,tr1,3

trtrtr

irfcr

tfig,cm

tf,dv,cmigca

128


APPENDIX. Continuation.


Crypturellus variegatusPhalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax brasilianusAnhingidae Anhinga anhingaArdeidae

Ardea cocoiCasmerodius albusEgretta thulaBubulcus ibisButorides striatusAgamia agamiPilherodius pileatusNycticorax nycticoraxTigrisoma lineatum

Cochleariidae Cochlearius cochleariusThreskiornithidae

Platalea ajajaMesembrinibis cayennensis

Ciconiidae Mycteria americanaJabiru mycteria

Cathartidae Sarcoramphus papaCoragyps atratusCathartes auraCathartes burrovianusCathartes melambrotos

Anatidae Dendrocygna autumnalisCairina moschata

Pandionidae Pandion haliaetusAccipitridae

Elanoides forficatusLeptodon cayanensisIctinia plumbeaAccipiter bicolorAsturina nitidaRupornis magnirostrisBusarellus nigricollisButeogallus urubitingaHarpia harpyjaSpizaetus ornatus

tr

obs,ph

obs

obsobsobs

obs,phobs,trobsobsobsph

v6,obs7

obstr

obsobs

obsobsobsobsobs

obs7obs

obs

obsobsobs

obs1,6obstr

obs4tr

obs5,7obs

c

f

i

cirifrirr

r

amc

ram

fiffc

rc

i

irfrifrirr

tf

r

r

rrrrrrrrr

r

rr

rr

aaaaa

rr

r

tf,caig

tf,dv,igig,dvig,cm

tf,dv,ig,cmig

tf,igtftf

129

BORGES ET AL.



S. tyrannusGeranospiza caerulescens

Falconidae Herpetotheres cachinnansMicrastur semitorquatusM. ruficollisM. gilvicollisM. mirandolleiDaptrius aterDaptrius americanusMilvago chimachimaFalco rufigularisFalco columbarius

Cracidae Penelope jacquacuPipile cumanensisMitu tuberosa(M. tomentosa)Nothocrax urumutum

Phasianidae Odontophorus gujanensis

Opisthocomidae Opisthocomus hoazin

Aramidae Aramus guarauna

Psophiidae Psophia crepitans

Rallidae Aramides cajaneaLaterallus melanophaius

Heliornitidae Heliornis fulica

Eurypygidae Eurypyga helias

Jacaniidae Jacana jacana

Scolopacidae Tringa solitariaT. flavipesT. melanoleucaActitis maculariaCalidris fuscicollisC. melanotosC. albaGallinago paraguaie

obs,trobs

obs,vtr

tr,col,cap,phtr,capobs1,3

trobstr1

obs,tr1obs1,6

obs,tr1,phv,obs6obs1,6obs1,6v,tr3

v,tr,col

obs

obs,v

obs,ph3

v,trv

obs,v

obs,v,tr

obs

obs1obs1,3obs1,3

obsobsobsobsobs3

ir

riffrcrif

nm

irrrf f

r

r

r

fr

c

i

r

nmnmnmnmnmnmnmr

igig

tftf,dvtf,dv

tftf,ig

ig,cmtf

ig,dvigig

tftf,igtftftf

tf,dv

ig

r

tf

ig,dvig

r

r

r

rrrrrrrr

130




Laridae Phaetusa simplexSterna superciliaris

Rynchopidae Rynchops niger

Columbidae Columba speciosaC. cayennensisC. subvinaceaC. plumbeaColumbina passerinaC. talpacotiLeptotila verreauxiL. rufaxillaGeotrygon montana

Psittacidae Ara araraunaA. macaoA. chloropteraOrthopsittaca manilataAratinga leucophthalmusA. pertinaxPyrrhura melanuraBrotogeris chrysopterusB. sanctithomaeTouit purpurataT. huetiiPionites melanocephalaPionopsitta barrabandiPionus menstruusP. fuscusAmazona autumnalisA. festivaA. amazonicaA. farinosaDeroptyus accipitrinus

Cuculidae Coccyzus americanusCoccyzus euleriPiaya cayanaP. melanogasterP. minutaCrotophaga aniC. majorTapera naevia

obs,v,trobs,v,tr

obs,v,tr

obs,v,trobs,v,tr,ph

v,trv,trv,tr

obs3v,tr1v,tr1

tr,cap,ph

obs,tr,phobs,trobs

obs,trobs

obs,trobs,tr,ph

v,tr1obs1obs4obs,vobs,vobs,trobs,trobs,trobs,v

obs,v,trobs,v,trobs,v,trobs2,3

obs5obs1,6obs,v,trobs,trobs

obs,vobs,v,trobs,tr

cf

i

fccfcrifc

circifffrrriicirccfr

nmamfirfci

rr

r

dv,cmig,dvtf,dv

tf,dv,cmdvdv

tf,dvtf,dv,igtf,cm

tf,cmtftf

tf,cmig,dvig,cm

ig,tf,cmtf,cm

igtftftf

tf,ig,cmtf,dv,ig

tftfig

ig,cmtf,cm

tf

igig

tf,dv,igtf,cmtf,dvdvigca

131

BORGES ET AL.



(Neomorphus sp)Tytonidae

Tyto albaStrigidae

Otus cholibaO. watsoniiPulsatrix perspicillataGlaucidium brasilianumCiccaba huhulaAsio stygius

Nyctibiidae Nyctibius grandisN. griseusN. leucopterusN. bracteatus

Caprimulgidae Lurocalis semitorquatusChordeiles pusillus(C. acutipennis)C. minorNyctiprogne leucopygaNyctidromus albicollisCaprimulgus rufusC. cayennensisC. nigrescensHydropsalis climacocerca

Apodidae Chaetura chapmaniC. cinereiventrisC. spinicaudaC. brachyuraPanyptila cayannensisTachornis squamata

Trochilidae Glaucis hirsutaPhaethornis superciliosusP. bourcieriP. ruberCampylopterus largipennisFlorisuga mellivoraAnthracothorax nigricollisChrysolampis mosquitusChlorostilbon mellisugusThalurania furcataHylocharis sapphirina

obs3,7

obs1,3,v1

obs,v,trv,tr

obs,v,trobs,v,tr

trobs,tr

obs,v,trv,tr,colcol,ph

tr5

obs,vobs,v,tr,col

obs,vobs,v

obs,v,tr,col,phv,tr,capobs,tr

tr3obs,v,col,ph

v,tr

obs4obs,trobs

obs,trobs

obs,tr

obs,captr,ph,capcol,cap

tr,col,cap,phobs,cap

obs,col,capobs,tr1

obsobs,cap

obs,tr,captr,col,cap

r

r

cccitr

rfrr

rcr

nmccfrif

rcrfrf

rfffrcirrcc

tf

dv,ca,cm

ig,cmtf

tf,igig

tf,igig,ca,cm

tftf,ig,cm

tfcm,dv

tfcadvaig

tf,ig,dvcaca

tf,dv,caig

aaaaaa

tftf,ig,dv

tftf,dv,cm

tftf,dvtf,igig

ig,dvtf,ig,dv,cm

tf,dv

132




H. cyanusPolytmus theresiaeAmazilia versicolorA. fimbriataPolyplancta aurescensHeliothryx auritaHeliomaster longirostrisTopaza pyra

Trogonidae Pharomachrus pavoninusTrogon melanurusT. viridisT. rufusT. curucuiT. violaceus

Alcedinidae Ceryle torquataChloroceryle amazonaC. americanaC. indaC. aenea

MomotidaeMomotus momota

Galbulidae Galbula albirostrisG. leucogastraG. deaJacamerops aurea

Bucconidae Notharchus macrorhynchusN. ordiiN. tectusBucco tamatiaB. capensisMalacoptila fuscaMicromonacha lanceolataNonnula rubeculaN. amaurocephalaMonasa nigrifronsM. morphoeusChelidoptera tenebrosa

Capitonidae Capito nigerEubucco richardsoni

Ramphastidae

obs,col,captr1,col,ph

obs,tr1obs

cap,phobsobscap

obs,v,trobs,v,trobs,v,tr

obs,v,cap,tr,phobs,v,trobs,tr

obs,v,trobs

obs,tr,capobs,tr,cap

obs,col,cap

obs,tr

obs,cap,trobs,tr,colobs,tr,colobs,v,tr

obsv5,colobsobs

tr,cap,phcol,cap,ph

obsobs,tr,col

obs,cap,phobs,cap,ph

obsobs,ph

trobs,v

crrirrir

ricffr

ccccc

f

iici

irrrrrrrrcic

fr

tf,dv,ig,cmca

tf,dvtf,dv

tftf,dvtf,dvca

tftf,dv,ig,cmtf,dv,ig,cm

tf,dvigtf

rrrrr

tf

tf,dvig,cmtf,igtf

tftftf

tf,ig,cmtftftftfigigtfig

tf,igtf

133

BORGES ET AL.



Pteroglossus castanotisP. azaraSelenidera nattereriRamphastos vitellinusR. tucanus

Picidae Picumnus cf. pumillusColaptes punctigulaPiculus flavigulaP. chrysochlorosCeleus elegansC. grammicusC. flavusC. torquatusMelanerpes cruentatusVeniliornis affinisDryocopus lineatusCampephilus melanoleucosC. rubricollis

Dendrocolaptidae Dendrocincla fuliginosaD. merulaDeconychura longicaudaD. stictolaemaSittasomus griseicapillusGlyphorynchus spirurusNasica longirostrisDendrexetastes rufigulaHylexestastes stresemanniXiphocolaptes promeropirhynchusDendrocolaptes certhiaD. picumnusXiphorhynchus picusX. necopinusX. obsoletusX. ocellatusX. guttatusLepidocolaptes albolineatus

Furnariidae Synallaxis rutilansCranioleuca vulpinaXenops milleriX. minutusBerlepschia rikeriHyloctistes subulatus

obsobs,tr

tr,col,phobs,tr,colobs,tr,ph

obs,tr,colobs,trobs,trv,col

obs,tr,capobs,tr,ph

obs,vobs,v,col

obs,trobs

obs,v,trobs,tr,ph

obs,v

obs,tr,col,capobs,col,cap,ph

obs,tr,captr,col

obs,tr,capobs,tr,col,capobs,tr,cap,col

obs,trobs,tr,col

obs,tr,cap,phobs,v,col

tr3obs,tr,cap,ph

tr5,colobs,v,tr,ph

obs,col,cap,tr,phobs,tr,cap

obs5

obs,cap,tr,phobs,tr3

obs,tr,colobs,col,cap

obs,trobs,tr,col

rircc

iififificiifi

ifrrrfccirirccrrir

firfir

tftf,igtftf

tf,cm

igtf,igtf,igtf,ig

tf,ig,cmtf,ig,cm

ig,dvtf,cm

tf,dv,igtf

tf,dv,igtf,dv,ig

tf

tf,ig,dv,cmtf,ig,cm

tftf,igtf,igtf,igig

ig,tftf

ig,tfig,tf,cm

igig,dvig,dv

igtf,cmtf,igtf

tfigtf

tf,igtftf

134




Philydor pyrrhodesAutomolus infuscatusA. ochrolaemusA. rubiginosusSclerurus rufigularis(S. caudacutus)

Thamnophilidae Cymbilaimus lineatusTaraba majorSakesphorus canadensisThamnophilus nigrocinereusT. aethiopsT. murinusT. schistaceusT. amazonicusMegastictus margaritatusPygiptila stellarisThamnomanes ardesiacusT. caesiusHerpsilochmus dorsimaculatusMyrmotherula brachyuraM. ambiquaM. surinamensisM. cherrieiM. haematonotaM. axillarisM. longipennisM. menetriesiiM. assimilisTerenura spodioptilaFormicivora griseaCercomacra cinerascensC. tyranninaMyrmoborus myiotherinusHylophylax naeviaH. punctulataH. poecilinotaHypocnemis cantatorH. hypoxanthaHypocnemoides melanopogonSclateria naeviaPercnostola minorSchistocichla leucostigmaMyrmeciza atrothoraxM. disjuncta

obs,capobs,tr,col,cap,ph

tr1,ph1tr,ph

col,capobs6

tr,col,capobs,tr

obs,tr,cap,phobs,tr

obs,tr,col,cap,phobs,tr,cap,ph

obs,tr,colobs,tr,cap,ph

tr3,cap,phtr5

obs,tr,capobs,tr,col,cap

obs,tr,colobs,tr,coltr,col,ph3

obs,trobs,tr,col,phobs,tr,col,capobs,tr,col,capobs,col,cap

obs,tr,cap,phobs,trobs,v

obs,tr,colobs,v,tr

v,col,cap,phobs,tr,col,cap,ph

obs,tr,col,capobs,tr1

obs,tr,col,cap,phv,tr,cap

obs,tr,col,cap,phobs,tr,col,cap,ph

obs,v,tr1tr,cap,ph

tr,col,cap,phobs,v,tr

obs,tr3,col,ph3

rcrrrr

frcrcfirrrfrcfriififrrrfcfccrffffrrirr

tftftftftftf

tfigigigtf

tf,cmig,tf

ig,dv,cmtfigtf

tf,ig,cmtf,ig

tf,cmtfig

ig,cmtf

tf,dv,ig,cmtftfigtfca

tf,igtf,dv

tf,dv,cmtfig

tf,ig,cmtf,dv,ig

tfigig

tf,dvtftfca

135

BORGES ET AL.



Pithys albifronsGymnopithys leucaspisRhegmatorhina cristata Phlegopsis erythroptera

Formicariidae Formicarius analisF. colmaGrallaria variaMyrmothera campanisonaHylopezus macularius

Conopophagidae Conopophaga aurita

TyrannidaeTyranninae

(Elaenia parvirostris)E. ruficepsMyiopagis gaimardiiM. canicepsPhaeomyias murinaCamptostoma obsoletumTyrannulus elatusOrnithion inermeZimmerius gracilipesInezia subflavaMionectes oleagineusM. macconnelliMyiornis ecaudatusHemitriccus zosteropsH. minorH. minimusTodirostrum maculatumT. chrysocrotaphumCorythopis torquataPlatyrinchus platyrhynchos(Tolmomyias sulphurescens)T. poliocephalusT. assimilisRamphotrigon ruficaudaCnipodectes subbrunneusOnychorhynchus coronatusMyiobius barbatusTerenotriccus erythrurusCnemotriccus fuscatusLathrotriccus euleriPhaeotriccus poecilocercus

obs,tr,col,cap,phobs,tr,col,cap,ph

cap,tr5,ph,colobs,tr,col,cap

obs,vtr,col,cap,ph

vtr,cap,ph

v,tr

cap,ph

obs6obs,tr,ph,col

obs,trobs,v,col

obs,vobs,tr

v,tr,cap,phv,tr

obs,v,trobs,tr,cap

obs,tr,col,cap,phtr1,cap

tr3tr,col,cap,ph

tr,col,capobs,tr,colobs,tr,cap

obs,tr,col,capobs,tr,col,cap

obs,v,trobs,v

obs,v,trv,tr3

tr,col,cap,phtr,col,captr,cap,phcol,cap

tr,col,capobs,tr,cap,col

obs,vobs,tr3,ph3

ccif

rfrri

i

rccrrfififfriffrfifrrcrirrriiri

tf,cmtf,ig,cm

tf,catf,cm

tftf,ig,cm

tftftf

tf

dvca

dv,tf,igtfdvdvdvtf

tf,ig,cmig,dvtf,igtftf

tf,cmig

ig,cmig,dv

igtf,ig,cm

tftf

tf,igtf

tf,ig,cmtf

tf,igtf

tf,cmcmtfig

136




Attila citriniventrisA. cinnamomeusA. spadiceusRhytipterna simplexR. immundaMyiarchus swainsoniM. feroxM. tuberculiferMegarynchus pitangua Pitangus sulphuratusPhilohydor lictorMyiozetetes cayanensisM. similisConopias trivirgataC. parvaMyiodynastes maculatusLegatus leucophaiusEmpidonomus variusTyrannopsis sulphureaT. melancholicusTyrannus savanaPachyramphus surinamusP. polychopterusP. marginatusP. rufusP. castaneusTityra inquisitor T. cayana(T. semifasciata)

Piprinae Schiffornis majorS. turdinusTyranneutes stolzmanniNeopelma chrysocephalumNeopipo cinnamomeaPiprites chlorisHeterocercus flavivertexXenopipo atronitensChiroxiphia pareolaPipra coronataP. pipraP. erythrocephalaP. filicauda

Cotinginae Cotinga cayana

v5obs,v,trobs,v,tr

obs,v,tr,coltr4,cap,ph3

obs,trobs,trobs,tr3obs,v

obs,tr,cap,phobs,v,tr

obs,v,tr,cap,phobs,vobs,v

obs,v,trobs

obs,v,trobs,tr1obs,trobs,trobs

obs,tr4obs6,v

obs,v,tr1obs,tr1obs6obs

obs,tr1obs6

obs,vtr,col,cap

tr,colobs,tr,col,captr5,cap,ph3

obs,trv,tr,cap,ph

tr,col,cap,phtr,cap

tr,col,cap,phtr,col,cap,ph

obs,cap,trcap,ph

obs

rcrfr

i-sfrrcffrff

r-sfirci-srrrrrrfr

rfcirifircicr

r

cmigtf

tf,ig,cmcatf

ig,dv,cmig,tf,cm

dvdv,ig

igdv,igdv

tf,ig,dvtf,cmdv,ig

tf,ig,dv,cmdvdv

dv,ig,cm,caig,dv

tftf,dvtf,dvdv

tf,dvtf

tf,ig,dvtf

igtf,dv,cm

tftf,ig,cmcm,ca

tfig,dvig,cm

tftf,dv,ig,cmtf,ig,dv,cmtf,dv,cm

tf

ig,tf

137

BORGES ET AL.



Xipholena puniceaLaniocera hypopyrraLipaugus vociferansGymnoderus foetidusPerissocephalus tricolorPhoenicircus nigricollis

Hirundinidae Phaeoprogne taperaProgne chalybeaP. subisTachycineta albiventerAtticora fasciataA . melanoleucaStelgidopteryx ruficollisRiparia ripariaHirundo rustica

Troglodytidae Thryothorus corayaT. leucotisTroglodytes aedonCyphorhinus aradus Microcerculus bambla

Sylviidae Microbates collarisRamphocaenus melanurusPolioptila plumbeaP. guianensis

Turdidae Catharus spTurdus leucomelasT. albicollisT. fumigatus

Vireonidae Cyclarhis gujanensisVireolanius leucotisVireo olivaceusV. altiloquusHylophilus semicinereusH. thoracicusH. hypoxantha H. brunneicepsH. ochraceiceps

EmberizidaeParulinae

Dendroica fusca

obs,trobs,v,trobs,v,tr

obsv1v5

obs,tr1obs,tr1obs,tr1

obs,tr1,phobs,colobs3obsobsobs

obs,tr,colobs,tr

obs,tr,capobs,tr,captr,cap,ph

tr,col,capobs4

obs,tr,colobs,v,tr

obs1obs1

obs,tr,cap,phobs,tr,cap,ph

obs,tr,cap,phobs,vobs,trobs6

obs,tr,phobs,tr

obs,tr,colobs,tr,col

obs,tr

obs

ffci-srr

ci-si-sciri

r-sr-s

iccrf

irfr

r-srci

frr

r-sfrcfr

r-s

tf,igtf,ig

tf,ig,cmigtftf

aaaaaaaaa

tf,dvig

dv,ig,cadvtf

tf,cmtfigtf

dvdv

tf,igtf,dv,ig

dv,igtf

dv,igtf

ig,tftftf

cm,igtf

tf

138




Setophaga ruticilla Thraupinae

Schistochlamys melanopisCissopis leverianaHemithraupis flavicollisLanio fulvusTachyphonus cristatusT. surinamusT. phoeniciusT. luctuosusHabia rubicaRamphocelus nigrogularisR. carboThraupis episcopusT. palmarumEuphonia plumbeaE. chloroticaE. chrysopastaE. minutaE. rufiventrisTangara mexicanaT. chilensisT. punctataT. cayanaTangara veliaDacnis cayanaD. flaviventerChlorophanes spizaCyanerpes nitidusC. caeruleusC. cyaneusTersina viridis

Coerebinae Coereba flaveola

Icterinae Sturnella militarisLampropsar tanagrinusScaphidura oryzivoraIcterus chrysocephalusCacicus haemorrhousC. celaPsarocolius decumanusP. bifasciatus

Cardinalinae Caryothraustes canadensis

obs3

obs,trobs1obsobs

obs,colob6

obs,tr,col,phobs1

obs,cap,phobs

obs,cap,trobs,tr1obs,tr6obs6

obs,tr3obs,tr1obs2v,tr3obs

obs,colobs,tr1obs3obs5

obs,tr1obs,vobsobs6

obs,colobs,tr1obs1,v1

obs,tr

obsobsobs

obs,tr,phobs,tr

obs,tr,phobs,trobs6

obs,v,col

r-s

rrrrrrfrrrcccrfrriiffrrrirrrr

r-s

r

irrrrcrr

r

dv

cadvtftftftfcatf

tf,dvigdvdv

dv,tftf

ig,dvtf,igigtf

tf,dvtftfigtf

tf,dvig,dv

tftftftfdv

dv,ig,cm

caigdv

tf,dv,ig,catf

dv,igtf,igtf

tf,cm

139

BORGES ET AL.



Saltator maximusParoaria gularisCyanocompsa cyanoides

Emberizinae Oryzoborus angolensisVolatinia jacarinaDolospingus fringilloidesSporophila lineolaS. americanaS. castaneiventrisArremon taciturnusAmmodramus aurifronsEmberizoides herbicola Sicalis columbiana

obs,tr,phobs,tr

tr,cap,ph

obs,cap,trobs

cap,ph3,tr3obs,tr1

obsobs,vobs4,vobs4

obs,tr,col,phobs,v

iff

frrrrrrrcr

tfig,dvtf,ig

dv,cadv cadvdvdv

tf,dvdvcaig

1Documentation: obs = species recorded by observation, v = species recorded by voice without taperecording, ph = birds photographed, tr = voice recording, col = specimens collected, cap = capturedbirds. The numbers after some records are the credits to the following ornithologists: 1 = André Carval-haes, 2 = Luiza Magalli Henriques, 3 = Sérgio Borges, 4 = Andrew Whittaker, 5 = Mario Cohn-Haft, 6 =José Fernando Pacheco, 7 = others (researchers or local residents).

2Abundance: u = infrequently recorded, r = rare, f = frequent, c = common, am = austral migrant, nm =neartic migrant.

3Habitat: tf = terra firme forest, ig = igapó flooded forest, ca = shrubby campina (campina), cm = woodedcampina (campinarana), dv = disturbed vegetation including recent and old secondary growth., r = rivers,lakes and streams, a = aerial, including birds frequently observed in flight.

140

birds of jaÚ national park, brazilian amazon: species ... · this study presents a bird check-list...

Documents