1. CARING COUNSELING CENTER 123 West Main Street New York, NY 10001_______________________ www.carecounseling.com | P: 555.123.4568 F: 555.123.4567 Submitted by : Ayushree Bansal Santhi Biju Submitted to: Prof.A Srinivasa Rao

2. CONTENT Add your first bullet point here Add your second bullet point here Add your third bullet point here 3. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS Proposed by Dr. Eric Berne in mid 1960s in his book "Games People Play When two people interact with each other they engage in social transactions in which one person responds to the another. Study of such social transactions is known as Transactional Analysis. It is used to study and analyze interpersonal communication. Clinical, organizational and personal development. Encompassing communications. Management, personality. Relationships and behavior.Applications: 4. ID, EGO AND SUPEREGO Perhaps Freud's single most enduring and important idea was that the human psyche (personality) has more than one aspect. Freud (1923) saw the psyche structured into three parts (i.e. tripartite), the id, ego and superego, all developing at different stages in our lives. These are systems, not parts of the brain, or in any way physical. 5. ID, EGO AND SUPEREGO ID The id is the primitive and instinctive component of personality. It consists of all the inherited (i.e. biological) components of personality, including the sex (life) instinct Eros (which contains the libido), and aggressive (death) instinct - Thanatos. EGO Initially the ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world (Freud 1923). The ego develops in order to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision making component of personality. SUPER EGO The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 5 during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. 6. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS A model for explaining why and how: People think like they do People act like they do People interact/communicate with others Based on published psychological work such as: Games People Play (Dr. Eric Berne) Im OK - - Youre OK (Dr. Tom Harris) Born to Win (Dr. Dorothy Jongeward) 7. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS Transactional Analysis is effectively a language within a language; A language of true meaning, feeling and motive. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS To understand more clearly what is going on. Secondly, we give ourselves choices of what ego states to adopt. Which signals to send, and where to send them. IT HELPS US IN 3 WAYS: 8. OUR BRAIN Determines what we think and how we act Acts like a tape recorder while recording 1) Events 2) Associated feelings Has 3 distinct parts or ego states 1) Parent 2) Adult 3) Child 9. 3 TYPES OF EGO STATES ARENT DULT HILD FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF EGO STATES CRITICAL PARENT NURTURING PARENT ADULT ADAPTED CHILD NATURAL CHILD LECTURING, CRITICIZING, MANY OUGHTS, SHOULD &DONTS CONSOLING, TAKING CARE OF OTHERS, SYMPATHY OBJECTIVE, RATIONAL, ORIENTED TOWARD PROBLEM SOLVING, DE- EMPHASIZE EMOTION MODIFIED BEHAVIOUR TO CONFORM TO ADULT EXPECTATIONS, MANUPULATIVE, SU MBISSIVE PLAYFUL, IMPULSIVE, NATULRALLY CURIOUS &CREATIVE, FUN LOVING, REBELLIOUS 10. Parent Ego Stage- Behaviors, thought s and feelings copied from parent or parent figures. Adult Ego Stage- Behaviors, thoughts and feelings which are direct responses to the here and now. Child Ego Stage- Behaviors, thought s and feelings replayed from childhood. 11. PARENT EGO STATE Thoughts, feelings, behavioral patterns based on messages or lessons learned from parents or authoritarian sources Should and should not's; ought's and ought not's; always and never Prejudicial views (not based on logic or facts) on things such as: Religion, dress, sales people, traditions, work ,products, children, companies Nurturing views (sympathetic, caring views) Critical views (fault finding, judgmental views) For example, a person may shout at someone out of frustration because they learned from an influential figure in childhood the lesson that this seemed to be a way of relating that worked. Parent: Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on messages or lessons learned from parents and authoritarian sources. PARENT EGO STATE 12. THE PARENT The Critical Parent Gives us directions and controls and limits our behavior should, ought, must, never Nurturing Parent Protects and encourages, provides care and love there, there sweetie; Try again. Its all right 13. RECOGNIZING THE PARENT STATE Critical Parent Use words , such as bad, should, ought, must, alw ays, ridiculous, unacceptable Use a patronizing, critical or disapproving tone of voice Use aggressive gestures Come across as judgmental, authoritarian Be intimidating or controlling Nurturing Parent Use words such as well-done, good, gentle, caring, don't worry Use a loving, caring, comforting or concerned tone of voice Use open, encouraging gestures, smiling, leaning forward, nodding of head Have a caring, understanding attitude 14. ADULT EGO STATE Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on objective analysis of information (data, facts) Make decisions based on logic, computations, probabilities, etc. (not emotion) Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on objective analysis of information(data, facts). ADULT EGO STATE 15. RECOGNIZING THE ADULT STATE A person in as Adult State is likely to Speak in an even voice Have an erect posture and use open gestures Be alert and thoughtful about a problem they are facing Clarify the situation by careful questioning Hypothesize and process information Use words like correct, how, what, why, practical, quality 16. CHILD EGO STATE Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on childlike emotions, impulses, feelings we have experienced Child-like examples Impulsive ,Self-centered ,Angry, Fearful, Happy, Pleasure seeking, Rebellious, Curious, Eager to please For example, a person who receives a poor evaluation at work may respond by looking at the floor, and crying or pouting, as they used to when scolded as a child. Conversely, a person who receives a good evaluation may respond with a broad smile and a joyful gesture of thanks. The Child is the source of emotions, creation, recreation, spontaneity and intimacy. CHILD EGO STATE Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, behavioral patterns based on child-like emotions, impulses, feelings we have experienced. 17. THE CHILD STATE Free child Impulsive and carefree Communicating through feeling behaviors Adapted child Submissive and conforming behaviors Looking for approval and reassurance 18. RECOGNIZING THE CHILD STATE A person in a free child state Use words as wow, great, ouch, want Talk loudly, energetically, free of constraint Use spontaneous gestures and expressions Be curious, fun-loving, changeable A person in adapted child may Use words such as cant, try, hope, please, perhaps, wish Come across as innocent, helpless, sad, scared Act in a defiant, ashamed or compliant way 19. IN SIMPLE WORDS Parent is our 'Taught' concept of life Adult is our 'Thought' concept of life Child is our 'Felt' concept of life 20. TRANSACTION ANALYSIS MECHANISM Bernes starting-point was that when two people encounter each other, one of them will speak to the other. This he called the Transaction Stimulus The reaction from the other person is called the Transaction Response. The person sending the Stimulus is called the Agent. The person who responds is called the Respondent. 21. We can interact with each other from any ego state. Anytime one person recognizes another with a smile, a nod, a frown, a verbal greeting, etc., this recognition, in TA language, is called a Stroke". Two or more strokes make a transaction. 22. EGO PORTRAITS People have favorite, preferred ego state, depicted by larger circle in a diagram. People generally exhibit all three Ego states All three Ego states are necessary to healthy personality People can change the frequency of which they use one ego state by concentrating or developing another 23. HUMAN INTERACTION ANALYSIS A transaction = any interaction or communication between 2 people People send and receive messages out of and into their different ego states How people say something (what others hear?) just as important as what is said Types of communication, interactions 1) Complementary 2) Crossed 3) Ulterior 24. COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTION Transactions are complementary if the message sent receives the expected response from the other persons ego state. Examples Parent-parent Between Father & Mother Parent-child Between Boss & his Subordinate Adult-adult Between Husband & Wife Child-child Between Siblings Child-parent Between a Daughter and mother 25. COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS Example: If a wife who is grieving her lost friend is comforted by a sympathetic husband, her momentary dependency is answered appropriately. Fig. A wife in child state relieved by her husband in parent state. 26. EXAMPLES OF COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS ON THE JOB P P A CC A P P A CC A P P A CC A (1) ACS: CAN I GET YOU ANYTHING FROM DOWN STAIRS? (2) MANAGER: YOU SURE KNOW HOW TO TAKE CARE OF ME, NURTURING PARENT TO ADAPTED CHILD (1) (2) (1) MANAGER: WHAT COULD WE DO TO MEET THE DEADLINE ON THIS PROJECT? (2) EMPLOYEE: WE COULD TAKE A COUPLE OF PEOPLE OFF THE OTHER PROJECT FOR A WHILE AND PUT THEM ON THIS ONE. (1) FIRST PTL: GEE, I WISH I WERE OUT ON THE GOLF COURSE RIGHT NOW. (2) SECOND PTL: LETS TAKE OFF. WHO WANTS TO LISTEN TO THE VPANYWAY? ADULT TO ADULT TRANSACTION NATURAL CHILD TO NATURAL CHILD (1) (2) (1) (2) 27. CROSSED/ BLOCKED TRANSACTION A crossed transaction occurs when the message sent by one persons ego state reacted to by an incompatible unexpected ego state on the part of the other person. 28. CROSSED TRANSACTIONS Example: Agents Adult: "Do you know where my cuff links are?" (note that this stimuli is directed at the Respondents Adult). Respondents Child: "You always blame me for everything! Fig. Crossed transactions are a frequent source of pain between people. 29. EXAMPLES OF CROSSED TRANSACTIONS ON THE JOB P P A CC A P P P A CC A (1) MANAGER: DID YOU FINISH THE BUDGET ESTIMATES? (2) ANALYST: HOW CAN I IF THE WHOLE PROCESS DOESNT MAKE SENSE. ADULT-TO-ADULT CROSSED BY CRITICAL PARENT-TO-CHILD RESPONSE (1) (2) (1) MANAGER: COME OVER HERE! (DEMANDING TONE OF VOICE) (2) EMPLOYEE: WHY DONT YOU COME OVER HERE? ITS JUST AS FAR! (1) SUPERVISOR: HOW COME GETTING A LAPTOP FOR TRAVEL IS ALWAYS HARD (2) IT SPECIALIST: HOW SHOULD I KNOW, I ONLY WORK HERE PARENT-TO-CHILD CROSSED BY CRITICAL PARENT OR REBELLIOUS CHILD RESPONSE ADULT-TO-ADULT CROSSES UP BY DISCOUNTED CHILD TO PARENT RESPONSE (1) (2) A C P A C P A C P A C (1) (2) (2) (1) 30. ULTERIOR TRANSACTION Ulterior transactions always involve at least two ego states on the part of one person Ulterior transactions have a hidden agenda. Thus ulterior transactions help us to get the desired response from the respondent. 31. ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS Example: If a car salesman says to his customer, "This is our finest sports car...but maybe too racy for you," he is sending a message that can be heard by either the customers adult or child ego state. If the customers Adult hears, the response may be... "yes, youre right, considering the requirements of my job." If the customers Child hears, the response may be "Ill take it. Its just what I want." 32. EXAMPLES OF ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS P P A CC A P P A CC A (1) EMPLOYEE: SORRY, I WONT HAVE THE PROJECT DOCUMENT READY FOR TOMORROWS DEADLINE. (2) MANAGER: ITS O.K. IVE BEEN THINKING OFASSIGNING THE JOB TO SOMEONE ELSE ANYWAY. (1) (2) (1) SALESMAN: THIS CAR HAS GOT EVERYTHING YOUD EVER WANT FROM A PERFROMANCE SPORTS CAR BUT IT MAY BE TOO EXPENSIVE FOR YOU. (2) CUSTOMER: WELL LETS GIVE IT A TEST DRIVE.. (HIDDEN MEANING: WHO DOES HE THINK I AM?) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) 33. TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL TRANSACTIONS P P A CC A P P A CC A P P A CC A P P A CC A P P A CC A P P A CC A COMPLEMENTARY CROSSED ULTERIOR EXPECTED RESPONSE, NO CONFLICT PRODUCE CONFLICT, STOP COMMUNICATION, HURT FEELINGS VERBAL COMMUNICATION NON-VERBAL HIDDEN MEANING 34. STROKES Stroking is an act of recognition for another Everyone has to have strokes (affection, recognition and praise) Strokes may be Positive, negative and mixed Conditional and unconditional Verbal and non verbal 35. GIVING AND RECEIVING STROKES Dont be insincere Accept strokes positively from other people Make a conscious effort to give strokes to other people Try to recognize other peoples reaction to strokes and the frequency/kind they appear to appreciate Ask for strokes when you feel you need them Give yourself strokes when you feel you deserve/need them 36. LIFE POSITIONS Life positions are basic beliefs about self and others, which are used to justify decisions and behavior. These life positions are perceptions of the world. The reality is I just am and you just are, therefore how I view myself and others are just that "views" not fact. However, we tend to act as if they are a fact. Just like when somebody says "I can't do this, I'm useless". Rather than "I don't know how to do this. Will you show me?" The latter is staying with the fact that they do not yet know how to do it, whilst the former links being useless with not being able to do something. Im OK, youre OK Im not OK, youre OK Im OK, youre not OK Im not OK, youre not OK 37. IM OK, YOURE OK Cooperate, share You believe in yourself and others, are trusting and tend to get on with life 38. IM NOT OK, YOURE OK Submit to, concede You have a low opinion of your own value and poor self esteem; lack self confidence and expect things to go wrong A negative outlook tends to lead to a self fulfilling prophesy and you often lose out in situations 39. IM OK, YOURE NOT OK Compete, aggression You will tend to be competitive. You may not cope well with failure, look down at others, blame other people and see them as cause of your failure 40. IM NOT OK, YOURE NOT OK Avoid Life may seem to be futile and that nothing can be done to improve things. A life of rejecting and feeling rejected. 41. LIFE POSITIONS 42. GAMES Games are a set of transactions that have surface logic but hidden meaning and attempt to draw in an unsuspecting participant. An outcome of games is always a win-lose propositions 43. Games are learned patterns of behavior, and most people play a small number of favorite games with a range of different people and in varying intensities. First Degree games are played in social circles generally lead to mild upsets not major traumas. Second Degree games occur when the stakes may be higher. This usually occurs in more intimate circles, and ends up with an even greater negative payoff. Third Degree games involve tissue damage and may end up in the jail, hospital or morgue. 44. WAYS TO DEAL WITH GAMES 1.What keeps happening over and over again 2. How does it start? 3. What happens next? 4. And then what happens? 5. How does it end? 6. How do feel after it ends? (John James, 1973) We can then consider the reason we might have taken up a particular role, where we might switch to, and then consider how to do things differently. We need to consider what our own responsibility is in this - if the situation is too violent for us to get involved what options do we have? We could call for help, get others to come with us to intervene and so on. We need to choose the appropriate assistance and take the action required. 45. MODERN TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS MODEL The original three Parent Adult Child components were sub-divided by Wagner, Joines and Mountain to form seven element model. Original 3 parental adult child components Traditional Transactional Analysis Modified into 7 elements. Modern Transactional Analysis 46. MODERN ESTABLISHED 2 PARENTAL ELEMENTS: Nurturing Controlling * Nurturing (positive) * Spoiling (negative) * Structuring (positive) * Critical (negative) Parent ADULT ACCOUNTING MODE RESOURCES OF BOTH PARENT AND CHILD ADULT REMAINS AS A SINGLE ENTITY 47. CHILD CHILD IS NOW COMMONLY REPRESENTED AS CIRCLE WITH FOUR QUADRANTS Free - Spontaneous (positive) and Immature (negative Adapted - Co- operative (positive) and Compliant/Resistant (negative). 48. INEFFECTIVE MODES Negative Controlling Parent Negative Nurturing Parent Negative Adapted Child Negative Free Child EFFECTIVE MODES Positive Controlling Parent Positive Nurturing Parent Positive Adapted Child Positive Free Child ACCOUNTING MODES MODES OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS MODEL 49. MODES OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS EFFECTIVE MODE INEFFECTIVE MODE ACCOUNTING MODE 50. REVISED MODEL 51. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS ADVANTAGES Improves interpersonal communication Simple to learn Applicable in Motivation Helps in Organizational Development Can be used at home as well as in office DISADVANTAGES Few scientific facts to prove Does not provide an insight into human behavior Ego states are difficult to define 52. CONCLUSION Transactional analysis is a rational and easy-to understand method of clarifying and managing human relationships and behaviors. Transactional analysis is the systematic tool for anybody for their development. In this system, contract is helpful for improving his adult ego states. The client can use his adult to confirm the reasonableness of any new behavior and so get reassurance for his child. He can consciously practice new behaviors, both internally in fantasy and externally with others. He can ask others for approval. He can use his power. He has all of his resource. Using the TA techniques anyone can change himself and develop his personality with his adult ego states. That is why it is a systematic tool. 53. REFERENCES 54. 123 West Main Street New York, NY 10001 | www.carecounseling.com| P: 555.123.4568 F: 555.123.4567 THANK YOU