world war looms

WORLD WAR LOOMS

Chapter 24

PROBLEMS AFTER WORLD WAR I Treaty of Versailles Economic unrest/depression Rise of dictators

Solve problems through war

JOSEPH STALIN (USSR) Replaced Lenin (1924) Collectivization of Agriculture (large-

government-owned farms) 5 year Economic Plans turn USSR into 2nd

largest industrial power by 1937 Totalitarian Police State (complete control

over people, no rights, no opposition) Purges (1930’s): eliminate all

threats/enemies 1920’s/30’s: responsible for 20+ million dead

Figures range from 20-60 million deaths in the Stalin era

BENITO MUSSOLINI (ITALY) Il Duce (the leader) Fascist/Totalitarian state

NationalismMilitarismCharismatic leaderAllow private propertyAnti-democracy & communist

HIDEKI TOJO/MILITARY Emperor Hirohito (figurehead) Nationalism Expansionism

Living spaceResources

ADOLPH HITLER (GERMANY) Der Fuhrer (the leader) National Socialist German Workers

Party (NAZI): 1919 Symbol: swastika Fascist/totalitarian state Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

Aryans: master race Inferior races: Slavs, non-whites who serve the

Aryans Jews: non-humans that are to be eliminated

Lebensraum: living space to the east for Germany

JANUARY 30, 1933: HITLER APPOINTED CHANCELLOR How are the Nazis elected?

Hitler is excellent public speakerTells groups what they want to hearViolence and intimidation against oppositionAnti-Treaty of VersaillesEconomic troubles addressed

Nazis pass laws establishing totalitarian state

HITLER SPEECH http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuMa

jt-qooE

AXIS AGGRESSION/ACTIONS LEADING UP TO WORLD WAR II

SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936-1939) Fascist Francisco Franco (Germany/Italy)

vs. Anti-Franco Republicans (Western Democracies/USSR)

Franco wins and Spain becomes a fascist state

Positive for GermanyLuftwafe and military gain fighting

experienceChance to test blitzkrieg tactics

Negative for GermanySpain does not join Germany during the war

JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA (1931)/DECLARES WAR ON CHINA (1937) Resources & Land Brutal war with over 20 million Chinese

civilian deaths Rape of Nanking/Japanese atrocities in

the Pacific

AUSTRIAN CHANCELLOR KURT VON SCHUSCHNIGG Refused Nazis in his government Germany annexed Austria

March 12, 1938 (Anschluss-Union)

MUNICH PACT: SEPTEMBER 30, 1938 Hitler, Mussolini, Neville chamberlain

(Britain), Edouard Daladier (France) Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia (3 million

German speaking people) Given to Germany Hitler claimed it would be his last

territorial demand

WINSTON CHURCHILL (BRITAIN) Policy of appeasement: giving in to

satisfy an aggressor March 1939: Germany take the rest of

Czechoslovakia

AUGUST 23, 1939: GERMAN-SOVIET NON-AGGRESSION PACT Germany can avoid a two-front war Secret agreement to divide up Poland

SEPTEMBER 1, 1939: START OF WORLD WAR II Germany Invades Poland Blitzkrieg (Lightning War)

Airpower, tanks, motorized infantry used in a surprise, massive attack

Avoid trench warfarePoland falls in 3 weeks

MAY 10, 1940: GERMANY INVADES FRANCE Schlieffen Plan (WWI)/Blitzkrieg through

Ardennes Forrest Drive to the English channel and trap

400,000 allied troops at Dunkirk Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium

invaded and fall Hitler’s mistakes at Dunkirk:

Uses planes not tanksBecome cautiousOver 300,00 troops evacuated (main part of

British army)

JUNE 21, 1940: FRANCE SURRENDERS Germany occupies

northern/western/coastal France Vichy France: puppet government in

southern France led by Marshal Petain Free French led by Charles de Gaulle

continue to fight

BATTLE OF BRITAIN (AUG. 1940-JUN. 1941) Invasion problem for Germany

(Operation Sea Lion)Must make amphibious landing against

British navy and Royal Air Force (RAF) Hitler begins air war against British

(Germany has more planes/pilots) Why British win battle?

Use of radarHitler begins bombing British cities not

military targets (The Blitz)

AIR WAR Allied strategic bombing of Axis powers

(B-17 Flying Fortress) Germans use V1 & V2 rockets Germany develops the first jet plane

(ME 262) but it comes too late to impact the war

ROME-BERLIN-TOKYO PACT SIGNED (SEPTEMBER 1940)

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 1940 Democrats: FDR Republicans: Wendell Willkie FDR wins and breaks the 2 term

tradition

OPERATION BARBAROSSA (JUNE 22, 1941) Three German armies invade USSR Targets: Leningrad, Moscow, Stalingrad Russians use scorched earth policy (fall

back and destroy everything the Germans could potentially use)

Hitler’s mistakes:Keeps changing objectivesNot prepared for winterFails to use non-Russians (Ukrainians, etc.)

thus forcing these people to help Russia

UNITED STATES TO PEARL HARBOR 3 Neutrality Acts for isolationists (1930s) First peacetime draft in US history

(1940) Lend-Lease Act (1941) support countries

vital to our defense Atlantic Charter (1941): war goals of

US/Great Britain. Sets up United Nations.

DECEMBER 7, 1941: JAPANESE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR US knows about an attack, but do not

think that it will be Hawaii Over 2,400 killed; most from USS

Arizona Japanese mistakes

Miss 3 US carriersFail to destroy repair docks & oil storage

facilities

HOLOCAUST:SYSTEMATIC MURDER OF 12 MILLION PEOPLE 6 million Jews & 6 million others

(Russians, Slavs, Gypsies, etc.) 1.5 million children and 2/3 of European

Jews

WHY PRIMARILY THE JEWS? Small minority in Germany History of Anti-Semitism in Europe

(Diaspora) Target/Blame for all of Germany’s

problems

WHY DID GERMAN CITIZENS ALLOW THIS TO HAPPEN? Benefit from anti-Jewish policies Afraid/Intimidation by Nazis

Most Germans were not Nazis, but feared their power/retaliation

Indifference

HOLOCAUST TIMELINE 1930s: German euthanasia program to

purify German race 1930s: concentration camps established

for the elimination of opposition & undesirables (Dachau- first one in 1933)

1933: Nazis encourage Jewish emigration, but anti-Semitism & economic depression prevents many from leaving

1935: Nuremberg Laws (Jews lost citizenship, jobs, & property. Could not marry non-Jews, must wear the Star of David)

TIMELINE CONTINUED 1938: Kristallnacht (Night of Broken

Glass) November 9th

Nazis attack Jews20,000 Jews sent to concentration camps Jews fined one billion marks (German

currency) for damages

TIMELINE CONTINUED 1939: Germany acquires land/people to the

east Ghettos: Jews forced into small areas of

occupied cities. Many die from conditions or intentionally killed. Used for slave labor and later deported to death camps.

Mass Shootings: used to eliminate undesirables Slow & inefficient Waste of resources Psychologically destroys soldiers

January 20, 1942: Wannsee conference Nazis develop and carry out the Final Solution to the

Jewish problem

GASSING Specifically designed vans

Slow, small, and waste of fuel Extermination Camps (6 in Poland)

Large showers using Zyklon –B cyanide gas Extermination Process:

Deportation: shipped by railroads like cattle to death camps

Arrival: able-bodied are used for slave labor and the rest are sent to gas chambers

Possessions: everything confiscated and used by Nazis (most items sent back to Germany)

Disposal: mass graves or crematories

MOVIE CLIPS Gas Chamber

Liquidation of Ghettos part 1

Liquidation of Ghettos part 2

“I’ve got to make room”

Hitler’s mistake: waste of men and resources when trying to fight a war

Nuremberg War Crimes Trial (November 22,1945 to October 1, 1946)Top 22 Nazis tried for war crimes against

humanity by Allied Powers3 acquittals, 7 prison terms, 12 death

sentences

International Military Tribunal: Far EastTop 25 Japanese leaders tried except

Emperor Hirohito18 prison terms, 7 death sentences

War Crimes TrialsNumerous held in Europe & Asia by the

AlliesAround 500,000 convictions