Chapter 24: World War Looms WWII (1939-1945)8.2: The causes and course of World War II, the character of the war at home and abroad, and its reshaping of the U.S. role in world affairs 

Chapter 24: World War LoomsSection 1: Dictators threaten world Peace

Road To WWII• Totalitarianism –

Total control over every aspect of citizen’s lives

• - a form of dictatorship

• Totalitarian governments gained power in Europe in the 1930’s

• Fiction vs. Reality

Political Philosophies• 1. Communism-• a society without class

distinctions or private property (equality?)

• state has absolute authority

• 2. Fascism-• 1 political party • state has absolute

authority• Unlike communism,

defends private property and social classes

• People do not have right to free speech!

Political Philosophies• 3. Democracy – a system

of government in which • the people have the power

to rule, either directly or indirectly

• through their elected officials

• Example of a Democratic Government:

• The United States

• FREEDOM of speech, press, religion

• Right to vote and elect political leaders

• Many political parties to choose from

Political Philosophies• Communist &

Fascist regimes are examples of Totalitarianism

• Examples:• Soviet Union –

Communist (1920’s-1991)

• Italy & Germany – Fascist (1930’s – 1945)

Totalitarian Rulers Around the World 1930’s-1940’s

• 1. Benito Mussolini – (Italy) fascist/military

• 2. Adolf Hitler – (Germany) gains power 1933. Fascist/military

• 3. Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union (Communist)

• 4.Japanese Military dictatorship 1930’s

• Fascist/Military

Anti-Comintern Pact, 1937• Alliance formed

Between: Germany, Italy, Japan

• They pledge to oppose international communism

• Join forces against the Soviet Union ( & the spread of communism)

Nazi- Soviet Pact, 1939• But then…• Hitler (Germany)

signed non-aggression pact with Stalin (Soviet Union )!

• They agreed Not to invade/ attack each other

Chapter 24: World War LoomsSection 2: War in Europe

Events Leading Up to WWII• Hitler invaded:

• 1.Rhineland, 1936 • Region between

Germany & France• 2. Austria 1938• 3. Sudetenland

1938 (Czechoslovakia)

• Why??

WWII Officially Began When…• Hitler & his German

Troops invaded

• Poland Sept. 1st, 1939

• Great Britain & France declared war on Germany

Why Didn’t Anyone Stop Hitler Prior To Sept. 1st 1939?

•The “Appeasement” Policy:•Allowing aggressors to have what they

want…•In the hope they will demand no more

Sides & Alliances

•ALLIES:•1. Great Britain•2. France•3. U.S. (joined

1941)•4. Soviet Union

(joined 1941 After Hitler betrayed Stalin)

•AXIS POWERS:•1. Germany•2. Italy•3. Japan

1940-German Troops…• Invaded Northern

European countries:• Denmark, Norway

May, 1940- Hitler & German Troops

•Invaded France May 10, 1940

•France surrendered on June 22, 1940

•Defeat of France shocked the world

August 1940-Battle of Britain• German planes

bombed Great Britain Aug. 1940

• 1 night 70,000 fire bombs dropped

• Massive destruction• Great Britain

Defeated the German air force (Luftwaffe) …barely

Yes, This is a WWII Reference

After the Battle of Britain, 1940• Winston Churchill

(British Prime Minister) asked American President Franklin Roosevelt for help

• Did the U.S. Join the war at this point???

Chapter 24: World War LoomsSection 4: America Moves Towards War

American “Neutrality” Since 1939

•Neutrality Act of 1939• U.S. neutrality in name, not in deed.•Allowed for sale of American weapons/

supplies to European allies on a •“Cash-and-Carry” basis – Great Britain

had to travel to U.S. pick up supplies, pay in cash

“Destroyers for Bases” Deal, 1940

•U.S. provided Great Britain with older naval ships (50)

•In return,•U.S. gained rights to establish military

bases in British held Caribbean islands

American President Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for 3rd term (1940)

• Won 54% of popular vote

• “better a third term than a third rater”

Roosevelt’s Address to Congress (1940)

• To Protect “4 Freedoms”

• 1. Freedom of Speech• 2. Freedom of

Religion• 3. Freedom of Want• 4. Freedom of Fear

Lend Lease Act, 1941

•Franklin D. Roosevelt & British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met secretly

•U.S. let Great Britain borrow war supplies

Churchill & FDR also signed the…

• Atlantic Charter, 1941

• The Cornerstones of a world free of fascism include…

• 1. Self determination of people

• 2. Free trade• 3. disarmament

• U.S. & Great Britain share political ideologies

Question!!

•Has the United States joined World War II yet??

•When will the U.S. join WWII? Why?

1941- Operation Barbarossa

•Hitler Betrayed Stalin!

•And invaded the Soviet Union in June!

• Soviet Union officially joined the allies - 1941

1941 – The Holocaust

•1941 – extermination of Jews, people of color, Gypsies, Clergy, disabled, opponents of Hitler’s regime

•Gestapo = secret police arrest Hitler’s opponents

Concentration Camps

•1941-1942: Jews from all over Europe transported to concentration camps

•6 million Jews Killed

•6 Million Non- Jews Killed

CLARIFICATION•WWII began

Sept. 1st, 1939•Germany (Hitler)

acted as the aggressor and invaded various countries throughout Europe.

•Meanwhile, Japan acted as an aggressor and invaded various countries in Asia.

Why did the U.S. ENTER WWII?

***

Japan Invaded its Neighbors 1. Conquered

Manchuria 1931 2. Invaded China

1937 Nanking- 200,000

Chinese citizens killed

3. Invaded Indo-China (Vietnam)

Tripartite Pact – Formal Alliance of Axis Powers

•1940 An Alliance between Germany, Japan, Italy

In response to Japanese Aggression… President Roosevelt

•U.S. refused to trade with Japan

•Froze Japanese assets in U.S.

•Restricted oil exports to Japan

•Placed an embargo on sale of scrap iron to Japan

In Retaliation, Japan Planned a Secret Attack on American Territory

1941- Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

•December 7, 1941

•Japanese planes attacked American Naval fleet

•2,400 died•1,200 wounded

Pearl Harbor-Statistics• 8 Battleships sunk• 10 other ships

damaged• Including the U.S.S.

Arizona• 200 planes destroyed

Why Pearl Harbor, Hawaii?

Why Pearl Harbor?

•Key American military base in the Pacific

•Dec. 8 : President Roosevelt/Congress declared war on Japan

•Dec. 11: Germany & Italy declared war on U.S.

Franklin D. Roosevelt…•“Yesterday, December 7th,1941… a

date which will live in infamy” - FDR

Chapter 25: The U.S. in WWIISection 1: Mobilizing for Defense

IMPACT OF WWII AT HOME & ABROAD****1941- 1945*****

Executive Order #9066

•“… the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities…” – Feb. 1942

Executive Order 9066• Feb 19, 1942• 100,000 people of

Japanese descent (Nisei) On West Coast

• Removed from homes• Placed in

“Internment camps”

Japanese Internment

Japanese Internment• A Civil Rights

infringement?• Was the decision to

intern all people of Japanese descent in the West coast justified?

Japanese Internment- Justified?• More 60% were U.S.

citizens• 1/3 under the age of

19

Re: Japanese Internment•“I was born in Hawaii. I worked most of my life

on the West Coast. I have never been to Japan. We would have done anything to show our loyalty. All we wanted to do was to be left alone on the coast. . . . My wife and I lost $10,000 in that evacuation. She had a beauty parlor and had to give that up. I had a good position worked up as a gardener, and was taken away from that. We had a little home and that’s gone now. . . .” – anonymous “older Nisei”, 1943 (Manzanar)

Korematsu vs. United States (1944)

• RE: Japanese Internment

• Supreme Court decided that in times of war, the curbing of civil rights is justified.

• 1988 U.S. government formally apologized paid surviving families $20,000

Santa Anita Racetrack, Arcadia CA

• Used as an “assembly center”

Japanese Arriving at Santa Anita

Santa Anita Racetrack – over 3,000 Internees

Economic Impact of War in U.S.•1. War Industry/ Defense Jobs•End of the economic depression as jobs

became available

•2. “Bracero Program” 1942- 200,000 Mexican farm workers were recruited to work in agriculture

•3. Movement of People: 8 million people moved West of the Mississippi 1940-1950

Native American “Code Talkers”

•“code talkers” used Native-American languages

• to encode & decipher secret messages

•Employed by every branch of the military

“Rosie the Riveter” – Women & Work

•Women recruited to work in war industries

•6 million women entered the job force

•Contributed to the war effort by producing weapons, supplies, etc.

“Rosie “ at Work

Women in the Military

•260,000 women volunteered for military service

• 1.Women’s Army Corp (WACs)

•2.Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES)

Women in the Military

•3.Women’s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFs)

•Female pilots •Team of 28•Transported

soldiers & light aircraft

Women in the Military

•4. U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps

•20 nursing schools in the country

•Government paid training

Chapter 25: The U.S. in WWII Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa

What Was the Turning Point in the war?***

“Operation Overlord”• Turning point in

war!• 176,000 Allied

Soldiers• British, Canadian,

American Troops• 600 warships, 10,000

aircraft• Landed in…

Normandy, France• Also known as “D-

DAY”

Why is D-DAY Significant?

• June 6, 1944• Victory for Allies• Launched

“amphibious” attack against German army

• Allies won – German forces retreated August 25

Allies Liberated France from German control - 1944!

Battle of the Bulge - 1944

•December, 1944•Allied Forces

continued towards Belgium

•Faces defensive attack by German forces

Yalta Conference -Feb. 1945

•“The Big 3”•1. Franklin D.

Roosevelt (U.S.) •2. Winston

Churchill (G.B.) •3. Joseph Stalin

(Soviet Union)•Discussed postwar

aftermath

“The Big Three”• Agreed to divide Germany

4 Zones:

• Soviets would control east,

• U.S., Great Britain, France would control western Germany

• Berlin, Germany = joint occupation

• Germany to pay $20 billion in war reparations

Spring, 1945

•American President Franklin D. Roosevelt

•Died Suddenly April, 1945

•V.P. Becomes President – Harry S. Truman

Spring, 1945

•Allies liberated Concentration camps

May, 1945

•Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945

•Nazis surrendered May 7, 1945

•Was this the end of the WWII???

Chapter 25: The U.S. in WWII Section 3: The War in the Pacific

Top Secret Manhattan Project

•Harry S. Truman ( American President)

•Considered using the top secret weapon

•The Atomic Bomb

Top Secret Manhattan Project

•$2 million top secret American nuclear weapon experiment

•First “A-bomb” tested July, 16 1945

•In southwestern desert

President Truman’s Choice

•Ordered military to drop A-Bomb on Japan

•If they didn’t surrender by August 3.

August 6, 1945•B-29 bomber

airplane called Enola Gay

•Dropped 5 ton uranium bomb (“little boy”)

•Hiroshima, Japan•80,000 people

killed•60,000 more died

radiation by the end of the year

August 9, 1945

•Second bomb dropped (“ Fat man”) in

•Nagasaki, Japan•Another 60,000

people died•Japan

surrendered September 2, 1945

The Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki•Necessary to end the war?

•Why is this still considered a controversial decision ??

WWII Aftermath…

•55-60 Million People died during WWII

•Half were civilians (Holocaust, Atomic bomb)

•How much is a population of 60 million?? 2010 Population in California : 38 Million

•“Crimes against humanity” entered vocabulary – refers to atrocities committed by Nazis

•WWII Officially ended : September 1945

The Re-shaping in the Role of U.S. in World AffairsAfter WWII…

Impact on American Economy

•1. End of Great Depression

• Increase in productivity (manufacturing)

• Full employment•

New Technology Introduced During WWII

•1. radar•2. computers•3. electronics•4. rockets•5. Nuclear

Weapons (atomic bomb)

Opportunities for Women, Minorities

•1. Women entered job force

•2. Desegregation of armed forces AFTER the war

•3. Native American Code talkers

•4. Bracero program – Mexican farm workers recruited

Impact on American Life• G.I. Bill : also known as the

“Servicemen’s Readjustment Act”

• WWII Veterans are rewarded

• 1. College scholarships

• 2. home loans• 3. small business

loans

Two World Powers Emerged …

•1. The United States

•And…

•2. The Soviet Union

•