computer concepts eduardson a. tacuban, mit computer fundamentals generations lecture 1

Computer Concepts

Eduardson A. Tacuban, MIT

Computer Fundamentals & Generations

Lecture 1

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ComputerThe word ‘Computer’ is derived

from the ‘Latin’ word ‘Compute’ means to perform calculations

Computer is a electronic calculating device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations at a very fast speed (processing) store data, input/output

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Modern computer is an electronic machine that can:

Accept data/inputsStore it arithmetically Process the data logically Give some results/outputs

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Uses of ComputerCountry DefenseMissile SystemAtomic AdvancementResearch – simulations,

computationsEducationMedical SciencesInternational network of computers?Business ApplicationsEntertainment

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Characteristics of ComputerSpeed – 1 hertz = 1 cycle/sec

2 GHz =

Accuracy – GIGO – garbage in garbage out

Data Storage - storage and retrieval of data, it can store and recall any information

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History of Computer

Abacus 5000 years ago Sliding beads on the racksTop most slide used for ‘units’Second top used for 10’sThird top used for 100’sAnd so on…

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Blaise Pascal (1623 -1662)

In 1642, Numerical wheel calculator was invented by Blaise Pascal

It consists of series of numbered wheels and dials, from zero to nine

When one unit passes from 9 to 0, one number is added in the next wheel

Only additions and subtractions are performed

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Gottfield Vilhem Van Leibniz (1646-1716)

In 1694German mathematician made

improvements in the machineEnabled the machine to multiply

numbersMachine worked by using gears and

dials

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Herman Hollerith (1860 - 1929)

In 1889

American scientist applied the idea of punch cards

Used for giving computer the input and receiving the output

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George Boole (1815 -1864)

Clarified binary system of algebra

TRUE / FALSE

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1941 – German developed Z3 to design airplanes

1943 – British made Colossus to break the secret codes

1944 – American made Mark I, half as long as foot ball field, 500 miles wiring used

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1945 – John Von made EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the key in this computer

1951 – Remington Rand made 1st commercially available computer named Universal Automatic Computer

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Generations

Steps of technological differences are called generations

Generations of Computers

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First Generation (1945 – 1956)

Vacuum Tubes, glass devices that control and amplify electronic signals

Each computer had a different machine language that tells that how to operate the computer. This made computers difficult to program

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Disadvantages

Large in sizeUnreliableAir-conditioning requiredNon portable

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Second Generation (1956 – 1963)

Transistors invented

Machine Language is replaced with Assembly Language

COBOL and ForTRAN developed

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Advantages

Lesser in sizeMore reliableA bit more portable

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Disadvantages

Maintenance RequiredAir-conditioning requiredCommercial production was

costly

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Third Generation (1964 – 1971)

Integrated Circuits (IC) allowed dozens of transistors to be put on a single chip

Operating systems used

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Advantages

Smaller in sizeFasterPortableLess power requiredEasier production

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Disadvantages

Air-conditioning requiredDifficult to manufacture IC chips

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Fourth Generation (1971 - Present)

Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundred of components on one chip

In 1980, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) squeezed hundred of thousands of components on one chip

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Disadvantages

Only disadvantage is highly difficult technology is required for microprocessors

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Fifth Generation

Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) used

Voice Recognition

Parallel Processing