computer organisation, generations & current trend

Computer Organisation,Generations & Current Trend

Prof. Sujata RaoSession 2

16th July 2011 2CPU , Gen & Current trends

The C P U

Input

Store

Retrive

Output

Storage Device

Auxiliary & Backup Store

Display

Main Memory

Control Unit

Arithmetic & Logic Unit

Output

Central Processing Unit

( C P U )

Keyboard

Display


Main Memory

Main Memory

Control Unit


Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write

Read Only Memory (R O M )

O/S Appln Prgm

Exec Prgm

BIOS

Supervisory Memory

User memory


R O M

Control Unit


Main Memory

Random Access Memory ( R A M ) for Read & Write

(R O M )

O/S Appln Prgm

Exec Prgm

BIOS

Supervisory Memory

User memory

1. Masked ROM 2. P R O M 3. E P R O M 4. E E P R O M

D A T A


4 Type of R O M Masked R O M –

A bit pattern is permanently recorded. Specialised Manufacturing Process. Very Expensive

P R O M - Programmable Read Only Memory Can be programmed by User Using PROM Prgm can burn the fuses according to the bit

pattern - “Burning the PROM”

E P R O M – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Info stored is Semi-Permanent. Can be erased by exposing the memory to Ultra Violet Rays. Can be programmed again Most commonly used


E E P R O M – Electricity Erasable -

Programmable Read Only Memory Similar to EPROM Info can be altered using electrical signals Manufacturing process is quite complex Not commonly Used Very Expensive

E A P R O M - Electricity Alterable -

Programmable Read Only Memory


Types of Computer

Analog Digital Hybrid

Analog - Solves Problem by operating on contineous Variables.

Digital - performs arithmetic, logical & comparative functions on info in digital form

Combines features of Analog & Digital

Types Of Hardware & Software

Prof. Sujata RaoSession 2


Abacus


Generation of Computers

1st - Tubes & Vales, large in size, Slow operating Speed, Limited Programming

Capacity, Short Life Span, Generated lot heat

2nd - Transistors , smaller in size, faster speed, lesser in cost & High reliability

3rd - Semiconductors, CHIP made of IC’s in mid 60’s, increased ALU capability,

ability to perform parallel operation, improvement of instructions, much smaller ,

reduction in cost drastically

4th - silicon chips, high resolution monitors, graphics improved,speed improved, size

& cost reduced.


Super Grids

Made by universities and the military (Virginia Tech with 1100 Apple G5 dual processors, for example) and other clusters of less powerful machines with Linux special OSs for parallel processing.


Types of Computer Grid Computer

Super Computer

Mainframes

Mini Computer

Microcomputer

Terminal Embedded Computer


Super Grids

Made by universities and the military (Virginia Tech with 1100 Apple G5 dual processors, for example) and other clusters of less powerful machines with Linux special OSs for parallel processing.


Super Computer

CDC 6600 designed by Seymour Cray (First commercially successful supercomputer-speed of 9 megaflops)


Supercomputers

Cray 1 - 1976 (courtesy Cray Inc.)

Cray Research-CRAY I vector architecture (designed by Seymour Cray, shaped the computer industry for years to come),


Thinking Machines, The Connection Machine, as this model is called, contains 64,000 CPUs


Players in the supercomputing arena

In 40 years (2004) there are but a few players left in the supercomputing arena:

Cray Dell HP (absorbed: Amdahl, Compaq who ate

Digital) IBM NEC SGI Sun


Companies IBM 3090 VPF.Evans Sutherland ES-1, Fujitsu VP-400E, NSFnet established Apollo, Ardent, and Stellar

Graphics Supercomputers, Hitachi S-820/80, Hypercube simulation on a

LAN at ORNL,CRAY Y-MP, Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web project at

CERN Seymour Cray: Founds Cray Computer Corp.-

Begins CRAY 3 using gallium arsenide chips Bell Labs - Optical Processors Intell - Paralell Processors


Mainframes

Mark I mainframe (1950's)

Eniac (1946) BINAC(1960's)


Mainframe

Mainframe is an industry term for a large computer. The name comes from the way the machine is build up: all units (processing, communication etc.) were hung into a frame. Thus the main computer is build into a frame, therefore: Mainframe


Manufacturers

Amdahl, Burroughs, CDC Cray, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, NEC, SGI, Sun, Texas Instruments, Thinking Machines Univac


Charecteristics

A mainframe has 1 to 16 CPU's (modern machines more)

Memory ranges from 128 Mb over 8 Gigabyte on line RAM

Its processing power ranges from 80 over 550 Mips

It has often different cabinets for Storage I/O RAM


Separate processes (program) for task management program management job management serialization catalogs inter address space communication


Characteristics

centralized computing opposite from distributed computing. Meaning all computing takes (physically) place on the mainframe itself: the processor section .

main purpose is to run commercial applications of Fortune 1000 businesses and other large-scale computing purposes.


IBM 4381 mainframe processor from 1985


The First Generation, 1951-1956

Marked the beginning of commercial computing. High-speed Vacuum Tube Computers operated without operating system. Operators who would select the job to be run,

initially load the system program, run the user’s program, and then select another job, and so forth.


Programs were written in high level, procedure-oriented languages.

Application programs were run one at a time, Translators with absolute computer addresses. Executable program were made by combining

object program along with any existing library programs.

There was no provision for moving a program to different location in storage for any reason.


Development of programming languages was moving away from the basic machine languages;

1st assembly language, and 2nd procedure oriented languages, COBOL The most significant being the development of

FORTRAN & PASCAL.


The second Generation, 1956-1964

2nd Gen computer hardware were made of Transistors which replaced the vacuum tubes.

Important changes in hardware and software architectures occurred during this period.

The computer systems were Punch Card and Tape-oriented Systems.

Random access devices like Disks came to use towards the end of the second generation.

Program processing was done by large centralized computers operated under mono programmed batch processing operating systems.


Programs were executed by processing the Machine Instructions in a strictly sequential order.

CPU (high speed electronic component ) I/O operations which involved mechanical devices

(card readers and tape drives) that were slower. The second generation was a period of intense

operating system development. Researchers began to experiment with multi-

programming and multiprocessing.


The Third Generation, 1964-1979

Officially began in 1964 with IBM’s announcement of its System/360 family of computers.

Hardware technology began to use integrated circuits (ICs)

Yielded significant advantages in both speed and economy.

Operating system were development which handled multiprogramming.

These O/S could handle I/O buffering in the form of spooling operating systems.


These systems reader could move input jobs from cards to disk,

System writer to move job output from disk to printer, tape, or cards.

The spooling operating system in fact had multiprogramming since more than one program was resident in main storage at the same time.

Users shared not only the system’ hardware but also its software resources and file system disk space.


The third generation developed both computer hardware and the accompanying operating system.

During this period, the topic of operating systems became, in reality, a major element of the discipline of computing.


The minicomputers of the third generation.

Examples are Microsoft’s DOS for IBM-compatible personal computers and UNIX for workstation.

However, many of these desktop computers are now connected as networked or distributed systems.


The Fourth Generation, 1979 - Present

4th generation had electronic circuits which replaced the ICs ex. the PC & the workstation

The component technology of the 3rd generation, was replaced by very large scale integration (VLSI), in the fourth generation.

The inexpensive workstation-class computer capable of supporting multiprogramming and time-sharing.

O/s supports personal computers and workstations too.


The fourth generation had electronic circuits which replaced the ICs seen in the personal computer and the workstation. The component technology of the third generation, was replaced by very large scale integration (VLSI), in the fourth generation.

We now have the inexpensive workstation-class computer capable of supporting multiprogramming and time-sharing. Hence the operating systems that supports today’s personal computers and workstations look much like those which were available for the minicomputers of the third generation. Examples are Microsoft’s DOS for IBM-compatible personal computers and UNIX for workstation.

However, many of these desktop computers are now connected as networked or distributed systems.

computer organisation, generations & current trend

Documents

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gen current trendsabacus16th

gen current trends16th

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expensivep r o

prome p r o

gen current trendssuper

writer o