06-fall protection baton rouge

WELCOME

UOP BATON ROUGE

29 CFR 1910 & 1926

FALL PROTECTION TRAINING

YOUR INSTRUCTOR

James M. Cline

BASIS FOR THIS COURSE

Safety Morale Productivity Employee well-being

150- 200 fatalities annually in the U.S.

100,000+ work-related fall injuries annually.

Most workers who survive falls lose time from their job.

This training helps improve:

DANGER

FALLPROTECTION

REQUIRED

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS(Continued)

FALL HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Engineering controls. Administrative controls. Optimization of work practices. Fall ppe reduction as a last resort.

WRITTEN PROGRAM

WRITTEN PROGRAMS MUST BE:

Developed Implemented Controlled Periodically reviewed

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE CONTROLS

ENGINEERING CONTROLS FIRST CHOICE

Work Station Design Facility Modification Process Modification Mechanical Assists

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS SECOND CHOICE

Training Programs Job Rotation/Enlargement Facility Signage Policy and Procedures

PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE

Body Harnesses/Belts Head Protection Eye Protection Non-Slip Shoes

Continued

WHAT OTHER TYPES OF FALL HAZARD WORK CAN YOU THINK OF?

HIGH RISK TYPES OF WORK

FALL HAZARD DEFINITIONSContinued

COMPETENT PERSON:

A person approved or assigned by the employer to perform a specific type of duty or duties or to be at a specific location or locations at the jobsite. 29 CFR 1926.32

QUALIFIED PERSON:

A person who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. 29 CFR 1926.32

FALL HAZARD DEFINITIONS

Hand rails* Guard rails* Toe boards* Floor covers* Ladder cages*

*Covered under a separate set of standards.

FALL PREVENTION:

The prevention of a fall through the use of physical restraints:


FALL PROTECTION:

The prevention of injury through the use of planned, active protective systems:

Roof Systems Rescue Systems Retrieval Systems Restraint Systems Fall Arrest Systems Suspension Systems Ladder Safety Systems

29 CFR 1926.500


"Personal fall arrest system" - A system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, or body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combinations of these.

As of January 1, 1998, the use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited.


ACCELERATION:

2

29 CFR 1926.500

An airborne body will accelerate at 32 feet/second during a free fall. If the free fall distance can be reduced the injury can be reduced.


FREEFALL DISTANCE:

18 FEET

The distance the person falls to the moment the system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.

29 CFR 1926.500


DECELERATION DISTANCE: 29 CFR 1926.500

The additional vertical distance a falling employee travels, excluding lifeline elongation and free fall distance, before stopping, from the point at which the deceleration device begins to operate.

Measured as the distance between the location of an employee's belt or harness attachment point at the moment of activation of the deceleration device during a fall, and the location of that attachment point after the employee comes to a stop.


Free Fall DistanceDeceleration Distance+

= Total Fall Distance

TOTAL FALL DISTANCE

Anchorages to which personal fall arrest equipment is attached must be capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) per employee attached, or must be designed, installed, and used as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two, under the supervision of a qualified person.


29 CFR 1926.502

CONNECTING MEANS:


Standard D-Ring

29 CFR 1926.502

A device which is used to couple (connect) parts of the personal fall arrest system and positioning device systems together. It may be an independent component of the system, such as a carabiner, or it may be an integral component of part of the system (such as a buckle or dee-ring sewn into a body belt or body harness, or a snap-hook spliced or sewn to a lanyard or self-retracting lanyard).

Dee-rings and snaphooks are proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16 kN) without cracking, breaking, or taking permanent deformation.


Standard D-Ring

29 CFR 1926.502

Dee-rings and snaphooks have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).

FALL ARRESTER:


A device, which travels on a lifeline, and will automatically engage the lifeline and lock to arrest a fall of an individual. A fall arrester usually employs the principle of internal locking, cantilever locking, or both. A “Rope Grab” is an example of a fall arrester.

LIFELINES:


A lifeline is a component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an anchorage or anchorage connector at one end (vertical lifeline), or for connection to anchorages at both ends (horizontal lifeline) and which serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.

LIFELINES:


Cannot be made of natural fiber rope. Must be protected against damage by cuts or abrasions. When vertical lifelines are used, each employee must be provided a separate lifeline. Lanyards and vertical lifelines must have a minimum breaking strength of 5000 pounds (22.2kN). Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which do not limit free fall distance to two feet (0.61m) or less, (ripstitch lanyards, and tearing and deforming lanyards) must be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 5000 pounds (22.2kN) applied to the device when the lifeline or lanyard is in the full extended position.


SNAPHOOKS:


Must be sized to be compatible with the member to which they are connected to prevent unintentional disengagement of the snaphook by depression of the snaphook keeper by the connected member, or shall be a locking type snaphook designed and used to prevent disengagement of the snaphook by the contact of the snaphook keeper by the connected member.

As of January 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooks shall be used. 1926.502



HOOKNOSE

GATE

LOCK

HINGE

HOOKBODY

RELEASE

EYE

DOUBLE-LOCKING SNAPHOOKS:

ELEMENTS OF A FALL

THREE ELEMENTS TO A FALL:

Free Fall Distance

Body Weight

Shock Absorption

ELEMENTS OF A FALL Continued

Time Height(second) (feet) 0.5 4.0 1.0 16.0 1.5 36.0 2.0 64.0 2.5 100.0 3.0 144.0 4.0 256.0 6.0 576.0 10.0 1600.0

HOWLONGDOESITTAKETOFALL?


BODY WEIGHT:

Full body harnesses are generally not designed to withstand a combined weight (worker plus equipment) greater than 310 pounds (140kg).

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA:

The greater the body weight, the greater the energy to be dissipated during shock absorption.

Tools and equipment carried or attached to the worker increase mass and the potential forces that must be absorbed by the fall arrest system.


Body WeightFree Fall DistanceX

= Arresting Force

ARRESTING FORCE


SHOCK ABSORPTION:

The more arresting forces generated, the more shock absorption needed. If the free fall distance and body weight is kept to manageable amounts, the body is less likely to absorb much, if any of the forces generated during the fall.

ARRESTING FORCE:

Ends when the fall is completely arrested.

May vary considerably depending upon the fall protection equipment used. The greater the shock absorption, the less forces the body is subjected to.

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS OF A FALLContinued

FREE FALL DISTANCE:

Equipment must bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance an employee travels to three and one-half (3-1/2) feet.

DECELERATION DISTANCE:

Be rigged such that an employee can neither free fall more than six (6) feet nor contact any lower level. Free fall includes a maximum D-Ring slide of six (6) inches.

ARRESTING FORCE:

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS OF A FALLContinued

When using a body belt the arresting force on an employee must be limited to 900 pounds (4kN).

When using a body harness the arresting force on an employee must be limited to 1,800 pounds (1.8kN).

Equipment must have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of an employee free falling a distance of six feet (1.8m), or the free fall distance permitted by the system, whichever is less.

COMPONENTS OF A FALL

SAFETYFACTOR

DECELERATIONDISTANCE (<3-1/2 ft)

FREE FALLDISTANCE (<6ft)

BODYHEIGHT

Continued

BODY BELTS SHOULD NOT BE USED BECAUSE:

THE BASIC FALL PROTECTION SYSTEM

Possibility of falling out of the belt. Vulnerable mid-section and internal injuries. Prolonged suspension can result in constriction of internal organs, and suffocation.

Continued

FULL BODY HARNESSES:In most situations the body harness is preferable to the belt because of its ability to spread arresting forces and to avoid trauma to the neck. Harness design factors include:

THE BASIC FALL PROTECTION SYSTEM

Absence of a waist belt. Seat strap distribution of forces over the buttocks. A sliding back D-Ring. Color coding of top and bottom straps. Light weight and soft webbing material. Harnesses allow greater arresting forces than body belts. The connecting means is kept behind the worker. The worker is left in a “heads up” position after a fall.

Continued

CATEGORIES OF FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Rescue and retrieval systems are generally used in confined spaces, and are often known as personal retrieval systems. The system is primarily used when workers must be lowered into tanks, manholes, etc., and when retrieval may be required should an emergency occur.

RESCUE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS:

Continued


SAFELINE

SAFELINE

BACK-UPFALL PROTECTION

WINCH

TRIPOD

TIE-OFF POINT


Continued



NOTE: The self-retracting lifeline with retrieval capability should not be used for frequent or continual hoisting or lowering of personnel or equipment. This equipment should only be used for emergency rescue of personnel.

The tripod and a self-retracting life line with retrieval capability may also be used when descending or ascending on a ladder or staircase.

Continued


To facilitate non-entry rescue, retrieval systems or methods must be used whenever an authorized entrant enters a permit space, unless the retrieval equipment would increase the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the rescue of the entrant.

RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS AND PERMIT SPACE ENTRY:


Continued


Retrieval systems must meet the following requirements:

Entrants must use a chest or full body harness. Lines must attached to the center of the back at shoulders or; Above the entrant’s head. Wristlets may be used in lieu of harness if: 1. It can be demonstrated that a harness is infeasible. 2. It can be demonstrated that a harness increases the hazard. 3. It can be demonstrated that wristlets are the safest means. The other end of the retrieval line must be attached to a mechanical device or fixed point outside the space to facilitate immediate rescue.

Continued


To facilitate non-entry rescue, a mechanical device must be available to retrieve personnel from vertical type permit spaces more than 4 feet deep.



Continued


The following guidelines will help determine if a retrieval system presents more hazards than benefits:

A permit space with obstructions or turns that could bind the retrieval line, the entrant need not use a retrieval system.

When an employee being rescued with the retrieval system would be injured because of forceful contact with projection in the space, the entrant need not be attached to a retrieval system.

In a permit space, an entrant using an air supplied respirator need not use a retrieval system if the retrieval line could become tangled with the air line.

Continued


FALL ARREST SYSTEMS:

ANCHORAGE

BODYSUPPORT

CONNECTINGMEANS

Designed to minimize the forces generated during a fall. Theses systems are designed to be passive, and will only operate should a fall occur.

Continued


LIFELINE SYSTEMS:

Vertical Lifeline: A vertical line that extends from an independent anchorage point to which a lanyard or device is attached.

Horizontal Lifeline: A horizontal line that extends between two horizontal anchorages to which a lanyard or device is attached.

The above two systems can function independently, or can be integrated to provide two dimensional fall protection.

HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

Continued

SWING FALL HAZARDS:

A pendulum-like motion may result when an individual moves or walks away from a fixed anchorage point and then falls.

Swing falls can generate the same forces as falling through the same distance vertically, but with the additional hazard of striking an obstruction.

Swing falls are of particular concern with retracting lifelines because of the longer cable length and ability to move freely. These falls can be controlled by maintaining the anchorage point overhead, or by raising the height of the anchorage point to minimize the arc and the force of the swing.


TRIP

HORIZONTALLIFELINE

FIXEDANCHORAGE

POINT


SEQUENCE:

1. Force of the arrest rebounds through the lanyard or lifeline.

2. The snaphook is driven up and around the attachment.

3. The gate of the snaphook is depressed by the roll motion.

4. The snaphook pop loose or rolls out of the attachment point.

Continued

SNAPHOOK ROLL-OUT HAZARD:

Roll-out can occur when a single-locking snaphook is improperly connected to an attachment point such as a small eyebolt, or to another snaphook. Roll-out is also possible when a lanyard or lifeline is wrapped around a structure and hooked back into itself.


Continued

ADDITIONAL HAZARDS:

Heat

Sharp and cutting edges

Environmental conditions

Corrosion and dirt

INSPECTION AND CARE OF FALL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

INSPECTION BEFORE USE:

Employees using the equipment need to inspect their own equipment. Do not place your life unnecessarily in anyone else hands!

Defective components must be removed from service if their function or strength has been adversely affected and destroyed.


Continued

IMPACT LOADING:

Equipment subjected to impact loading or an actual fall must be immediately removed from service and not used again unless inspected and determined by a competent person to be undamaged and suitable for reuse.


Continued

INSPECTION CONSIDERATIONS: Inspect equipment before each use (without exception). Inspect anchorage point before use.Tag unusable, damaged equipment and turn it into the Safety Dept. Separate damaged equipment from serviceable equipment. Develop a detailed inspection policy. We now have the quarterly inspection program that the Safety Dept. performs Consider the effects on equipment stored for long periods. Destroy “impact loaded” equipment immediately. Incorporate manufacturer’s instructions into plant inspections. Consider special situations such as radiation, electrical conductivity, and chemicals when developing a maintenance program.

Examples of Fall Protection

In Use in the UOP-Baton Rouge Plant

Example of What Happens When Fall Protection Is Not Used

Conclusion of Fall Protection Training

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