029. polaris burmese library - singapore - collection - volume 29

8/9/2019 029. Polaris Burmese Library - Singapore - Collection - Volume 29

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/029-polaris-burmese-library-singapore-collection-volume-29 1/305

jynovlxtaygif;cHpm;ae&aom qif;&J'kursK;prS vwfajrmuatmi pptm%m&ifpepu t&ifOD;qH;wufzsujyp&rn/

vr;jyMu,jrermpmMunYwu ( piumy ) aqmi;yg;rsm; twJ 29 1

ppftmPm&Sifpepfwdkufzsufa&; jidrf;csrf;a&;'dDrdkua&pDa&;vl YtcGifhta&;

aqmif;yg;rsm; twG J 29

( 6 ) wdufrSmavmufudufwmcHzl;ovm;ESifhtjcm;axmif0wWKwdrsm;

0i;wihxGef;





ppftmPm&Sifpepfwdkufzsufa&; jidrf;csrf;a&;'dDrdkua&pDa&;vl YtcGifhta&;

aqmif;yg;rsm; twG J 29

( 6 ) wdufrSmavmufudufwmcHzl;ovm;ESifhtjcm;axmif0wWKwdrsm;

0i;wihxGef;

yEdyfrwfwr;

vr;jyMu,jrermpmMunYwu ( piumy ) twutx;xwa0on2007 cEppiumyeKiiH

POLARIS BURMESE LIBRARY ( SINGAPORE )





REFILE - CORRECTING LOCATION Insein Prison Compound in Yangon, where Myanmar's opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is being detained, is pictured in this video frame grab released May 20, 2009. Army-ruled Myanmar opened the

trial of opposition leader Suu Kyi on Wednesday in an apparent bid to calm growing international outrage at the regime and its latest crackdown on the Nobel

Peace laureate.

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kWKqQEHEdf0/ShcMoiL22YI/AAAAAAAAabE/BAhq1THiPx0/s1600-h/b.jpg





Riot police adjust barricades at a road block near Insein Prison in Yangon May 19, 2009

19 September (1988), shot to death by fascist

Burmese soldiers, Ma Win Maw Oo, Hlaing Thayar,Rangoon





17 September (2002), death in custody atInsein prison, U Aung May Thu, All Burma

Federation of Students Union, NLD Minhla,

Tharawaddy, Pegu

2009 September 17

17 September (2002), death in custody at Insein prison, U Aung May Thu, All Burma

Federation of Students Union, NLD Minhla, Tharawaddy, Pegu

18 September (1988), killed in front of the USA embassy, Ko Soe Kyaw Phone Maung,

student from

Rangoon Art and Science University (Hlaing campus)

19 September (1929), on the 166th day of hunger strike in Rangoon Central Prison, Sayadaw

U Wisara died

for the freedom of Burma.

19 September (1988), Moulmein Massacre, seven students were killed

19 September (1988), shot to death by fascist Burmese soldiers, Ma Win Maw Oo, Hlaing

Thayar, Rangoon

21 September, International Day of Peace22 September (1992), Founding Day of National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB =

DAB + NDF +

MPU + NLD-LA)





Though imprisoned they are everywhere amongst us. Burma’s former political prisoners fromacross the world demand the release of all political prisoners currently incarcerated in

Burma’s notorious prisons. This is U Khun Saing. He was detained for 14 years in Insein

prison. This image is taken from the documentary project “Even Though I’m Free I Am Not”.

Dr Zaw Myint Mg

http://enigmaimages.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/mg_1207.jpg





Aerial view of YangonInsein Prison





This is Tin Aye. He was a former leader of the All Burma Federation of Student Unions. Hewas detained for 16 years in Insein and Mandalay prisons

Though imprisoned they are everywhere amongst us. Burma’s former political prisoners from

across the world demand the release of all political prisoners currently incarcerated in

Burma’s notorious prisons. This is Thida Htway. She was detained for 4 years in Insein and

http://enigmaimages.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/mg_9497.jpg

http://enigmaimages.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/noble-aye-sent-to-solitary/_mg_7206/





Bago prisons. This image is taken from the documentary project “Even Though I’m Free I

Am Not”.

Burmese democracyveteran freedOne of Burma's most prominent political detainees, Win Tin, has

been freed after 19 years in detention.

He was reportedly one of 9,000 prisoners amnestied by the Burmesemilitary in a gesture of what state media describe as "loving kindness".

Win Tin was Burma's longest serving political prisoner

"I will keep fighting until the emergence of democracy in this country," hesaid after his release.

Now 79 years old, Win Tin was among the founders of the NationalLeague for Democracy led by Aung San Suu Kyi.

The NLD party won elections in 1989, but was prevented from takingpower by Burma's generals.

Poet

Win Tin was Burma's longest-serving political prisoner, according to theUN and human rights groups which had repeatedly called for his release.





A poet, editor and close aide to Ms Suu Kyi, he was originally arrested inJuly 1989.

Once in jail, he received additional sentences for agitating against themilitary junta and distributing propaganda.

After 19 years in the notorious Insein prison, he emerged on Tuesdayunbowed, promising to continue his fight for democracy.

"I will continue with politics as I am a politician," he told reporters.

"I do not accept this constitution," he said, referring to a military-backedcharter passed earlier this year and criticised heavily by the NLD.

Family members said Win Tin was in "good health" despite recent reportsof illness.

'Goodwill'

Win Tin was released on the same day that thousands of other prisonerswere reportedly set free.

The Myanmar Times, a state-censored newspaper in Rangoon, said themilitary government was releasing 9,002 prisoners as a gesture of "lovingkindness and goodwill".

Dissident groups said they did not know whether any other political

prisoners were included in that number apart from Win Tin.

Human rights watchdog Amnesty International said in August that 2,000political prisoners were currently behind bars in Burma.

The most prominent is Aung San Suu Kyi herself, who has been in jail orunder house arrest for most of the last 19 years.

Story from BBC NEWS:http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/7631395.stm

Published: 2008/09/23 12:04:48 GMT

© BBC MMIX



0if;wif h xGef; 1

ESifESifESifESifESif h h h h h

0if;wifhxGef;0if;wifhxGef;0if;wifhxGef;0if;wifhxGef;0if;wifhxGef;

ESifhESifhESifhESifhESifh

t jcm;t jcm;t jcm;t jcm;t jcm; axmi faxmi faxmi faxmi faxmi f 0W Kw d k r s m ;0W Kw d k r s m ;0W Kw d k r s m ;0W Kw d k r s m ;0W Kw d k r s m ;

(6) wk dufrS m(6) wkdufrS m(6) wk dufrS m(6) wkdufrS m(6) wk dufrS mavmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;

(6) wk dufrS m(6) wkdufrSm(6) wk dufrS m(6) wkdufrSm(6) wkdufrS mavmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;

(6) wkdufrS m(6) wk dufrSm(6) wkdufrS m(6) wk dufrSm(6) wkdufrSmavmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;

Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



2 0if;wif h xGef;

(6)wd kufrS m avmufud kufwm cH&zl;ovm; ESifh tjcm;axmif0wKwd krsm;

pmtkyfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfrSwfwrf;

pmtkyftrnf

(6)wdkufrSmavmufudkufwmcHzl;ovm;(6)wdkufrSmavmufudkufwmcHzl;ovm;(6)wdkufrSmavmufudkufwmcHzl;ovm;(6)wdkufrSmavmufudkufwmcHzl;ovm;(6)wdkufrSmavmufudkufwmcHzl;ovm;eSifheSifheSifheSifheSifh

tjcm;axmif0WKwd krsm;tjcm;axmif0WKwd krsm;tjcm;axmif0WKwd krsm;tjcm;axmif0WKwd krsm;tjcm;axmif0WKwd krsm;

a7;ol - 0if;wifhxGef;a7;ol - 0if;wifhxGef;a7;ol - 0if;wifhxGef;a7;ol - 0if;wifhxGef;a7;ol - 0if;wifhxGef;

yef;csDrsufeSmzk H;- wifud kud kOD;

twGif;- wifud kud kOD;? ^mEfpk d;'DZd kif; - KT

pmtkyfrGrf;rH - opfcufoHvGif

yk HES dyfjcif;yxrtjuddrf

xkwfa0onf humv 2005?atmufwd kbm

tkyfa7 - 1000

wefzd k; - ( )

oPmawmfvSe fa7;pmayoPmawmfvSe fa7;pmayoPmawmfvSe fa7;pmayoPmawmfvSe fa7;pmayoPmawmfvSe fa7;pmay503 Ichida Building

2-11-3 Kita Otsuk Toshimaku

T 170-0004

Tokyo,JapanTel:090-6119-1975

E-mail: [email protected]

xkwfa0=jzefŒcsda&;




0if;wif h xGef; 3

(6) wd kufrS m avmufud kufwm cHzl;ovm;

tjcm; axmif 0wKwd krsm;ESif h

0if;wif hxGef;

rmwdum

1? wd kufwef;pD; 9

2? a&$aq;vdyf aiGaq;vdyf 163? cspfvGef;vdk@ a&mufvmolyg 244? aus;Zl;wHk@wif &S dygv5? t opPm 416? ajcusif; 497? 5 wdkuf/ 22 598? ppfa=uma&; 709? t&l;wd kuf 10? (6)wd kufrSm avmufudkufwm cHzl;ovm; 9211? (10)bkwf/ (14)a,muf 103

0wKwd krsm;

opPmtiftm;pktrSm æ 4

0if;wif hxGef;trS m æ 6

pmrsufESm




4 0if;wif h xGef;


wae@?opPmawmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif;t,f'Dwmrsm;jzpf=uonf h q&marmifpk d;csdefESif h q&mrZifZifwd k @xHrS tD;ar;vfwyk'f 0ifvmonf? q&m0if;wif hxGef;.0wKwd kawGud kopPmtzG J @uxkwfa0zd k @twGuf óudwifjyifqifxm;=u&efESif h 0wKwd kawGud k r=umrDyd k @ay;vd kufrnf/ zwf±_xm;=uzd k @ Ed k;aqmfonf htD;ar;vf? 0wKwd kawGu ArmjynfzufqpfaxmiftarSmifwd kufxJu axmiftawG @tñuH0wKawG[k q&mrZifZifu zkef;ESih fajymonfud kxyf=um;&jyefonf? b,fvd k0wKwd kawGygvdrf h? 0wKwd kawGvufxJa&mufvmvd k @zwf&

awmhrSod&awmhrnf? b,fvd k0wKwd kud k zefwD;xm;ygvdrf h? usaemfwk d @opPmawmfvSefa&;pmaytzG J @u q&m*gr%d. “,rrif;O,smOfod k @tvnfa&mufjcif;” acgif;pOfjzih f a&;om;wifjyxm;onf h axmiftawG @tóuHaqmif;yg;rsm;ud k xkwfa0cJ honfrSmr=umvSao;?zufqpfppftm%m&Sifpepf. zdES dyfa&;,EW&m; acG;oGm;pdwfrsm;jzpf=uonf h ppfwyf/ ykvdyf/w&m;ol}uD;/ w&m;±k H;/ axmif/ axmufvSrf;a&;ESif h óud;wd kuftarSmifwk duf/ azmufjyef,kwfuef;onf h ppfOya'wk d @ESif htrsKd;om;jynfolvlxkawGud k zdES dyfacsr_ef;aeus? zufqpfu ol @vufxJutm%mjrJjrJwnfwef @a&;twGuf oabmxm;uG JvG Jol'Drd kua&pDtif

tm;pk rSefor#vk H;0&SifoefcGif hr&S d? acgif;axmifcGif hr&S d? r&S d&atmif xk dzdES dyfa&; acG;oGm;pdwfrsm;jzif h acsr_ef;ypfonf? q&m*gr%du ol.axmiftawG @tñuH (odk @r[kwf) ,rrif;O,smOftawG @tñuHud k aqmif;yg;pmayyk HpHjzif h azmfxkwfonf? q&m0if;wif hxGef;u 0wK pmayyk HpHjzih f azmfxkwfonf? 0wKjzpfojzih f tEkynmzG J @oDr_.tajccHtusqk H;cHpm;r_xkxnftwd kif;tqu ygvm+yD?

q&m0if;wif hxGef;0wKwk dawGud k vufxJa&mufvmIzwf±_&aomtcg 0wKwyk'fpDwGifyg&S donf hta=umif;t&mESif hcHpm;r_rsm;rSm ,H kEd kifp&myifr&S d? ,rrif;O,smOfod k @ usaemfwk d @tvnfa&mufcJ houJ hok d @ q&mh0wKawGud kzwf&if; zufqpfi&Jcef;ud k usaemfwd k @a&mufoGm;cJ h=uonf? a=uuG J&/ u±k%mjzpf&/ a'gojzpf&/ r[kwfwmrw&m;wmrSefor#/ tm%mwnfjrJa&;twGufvkyfaqmifaeonf h zufqpfae0if;ESif h ae0if;acG;oGm;pdwfrsm;ud kpufqkyf&G @Hrkef;&/ atmhESvk H;em&/ axmiftwGif;u jynfol @ol&Jaumif;wk d @.aoG;ESif h pdwf"mwfrsm;udk av;pm;pdwf/ trSefw&m;ud kjrwfEdk;wefzd k;xm;jcif;ESif htwl &ifxJrSm&J&JawmufvmcJ h& æ ponf h cHpm;r_wk d @ud k weif hwyd k;&&S dcHpm;=u&onf? zufqpfaxmifawGvl @ord kif;rSm &S dcJ h+yD;om;? ArmzufqpfawGtwGuf vrf;jycJ hwJ h [pfwvm&J @ atmhZf0pftusOf;axmifud kyJ=unf h? zufqpf*syef&J @i&Jcef;awGud k =unf h? AD,uferfrvGwfajrmufrDu AD,ufaumif;awGud k t&Sifvwfvwfi&Jcef;yk d @cJ hwJ h tar &dueftusOf;axmifawGud k=unfh? ArmzufqpfuvJ tJ'D hi&Jcef;awGtwk dif;aygh?

xkwfa0ol opP mawmfvSefa&;pmaytiftm;pk.trS m æ




0if;wif h xGef; 5

ae0if;zufqpftkyfpktqufquf&J @zufqpftusOf;axmifqd kwm ,k H=unfcsuform;awGud k acsr_ef;ypfwJ hae&mjzpfovd k tawG;tac:eJ @pdwf"mwfawGud kvnf; acsr_ef;ypfaewJ hocsKõ if;t&yfa'ojzpfonf? cufwmu tawG;tac:eJ @pdwf"mwf,k H=unfr_awGud k tJ'Dvd kacsr_ef;ypfvd k @&w,f[k xifaeonf? rxifvd kufygeJ @zufqpfvd k @ 'DtrSmxJuae+yD; usaemfwd k @ajymvd kufyg&ap? rxifygeJ @? vl[marG;uwnf;u vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGif h/ ,k H=unfcGif h&S d+yD;om;? ,k H=unfcsuform;[m b,faomtcgrStvHrvS Jyg? ord kif;t&yf&yfuvnf; xk d

tcsufud k jyoaevsufyg? q&m0if;wif hxGef;uAsmxJutwk dif;ygyJ? “'gayr,f h 'Dae&mrSmyJtmZmenfrsm;pGmud kzGm;opf/ oHr%dppfppfaywifcH/ rD;v#HawGwGif;rSmjzwfausmf&if; tvif;cspfolawGvJ arG;vmw,fæ”? [kwfonf? xd kzufqpfwk d @.i&Jcef;ocsKõ if;rD;v#HxJrSm tvif;cspfolawGarG;vmcJ hwmygyJ? wenf;ajym&&if tzdES dyfcHjynfolawGxJu jynfol @awG&JŒud k,fpm; tefwkawmfvSefcJ h=uonf h tvif;cspfol ol&Jaumif;awG?

'Dvd ki&Jcef;uae touf&SifvsufxGufvmcJ honf h pma&;q&m uAsmq&m awmfvSefa&;orm;/ oduQm}uD;rm;onf h ,k H=unfcsuform;.zufqpfaxmiftawG @tñuH 0wKwd krsm;

ud k bma=umif h usaemfwk d @opPmpmaytzG J @u rxkwfa0bJae&rnfenf;? 'D0wKwd kawGud kxkwfa0cGif h&cJ honf htwGuf q&m0if;wif hxGef;ud k usaemfwk d @wvd _ufwvJ S aus;Zl;wifonf?usaemfwk d @u wyg;ol&J @taESmiftzG J @/ axmufyH ha=u;ESif huif;onfxufuif;+yD; usaemfwkd @ajcaxmufay:usaemfwd k @&yf+yD; usaemfwk d @vkyftm;cac|;eJpmeJ @ pmtkyfxkwfa0jcif;jzpfonf?usaemfwk d @ac|;eJpmrsm;onf Armjynfolvl @tzG J @tpnf;twGuf tusKd;&S daponf h pmayESif homxd kufwefojzif h usaemfwd k @awmfvSefa&;pmayud k a&G;cs,fjcif;vnf; jzpfonf?

aemufxyfaus;Zl;wifpum;qk d&rnf holrsm;rSm opfcufoHvGiftzG J @ud kyg? owfrSwfxm;onf h &ufvxufapm+yD; pmtkyfud kxkwfa0jzpfatmif ñud;yrf;ay;onh ftwGuf q&mwk d @ud k aus;Zl;wifygonf? txl;ojzihf tpmtdrfa&m*gcHpm;ae&vsufu usef;rma&;ud kriJ huGufbJ pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;twGufvk H;yef;ay;onf h q&mud kcifvGef;ud k aus;Zl;wifonf?usaemfwk d @&ifawGxJrSm rSwfwrf;awGa&;xd k;+yD;om;yg?

awmfvSefa&;opPmjzifh æopP mawmfvSefa&;pmaytiftm;p k

atmufwdkbm 5/ 2005?




6 0if;wif h xGef;


eH&Hav;buf tkwf±k d;tkwfwHwd kif;jcm;vd kuf±k HeJ @ urB mwck avmuwck jzpfoGm;&wJ hae&m[m axmifygyJ// yk HrSefavmu yk HrSefvl @tzG J @tpnf;eJ @ b,fvd krS rwlr#Ed kifawmhavmufatmif tH h=op&m ajymif;vJoGm;&ygw,f// urB mwck avmuwck jzpf

oGm;&ygw,f// b,fvdkurBm b,fvdkavmu jzpfoGm;&ygovJ// wcGef;wnf;eJ@csKyf+yD;ajym&&if æ i&JurB m i&Javmu/ avmui&JygyJ//jyifyurB m jyifyavmueJ @rwljcm;em;wJ h urB mtnpf avmutnpfwck jzpf

oGm;&wJhtavsmuf/ rwljcm;em;wJ ha0g[m&awG tok H;tE_ef;awGvJ woD;woef@/wuef @wpkH/ wzk Hwbmom uGmjym;jcm;em; vSpGm &S dvmygw,f// =unf hygh æ

yk HpH/ vufaumuf/ tr_wG J/ td k;pm;/ bl;0/ rdef;a*s;vf/ bkwfud kif/ bkwfwd kuf/bm,m/ wef;pD; / *ef zvm;/ wvmpD/ zd k}uD;/ tvkyf}uD;/ ygq,f/ axmif0ifpm/

vd kif;0if/ vd kif;oGif;/ t=uHtzef æ pwJ hpwJ h a0g[m&awG[m axmifa0g[m&awGyg?'Davmu[m i&Javmu æ avmui&JjzpfwJ htwGuf tifrwef ylavmifygw,f// tvGefw&m ,kwfrm±k dif;pd kif;ygw,f// awmfawmfud k cg;onf;emusnf;p&maumif;ygw,f? pufqkyfp&m tedÏm±k HawGeJ @ jynfhESufvGrf;ðcH ykyfa[mif eHapmfae&mt&yf jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umif h 'Dt&yfud k rpnfum;tyf&mt&yftjzpf xk H;wrf;pOfvmajym=uqd k=u owfrSwfcJ h=uygw,f? vlaojr‡KyfES H&m ocsKõ if;ok\ef vkyfwd kif;ukef;eJ @xyfwlxyfr# rpnfum;tyf&mt&yftjzpf wwef;wnf; oabmxm;cJ h=uygw,f?

'gjzif h 'Dvd krpnfum;tyf&mt&yfrSm bma=umifhvlawG jynf hESuf=uyfnyfaeatmif pnfum;ae&ygovJ// ya'o&mZfacwf/ e,fcsJ @acwf/ vGwfvyfaa&;&+yD; acwfuae/ uae@txd acwfwd kif;acwfwd kif; wacwfxuf wacwfwd k;wd k;+yD;om rpnfum;tyf&mt&yfrSm pnfum;ae=u&wm bma=umif hvJ//

rwljcm;em;wJh acwfumvawGtavsmuf/ aESmiftdrf/ a=u;wdkuf/ tcsKyf/a*s;vf/ pHjyaxmif/ yk HpHaxmif/ tusOf;axmif/ axmif æ pojzif hpojzif h trnfawGb,favmuf uG Jjym;uG Jjym;/ tESpfom& t&uawmh/ oufqd kif&mtkyfpdk;olawG&J @tm%mwnfjrJa&;/ qufvuftkyfpdk;rif;rlaeEd kifa&;awGtwGuf r&Sdrjzpf zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifwyfqifxm;&wJ h n‡Of;yef;ES dyfpufa&;u&d,mawGxJrSm ta&;}uD;u&d,mwefqmyvmwck[m axmifjzpfaevd k@ygyJ//

ed'gef;pum;OD; aus;Zl;trSmed'gef;pum;OD; aus;Zl;trSmed'gef;pum;OD; aus;Zl;trSmed'gef;pum;OD; aus;Zl;trSmed'gef;pum;OD; aus;Zl;trSm




0if;wif h xGef; 7

axmifqd kwm tkyfpd k;olwd k @&J @zdES dyftkyfcsKyf n‡Of;yef;ES dyfpufa&; u&d,mwck jzpfwJ htwGuf/ &mZ0wfr_jypfr_usL;vGefol 'kp±k duform;awGrS a&muf&S dñuHawG @ xnf hoGif;cH&wmr[kwf/ rw&m;wJhtkyfpd k;r_ud k wk H @jyefqef @usiftefwkwd kufyG J0if=uol/ trSef

w&m;bufrS&yfwnfcJ h=uol vlaumif;olaumif; ol&Jaumif;awGvJ a&muf&S dñuHawG @&ifqd kifpHjref; xnf hoGif;cH&&m ae&mwckjzpfcJ h&ygw,f//axmifqdkwm vl@*k%fyk'frSeftr#eJ @vl @tcGifhta&;tm;vk H;ud k csKd;ESdrfzsufodrf;

ypfvd kufwJ hae&mjzpf±k Hru rw&m;ojzif hES dyfpufapmfum;&m/ ,kwf,kwfuef;uef; ðyrl&m/ tusnf;wefqk H; vlrqefqkH; t&yfvJyJjzpfovd k ykefuefol awmfvSefol trSefw&m;qkyfud kifolrsm; umvra&G; ñuHawG @a&muf&S d oGm;Ed kifzG,f&m&S dwJ h teD;pyfqkH;ae&m 'grSr[kwf oHcJwiftprf;oyfcH&m aywifck Hwck/ prf;oyfuGif;wckvJyJ jzpfw,f

vd k @ qd kcsifygw,f// 'ga=umif h æaxmifxJrSm wcgu usaemfud k,fwd kif Ed kifiHa&; tusOf;om;wOD;jzpf&pOfu æaxmif æ wJ haESmiftdrfr#om r[kwfvl @*k%fyk'frSefor#ud k acseif;cg;onf;jcif;aygif;pk Hwd k @&J @ A[d kcsuf&ufpufr_aygif;pk Hwd k @&J @ &yf0ef;aoG;&dyfpGef;aewJ h tarSmifajr æ vdk @ uAsmzG J @qd kjzpfcJ hzl;ygw,f// +yD;rS æ'gayrJh æ 'Dae&mrSmyJtmZmenfrsm;pGmud k zGm;opfoHr%d ppfrppf aywifcHrD;v#HawGwGif;rSm jzwfausmf&if;tvif;cspfolawGvJ arG;vmw,f æ vd k hazmfusL;cJ hzl;ygw,f// axmifxJwkef;u

axmifcHpm;r_ uAsmawG awmfwmfrsm;rsm; pyfqd ka&;oDjzpfcJ hovd k/ axmifujyefvmawmhvJ axmifvk H;csif;0wWK&Snf}uD;ESpfyk'f a&;jzpfcJ hygw,f// ESpfyk'fvk H;ud k q&m armifpGrf;&nf/ wifodef;armif (axmifxJrSmyJ usqk H;oGm;&&SmwJ h tJeft,fvf'D ud kodef;wif)/ud kaX;atmif(Zifvif;)/ emrnf}uD;pma&;q&mrwOD;eJ @ &Jabmfa&;abmfwcsKd @ud k ay;+yD;




8 0if;wif h xGef;


zwfapcJ hzl;ygw,f//tckaxmif0wWKwd kav;awGxJuwcsKd @ud k yxrqk H;p+yD;a&;jzpfcJ hwm ud kZifvif;

tdrfrSmjzpf+yD;/ ud kZifvif;ud k tOD;qk H;ay;+yD; zwfcJ hzl;wmawG &S dygw,f// &Spfav;vk H;ta&;awmfyk H}uD; rwd kifrDumvuyg// ta=umif;a=umif;a=umif h b,frSmrS azmfjyEd kifcGifh pmtkyftjzpfxGufay:vmcGifh pufwifykHESdyfEdkifcGifhr&cJhyg? [dkrSm'DrSm odkxm;0Sufxm; tyfES Hxm;cJ h&ygw,f//

jynfyud kxGufvmcJ h&+yD;aemufyd kif; ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm axmifwGif;cHpm;cJ h

&r_av;rsm;ud k (t&ifua&;zG J @cJ hzl;+yD;om;a&m ra&;om;jzpfao;wmyg) jyefvnfpsmef0ifwl;azmfa&;zG J @jzpfcJ h+yD; rd k;óud;/ a'gif ;td k;a0/ O'gef;wd k @rSm oif havsmfovd k ay;yd k @tok H;ðycGif h&cJ hayrJ h/ xk H @yd kif;xk @Hyd kif;eJ @jynf hjynf h00 ausaus eyfeyfcHpm;&r_rsKd; rjzpfcJ hyg?pkpkpnf;pnf; odrf;odrf;xkyfxkyfaygif;±k H;wifqufcsifayrJ h vkyfcGif hqEN rjynf h0cJ hyg?tckrS æ tckvd k axmif0wWKwd kaygif;csKyftjzpf pkpkpnf;pnf; aygif;±k H;wifqufay;tyfcGif h&wJ htwGuf opPmpmay&Jabmfa&;abmftm;vk H;ud k av;av;eufeuf aus;Zl;pum; qd kvd kufygw,f// &ifwGif;rSwfwrf; 0rf;yef;wom rSwfom;xm;vd kufygw,f?

tckwifqufvdkufwJ h axmif0wWKwdkav;rsm;[m rqvppftpdk;&acwfrSmtif;pdefaxmif/ om,m0wDaxmifwdk @rSm wu,fjzpfysufcJ hwJ h jzpf&yfrSefb0yk H&dyfwpGef;wpaumufa=umif; cJjcpfav;rsm;jzpfovdk/ usaemfhudk,fawG@cHpm;&csufwpdwfwyd kif; ryDro ±kyfyk Hv$m tppftrSefrsm;vJ jzpfygw,f//

rqvacwf aemufqk H;ae0ifcgeD;/ rqvtusOf;axmifzdES dyfa&;,E W&m;}uD;&J @wu,f ho±kyfouefud k jyefvnfiJ hapmif; ajc&maumuf=unf hEd kif=u&if;/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf acwfwavsmufu azmufjyefqd k;0g;vSwJ h tusOf;axmif,E W&m;}uD; wckvk H;

&J @ uGif;quftpdwftyd kif; wqpfwuef @wauG @wcsKd @ud k rD;armif;xd k;jyvd kufEd kifwmtjzpf od k @r[kwf vd ktyfcsufwckud k jznf hqnf;ay;vd kufEd kifwmtjzpf/ wpk Hw&m &&S dcHpm;Edkif=uw,fqdk&ifjzif h/ usaemf =unf=unfEl;El; 0rf;om*k%f,lvdkufygr,f//

av;pm;pGmjzif h0if;wif hxGef;

8 / 8 / 2005




0if;wif h xGef; 9

axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (1)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (1)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (1)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (1)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (1)





10 0if;wif h xGef;


(1)

“tckæ rif;wd k ‹a&mufvmwm axmif? axmifrSæ wd kufvd k ‹ac:wJ hae&m a&mufvmwm? tdrfrSmaeæ tdrfpnf;urf;/ ausmif;rSmae ausmif;pnf;urf;/ wd kufrSmae wd kufpnf;urf; æ axmifpnf;urf;qd kwm yH kpH/ wd kufpnf;urf;qd kwm yH kpH? yH kpHud k pH kuefvd k ‹uawmh tara&æ u|JrawG ‹bl; jzpfoGm;r,f?rif;wd k ‹[mrif;wd k ‹ tjyifrSm bmaumif}uD;yJjzpfcJ hjzpfcJ h bmyk*~ dKvf}uD;yJjzpfcJ hjzpfcJ h rif;wd k ‹&J ‹*k%fawG oduQm

awG bm}uD;awG nm}uD;awGqd k kwmud k axmifAl;0rSmc|wfxm;cJ hæ ”axmiftr_xrf;waumif&J@axmifwGif;urR0g&GwfoHu cyfxefxef ysH‹vGifhvmw,f? tif;pdef

e&odefurB m&J ‹aEGu yljyif;avmifòrduf&wJ htxJ em;xJoH&nfyleJ ‹ avmif;csvd kufovd kygyJ? usaemf+idrf+yD;em;axmifaerdw,f? usaemf hud k ydwfavSmifxm;&m (5)wd kufeHygwf(1)tcef;xJuae tjyifbufqDtwwfEd kifqH k;em;pGifh+yD; qufem;axmifaerdw,f?

“uJæ rsKd;odef; æ xH k;pHtwdkif; yH kpHjyay;vd kufygOD; æ”pum;oH tqH k;rSmawmh æ

“yH kpHjyr,fæ aocsm=unfh/ aocsmem;axmifæ”jymvtJ htJ h oHjympl;pl; rsKd;odef;&J ‹toHu trdef ‹csrSwfcgeD; w&m;ol}uD;&J ‹avrsKd;eJ ‹ cyfaqmif h aqmif h

xGufay:vmw,f?“æ a[m'g xd kifyH kpH/ wifyv†ifacGxd kifxm;/ vufESpfzufu 'l;ay:wifxm;/ vufrudk vuf xJrSm

xnfhqkyfxm;/ cg;udk rwfrwfxm;/ rsufaphu awmif=unfhajrmuf=unfhrvkyfeJ‹? wef;pD æqdkwJhtoH=um;&ifæ 'Dvd kxd kifae&r,f æa[m'gu &yfyH kpH? vufESpfzufud k a&S ‹rSma[m'Dvd ktkyf+yD; csxm;& r,fæaxmifrª;axmifyd kifawGeJ ‹ pum;ajym&if wifjyp&m&S d&if 'Dvd kyH kpH&yf+yD; pum;ajym&r,f/ q&mawG

qd kwmu 'Dutr_xrf;awGtm;vH k;ud kajymwmæ ”rsKd;odef;&J ‹ oH jympl;pl; jymvtJ htJ hoH[m atmifyG J&ppfol}uD; avrsKd;xGufvd kuf/ zefw&m awatmif

t}udrf}udrftcgcg &GwfzwfylaZmfyocJ h+yD;om;jzpfwJ htwGuf/ wa&;Ed k; tdyfcsifrl;wl; x&Gwf&wmawmiftxpftaighr&S dawmhwJh bk&m;udk;qlq&mavrsKd;xGufvdkufeJ‹ edrf hcs D jrif hcs D ay:vm aew,f?tyfa=umif;xyfatmif =um;zl;ae&+yD;om;jzpfwJ h usaemfwd k ‹tzd k ‹rSmawmh/ "mwfjym;uG J r_ dwuf }uD;ud ktyfoGm;wH k;wH k;eJ ‹zGif hjyaeovd kygyJ? 'gayrJ h 'Dxl;rjcm;em;"mwfjym;uG JoH}uD;ud k =um;&wd kif; =um;& wd kif;&ifxJusifceJ usifceJ jzpfoGm;&wmawmhtrSef? emusifcHcuf jzpf&wmvJtrSef? rsufpdxJ

ajy;ajy;jrifaerdwwfwmu arG;xm;au|;xm;wJ h ociftóuduf rJrJjrif&majy;v$m;xd k;a[mif v_yf&Sm;jyae&wJ h tifrwefzswfzswfvwfvwf&S dvSwJ h acG;euf*kwfusm; acG;+rD;wd k}uD;waumif?“ud kif; æ yH kpHpr,fæ” rsKd;odef;&J ‹toH?usaemfeJ‹wcef;wnf;twlae&wJh atmifoef;jrifhu usaemfhvdk tjyifbufutoHawGqD

wd kufwef;pD;0if;wif hxGef;




0if;wif h xGef; 11

tm;pd kufem;pGif hem;axmifae&mu usaemf hrsufESmqD vSrf;=unf hw,f? usaemfu [l;ceJ oufjyif;wcsufr_wfxkwfvd kufrdw,f?

usaemf htm±H kodawGu vSrf;jrifaew,f? ud k,f ud k,fwd kifcHcJ h&zl;+yD;om;jzpfwJ htjyif ae‹pOfvd kvd k

=um;odae&wJ h trSwfonmtpkpkawG&J ‹ azmf jyr_a=umif h/ usaemfwd k ‹pHjref;ae&&m (5)wd kuf(1)cef; eH&H}uD;eJ ‹uyf&uf tkwfwHwd kif;wxyfjcm;&J ‹ [d krSmbufujzpfay:aer,f h jrifuGif;awGud k vSrf;jrifaew,f? 'DtkwfwHwd kif;wd k @&J @wzufrSm Am'Hyifvwf wyif&S dvdrf hr,f? tJ'DAm'Hyif&dyfab;rSm wdkuf±H k;cef;qd kwJ h rD;uif;wJvd kvd k uifaywd kif,m,D tcsKyfpcef;axmufwJvd kvd k pcef;±H k;av;&S dygw,f? tJ'D wd kuf±H k;cef;ajruGufvyfrSm jrefrmuifaywd kifvufopfrsm;&J ‹zrf;qD;jcif;cHxm;&wJ h topfpufpuf tusOf;om;rsm;[m aeylxJrSmaqmif ha=umif hxd kifae&ygvdrf hr,f? 'grSr[kwf blrdurŠvm ajrausmufrmay: y,fy,fe,fe,fzifcs+yD;wifyv†ifacGxd kif xd kifae&ygvdrf hr,f?

toHwif jymvtJhtJ hr[kwf/ tom;ta&mifyg rJusKwfusKwf jymESrf;ESrf;jzpfaewJ h ‘rsKd;odef;’ u/*k%fðycHwyfzG J ‹ud k avhusif hoifwef;ay;ae&wJ h oifwef;enf;jyrª; *d kufrsKd;w0uf/ tm%myg;uGufom;*d kufrsKd;w0ufeJ ‹ rsufESmud kwif;wif;xm;+yD; a&S ‹wd k;aemufiif vrf;ovm;aeygvdrf hr,f?

uifaywdkif wdkuf±H k;cef;wJwGif;u˜pm;yGJa&S‹rSm/ ppfwyfu wd kuf±dkufcef ‹xm;wJ h qm*sifodef;òrdifqd kolud k,fwd kif 'grSr[kwf wm0efus axmifwyf=uyf}uD;oH k;&pfud k,fwd kif t+rdef ‹om;xd kif±_pm;ae+yD; usefw&pf ESpf&pfeJ ‹ t&pfr&S d0g'grsm;u 0d kif;0ef;=unf h±_ae=uygvdrf hr,f?

“pr,fæ” rsKd;odef;&J‹ jymvtJhtJhtoH&J‹aemufydkif; r=umrDvmawmhr,fhtoHu vlaAsmoH

e&odefaAsmoHqd kwmud kvJ usaemfóudwifod&S daeygw,f?“yH kpHæ”“xd kifr,f æ“xr,f æ”“bkef; *Grf; azsmif; æ bkwfæ tGef ‹”rsKd;odef;&J @yH kpHwd kifoH ac:oHawGeJ ‹twl wqufwnf; xGufay:vmwJh bkef; *Grf; azsmif; æ bkwfæ

tGef‹awGuawmh vufpGrf;jy xkoH ESufoH ±d kufoHawGeJ ‹ cH&olbufu xGufay:vmwJ h toHawGæ

“'Dcg;}uD;u bmvd k ‹ukef;ae&wmvJ æ bkef;”“'Dvufu tElvufoD;qkyfxm;ovd k}uD; æ bkwf”“'Dausm,m;}uD;u avmufav;udkif;vd k aumhraeeJ ‹/ rwfrwfxm; æ ud k;q,f'D*&D rwf rwf

æ*Gwf æ tGef‹ æ”rsKd;odef;&J‹ oHjym;pl;a[mufoHaigufoH/ tjypfr&Sdtjypf&Sm ±dkufESufxkaxmif;jy&oHawG

tqufrjywf nHpnfpifxGufvmw,f?topfpufpuf tusOf;om;rsm;crsm ajrjyifay: zHktvdrf;vdrf; ac|;t&$ J&$ JeJ ‹ tvJvJtvl;vl;

cHae=u&ygvdrf hr,f? u|Jaygufwaumifvdk ajy;v$m;xkESuf atmf[pfjyae&wJ h rsKd;odef;&J‹ud k,fay:rSmvJac|;awGpdk ‹aeygvdrf hr,f?wd kufwef;pD;rsKd;odef;&J ‹ 'Dvd kwd kufyH kpHjyoHawG ae‹pOf&ufquf =um;vm&+yDqd k&ifawmh wd kufxJrSm

tr_wG JopfawG Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;opfawG pkòyHa&muf&S dvmae&+yD? tjyifrSm wjynfvH k;tzrf;tqD;awG

wd kufwef;pD;Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



12 0if;wif h xGef;


rsm;ae+yDqd kwJ h oauFwygyJ?aemufxyf b,folawGrsm; tqGJcH&jyef+yDvJ? udk,feJ‹wqufwnf; tr_wGJwlawGrsm;vm;?

v_yf&Sm;r_topfawGrsm; xyfay:vmwmvm;? ævm;/ ævm;qd kwJ h rqH k;Ed kifwJ h awG;awmxifjrif rSef;q

=unf hr_awGeJ ‹twl &ifxJrSm v_ dif;abmifbifcwfcJ h& a=uuG JcJ h& qd k ‹eif hcJ h&wmcsnf; jzpfygw,f?yH kpHjyoH ±d kufoHESufoHawG+idrfoufoGm;+yD; q,frdepfavmuf=umcsdefrSmawmh xH k;pHtwd kif;æ“zsmaxmif aemufvSnf h wef;pDxm; æ”rsKd;odef;&J ‹ oHjymvtJ h pl l;&S&S[m aEGav±l;eJ ‹twl cyfoJ hoJ hyJ vdrf h0ifvmw,f? 'Dwd kufrSmr[kwfyJ

(4)wd kufvm; (2)wd kufvm;qD ae&mcsxm;vd kufyH k&w,f? 'ga=umif h (5)wd kufxJqDtxdawmh pl;pl;&if h&if ha&mufrvm? 'gayrJ h eif heif hpl;pl; cHpm;ae&qJ&ifckefoHuawmh wqwfqwf wkefcgaewkef;av? &yfroGm;/+idrfroGm;?

“tif; æ aemufxyf b,fESpfa,mufavmufrsm;jzpfrvJ uAsmq&ma&æ” atmifoef;jrif h uusaemf hrsufESmud k=unf h&if; oufjyif;wzGzGeJ ‹ajymw,f?

“rsKd;odef; 'Dbufa&mufvmwJ htcg acsmhar;=unf haygh? armif&ifeJ ‹ &if;ES D;om;yJ[m”usaemfuajymawmh atmifoef;jrif hu acgif;ndwfjyw,f?t&ifu 'Dtcef;(1)xJ usaemfa&mufrvmcif/ atmifoef;jrifhyJae&wkef;/ nbuf wd kufwef;

ydwfcsdefrSm rsKd;odef;udkvJ 'Dtcef;(1)rSmyJ ae&mcsxm;ay;awmh atmifoef;jrif h[m rsKd;odef;eJ ‹ E_ dif;,SOfcsuftm;jzif h &if;ES D;ae+yD;om;?

“rsKd;odef;u usaemf hud kawmh rsufESmemaeovdkjzpfvd k ‹ a&csKd; *efzvm;csawGrSm bmjy\emrSr&Smzl;bl;? 'gayrJ h 'Daumifu bmowif;rS odyfrajymbl;? ol ‹tb qm*sifodef;òrdifwd k ‹ rsufESm!d krSmodyfa=umufwmæ”

atmifoef;jrif hu usaemf hud k&Sif;jyawmh usaemfòyH;vd kufrdw,f?

(2)

rsKd;odef;[m wd kufwef;pD;?‘wef;pD;’qd kwJ h&mxl;[m e&odefxJrSm eJeJaemaem &mxl;r[kwf? tusOf;om;uaejzpfEdkifwJh

&mxl;awGxJrSm tjrif hqH k;? tjyifuae axmifrª; axmifydkifawGud k aiGxd k;vd kif;0ifrS&Ed kifwJ h &mxl;ae&mjzpf±H kru ud k,fwd kifuvJ ±d kuf&J ESuf&J xk&J axmif;&JwJ h vufpvufe&S dOD;rS? trsm;tm;jzif h ESpf}uD;orm;vlowform;eJ ‹ "m;jy}uD;awG 'Dvdk&mxl;rsKd;&avh&S dw,f? txl;ojzifh ‘wdkufwef;pD;’vd k ae&mrsKd;us/txufyg t&nftcsif;awGtjyif axmufvSrf;a&;óuduf qm*sifodef;òrdifwd k ‹vd k aumifawGtóudufygjynf hpH kvH kavmufzd k‹vd kao;w,f? ‘wdkuf’qdkwm axmufvSrf;a&;uzrf;qD;xm;wJ h tusOf;om;awG/

trsm;tm;jzif h EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG xm;wJ hae&mav?rsKd;odef;[m owfrSwft&nftcsif;awG jynf hpH kol? t&ifu “ppfom;”qd kwJ h[muvJ axmufvSrf;a&;óuduf? vlvH k;vlzefu u|Jaygufwaumifvd k? xka&; ESufa&; vufraES;wwfwm ol ‹tr_uaeoufaocH+yD;om;? ol ‹txuft&m&S d Ad kvfrª;wOD;tygt0if vlESpfa,mufud k owfvmcJ hwJ hvlowfr_eJ ‹




0if;wif h xGef; 13

woufwu|ef; jypf'%fcsrSwfjcif;cHxm;&ol? ppfcH k±H k;uae jypf'%fcsrSwfcJ h+yD; t&yfbufaxmif v$ Jajymif;ay;tyfvd kufvd k ‹ tif;pdefaxmifxJa&mufvm&ol? Ad kvfae0if;[m ol ‹ppfwyfxJu ol ‹cGm&m wd kif;vmEd kifzG,f &S dolrSefor# b,f havmufyJðzwfxkwfy,f ay:vpDusif hoH k;+yD; &uf&ufpufpuf ta&;,lcJ h,lcJ h/

tjyifu omrefvlawGeJ ‹,SOf=unf h&if wyfuvmol[m olrsm;xuf acgif;wvH k;yd kaeEd kifapa&;twGuft±d k;t&if;av;awG jyefcsau|;wJ h pHerl&SdcJ hovd k/ ppfwyfu ppfom;tjzpfu vlowfr_usL;vGefvmcJ hwJ hrsKd;odef;[mvJ tif;pdefaxmifxJrSm wd kufwef;pD;tjzpf axmufvSrf;a&;óuduf ae&m&vmwm bmrSawmhrqef;?

axmifxJrSm ppffa=uma&;awmfawmfeJ‹ rjywfEd kifbJ axmufvSrf;a&;u r=umc% wdkufxJuqG JqG Jxkwf+yD; !‡Of;yef;ES dyfpuf tòid;taw;cH&olawGtxJ usaemf[m wa,muftygt0if? tJ'Dawmhwdkufwef;pD;rsKd;odef;[m usaemf hud kvJ awmfawmfrsufrSef;wef;rdaecJ h+yD?

wd kufwum 0ifcGif hxGufcGif h&S daewJ h wd kufwef;pD;rsKd;odef;[m usaemfwd k ‹ud kxm;&m (5)wd kufxJud kvJ r=umc%a&mufa&mufvmwwfw,f? &Hzef&Hcg usaemfeJ ‹atmifoef;jrifhwd k‹pHjref;&&m (5)wd kuftcef;(1) a&S ‹ oHwd kifem;txd 0if0ifvmwwfw,f?

“ud krsKd;odef; æ aq;vdyfrD;av;bmav; vkyfygOD;As”vd k‹ atmifoef;jrif huawmif;&if/ tjyifrSm&moDOwkom,mae&if rsKd;odef;u ayghayghyg;yg; vmay;wwfw,f? wcgw&H [d kajym'Dajym &,farmðyH;&$if+yD;awmif pum;vufqH k usjyae+yDqd k&ifawmh tjyifrSm &moDOwk awmfawmfaumif;aewJ hoabmrSwf,lEd kifw,f? wk duf±H k;cef;wJrSm qm*sifodef;òrdifr&S dbJ E_ d dif;,SOfcsuftm;jzif h oabmxm;odyfrqd k;vSwJ h

0g'gt=uyftd k}uD;wa,mufavmufyJ wm0efusaewmrsKd;jzpfEd kifw,f? usefwJ h0g'gi,fav;awG wjcm;wd kufwwd kufwd kufrSm pm;usufus+yD;/ 'DbufrSm tajctaeaumif;aewmrsKd;vJ jzpfaumif;jzpfEd kifw,f?“ud krsKd;odef; æ aq;vdyfrD;av; æ”qd kwmud k pum;rjyefbJ ESmacgif;±_ H ‹+yD; oGufoGufoGufoGuf xGufoGm;&ifawmh tjyifrSm &moDOwk odyfrom,m? 'DbufrSm wcef;eJ ‹wcef; pum;vSrf;qufoG,fajymqd kwmowdxm;vkyf&ygvdrf hr,f? 'D(5)wd kuf(1)cef;[m wd kufpcef;±Hk;wJeJ ‹ teD;qH k;ae&m?

&moDOwkom,maew,fvd k‹rSwf,l&r,fh wnaecif; rsKd;odef; usaemfwdk ‹wdkufcef;a&S‹ a&mufvmw,f?

pdwfóudufzGyfav#mf a&csKd;cGif h tcGif hta&;tjynf ht0&&S dxm;wJ h rsKd;odef;[m a&rd k;csKd;+yD; qHyifud kqD&$J&$ Jvdrf;xm;±H kru/ ol ‹ud k,fay:u pGyfus,f*sKdif;jywfuvJ jzLazG;oef‹pifvdk ‹? rJeufaewJh tom;ta&mifa=umif h pdwfóudufav#mfzGyf0wfqifxm;wJh pGyfus,ftusôta&mif[m yd kvd k‹awmif azG;Oaeoa,mif&S dw,f? ykqd k;jymud k wd kwd kygatmif0wfxm;awmh ol ‹ajcovH k;tpH k[m u|Jaygufwaumif&J ‹ajctpH kvd k tar$;tr#ifawG tòydif;t±dkif;eJ ‹?

“cifAsm;u uAsmq&mvm;”qdkif;rqifh AHkrqifh rsKd;odef;u OD;OD;zsm;zsm; usaemfhrsufESmudk vSrf;=unfh&if; ar;vmw,f?

cgwd kif;qd k&if atmifoef;jrif heJ ‹yJ OD;wnfajymqd kwwfwJ h rsKd;odef;u usaemf hud k OD;wnfajymqd kvmwmjzpfwJ htjyif/ 0g'gawGa&S ‹rSm tusOf;om;rSefor#tay: armufarmufrmrmavoHeJ ‹om t+rJwef;ajymqd kwwfwJ holu “cifAsm;uæ”qd kwJ h emrfpm;a0g[m&ud k oH k;pG Jajymqd kvmwma=umif h c%awmh usaemftH h=oovd kjzpfoGm;rdw,f? +yD;awmh ðyH;vd kufrdw,f?




14 0if;wif h xGef;


“[kwfw,fæ bmjzpfvd k ‹vJ”“a=omfæ bmrSr[kwfygbl;? usaemfu odcsifvdk‹yg? usaemfvJcifAsm;vdkyJ r[kwfrcH vl

wa,mufygAsm²²²”

usaemf 'kwd,r` dðyH;vd kufjyefw,f?“cifAsm;ud k ppfa=uma&; c%c%xkwf+yD; r=umr=umwD;ae=uw,fqd kwm usaemfvJ jrifod

=um;ae&wmyJAsm? usaemfawmhr[kwfzl;aemf/ cifAsm;ud k wD;wm ppfa=uma&;rSm/ usaemfwd k ‹eJ ‹ rqd kifbl;?cifAsm;udk (6)wdkufxJ tqdk;qHk;xnfhxm;wma&mæ cifAsm;udk acgif;rmw,fajymae=uoHawGa&musaemf=um;=um;aeygw,f? cifAsm;vdk usaemfvJ acgif;rmcJhzl;olyg/ r[kwf&if eJeJav;rSrcHcsifbl;/r[kwfrcH pdwf}uD;cJ holyg? 'ga=umif h usnfwuyfvH k;ukefatmif qG JypfcJ hwmaygh?”

“tJ'Dwkef;u b,fvd kjzpfcJ hwmwkef; cifAsm;tr_uæ”atmifoef;jrif hu rsKd;odef;ud kqufajym atmif

vrf;a=umif;ay;vd kufw,f?“a&S @wef;u jyefvm=u+yD? veJ ‹csD+yD; a&S@wef;rSmaecJ h&wd kufcJ h&&if; wm0ef+yD;cJ h=u+yD? usaemfu

iSufzsm;t}uD;tus,fwufaew,f? tE W&m,fr&S dawmhwJ h ud k,fh*GifxJa&mufvm=u+yD? aemufw&ufausmfausmfqd kæ òrd ‹ay:a&mufawmhr,f/ usKyfwd k ‹ 'k&if;rª;Ad kvfrª;u awmxJrSmyJ aysmfyG Jvkyfw,fAs? ypf&wJ h*sDom; qwfom; awm0ufom;awGa&m/ tmrD&rfawG azmcsif;aomcsif;a&meJ ‹ pdwfóudufaomuf=upm;=u aysmf=uprf;aygh? oDcsif;qd k=u u=uckef=u aomuf=upm;=ueJ ‹ wnvH k;rD;yH kyG J}uD;Asæ iSufzsm;wufaewJ husaemfu olwd k ‹ud k=unf h&if; pdwfawGwd kvd k ‹æ? pm;Ed kifaomufEd kifzd k ‹aeaeomom olwd k ‹qlnH uckef

ae=uwmud k/ vlurcHr&yfEd kifatmif em;rcHEd kifatmifjzpfaew,fæusaemfu odyfrql=uygeJ ‹vd k ‹ajymawmh waumifu usaemf hud k[m;w,f? Ad kvfrª;uvJ a[haumifrsKd;odef; æ rif;zsm;aewmeJ ‹yJ usefwJ holawG rif;vd kaeapcsifvd k ‹ b,f&rvJuGvd k ‹a[mufw,f? usaemf axmif;ceJa'goawG yd kyd kaygufuG JxGufvmw,f? olwd k ‹uquf+yD; pm;=uaomuf=u u=uckef=ueJ ‹ usaemf hud k&efpaeovd kyJ/ em;uvJ b,fvd krSrcHEd kifatmifjzpfvmawmhæ”

rsKd;odef;u pum;pud kjzwfvd kuf&if; usaemfwd k ‹rsufESmvSrf;=unf hw,f?“'gavmufawmif&S dwJ hvlawGæ 'gavmufawmif awmif;yefwm em;rvnfwJ haumifawG qd k+yD;/

vSJ+yD;rS def;ae&mux+yD;/ tem;u ud k,f haoewfudk,fqG J+yD; tJ'Drl;+yD;uaewJh 'k&if;rª;uae &,farmuckefae=uwJ h vlawGtm;vH k;ud k usnfwabmufvH k;ukefatmif qG Jypfcsvd kufw,f? Ak dvfrª;vJ yG Jcsif;+yD;æ ESpfa,mufoH k;a,mufvJ twH k;t±kef; æ usefwJ holawGvJ 0±kef;okef;um;jzpf+yD; yG JjywfoGm;wmyJ?usaemfvJ0d kif;tcsKyfcHvd kuf&+yD; owdvpfoGm;w,f/ Ad kvfrª;vJao &JabmfESpfa,mufvJao/ wa,muf'%f&m&æ aemufqH k;ppfcH k±H k;rSm? a&S ‹wef;jyefqd kwm&,f iSufzsm;t}uD;tus,fwufae qd kwm&,fud kaxmuf+yD; (10)ESpfavmufyJ oufoufn‡mn‡mcsrvd k ‹wJ hAsæ'gayrJ hæ”

rsKd;odef;u ol ‹&J‹jymvtJ htJ h pl;&S&StoHeJ ‹ qufwd kuf}uD; pdwfygvufygajymae&mu wHawG;ud k rsKd

cs&if; c%em;vd kufjyefw,f?“æ pD&ifcsufcscgeD;rSm aooGm;wJhAdkvfrª;uawmfu b,fvdkxidkvdkufovJqd kawmh/“trav;

ud kud k&J ‹/ &efoleJ ‹wd kuf&wmawmif usnfwp&SyfrxdcJ h&yJæ ud k,f hatmufuvlu ypfowfwmusrS tjzpfqdk;&yavw,fæ”vdk ‹ atmfæatmfid kvdkufa&mæ'd kif;ceJ woufwu|ef;jzpfoGm;wmygyJ? usaemfu




0if;wif h xGef; 15

tJ'Dvd kæ”aumif;cef;a&mufcgeD; y&dowf}uD;rSifwufrdaewmvSrf;=unf hvd kufwJ h jyZmwfrif;om; wa,muf&J @

[efrsKd;eJ ‹ usaemfwd k ‹qDvSrf;=unfhjyefw,f? usaemfwd k ‹+idrfem;axmifaewmud k tm;&oGm;+yD;æ

“usaemfu tJ'Dvd kaumifrsKd;As/ usaemf hpdwf"mwfu b,fawmhrSiH k ‹rcHwwfbl;? 'ga=umif h usaemfvJcifAsm;vd k r[kwfrcH/ r[kwfrcH/ trSefw&m;ud kóudufwJ hvlygvd k ‹ajymwmæ”

rsKd;odef;u wu,f hatmifyG JcH ppfol}uD;wa,muf&J ‹[ef/ *k%fa&mifajymifcJ hol}uD; wa,muf&J ‹rmefrsKd;eJ ‹ tqH k;owfvd kufw,f? ol ‹&J ‹oHjympl;pl;[m yd k+yD;oHpOfjrif haecJ hw,f?

usaemfu ol ‹rsufESmud k=unf h+yD; wwd,r` d ðyH;vd kufrdw,f?“b,f hES,fwkef;Asæ cifAsm;u uAsmq&m pma&;q&mqd kawmhæ”“ 'Dr,fud krsKd;odef;/ cifAsm;eJ ‹usaemfeJ ‹ rwlbl;avæ”

“Asmæ” olu usaemf hud k em;rvnfovd k vSrf;=unfhw,f?“usaemfu *±krpd kuf yrmrxm;vkyfwmrcHEd kifvGef;vd k ‹ vlawmifowfvmcJ hwJ haumif/ zdES dyfwm

ud k qef ‹usifjyvmwJ haumif/ cifAsm;wdk ‹vd kyJ zdESyfr_ud kvufawG ‹eJ ‹ jyefwH k ‹jyefjyvmcJ hwJ haumifyJæ”em;rvnfovd k vSrf;=unf hae&mu apm'upum;ud kqdkvmw,f?“'Dr,fud krsKd;odef;/ cifAsm;u trSefw&m;ud k óudufwmvJr[kwfbl;? r[kwfrcHqd kwmvJr[kwf

bl;? wu,fu olrsm;u cifAsm;tay:vkyfwmud kom rcHEd kifwJ hol/ cifAsm;tay: r[kwfwmvkyfwmud kom rcHEd kifwJ hol? ud k,fcH&wmud k jyefwH k ‹jyef0H h±H keJ ‹ trSefw&m;bufuvlvdk ‹ tvd kavsmuf t"dym,f

rxGufbl; æ”rsKd;odef;u usaemf hud k em;rvnfEd kifovd k xyf=unf haew,f?“æ zdES dyfr_ud k wu,frkef;wJ hvl[m/ zdES dyfwmud k wu,fróudufwJ hvl[m olud k,fwd kifvJ b,fawmhrS

rzdES dyfbl;? zdEd SyfwJ hae&mvJ b,fawmhrSraebl;? bmta=umif;a=umifhrS raebl;”rsKd;odef;u oHwd kifud kvufwzufeJ ‹ud kif+yD; pum;ajymoHud kem;axmifae&muae rsufESmud k wjznf;

jznf;eJ ‹v$ Jvd kufw,f? +yD;awmh ol ‹ajcaxmufqDol=unf h&if; +idrfoufaew,f?“ud krsKd;odef; æ bmudpP&S dvJrodbl;/ cifAsm;ud k q&m}uD;ar;aew,fæ” xrif;xd k; xGef;qd kif0ifvm+yD;

ta=umif;=um;vd kufcsdefrSmawmh rsKd;odef;[mcsmceJ vSnf hxGufoGm;w,f?usaemfajymwmud k olem;vnfovm;/ em;rvnfbl;vm;qd kwm usaemfrod? olb,fvd k oabm

ayguf cH,loGm;r,fqd kwmvJ usaemfrod?q,f hig;rdepfavmuf t=umrSmawmh “yH kpHxd kifxm; æ”qd kwJ h rsKd;odef;&J ‹ oHjympl;pl;ud k (4)wd kufbuf

qDuaexGufay:vmwm oJ hoJ h=um;vd kuf&ygawmhw,f? eJeJa0;vd k ‹ vSrf;vd k ‹yJvm; bmvm;awmh rajymwwfyg? ol ‹toH[m cgwd kif;cgavmuf rpl;&SvSvd k ‹awmh pdwfuxifaerdygw,f? [kwfr[kwfawmh tcd kiftrmrajymEd kif? wd kufxJqD aEGav±l;wcsuf ajy;0ifvmw,f? tyl&S def tylaiG ‹awGeJ @ wvSyfvSyf?Ò

12/ 5/ 2003

0if;wif hxGef;




16 0if;wif h xGef;







0if;wif h xGef; 17

(1)

urB mhaiGa=u;e,fy,frSmawmh aygifpwmvifudk tajccHwJ he,fy,f/ a':vmudk tajccHxm;wJh

e,fy,fqd k+yD; trsKd;rsKd;tzH kzH k &S dygvdrfhr,f? usaemfwk d @Armjynfawmif aygifpwmvife,fxJygae&muAd kvfae0if;vufxuf Ad kvfae0if;pdwfqd k;rmefqd k;eJ ‹xGufcJ hrS aygifpwmvife,feJ ‹ a0;oGm;cJ h&awmhw,fqd kyJ? aiGa=u;qd kwm toH k;cH,lepfwcktjzpfeJ ‹ ukefypPnf;zvS,fr_qd kif&m =um;cHwefzd k;ypPnf;wcktjzpfeJ ‹ay:vmcJ hwmyg? aiGa=u;qd kwm ay:vm+yD;wJ haemuf a&$ud kausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;wJ hpepfwd k ‹/ aygifpwmvif 'grSr[kwf a':vmud k ausmaxmufaemufcHðyxm;wJ hpepfwd k @qd kwmawGvJ &S dygao;w,f?

e&odefurB mrSmawmh aiGa=u;pepf[maq;vdyf? aq;vdyf[maiG/ aq;vdyf[m a&$? 'gayrJ h waxmifeJ ‹ waxmif tajccHaiGa=u;pH aq;vdyfcsif;uawmh rwljyef?

tif;pdefaxmif}uD;rSmu oeyfyifrusifvS&J @ EGm;aq;vdyfeJ ‹ usm;roef;aX;&J ‹ usm;tao;aq;vdyfu tajccHaiGa=u;? 'l;,m;pD;u&ufuawmh a&$aygh? om,m0wDaxmifusawmh =u,fig;yGif hrcifndK aq;vdyf[m trsm;oH k;aiG? jynfaxmifrSmus ‘usm;ysH’eJ ‹ ‘e0if;a':odef;wif’aq;vdyfwd k ‹[m trsm;óudufaiG?

axmifxJrSm aiGud kw&m;0ifud kif+yD;oH k;pG JcGif hr&S dwJ htwGuf tusOf;om;awG[m aq;vdyfud kaiGtjzpfoabmxm;+yD; oH k;pG Jae=u&wmyg? 'ga=umifh axmifxJrSmaq;vdyf&S d&if aiGa=u;&S daebdouJ hod k ‹ygyJ?

tif;pdefaxmifaiGa=u;aps;uGuf&J @w&m;0ifaiGa=u;vJvS,fE_ef;uawmh EGm;wvdyf usm;av;ESpfvdyf?

'ga=umif h axmif0ifpmvufcH&&S dolwd kif;/ ±H k;xGuftjzpf w&m;±H k;oGm;+yD; tr_&ifqd kif&ol tusOf;om;wdkif;[m aq;vdyfxkyfud krygygatmif rSm=u ,lcJ h=uavh&S dw,f? tif;pdef e&odefurB ma&muf tusOf;om;rsm;uawmh xH k;pHtwd kif; EGm;eJ ‹usm;aygh? wjcm;wHqdyfaq;vdyfo,fvmrdvd k ‹uawmh aiGa=u;aps;uGufrSm vJvS,f&wm wefzd k;owfrSwf&wmtcuf? ArmjynfxJ usL;bm;aiGpuULud kifxm;rdovd k jzpfoGm;Ed kifw,f? 'l;,m;bl;pdrf;av;rsm; rygygatmifqG JvmEd kifcJ hvk d ‹uawmh tif;pdefe&odefurB mrSm‘a&$’aygh?wm0ef&S d q&m}uD;q&mav;qd kolawGud k a&$ay;xm;vk duf&if rsufESmaumif;ud k &vd k ‹wJ h? taqmifa&muftusOf;om;qd kv#if æ “cyf æ wcGuf” “cyf æ wcGuf” eJ ‹ b,fawmhrS(9)cGufavmufxuf yd krcsKd;&Ed kifwJ h

a&csKd;csjcif;tr_rSm/ ‘a&uefbm,m’qd kolud k wva&$ESpfbl;avmuf 'grSr[kwf rusifvSEGm;(50)avmufay;xm; vd kif;0ifxm;Ed kifvd k ‹uawmh pdwfóudufoabm&S d a&csKd;cGif h&owJ h? +yD;awmh ae‹vnfae‹cif; acs;ygao;aygufðyrvm;/ *kefeDtdwfpkwfav; jzpfuwwfqef;umay;xm;wJ h bk&m;pl;rd k;óud;ypf tdrfomqd kwmrSm rdv†mbkwfud kifqd kolud k usm;av;roef;aX; (2)vdyfray;vd k ‹uawmh tdrfomwufcray;vd k ‹uawmh

a&$a&$a&$a&$a&$ aq;vdyf aq;vdyf aq;vdyf aq;vdyf aq;vdyf aiaiaiaiai G G G G G aq;vdyfaq;vdyfaq;vdyfaq;vdyfaq;vdyf

0if;wif hxGef;

a&$aq;vdyf aiGaq;vdyfPolaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



18 0if;wif h xGef;


'kuQvSvS awG ‹oGm;Ed kifw,f? “a[h æ ray;Ed kifbl;”qd k&if/ “&w,f æ ud k,f hacs; ud k,fusKH;oGm;”vd k ‹bkwfud kifu t=uyfud kifynmjyygvdrf hr,f? axmifxJrSm qd kif&myd kif&m e,fpm;y,fpm;awGu trsm;om;?taqmifa&mufvd k ‹ “csuf[if;”av;rsm; pm;csifao;ovm;? yH kpHxrif;[if;eJ ‹ pm;r0if rsKdrusjzpfv#ifæ/

zd k}uD;xJuwm0ef&S dolud kvd kif;0ifxm;+yD; wvEGm;aq;vdyfw&may;xm;&if/ naewd kif; wa,mufpm[if;wcGufwcGuf ‘csKdif hqG J’vpm;oabm vmyd k ‹ay;ygvdrf hr,f? EGm;w&mu 'Davmuftxd t&S def=oZm}uD;owJ h? wywfrSmwcg/ wcgrSweyfwnf;pm;&wJ h “tom;pm;ae‹” yH kpH[if;wwH k;pm;csifygvsuf }udwfrS dwftiwfcH+yD;jyefa&mif;&if bmtom;[if;yH kpHwHk;jzpfjzpf wwH k;EGm;(5)vdyfyJ &Ed kifw,f?

(2)

usaemfwd k‹wawG Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtjzpf ‘wd kuf’xJa&muf&awmh b,folrS axmif0ifpmygq,fr&ao;? b,fol ‹ud krSvJ ±H k;wifw&m;pG Jqd kjcif;rðyao;csdef æ

(5)wk dufxJxm;olwcsKd ‹ud k (2)wd kufxJa&$ ‹vd kuf=ujyefw,f? usaemf(2)wd kufxJa&mufoGm;w,f?(2)wk duf[m óud;wd kuf?(5)wd kuf[m wzuf&yfwd kufjzpf+yD; (2)wd kufusawmh/ taqmuftOD;}uD;wckwnf;twGif;rSm rsuf

ESmcsif;qd kif wd kufcef;av;awG wnf&S daewJ hwd kuf? tv,frSmu vloGm;orHwvif; uGufvyfjyifu us,fus,f? wjcm;wd kufawGvd k wzuf&yfr[kwfwJ htwGuf (2)wd kufud k ‘&ifuG Jwd kuf’vd k ‹vJac:=uw,f?

ud k,f hwd kufcef;uae a&S ‹wnf hwnf huwk dufcef;ud kvSrf;jrifae&ayrJ h ESpfcef;xufawmh yd krjrif? [d kbufeJ ‹ onfbuf oHwd kifwHcg;r}uD;azmufwyfxm;yH ku ZpfZufyH ko¿mef?

tJ'Dwkef;u(2)wd kuf[m óud;'%fuscHxm;&olóud;orm;awGvJ&S dwJ h wu,f hóud;wd kuf? ao'%fcsrSwfjcif;cHxm;&ol óud;orm;awGvJ&S dwJ h wu,f h óud;wd kuf? ao'%fcsrSwfjcif;cHxm;&ol óud;orm;uawmh ESpfOD;yJ&S dygao;w,f? wOD;uvlowfr_/ wOD;uawmh "m;jyvlowfr_?

usaemfjrif&wJ h usaemf ha&SŒwnf hwnf htcef;(2)ckuawmh ud ka&$ref;wd k ‹tcef;eJ ‹ a0gud kwifa&$wd k ‹tcef;/ud ka&$ref;tcef;u ud ka&$ref;eJ ‹tjcm;olwOD;&S dovd k/ a0gud kwifa&$}uD;tcef;uvJ ud kwifa&$}uD;eJ ‹ ud kcspf

aqmifOD;wd k‹ESpfOD;? (ud kwifa&$}uD;um; &Spfav;vH k;ta&;awmfyHkaemufydkif; NLD (teft,fvf'D) a0gv$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f/ usaemfwd k ‹eJ ‹ae&pOf 1982 umvwkef;uawmh/ 10(u) Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;orm;)?

usaemf hud kawmh pD;yGm;a&;r_eJ ‹ axmufvSrf;a&;uzrf;xm;wJ h yk*~ dKvfESpfOD;eJ ‹twlxm;w,f? wOD;uOD;=uifarmif/ wOD;u OD;pd k;jrif hwJ h? tr_u u|ef;opftr_? ESpfOD;pvH k;[m w&Gmwnf;om;? OD;=uifarmifeJ ‹OD;pd k;jrif hu olwd k ‹tr_[m bmrSr[kwf/ usaemf hvd kEd kifiHa&;r_r[kwfwJ htwGuf r=umcifjyefv$wfrSmaocsmw,fvd k ‹ r=umr=um ajymavh&S dw,f?

olwd k ‹ESpfa,mufpvH k;u aq;vdyfud k taoóuduf? cufwmu axmif0ifpmuvJ wa,mufrSr&S d?

aq;vdyf[m 'DxJrSm wu,f haiG wu,f ha&$? tjyifrSmwkef;u aq;vdyfud keJeJyg;yg; aomufcJ hao;ayrJ h'DxJvd kae&ma&mufawmh usaemfuaq;vdyfud kraomufbJaevdk ‹ vG,fvG,fulul&Ed kifw,f? olwd k ‹rSmuawmh wu,f hud k'kuQ? aq;vdyfraomuf&&if raeEd kif?

(5)wd kufxJwkef;uvJ aq;vdyf óudufolawG&J ‹'kuQud k usaemf}udrfzefrsm;pGm awG ‹zl; ñuHzl; =um;zl;




0if;wif h xGef; 19

rsm;vS+yD?(5)wdkuf&J‹ae‹vnfae‹cif;awGrSmæ“armfxl; td k[m”

“wtdk;ygæ”qdkwJh apmabme,feJ ‹apmfap;xl;wdk‹&J‹ tjyeftvSefvSrf;qufoG,fajymqdkoHawGr=umr=um=um;&w,f? apmabme,feJ ‹apmap;xl;wd k ‹u autJif,lu u&if&Jabmfav;ESpfa,muf?tpuawmh 'Du&if&Jabmfav;ESpfa,muf u&ifpum;eJ ‹bmawGajymqd kae=uovJqd kwm usaemfem;rvnf? aemufyd kif; rdwfaqGwOD;uajymjyrS “armfxl; td k[mæ”qd kwm aq;vdyf&S dvm;vd k ‹ vSrf;ar;oHjzpf+yD; “wtd k;ygæ”qd kwm “r&S dbl;”vd k ‹vSrf;ajzoHrSef; usaemfodvm&ygawmhw,f? armfxl;td k[meJ ‹wtd k;ygæ (5)wd kufxJrSm r=umr=um=um;cJh&wJ h toHESpfckjzpfcJ hw,f?

usaemf h&J ‹ cspfrdwfaqG ud k'goausmfxl;}uD;uawmh wae‹/ xwJ h+yD; “&Jabmfwk d ‹ &Jabmfwd k ‹æ wqdwf

em;qifygcifAsm”wJh? bmrsm;ygvdrfhr,fvdk ‹ aoaocsmcsm em;pGif hvd kuf=ucsdefrSmæ“usaemfhrSm trwa,muf&S dygw,f/ ±kyf&nfvnf; rqd k;ygbl;/ pdwfaepdwfxm;vJ oif hygw,f/ tJ'gæ a,mufzawmfcsifwJ holrsm;&S d&if æ usaemf htrud k aq;vdyfESpfq,feJ ‹a&mif;r,f/ aq;vdyfay;=uygAsKd ‹ æ” wJh?

tm;vH k; ðyH;rdcJ h=uygw,f? pdwfraumif;pGmeJ‹ ðyH;rdcJ hwmyg?olu tJ'Dvd ktwnfayguf[movkyf avvHwif±H kru/ oleJ ‹&if;ES D;wJ h usaemf hud kvJ ol ‹&J ‹aq;vdyf

aomuf&a&;pDrHcsuf}uD;xJrSm =uHzefacsmufcs toH k;csoGm;cJ hygao;w,f? wnæ tdyfcsdefvJ ra&mufao;tdyfvJrtdyfEd kifao;wJ h nwnrSm/ oHwd kifa&S ‹rsufESmtyf+yD; aumif;uifwcd kqD vSrf;ar#mfai;ilaerdwkef;

napmif h0g'gtopfwOD; usaemf htcef;a&S ‹a&mufvmw,f? 0g'gtopfuav;u toufawmif ESpfq,fausmfao;[efrwlyg/ 0g'gyg;vJ 0ao;[efrwlyg? olu usaemf htcef;a&S ‹a&muf+yD;rS ajcoH k;av;vSrf;qkwf+yD; wd kuf±H k;cef;bufuvmEd kifwJ h wckwnf;aomt0ifwHcg;ayguf0qD vSrf;=unf hvd kufygao;w,f? aocsmoGm;yH k&rS b,folrS 'DbufvmEd kifzG,f&mr&S dawmhvd k ‹ pdwfcsoGm;[ef&S drS ol ‹abmif;bDtdwfxJuae wpH kwckud k qG Jxkwfvd kufygw,f? aq;vdyfav; av;ig;ajcmufvdyf?

usaemfu tH h=oaerdw,f?“cifAsm;u aA'ifvuQ%mynm awmfawmf wwfw,fvd k ‹ [d k; æ bufu ud kausmfxl;u ajymvd kuf

w,f? tJ'g usaemf h=unf hay;prf;ygAsmæ”wJ h?tif; æ ud k'gouawmh vkyfvd kufjyef+yD? ol ‹t}uHtzefZmwfvrf;xJ ighud krygygatmif qG JoGif;vd kuf

+yDvd k ‹ 'ufceJodvdkuf&if;/ ol ‹&J ‹aq;vdyfaomufcsifvGef;r_}uD;udk pmemem;vnfrd&if;/ aygufwJ hezl; rxl;awmhygbl;qd kwJ hpOf;pm;r_rsKd;eJ ‹ usaemf hrSm cyfwnfwnfaA'ifvuQ%mq&m vkyf&ygawmhw,f? awmfygao;&JŒ/ r[mbkwfA[kokwav;eJ ‹ ud kif±d k A[kokwav; &S dxm;ayvd k ‹om? Ed k ‹r[kwf rvG,f? em&D0ufavmuf =uHzefa[mvd kuf&w,f?

aemufae‹reuf 0g'gawG reufqd kif;nqd kif; vJoGm;+yD;csdefavmufrSmawmh “uAsmq&ma&æ uAsm

q&m&J ‹/ rae‹nu usKyfzefvd kufwJ htuGuf0if&J ‹vm;”vd k ‹ atmfar;w,f? “cifAsm; awmfawmf jy\em&SmwJhvl”vdk‹ atmfajzawmh olu w[m;[m;&,faew,f? +yD;awmh “aqm&D;yJ uAsmq&ma&ærwwfEd kifbl;/ cifAsm; t&nftcsif;ud k ,H k+yD;om;/ tJ'g aq;vdyf&&if *efzvm;csrSm usaemf hud kay; æ”wJ h?

tck 'D&ifuG Jwd kufxJa&mufvmawmh ud k'goxufqd k;wJ h vl}uD;ESpfa,mufeJ ‹ vmawG ‹ae&jyef+yD?




20 0if;wif h xGef;


“ud k=uifarmifæ cifAsm; &Sefapmifav;a&mif;Asm”w&uf æOD;pd k;jrif hu rsufarSmif}uD;ud kwGef ‹xm;&mu tqd kðycsufwifoH av;av;eufeuf xGufvm

w,f?oHwd kifem;rsufESmuyf+yD; awmifawmiftDtDvSrf;=unf haewJ h OD;=uifarmif&J ‹cE<mudk,f}uD; wGef ‹ceJ

jzpfoGm;w,f?“ud kpd k;jrifh&m 'gav;awmh ra&mif;yg&apeJ‹Asm/ rdef;rud k,fwdkif aoaocsmcsm&uf+yD; trSwfw&

xm;wmav;rd k‹ygæ”wJ h?“trav; æ cifAsm;uvJ bmta&;}uD;vJ/ tdrfaxmifoufawmif ESpftpdwfausmf+yDyJ[mæ”“r[kwfbl; udkpd k;jrif h&J ‹/ 'Dapmifav;u tdrfaxmifOD;ypPnf;As/ tdrfrSm {nfhonfapmifonfvm&if

awmif 'Dapmifawmh xkwfray;cJhbl;As/ 'ga=umif hvJ ckxdtopftwd kif;yJ ta&mifawmifrnd ‡K;bl;? ckrSæ

axmufvSrf;a&;awGvmqG JrS 'Dapmifav;ud k rdef;ru wrifrSwfrSwfom;om;xnf hay;vd kufwm æ”“cifAsm;Asmæ=uHzef ESarsmaew,f/ usKyfrSmygvmwJ h wufx&Gufwk dufyH kawmif xkwfvJ+yD;+yD? tJ'g

yG JaeyG Jxd kif0wfzd k ‹ usKyfrdef;ru aocsmwd kif;csKyfay;xm;wm? tJ'gvJ 'DxJrSm EGm;w&myJ&w,f? 'gawmiftjynf hr&ygbl;/ xrif;xd k;"m;jyu a&mif;ay;c yG Jcq,fvdyfjzwfoGm;w,f/ tJ'gvJ cifAsm;todyJæusKyfwd k‹ESpfa,muf twlwlaomufcJ h =uwmyJ? 'Dwcgawmh cifAsm;a&mif;zd k ‹oifhwmaygh”

OD;=uifarmifrsufESm}uD;rSm òydawmhr,f hrd k;ES,f jzpfvmw,f? usaemfu zsmpkwfav;ay:rSmvS J&if;olwd k ‹ESpfa,mufrsufESmawGud k ai;arm=unf haerdw,f? c%=umawmhæ

“usaemfh ykqd k;av;a&mif;vd kufr,fAsm/ apmifav;awmh rvkyfygeJ ‹/ ykqd k;uvJ rSwfrSwf&& oHk;cgyJ0wfzl;ao;wmyg/ 'DxJrSm wcgrSawmifr0wfzl;bl; æ”

OD;=uifarmifu avajyxd k;&Smw,f? rsufESmay:rSmawmh t}uD;tus,f pdwfraumif;jzpfae[ef[mrzH k;EdkifrzdEd kif txif;om;ay:vd k‹? +yD;cJ hwJ hESpf&ufuvJ tckvd kt}uD;tus,f rsufESm}uD;td kpmoGm;+yD;wae‹vH k;oufjyif;awG wzGzGjzpfaewm usaemfjyefowd&rdw,f? tJ'Dae‹u rsufESmxm;twnfaygufeJ ‹cyfaemufaemuf cyfajcmufajcmufajymwwfwJh ESpf&pf0g'gt=uyfwa,muf usaemfwdk‹tcef;a&S‹&yfvmw,f?

OD;=uifarmif}uD;u rsufESmcsif;qd kiftcef;u ud kjrif hvSrf;ypfay;vmvd k ‹&vmwJ h aq;vdyfwd kav; vufuud kif+yD; rD;av;wwd k‹avmuf&Ed kifzdk ‹ pum;p&Smajym&if; aq;vdyfrD;awmif;w,f?

“usaemfwd k ‹ESpfa,mufu opfr_yg/ ol ‹vd k Ed kifiHa&;r[kwfygbl;/ Ed kifiHa&;orm;vJ r[kwfygbl;/ tr_uvJ }uD;}uD;us,fus,fr[kwfyg q&m&,f æ” usaemf hud kvuf!d ‡K;xd k;jy&if; avat;at;av;eJ‹ tzGif hpum;csDawmhæ

“cifAsm;wd k ‹u u|ef;r_r[kwfvm;”vd k ‹ 0g'gt=uyfujyefar;w,f? OD;=uifarmifuðyH;vd kuf+yD; æ“[kwfygw,f/ u|ef;qd kayrJ h a&arsmurf;wifu|ef;yg?”

“trav; a&arsmurf;wifjzpfjzpf bmjzpfjzpf u|ef;[m u|ef;aygh? Ed kifiHa&;r_urS vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif htrdef‹awGbmawG xGufvm&if 'd kif;ceJt&ifvGwfoGm;Ed kifw,f/ u|ef;uawmhæ”

OD;=uifarmif}uD;rSm rsufvH k;av;ayuvyfayuvyf jzpfvmw,f?




0if;wif h xGef; 21

“æu|ef;qd kwmæ t*Fvdyfacwfuqd k&ifæ oGm;=um;xd k; em;yef;yefawmifr&bl; ao'%fyJ/ tifrweftr_}uD;wmæ”vd k ‹jzJajcmufoGm;&if; rD;jcpfav;wjcpfjcpf+yD; rD;n‡ day;oGm;cJ hw,f? OD;=uifarmif}uD;aq;vdyfwd kav;awmif aumif;aumif;raomufEd kif&SmcJ h? wae‹vH k; rsufESm}uD;ndKaecJ hyH krSm ckvd kyH ktwd kif;wax&mwnf;? usaemf hrSm ðyH;& tcuf &D&tcuf/ &DvJ r&D&ufjyef?

(3)

uae‹awmh reuftapm}uD;uwnf;u/ aq;vdyfppfqifa&;}uD;ud k tjyif;xefqH k;qifE$ Jzd k ‹ tppt&m&m jyifqifnd ‡E_ dif;a&;qG Jxm;=u+yD;+yD?

'Daq;vdyfppfqifa&;rsKd;u cgwd kif;vJ yH krSefvd kvd kqifE$ Jae=u? t&ifwkef;uawmh or±d k;ustqif heJ‹

qifE$ J+yD; uae‹awmh jyif;jyif;xefxefqifE$ Jzd k ‹txd &nfpl;jyifqifxm;wmjzpfygw,f?reuf*efzvm;csrSm usaemfwa,mufwnf;u aomufa&td k;a&jznf ha&;a&m ao;*efzvm;csa&;

udkyg wm0ef,l&r,f? OD;pd k;jrif hu acs;*Hzvm;ud kcs+yD; tcsdefud kwwfEd kifor#qG J&if; tqltaiguf cHwefcH&ygr,f? t&yftarmif;axmifaxmifeJ ‹ tajy;tv$m;vJjrefvSwJ h OD;=uifarmif}uD;u óud;orm;ESpfOD;&J ‹ae&mw0d kufu óud;orm;eJ ‹óud;apmif h0g'gawGypfcsxm;wJ haq;vdyfwd kawGud k wwfEd kifor# rsufpd&Sif&SifvsifvsifoGufoGufeJ ‹ r&&atmifaumuf,l&r,f? ud k,f ht&if*efzvm;csoGm;wJ holawGxJuvJ Áa¹ENrysufaumuf,loGm;=uOD;rSmjzpfwJ htwGuf rsm;rsm;awmhr&Ed kifrSm aocsmw,f? r&&if óud;orm;qDu

jzpfjzpf wwd k&& awmif;jzpfatmif awmif;vmzd k ‹?wcef;+yD;wcef; *Hzvm;cszGif hae+yD? wcgzGif h a&S ‹bufwcef;/ aemufbuf wcef;E_ef;? OD;=uifarmif}uD;

u vnfyif;w&Snf&Snf? usaemfwd k ‹oH k;OD;om; ykqd k;ud kwd kwd k0wfxm;=u±H kru ao;*efzvm;eJ ‹ acs;*efzvm;udkvJ toif hjyifxm;+yD;+yD?

“xGuf”qd kwJ h toHeJ ‹twl oHwHcg;r˜*vef ‹wH}uD;qG JzGif hvd kufwmeJ ‹ usaemfuaomufa&td k;ud kqG J+yD;ajy;&w,f? wd kuf}uD;&J ‹tjyifbufrSm ao;twGufoGefzd k ‹ pnfyd kif;jywfwvH k;/ acs;twGufu wvH k;/ teD;rSmaq;zd k ‹ a&pOf htd k;}uD;wvH k;? cyfvSrf;vSrf;uae&mrSm aomufa&ajy;jznf haewkef; OD;pd k;jrif h}uD;u wkefwkef

wkefwkefeJ ‹ acs;*efzvm;ud k jznf;jznf;csif; oGefaew,f?OD;=uifarmif}uD;uawmh av&J ‹t[kefrsKd;eJ ‹ óud ;orm;tcef;a&S ‹u óud;apmif h0g'gawG vJavsmif;apmif h

vif h&m oHckwifav;ESpfvH k;ab; tajy;tv$m;vSnf hywf+yD; aq;vdyfwd kawG&SmazGaew,f? usaemf ao;*efzvm;}uD;o,fvmcsdefrSmawmh OD;=uifarmif}uD;[m av;buf}uD;axmuf+yD; oHckwifatmuf tv,favmufqDu aq;vdyfwd kwwd kud k t&JpGef ‹aumufaeyH k&w,f? *efzvm;cs wm0efus}uD;=uyfol 0g'guom;a&cg;ywfw&rf;&rf;eJ‹ OD;pd k;jrif h}uD;ud k *efzvm;jrefjrefaq;zd k ‹ ajymaew,f? toHu cyfxefxef?0g'gwa,mufuawmh wd kufwGif;qDvSrf;=unf h&if; “[dk tbd k;}uD;u bmvkyfaewmwkef;”vd k ‹ OD;=uif

armifud kvSrf;aigufw,f? oH k;a,mufvH k; tcef;jyefa&muf=u+yD; usaemfwdk ‹wHcg;}uD;ud k *sKdif;ceJ ydwf+yD;csdefrSmawmh zsmpkwfav;ud kuref;uwef;umay;vd kuf&w,f? wcef;csif; *efzvm;cscsdefrSm “zsm axmif/aemufvSnfh wef;pDxm;” qdkwm[m axmifwGif;wdkufOya'owck jzpfygw,f? OD;=uifarmifu




22 0if;wif h xGef;


armarmeJ ‹xd kifcsvd kuf+yD; ol ‹ykqd k;cg;yd kufaxmifav;udk *±kwpd kufjznfcsvd k kufygw,f?oH k;vufravmuf&Snfr,f h xdyfzsm;rD;wyd kif;u|rf; aq;vdyfwdkav;u wvdyf/ ESpfvufravmuf&S d

r,f h aq;vdyfwd kav;u oH k;vdyf? 'gav;awGtm;vHk;[m uae‹ppfqifa&;}uD;wckvH k;&J ‹ &v'f?“'gyJ &w,fAsm²²² 'Dt&Snfav;u zifusyfaevd k ‹aomufraumif;vd k ‹ ypfxm;wmyJvm;/ rD;ul;rnD

vdk ‹ ypfxm;wmyJvm; rodbl;/ ckwifatmuftxd av;bufaxmufaumuf,l&w,f? armifrif;}uD;om;wd k ‹uawmh óud;apmif h0g'gawGqd kawmh aomufraumif; v$if hypfvd kufrSmyJ/ tvSnf hus wnvHk;óud;orm;ud k xd kifapmif h=unf hae&wmqd kawmh ukwifav;ay:vS J&if; wvdyf+yD;wvdyfaerSmaygh/ olwd k ‹aomufraumif;vd k ‹ rsm;rsm;v$if hypfav²²² &Snf&Snf&avaygh” OD;=uifarmif}uD;uajym&if; ezl;jyifay:uac|;pawGud k ykqd k;eJ ‹okwfypfae&Smw,f?

*efzvm;cscsdef+yD;oGm;wJ haemufrSmawmh ol ‹&JŒtjrwfEd k;qH k; &Sefapmifav;ud k acgif;tH k;vkyfxm;&mu

ae pepfwus acgufcsKd;jzef ‹cif;vd kufw,f? aq;vdyfwd kav;oH k;ckud k apmifay:wif/ wckcsif;wHqdyfywfcGm/+yD;awmh oeyfzufwd kav;yg rusKd;ryJ h&atmif ,k,k,,cGmcsvd kufwJ htcg rD;wyd kif;u|rf; aq;±d k;aq;pyfr_efav;awG xGufusvmw,f? twd kqH k;aq;vdyfwd kav; oH k;ckaygif;ygrS aq;±d k;aq;pyfr_efav;awGuqD;jzLoD;}uD;}uD;wpfvH k;pmxuf ryd kEd kif?

OD;pd k;jrif hu oeyfzufpav;aumuf,l+yD; aomufa&cGufeJ ‹ a&pdrfESL;wmvkyfw,f? aemufæ apmifay:u rD;oif haq;pyfr_efav;awGeJeJcsif;,l+yD; oeyfzufpav;eJ ‹ AD'Daq;vdyfao;ao;av;jzpfatmifvdyfw,f? AD'Dvdyfav;awmif &wmrSESpfvdyfxJ? wa,mufwvdyfpD?

eJeJ&SnfwJ haq;vdyfwd kav;ud kawmh 'Dtwd kif;yJ ESpfOD;cG Jaomufzd k ‹jyifqif=u+yD;/ rD;av;wwd k ‹&zd k ‹ ar#mf =ujyefw,f? 0g'gwa,muf zdeyfcGmoHwazsmufazsmufjzwftvm OD;=uifarmifu ar#mfvif hjcif; rsufpdawGeJ ‹vSrf;=unf hw,f? ac:vd kufr,f[efjyif+yD;rS ol ‹yg;pyfud k uref;uwef; ydwfvd kufw,f? usaemfygapmif;+yD;olwd k ‹eJ ‹twl=unf hvd kufawmh 0g'gatmifoef;?

t&ifwcg “rD;av;wwd k ‹avmufq&m”vd k ‹ OD;=uifarmifuajymrdawmh “rD;awmhr&S dbl;/ -D; yJ &S dw,f” vd k ‹ ajymwJ htaumif? awmfawmfqd k;wJ htaumif? 'ga=umif h rawmif;&J? tajctaeaumif;Ed kifr,f h0g'gud k pdwf&Snf&Snf qufapmih fae&Smw,f?

em&D0ufavmuft=um 0g'gtd k}uD;wa,mufvmrS rD;udpP atmifjrifpGmnd ‡cGif h&awmhw,f? OD;pd k;jrif hrsufESm}uD;0if;xdefoGm;vd kufyH krsm; r_ dusif;}uD;ud kcvkwfwd kufrdvd kufwJ h r_ d&Smolvd krsKd;?

“ud k=uifarmifæwa,mufwvS J ‹æ ESpfzGmpDyJzGma=u;aemfæ”acgif;ndwfjy+yD; OD;pd k;jrif hud k t&ifurf;ay;w,f? bmvd k ‹vJqd kawmh 0g'gtd k}uD;qDu aq;vdyfrD;eJ ‹

ol‹aq;vdyfwd krD;!d ‡wkef;u rD;awmfawmfeJ ‹rpG JEd kifwJ h ol ‹aq;vdyfwd kud k wcsufESpfcsufzGmvd kuf/ 0g'g}uD;aq;vdyf&Snfbufuae+yD; av;ig;csuftm;&yg;&zGmvd kufeJ ‹ rD;!d ‡jcif;udpPatmifjrifcsdefrSm OD;=uifarmif}uD;[m 0g'g}uD;&J ‹ aq;vdyftaumif;pm;ud k awmfawmfzGmvd kuf+yD;om; jzpfae+yD?

OD;pd k;jrif hu aq;vdyfwd kud k jznf;jznf;csif; ESpfaxmif;tm;&zGmvd kufw,f? ESpfzGmwdwdzGm+yD; OD;=uifarmifqD opPm&S d&S durf;ay;vd kufw,f? OD;=uifarmifu vufuav;eJ ‹tkyf+yD; pwifzGm±_ dufvd kufcsdefrSmawmhæ




0if;wif h xGef; 23

“ud k=uifarmifæ cifAsm;[m ±d k;±d k;zGmAsm/ b,f hES,fæ bdef;pm;ajymif;qG Jwmvd k wtm;}uD;t&Snf}uD;±d _ufzGmvd k ‹uawmh b,fcHEd kifrvJAsæ” OD;pd k;jrif hu uAsmu&muef ‹uGufw,f? usaemf hrSm olwd k ‹ESpfOD;ud k=unf h&if; a=ua=uuG JuG Jyif houfawGom jzmaerdawmhw,f?

a=omæ'Dae&m[m axmifqd kwmyguvm;?'DaxmifxJrSmjzif h aq;vdyf[ma&$/ aq;vdyf[maiGyguvm;?OD;=uifarmif}uD;jrwfEd k;vSwJ h/ ol ‹rdef;rud k,fwd kif,ufay;xm;w,fqd kwJ h &SefapmifeDav;[m OD;=uif

armif}uD;wa,muf 'DaxmifxJuae xGuf&csdeftxd/ ud k,feJ ‹ruGm opPm&S d&S d jyefvnfvd kufygoGm;Ed kifpGrf;&SdrS &S dyghavrvm;?

usaemf oufjyif;zGzGud kom csaerdygw,f? ?Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




24 0if;wif h xGef;


axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (3)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (3)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (3)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (3)axmif0wˆKwd krsm; (3)




0if;wif h xGef; 25

cspfvGef;vd k‹ a&mufvm&olyg

(1)

avmu}uD;rSm a'go avmb tmCmw trkef;w&m;wd k ‹a=umif hrSom axmifwd k ‹wef;wd k ‹xJ a&mufvm=u&wmr[kwf?

opPmw&m;ud kjrwfEd k;r_a=umif h/ ,H k=unfr_ud k qkyfud kifr_a=umif h/ ud k,f hwd kif;jynf ud k,f hvlrsKd;ud k aumif;

apcsifvGef;r_a=umif h axmifxJwef;xJ a&mufvm=u&olawGvJ trsm;}uD;?'D=um;xJ tifrwefcspfcifvGef;vd k ‹ oHa,mZOf}uD;vSvGef;vd k ‹ arwWmw&m;a=umif h axmifxJ a&muf

vm&olrsKd;vJ &S dygao;w,fqd kvsif æbmwkef;/ tcspftwGuf arwWmtwGuf wpH kwckvkyfud kif faqmif&Guf&if; Oya'a=umif;t& axmif

wef;usvmwmrsKd;rsm;vm;vd k ‹ awG;rdaumif;awG;rd=uygvdrf hr,f? r[kwfyg?cspfvGef;vd k ‹ axmifxJqG JtoGif;cHvd kuf&wJ h usaemfwd k ‹rdwfaqG}uD; ud kpd k;xGwf&J ‹tjzpfrsKd;uawmh

awmfawmhud k&Sm;yg;r,f h Zmwfvrf;wyk'fyg?

ud kpd k;xGwf[m Ed kifiHa&;orm;wOD;? a0ge,f u0e,fom;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek&J ‹ jynfcspfygwDEd kifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG xd kif;e,fpyfrSmtajccH+yD;ay:vmawmh ud kpd k;xGwf[mtJ'DEd kifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_pD;a=umif;}uD;xJrSm tzG J ‹0ifwOD;?

b,fwkef;urS vufeufud kifawmfvSefa&;ud k vufrcHcJ hwJ h vufeufud kifolykefxa&;vrf;pOfqd kwmtzsufvrf;pOfvd k ‹ wav#mufvH k;aºuG;a=umfcJ hwJ h/ vufeufud kifvrf;pOfud k pGef ‹v$wfa=umif; a=unm&r,fvd k ‹ wav#mufvH k; awmif;qd ka[majym 0g'jzef ‹csDcJ hwJ h OD;Ek}uD;ud k,fwd kif/ rqvppftm%m&Sifwd k ‹&J ‹ tkyfpd k;r_atmufrSm rv$ Jomra&Smifom vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;qd kwmud k taumiftxnfazmfvm&awmh

bk&m;wumawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;awmif vufeufud kifolykef trnfcHvm&ygw,f? ord kif;&JŒoa&mfcsufjyif;jyif;vd k ‹yJ ac:ac:/ avmu}uD;&J ‹ avSmifcsufvd k ‹yJ uifyGef;wyfwyf/ ppftm%m&Sif wzufowftkyfpd k;,kwfrmr_atmufrSm vufeufud kifvrf;pOf[m wd kif;cspfjynfcspf Ed kifiHa&;vkyfaqmifcsifolawG&J ‹ b0ay;a&G;vrf;wckjzpfcJh&ygw,f? tJ'D a&G;vrf;ay:rSm/ OD;Ek}uD;ud k,fwd kifyg0ifvmcJ h&wJ h tJ'Da&G;vrf;ay:rSmudkpd k;xGwf[mvJ yg0ifav#mufvSrf;cJ h&ol wa,muf æ?

1980jynfh arvrSm “*dk%f;aygif;pH koHCmhtzGJ‹}uD; atmifjrifpGmzGJ‹pnf;Edkifjcif;” txdrf;trSwfqd kwmud k }uHzefacgif;pOfwyf+yD; Ad kvfae0if;u 2§ 80 taxGaxGvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif htrdef ‹qd kwm xkwfjyef

ygw,f? vufeufud kif awmcd kae=uolawGud kvJ tdrfuae pdwfqd k;+yD;xGufoGm;=uwJ h nDtud karmifESrt&if;awG ud k,f htdrfud k,fjyefvm=uovd k oabmxm;ygw,fvd k ‹ ±S Laq;csLaq;av;ay;+yD; ewfoHaESmvd kufygao;w,f?

2§ 80 ud k ud kif+yD;jyefoGm;=uolawG wzG JzG Jaygh?

0if;wif hxGef;

cspfvGef;vd k@ a&mufvm&olygPolaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



26 0if;wif h xGef;


Ad kvfoufxGef;wdk ‹wawG jyefoGm;=uygw,f? OD;Ek}uD;vJ jyefoGm;ygw,f? Ad kvfrª;atmifwd k ‹ &efukefbaqGwd k ‹wawGvJ jyefoGm;=uygw,f?

ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;vJ jyefr,faygh?'gayr,f h jyefyH kjyefenf;awGu rwl=u?2§ 80 ud kudkif+yD; jyefwJholawG jyef=ucsdefrSm ud kpd k;xGwfu 2§ 80 ud ktoH k;cs+yD; jyefzd k ‹jyifw,f?ud k,f h&yfuk d,fh&Gmud k ajcrcs&wmumv=um+yD? nDtud k armifESr rdbaqGrsKd;om;csif;awGeJ ‹ cG JcGm

cJ h&wm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=um+yD? 'Dvd ktajctaeaumif;rSm ud k,f h&yfud k,f h&Gm nDtud karmifESr aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGqD ta&mufoGm;+yD; rsufESmjycsif E_wfqufprf;csifrdw,f? Zmwdajr&J ‹&eH ‹awGud k w0}uD;±SL±_ duf+yD;tm;yg;w& tvGrf;ajzcsifrdw,f? vufawG ‹b0&J ‹tajctaeuvJ 'Dvd ktcGif hta&;rsKd;ud kt&,lEd kifzd k ‹vd ktyfaew,fav?

xd kif;Ed kifiHe,fajrxJrSm umvaygif;rsm;pGm &Sifoefusufpm;aecJ h&pOftwGif; ol ‹rSm cspfol=uifolb0tazmfrGefuvJ &SdaecJ h+yDav? ol ‹&JŒuEWm&ae‹aygif;rsm;pGm naygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; ol ‹b0&JŒt&dyfyrmvyrmtjzpf/ prf;a&yrm yef;yrmtjzpf at;apar$;ap =unfEl;csrf;ajrhapcJ hwJ h xm0&vufwG Jazmf arwWm&Sif u±k%m&Sifu &S daecJ hrd+yDav? tJ'D arwWm&Sifu xd kif;rav;wOD;jzpfwJ h wjynfol ra&$xm;?

a[m'DurB majr}uD;&J ‹ yx0D0ife,fedrdwfawGtay:rSmawmh tcsKyftjcmtm%me,fajrawG wdwdusus cd kifcd kifcef ‹cef ‹ owfowfrSwfrSwfwnf&S d=u+yD; tcsKyftjcmtm%myd kifpd k;r_qd kwm tESpfom&t&ud kav;av;eufeuf&S d&rSm,H k=unfcJ hayrJ h tcspfarwWm vl ‹u±k%me,fajrawGtay:rSmawmh pnf;±d k;e,f

edrdwfeJ ‹ rsOf ;om;xm;Ed kifr_awGr&S dcJ hwm&S dvd k ‹r&Ed kifcJ hwm ol ‹b0rSm vufawG ‹t& od jrifcHpm;em;vnfaecJ h&+yD? ol ‹b0rSm ol ‹b0&J ‹prf;a&eJ ‹urf;ajcjzpfwJ h wjynfolra&$xm;r#omru ol ‹&J ‹&ifaoG; a&$pifvJjzpfwJ horDi,fav;awmif &S daecJh+yD? orD;av;[m wDwDwmwmawmif ajymwwfqd kwwf &,farmwwf&if;ol ‹tonf;ESvH k;ud k odrf;óuH;qG Jiif oHa,mZOf fóud;awG w&pf+yD;w&pf qifwwfaecJ h+yD?

'DtcsdefrSm olol ‹arG;&yfajrqD 2§ 80 ud ktoH k;cs+yD; vSpfceJwacgufwusif; jyefzd k ‹jyifawmh =uifoloufxm; ra&$xm;rsufESmay:rSm rsuf&nfawG0Jvd k ‹? “r=umygbl ;/ jyefvmrSmyg/ pdwfcsyg” vd k ‹ajymwmr,H kcsifr,H k&J? b,frSm ,H k&J&SmyghrvJ? r,H k&J&Smwmud ku u±k%moufp&m jzpf&jyef+yD? “rjyefvd k ‹r&

bl;vm;uG,f”vd k ‹ rsuf&nf0J0JeJ ‹ajymwmud ku arwWm&J ‹twdrfteuf jy'g;wd kifav;jzpf&jyef+yD? ol ‹&J ‹jyefcsifpdwfeJ ‹ jyefcsifwmud k ra&$xm;u em;vnfpGmoabmxm;}uD;pGmeJ ‹ wif ;wif;usyfusyfawmh rwm;&Sm? uoduatmufjzpfatmif pdwftaESmif ht,Suf jzpfatmifvJ bmwckav;rSrvkyf&Sm? tJ'Dvd k rvkyfwmud ku oem;p&mwrsKd; jzpfaejyefw,f? ESvH k;om;ud k wif;wif;csnfvd kufwJ h óud;wacsmif;jzpfaecJ hw,f?

bmyJjzpfjzpf jyefud kjyefr,f/ arG;&yfajrud k a&mufatmifud koGm;r,fqd kwJ h qH k;jzwfcsufeJ ‹ oljyefvmcJ hw,f? =uifolu rsuf&nfawGw0J0JeJ‹ orD;av;vufud kqG J+yD; ol ‹&J ‹arG;&yfajrod k ‹ tjyefc&D;ud k wzufaom e,fpyfrsOf;a=umif;uae vd kufyd k ‹&Smw,f? “rif; æ vdrfwmaerSmyg/ rif; æ jyefvmawmhrSmr[kwf

awmhbl;xifygw,f æ”vd k ‹vJ ±_ dufoHawG a0ha0h=um;uae r,H kr&JpdwfeJ ‹ wwGwfwGwf ajym&Smw,f?“pdwfcsyg æ igjyefvmrSmyg/ igrvdrfygbl;”vd k ‹ txyfxyfajymwmawmif jynf hjynf h00 ,H k0H h&Sm[ef rwlyg?tjypfuif;pif&SmwJ h orD d;av;uawmh ol‹rsufESmud k rsufvH k;}uD;t0d kif;om;eJ ‹=unf h+yD; “azaz&,f æ




0if;wif h xGef; 27

jrefjrefjyefvmcJhaemf æ”vdk ‹ oHa,mZOfzG J ‹aESmifr_ud k toHwdwfbmompum;awGeJ ‹ ajymaecJ hw,f?vrf;wav#mufvH k; onfjrifuGif; onftoH onfrsufvH k;awGud k }udrfzefrsm;pGm jrifjrifae&if;u

ol‹Zmwd&Gmajrjyefa&mufawmh ol ‹nDtud karmifESr aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGu 0d kif;0dkif;vnfatmif óud=uw,f? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uG JuGmaecJ&wJ h ol ‹tay: aEG;aEG;axG;axG; ðyrl=uw,f? oHa,mZOf&J ‹ trSwftom;awGud k olwd k ‹azmfjywwfovd k a'gif haygif;pH kuae azmfjycJ h=uw,f? olvJtwd k;cs+yD; auseyf=unfEl;&wm trSef yg?

'gayrJ h =unfEl;&r_uawmh odyfr=umyg? cG JcGmcJ h&wm umv=um+yDjzpfwJ h arG;&yfajreJ ‹aqGrsKd;om;csif;nDtud karmifESrawGud k vma&mufE_wfqufwmomjzpf+yD;/ tpuwnf;u jyefzd k ‹qH k;jzwfcsufyg+yD;om;jzpfwJ htwGuf jyefzd k ‹jyifygw,f? ZeD;eJ‹orD;av;qD jyefzd k ‹jyifygw,f?

olu ol ‹&J ‹ nDtud karmifESr t&if;tcsmawGud k ol ‹&J ‹ta=umif;xkywf b0rSefudk vd ktyfovd k

&Sif;vif;ajymjywm vkyfcJ hygw,f? ol ‹rSm xdkif;Ed kifiHol xd kif;trsKd;orD;ZeD;onfeJ ‹ orD;av;vJ&S dae+yDjzpfwJ hta=umif;/ 2§ 80 a=unmcsufud ktoH k;cs+yD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuG JuGmaecJ h&wJ h ZmwdajreJ ‹ nDtud karmifESr aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGud k awG ‹csifjrifcsifvGef;vd k ‹ ra&mufa&mufatmifvmcJ hwmjzpfwJ htwGufol‹tay: em;vnfauseyfay;=uygawmhqd kwJ hta=umif;awG ajymqd k&Sif;vif; azsmif;zscJ hygw,f?

ol ‹&J ‹nDtud karmifESr aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGuvJ oHa,mZOf}uD;vGef;vSwJ hol ‹tay: oHa,mZOfpdwfarwWmpdwfawGeJ ‹yJ rjyefawmhzd k ‹ta=umif;/ onfrSmyJaeawmhzd k ‹ta=umif; rsuf&nfvnf&$ JeJ ‹ jyefvnfwHk ‹jyefawmif;cH azsmif;zs=uygw,f? olu &ifeif hpGmeJ ‹acgif;cgjycJ hygw,f? aemufqHk;rSmawmh æ

ol ‹tay:oHa,mZOf}uD;rm;vSwJ h ol ‹&J ‹nDtud karmifESrwpk&J ‹pOf;pm;a&G;cs,fyH ku æxd kif;Ed kifiHud kjyefoGm;&if aemifb,fawmhrSawG ‹&ygawmhrvJ/ awG ‹csifrSawmifawG ‹Ed kifrSmr[kwfawmh

wJh tajctaersKd;txdvJ jzpfoGm;Ed kifw,f? wEk difiHpDjzpf foGm;&+yD r[kwfvm;? 'DrSmqd kv#if aemufqH k;axmifxJa&mufoGm;&+yD qd k&ifawmif axmifuvGwf&if jyefawG ‹&rSmyJ? b,frSmrS oGm;vd k ‹r&awmhyJjyefawG ‹Ed kifrSmyJvd k ‹ olwd k ‹rDor# Om%fav;avmufeJ ‹pOf;pm;=u+yD;/ pdwfqdk;csifqd k;/ pdwfemcsifem 'Dvrf;uyJaumif;ao;w,fvd k ‹ oabmxm;+yD;/ xd kif;Ed kifiHqD jyefvd k ‹r&awmhatmifqd kwJ h awG;vH k;wdrfwdrfav;awGeJ ‹yJ tHud kwif;+yD; axmufvSrf;a&;qd kwmud koGm;+yD; vufwd k ‹vd kuf=uygw,f?

&v'ftjzpf ud kpd k;xGwf tzrf;cHvd kuf&ygw,f?“oufqd kif&m”qd kwJ h taumifrsm;u ud kpd k;xGwfud k vufxdyfcwfay;vd kuf=uygw,f? 'Dvd keJ ‹ yk'fr

17(1)(2)qd kwJ h bG J ‹xl;eJ ‹ ud kpd k;xGwfwa,muf Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;wOD; jzpfvmcJ h&ygawmhw,f?

(2)

yk'fr 5/n qd kwJ h bG J ‹xl;eJ ‹ Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;wOD;jzpfwJh usaemf[m wdkufwumpH katmifaecJ h&

zl;ayrJ h ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;eJ ‹wd kufxJrSm twlrqH kcJ h&bl;yg? 'gayrJ h ud kpd k;xGwf&J ‹emrnfeJ ‹ ud kpd k;xGwf&J ‹Zmwfvrf;wpdwfwyd kif;ud k uk dpd k;xGwfeJ ‹twlaecJ h&zl;olawGqDuaewqif h usaemf=um;od&if;ES D;aecJ hygw,f?

usaemfud k,fwd kif yk'fr 5/n ESpfckxyfeJ ‹ ESpfr_pvH k; axmifcscH&+yD;wJ haemuf wd kufuae axmifus




28 0if;wif h xGef;


aqmifud k a&mufvm&wJ htcg/ (1)aqmifrSm ud kpd k;xGwfeJ ‹waqmifwnf; jzpfvm&±H kru/ tvkyf}uD;xJrSmvJ tvkyfwlawGjzpfvm&ygawmhw,f? usaemf hud k tvkyfcsxm;ay;jcif;cH&wmu zdeyfcsKyfbkwf/ ud kpd k;xGwfvJ zdeyfcsKyfbkwf?

usaemfwdk ‹EdkifiHa&;orm;awGud k tvkyf}uD;bkwfwckwnf;rSmtwlcsxm;ray;bJ/ axmiftm%myd kifawGu bkwfrwlwmawG jzef ‹cG Jcsxm;ay;ygw,f? zdeyfcsKyf/ ,ufuef;. vuform;pwJ h bkwfawGrSmusaemfwd k ‹&J ‹&JabmfawG usaemfwd k ‹Ed kifiHa&;orm;awG csxm;jcif;cH&ygw,f?

usaemfwdk ‹ zdeyfcsKyfbkwfrSmud k 5/nawGtjzpf usaemf/ Ad kvfZifaumh/ pd k;0if;/ ud karmifarmifwdwf/OD;xGef;jrifh/ OD;jrpdef/ OD;atmif=unf/ udkaX;atmif(Zifvif;) pwJ holawG&Sd+yD;/ 17(1)(2)awGtjzpfuud kpd k;xGwf/ apm&Sufz/ csmvD pwJ holawG&S dygw,f?

ud kpd k;xGwf/ apm&Sufz/ csmvDwd k ‹eJ ‹ Ad kvfZifaumh/ pd k;0if;/ usaemfwd k ‹u zdeyfcsKyfrSmrS ±H kvnf; w±H kwnf;?

usaemf/ Ad kvfZifaumh/ pd k;0if;wd k ‹u zdeyfcGm±d kuf/ ud kpd k;xGwfeJ ‹ apm&Sufz}uD;uawmh zdeyfcsKyf pufud kif?rsufESmay:rSm rkwfqdwfar$;/ yg;odkif;ar$;ikwfwkdawG tòydif;t±dkif;eJ‹udkpdk;xGwf}uD;u tjrJwef;

ðyH;ðyH;ðyH;ðyH;eJ ‹ aewwfw,f? &ifxJrSmvG,fxm;&wJ h a0'emawGtwd kif;omae&r,fqd k&if ol ‹rsufESmay: tðyH;av;wpawmif xifEd kifzG,f&mr&S d? 'gayrJ h Ed k fifiHa&;orm;tjzpfu vmcJ hwJ hol[m 'Dvd k tusOf;axmiftwGif;rSm tHwif;&if;u òyH;+yD;aeEd kifcJ hw,f?

“usaemfu æusaemf h nDtud karmifESrawGu usaemf hud kcspfvGef;vd k ‹ axmifuscJ h&wmygAsm”vd k ‹a=uuG JpGm &,farmwwfw,f? tvkyf}uD; zdeyfcsKyf±H kxJrSm vufr&S dawmhwJ htusô}uD;ud k 0wfxm;wwf+yD;/

ykqd k;ud kvJ wd kwk dygatmif0wfxm;wwfwJ h ol ‹yH k[m wcgw&Hus ±d k;wHawGòydif;òydif;xaewJ h uE Wm&opfyiftd k}uD; wyifvd kvJjzpfaewwfw,f? ±d k;wHawG tòydif;òydif;x+yD;jrif&wm txD;usefqefvGef;oa,mif&S dayrJ h a&aomufjrpf&S d+yD;om; &SifoefaeqJ 'Dopfyif}uD;[m wae‹ &Gufopfzl;EkawGwa0a0eJ ‹ jyefvnfEkysKdvef;jr pdrf;pd kvmOD;rSmud kawmh vlwd kif;jrifEd kif=uvdrf hr,fr[kwfyg?

“vm=uAsKd ‹ æ a&aEG;=urf;&+yD”wae‹vnfcif; tm;vyfcsdefrSm usaemfwd k ‹&J ‹ apm=uufz}uD;u usaemfwd k ‹ud k wd k;wd k;vSrf;ac:w,f?

ol ‹cjrm us,fus,fac:vd k ‹awmh rjzpf? 'DudpPu odomodaprjrifapeJ ‹ vkyf&wJ hudpP? axmifxJrSm w&m;

0iftm;jzif h a&aEG;=urf;wnfaomufzd k ‹aeaeomom rD;jcpfawmifud kifcGif h&S dwmr[kwf? 'D=um;xJu wm0efusaxmiftm%myd kif yg;uGufom;awGrodatmif t=uHtzeftrsKd;rsKd;eJ ‹ a&aEG;=urf;aomuf&atmifwnf&wmrsKd;jzpfygw,f? rsm;rsm;pm;pm;vJ wnfEd kifwmr[kwf? 'ga=umif h aemufwcsufu vltm;vH k;udkvJ vmaomufzd k ‹ zdwfrE WurðyEdkif? &if;&m&if;&m/ eD;&meD;&mtvd kufyJ 0d kif;zG J ‹&wJ hoabm?

ud kpd k;xGwfud kif&&m zdeyfcsKyfpuf}uD;&J ‹ab;u usOf;usOf;usyfusyfae&mrSm usaemf/ Ad kvfZifaumh/ud kpd k;xGwfeJ ‹ apm=uufz}uD;wd k ‹ acgif;csif;qd kif xd kifjzpf=uw,f?

usaemfwd k ‹oGm;av&m o,foGm;&wJ h vufpG Jawmf ºuGyfºuGyftdwfav;awGxJu yH kpH'efyef;uefvH k;

av;awGxkwf+yD; apm=uufz}uD;a&S ‹csay;vd kuf&w,f?apm&Sufz}uD;u u&iftrsKd;om;? t&yfuykjywfjywfav;om jzpfayrJ h ar;±d k;um;um; rsufESm

jym;jym;}uD;eJ ‹ qHyifawGu tarmufvd kaxmifaeawmh/ ‘apm&Sufz’qd kwJ h ol ‹eHrnfeJ ‹ toHxGufrwdrf;




0if;wif h xGef; 29

r,drf;vJjzpf/ ol ‹ud k cspfpEd k;ac:wmvJjzpfatmif ‘apm=uufz}uD;’vd k ‹ usaemfwd k ‹wawGu ac:=uw,f?usaemfwd k‹awG&J ‹ 'efyef;uefav;awGxJa&m ol ‹yef;uefav;xJyg a&aEG;=urf;awGud k r#a0xnf h

ay;±H kru/ apm=uufz}uD;u wavmav;urS ol ‹tdrfu axmif0ifpmvmxm;vd k ‹&xm;wJ h axmif0ifpmxkyfao;ao;xJu xef;vsufcJxkyfav;ud kvJjznf+yD; wa,mufwvH k;pD a0ay;ao;w,f?

apm=uufz}uD;u xef;vsufcJav;ud k ewfok'< grS D0Jovd k rS D0J&if; a&aEG;=urf;yef;uef 'efyef;uefvk H;rG Jnpfnpfud k vufESpfzufeJ ‹ *±kwpd kufpH kud k fif&if; wzl;zl;r_wfaewmjrif&awmh/

“udk=uufz}uD; æ cifAsm;a&aEG;=urf;aomufzdk ‹ wzl;zl;r_wfaewmuvJ uvJ&Deuf(Clarinet)

r_wfwmrsm; owd&aeovm;”vd k ‹ usaemfu prdw,f?ud k=uufz}uD;u [ufceJwcsuf&D+yD; “'DrSmavawmif rc|eftm;ygbl;Asm”vd k ‹ ajym&Smw,f? 'DxJrSm

jzpfovd k aexd kifae&&SmwJ h ud kapm=uufz}uD;[m wu,fu wu,f h*Dwynm&Sif qd kAD,ufu tEkynm

wuUod kvfwckuae avr_wfwl&d,meJ ‹bG J ‹awmif&vmcJ hwJ hol? tckawmh avawmifrc|efEd kifbJ zdeyfcsKyfpufud kifae&wJ hb0? autJif,leJ ‹ywfouf+yD; rw&m;oif;tufOya' yk'fr 17(1)(2)eJ ‹ axmif '%f(3)ESpf csrSwfcHxm;&ol?

“ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;uawmh wajz;ajz;eJ ‹vGwfzd k ‹eD;vm+yDayghaemf æ”vd k ‹ Ad kvfZifaumhu ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;ud kar;w,f?

“tif; æeD;vm+yD/ vGwf&ifawmh rjzpfjzpfatmif orD;eJ ‹ZeD;qD ajy;Ed kifatmifóud;pm;&rSmyJ? 'DuaqGrsKd;om;csif;awGuawmh woufrarhEd kifatmifud k E_wfqufvd kuf=u+yD;+yDyJAsm? usaemfuvJ awG ‹qH k

E_wfqufcJh+yD;+yDyJ”“at;Asm æ cifAsm;tjzpfuvJ æ”“'ga=umif h usaemf c%c%ajymaejzpf wmaygh/ usaemfu usaemf haqGrsKd;om;csif;awGu cspfvGef;

vd k ‹ axmifusvmcJ h&wmygvd k ‹? olwd k ‹uawmh usaemf'Dvd k axmifuswmoGm;&&if axmifuvGwfvm&ifb,frSoGm;vd k ‹&rSm r[kwfawmhbl;vd k ‹rsm; wGuf&w,fvd k ‹Asm? at;av æ olwdk ‹awGcrsmvJ æ”

ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;u oufjyif;zGzGeJ ‹ajym&Smw,f?“cifAsm;ZeD;eJ‹ orD;av;uawmh b,fvd krsm;xifrvJ rodbl;aemf æ” usaemfu pmempdwfouf

oufeJ ‹yJ awG;awG;qqajymrdw,f?“usaemf pdwfraumif;bl;Asm/ usaemf ArmjynfbufxGufvmr,fhtcsdef æ olwdk‹om;trd

usaemf hud kvd kufyd k ‹&if;eJ ‹ rif;vdrfwmaerSmyg æ rif;jyefvmrSmr[kwfawmhbl; xifygw,f æ vd k ‹ rsuf&nfav;w0J0JeJ ‹ ajymaewJ hyH kud kyJ c%c% owd&aew,fAsm? tckawmh æ olwd k ‹qD jyefra&mufvmEd kifyJ'gavmufawmifumvawG ESpfawGvawG=umae+yDqdkawmh ²²² olwd k ‹pdwfxJ usaemfvdrfoGm;wmvd k ‹wxpfcspG JoGm;Ed kifwmayghAsm/ usaemfrvdrfygbl;Asm æ jyefud kjyefrSmyg/ olwd k ‹om;trdqDa&mufatmifjyefrSmyg/ olwd k ‹cjrm usaemfaxmifxJ 'Dvd kb0a&mufaewm b,fvd kvkyfodEd kifyghrvJ æ”

ud kpd k;xGwftoHay:rSm wu,f hud ka=uuG J&dyfawG pGef;xifqd kif;wG J ‹aecJ hw,f?“Ad kvfrSL;atmifuawmh usaemf hud k vGwfapcsifwJ hapwemeJ ‹ w&m;±H k;rSmusaemf hbufuae ouf

aotjzpf xGufay;&Smygw,f? 'gayrJ h r&ygbl;Asm? 17(1)(2)u yk'frwyf+yD;&if teJqH k;=urf;cif;aps;




30 0if;wif h xGef;


&S d+yD;om;yJ?”usaemfwd k‹tm;vH k; oufjyif;uk d,fpD ±_ dufrd=uygw,f?“usaemf jyefjzpfatmifud kjyefrSm/ rjzpfjzpfwJ henf;eJ ‹ óud ;pm;+yD;jyefrSm/ usaemfrvdrfcJ hzl;qd kwm jyud k

jy&r,f? +yD;awmh æ 'Dvd kppftm%m&SifawG&J ‹ tkyfpd k;r_atmufrSmvJ usaemfraecsifygbl;Asm? usaemfæ [d kud k jyefa&muf&if/ yef;yJqufxkr,f æud k,f hyef;yJzd krSm yef;yJxk+yD; toufarG;&if; wd kif;jynf&J ‹tajctaeud k vSrf;=unfhaer,fAsm æ”

cHpm;r_tjynfheJ ‹ ajymjyaewJ h ol ‹pum;oHud k qufvufem;pGif haerdcJ h=uw,f?“cifAsm;wd k‹vJ aemif æ ta=umif;a=umif;eJ ‹ xdkif;e,fpyfzufrsm; a&mufvmcJ hvd k ‹&Sd&if tcsdef

ra&G; usaemf hud kvmawG ‹=uyg? yef;yJxkwJ hArm}uD;vd k ‹ajym&if usaemf hemrnfud k ajymvd kuf&if tJ'DbufrSmod=uygw,fAsm? vlqd kwm ajymvd k ‹&wmr[kwfbl;? wa=umif;r[kwfwa=umif;eJ ‹ a&mufjzpfcsifa&muf

jzpfwm æ ? Ed kifiHa&;orm;qd kwm yd kawmif tJ'Dvd kñuHEdkifao;w,f æ?ud kpdk;xGwf}uD;u olawmifaxmifu rxGuf&ao;cifuwnf;u usaemfwd k ‹ud k óudwifzdwfrE Wu

ðyaecJ hw,f? ol ‹pum;awGu olrkcsjyefud kjyefr,fqd kwm tcd kiftrm azmf!$ef;ae±H kru/ ol ‹=uifol[mol ‹ud k olwd k ‹ESpfa,muf 'd k;wlabmifzuf vkyfud kifpm;aomuf aexd kifcJ h=uwJ h yef;yJzd kav;uae/ oljyefvmr,f htcsdefud k rrS dwfrokefapmif hvif hóudqd kaerSmud k oHo,uif;pGm tcd kiftrm,H k=unfaewmud kvJ xif[yfay:vGifaecJ hw,f? a=omf æ ol ‹cspfol&J ‹ opPmtonf;ESvH k;ud k pd k;pOf;rSoHo,r0if ,H k=unf av;eufvGef;vd kufwmvd k ‹cHpm;rd&if;/ usaemfrSma=uuG Jr_awG=um;uae =unfEl;qGwfysH ‹ovd kvd kawmif jzpfvd kuf

ao;w,f? usaemfu qGwfysH ‹vGrf;armzG,fawGud k &ifckefwwfolqd kawmh wcgrSrjrifzl;bl;wJ h ol ‹&J ‹ =uifoloufv,f wjynfolra&$xm;eJ ‹ ol ‹&J ‹tjyefud kwd k;wdwfpGm apmif hvif hai;ar#mfae&Smr,f h rsufvH k;av;t0d kif;om;eJ ‹ orD;i,fav;&J ‹ rsufESmawGud kyg tm±H kxJrSm yH kazmf=unf h&if; jrifrdjrifa,mif jzpfvmcJ hw,f?wae!d kwd kif; yef;yJzd kt0ifvrf;qD ai;&Dar#mf±_ae&Smr,f h xd kif;trsKd;orD;av; wa,muf[m ol ‹orD;av;ud k vufqG Jvd k ‹aygh? +yD;awmh Armjynfbufud k rsuf&nf0J0JeJ ‹warharm}uD; vSrf;=unf hvd k ‹aygh?

(3)

aemufyd kif;rSm ud kpd k;xGwfta=umif; usaemfr=um;&awmh?usaemfwdk‹ 5/n tkyfpkudk ppftpdk;&u axmifawGcGJ+yD; ajymif;a&$‹ypfvdkufawmh usaemfu

om,m0wDaxmif a&mufoGm;w,f? AdkvfZifaumhwd k ‹ ud kpd k;0if;wd k ‹awGuawmh awmifilaxmifvd kvd k=um;&w,f?

usaemfeJ ‹twl om,m0wDaxmifygvmcJ hwJ h OD;xGef;&S def}uD;eJ ‹pum;pyfrd=u&if; 'Dtcsdefqd k ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;wa,mufawmh xd kif;e,fajrud kjyefa&muf+yD; ol ‹ZeD; ol ‹orD;awGeJ ‹rsm; aysmf&$ifpGm jyefvnf qH kawG ‹ae

avmuf+yDvm;vd k ‹awmh ajymrdqd krd awG;=unf hjzpfrdao;w,f?usaemfud k,fwd kif axmifusESpfjynf hvd k ‹vGwfajrmufvm&+yD;wJ haemufyd kif; ±kef;&if;uef&if; ajy;v$m;

&&if;u &moDpuf0ef;awG t}udrf}udrfausmfvmcJ hw,f? Ed kifiHa&;owW0gwOD;jzpfcJ h&wJ h usaemf[m Ed kifiHa&;




0if;wif h xGef; 31

0J=oC}uD;xJrSmyJ t}udrf}udrf0&rf;ajy;vJ jzpfaecJ h&w,f?&Spfav;vH k; ta&;awmfyH k}uD;ud k ppftkyfpku t=urf;zufòzdcG JES dyfuGyfr_&J ‹ tusKd;qufwcktjzpf ppf

tm%m&Sifpepfud k qef ‹usif=uwJ h ausmif;om;vli,fawG Ed kifiHa&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyolawG 'Drd kua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;olawG axmifaygif;rsm;pGm xd kif;e,fpyfwav#muf xk dif;e,fajrwav#muf a&mufoGm;=u&csdefrSm/rSwfrSwfxifxif ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;ud kowd&aerdovd k ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;aum bmawGrsm; vkyfud kifaeovJvd k ‹vJtawG;wcsuf0ifcJ hrdao;w,f?

usaemfvJ xd kif;e,fajrbufqDom ajy;cJ h&r,fqd k&ifawmh tif;pdefaxmif zdeyfcsKyftvkyf}uD;bufrSm wbkwfwnf;om;csif;awGjzpfcJ hzl;wJ h Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om; b0wlcsif;jzpfcJ hzl;wJ h ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;ud k rawG ‹awG ‹atmif &Smjzpf awG ‹jzpf cJ hOD;rSmyg? 'gayrJh usaemfu tJ'DbufqDra&mufjzpf? jynfyqD xGufajy;cJ h&wmcsif;wlayrJ h xd kif;e,fajrqD ajcrcsjzpf?

umvwckt=umrSmawmh ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;emrnfudk usaemfjyef+yD; =um;vm&jyefygw,f? usaemfwdk ‹ ud kpd k;xGwfyJvm; eHrnfwludkpd k;xGwfyJvm;qd k+yD; a0a00g;0g;roJruG J jzpfaerdjyefygw,f?

usaemfu usaemfwd k ‹bufqD a&mufa&mufvmwJ h rdwfaqGwOD;ud k “ol ‹trsKd;orD;u xd kif;trsKd;orD;av æ yef;ykxkwJ h ud kpd k;xGwfvm;”vd k ‹ aocsmatmif ar;jref;=unfhrdaeao;w,f? tJ'DusawmhrSrvG JEd kifawmh/ usaemfwd k ‹rdwfaqG}uD; ud kpd k;xGwf?

wavmuawmh usaemfeJ ‹tifrwef&if;ES D;wJ h ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifav;wa,mufa&mufvmw,f? oleJ ‹pum;pjrnf axG&mav;yg;ajymjzpf=u&if; “rif; æ yef;ykxkwJ h ud kpd k;xGwfqd kwm odvm;”vd k ‹

ar;=unf hrdjyefw,f? bm&,fr[kwf/ wcsdefu tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; tvkyf}uD;bkwfwcktwGif; twlwlaejzpfcJ h=uwJ h oHa,mZOfpdwfeJ ‹yg?

“[m æ odwmaygh OD;&,f æ usaemfwd k ‹&JabmfawGu tb tbeJ ‹ ac:ae=uwmAs æ”“a[æ”ceJ jzpfoGm;rdw,f? usaemfu ud k,f hud k,fud k b,fwkef;urS }uD;w,fxifrxm;rdawmh

ud kpd k;xGwfwa,muf ‘tb’jzpfoGm;wmud k tH h=oovd k jzpfoGm;rdw,f?“usaemfwd k ‹&J ‹ &JabmfawGætJ'DbufrSmae&wJ h &JabmfawG[m tb&J ‹ZeD;ud k awmfawmfcspf=u

w,fAs/ 0,fp&m csrf;p&mudpPjzpfjzpfæbmudpPjzpfjzpf xd kif;bmompum;eJ ‹ ywfouf+yD; tbZeD;udkyJ

tm;ud k;&w,f? bmjzpfjzpf wyifwyef;vd kufvHulnD&Smygw,f æ”ol ‹pum;udk=um;&&if; usaemf hrSm =unfEl;oGm;&jyefw,f?“OD;pd k;xGwf}uD;uawmh wacgif;vH k; azG;azG;jzLae+yDAs”usaemf hrSm tH h=ord&if;ðyH;rd&jyefw,f?ud kpdk;xGwf rsufESmudkvJ usaemfjyefvnf yHkazmf=unf haerdw,f? acgif;ar$;awG azG;azG;jzLaewJ h

udkpd k;xGwf}uD;[m ðyH;vd k ‹ygvm;?usaemfjyefrSm æolwd k ‹om;trdqD ra&mufa&mufatmifud k jyefrSm æ ckavmufqd k æ usaemf ol @

ud k vdrfoGm;wmvd k ‹yJ pG Jrsm;oGm;+yDvm; rodygbl;Asm æ”qd kwJ h ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;&JŒ wcsdefu toHawGud kvJ/vef;qwfpGm jyefvnf=um;a,mifaerdygw,f? ? Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




32 0if;wif h xGef;






0if;wif h xGef; 33

0if;wif hxGef;aus;Zl;wH k‹wif &S dygv#ifvJ æ

(1)

uw!kw/ uwa'0D æ aus;Zl;&S dolud k aus;Zl;qyf&r,f? aus;Zl;qyfwm[m aus;Zl;odwwfwm[m r*Fvm æ wJ h?

ol.aus;Zl;/ rxdefjrL;ESifh/ aus;Zl;odtyf/ aus;Zl;qyfoif h æ wJ h? wvkwfpm;zl; ol ‹aus;Zl; æwJ h?aus;Zl;w&m;eJ ‹ywfouf+yD; bmoma&;tqH k;trawGrSma&m/ vlr_a&;tqH k;trawGrSmyg tav;

xm;azmfjycJ h=uygw,f? aus;Zl;w&m;eJ ‹ywfouf+yD; ZmwfedygwfyH kjyifaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm&S dovd k oGefoifcsufawG =o0g'awG pum;yH kawG qd kqH k;rcsufawGvJ ra&wGufEd kifatmif&S dcJ hygw,f? b,fEd kifiH b,fvlrsKd;b,fbmomrSmrqd k aus;Zl;w&m;eJ ‹ aus;Zl ;odwwfr_tay: tav;wif; wefzd k;xm;cJ h=uygw,f? aus;Zl;uef;jcif;&J ‹tjypfeJ ‹ aus;Zl ;odwwfjcif;&J ‹tusKd;ud k trsKd;rsKd;tzH kzH k zGif hqd k&Sif;jy oGefoifqH k;rcJ h=uygw,f?

aus;Zl;ud k odwwfatmif aus;Zl;ud k tav;xm;wwfatmif ±_axmif htzH kzH k e,fy,ftoD;oD;uaevrf;a=umif;ay;cJh=u+yD;/ aus;Zl;ud kodwwfwm aus;Zl;tay: wk Hjhyefaus;Zl;qyfwwfwmud kvJ tav;tjrwfðyp&mtjzpf/ tEkarm'emðyp&mtjzpf/ 0rf;om=unfEl;p&mtjzpf av;av;eufeuf oabmxm;cJh=uygw,f? usaemfwd k ‹ Ak'<bmome,frSmqd k&if ‘r*Fvm’wyg;tjzpf/ aumif;jrwfwifhw,f rSefuefusufoa&&S dr_}uD;wcktjzpf wdwdvif;vif; pm&if;oGif;xm;cJ hygw,f? r*Fvmw&m;(38)yg;xJrSm aus;Zl;odwwfaus;Zl;qyfjcif;[m {&mrr*Fvmw&m;}uD; wckyg?

aus;Zl;odwwfol aus;Zl;qyfolbufuvJ ESvH k;pdwf0rf; &$ifvef;p&mjzpfovd k/ aus;Zl;tqyfcH&ol

aus;Zl;&S dol aus;Zl;&SifbufuvJ aus;Zl;qyfjcif;ud k awG‹&óuH& jyefvnfvufcH&&d S&wm[m tifrwef=unfEl;p&m ESpfaxmif;tm;&p&maumif;wJ hudpPygyJ? =um;& od& jrif&olrsm;tzd k ‹awmif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om =unfEl;p&mwckaygh? r*Fvm&S dwJ hudpPqd kawmh r*Fvm&S dwJ hjrifuGif;/ r*Fvm&S dwJ htjzpfeJ ‹ r*Fvm&S d&S dESpfòrd ‹p&m =unfEl;p&m om"kac:p&mayyJ?

‘r*Fvm’qd kwm aumif;jrwf wif hw,f rSefuef usufoa&&S dr_avmufom t"dym,fazmfaqmifwmr[kwf?

“raumif;r_rS y,fazsmufwwfaoma=umif h r*FvH æ r*Fvmrnf.” qd kwJ h teufud kawmif xyf

qif h ay;tyfvd kufygao;w,f?tJ'Dawmh æ aus;Zl;w&m;ud k odwwfwm/ wk H @jyefaus;Zl; qyfwwfwm[m r*Fvm? r*Fvmqd k

wmu aumif;jrwfwif hw,f rSefuefjcif;? raumif;r_wd k ‹rS y,fazsmufwwfjcif;?

aus;Zl;wk H@wif&S dygv#ifvJ æPolaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



34 0if;wif h xGef;


'gayrJ h æ aus;Zl;odwwfol wynf hwa,muf&J ‹aus;Zl;qyfjcif;ud k cH,l&&S dvd kuf&wJ h ‘OD;cspf[ef’qd kol 'kp±d kuform;a[mif;}uD;wOD;&J ‹wu,f htjzpftysufuawm æ

(2)

om,m0wDaxmifu t*Fvdyfud kvd keDorm;rsm; vufxufuwnf;u emrnf}uD;axmif?OD;cspf[efwa,muf om,m0wDaxmifa&mufvm&awmh toufig;q,fausmf ajcmufq,fwGif;

jzpfae+yD? i,fpOfwkef;u tdrfeJ ‹axmif ul;csnfoef;csnf }udrfzefrsm;pGma&mufcJh0ifcJ h xGufcJhzl;ayrJ h'Dwcga&muf&wmuawmh rwefqHk;? bmwckrS rusL;vGefcJ h&ygyJeJ ‹ a&mufcJ h&jcif; æ wJ h? bmyJjzpfjzpfaxmifeJ ‹&if;ES D;u|rf;0ifaecJ h+yD;om; oltzd k ‹'DxJrSm b,fvd kae b,fvd kxd kif b,fvd kqufqH&r,fqd kwmawG

awmh aema=uae+yD;om;?“OD;cspf[ef}uD; æ bmr_wkef;”vd k ‹ tusOf ;om;tcsif;csif; ar;=ujref;=uawmh “aus;Zl; tqyfcH&r_”

vd k ‹ olujyefajzw,f?“[m æ vkyfprf;ygOD;As æ cifAsm;tr_a=umif;av; æ”vd k ‹ pdwf0ifpm;olawGu qufvufar;jref;

pl;prf;=uawmh olu zGzGav;òyH;w,f?t&yf&Snf&Snf axmifaxmifarmif;armif;eJ ‹ OD;cspf[ef}uD;[m toufajcmufq,fwGif; 0ifcJ h+yD

jzpfayrJh usef;rma&;uawmh a'gifa'gifjrnfaeqJ? olu óud ‹yifaumufom;? om,m0wD/ oH k;q,f

tkwfzd k/ óud ‹yifaumuf/ vufyHwef;/ ZD;ukef;/ ewfwvif;e,fw0d kufu axmifusvmcJ h&olawG[m rsm;aomtm;jzif h om,m0wDaxmifud kyJ yd k ‹wwfwmjzpfawmh olvJol,m0wDaxmifud kyJ a&mufvmcJ h&wmjzpfw,f? om,m0wDaxmifxJ a&mufvm=uol trsm;pk[m vlowf"m;jyr_awGjzpfayrJ h oluawmh b,fwkef;urS vlowfr_awmhrusL;vGefcJ hbl;/ "m;jyvJrwd kufcJ hbl;? i,fpOfwkef;u c%c%usL;vGefcJ hzl;wmu azmufxGif;r_/ vk,ufr_/ trsKd;rsKd;aom avmif;upm;r_? oltu|rf;usifqH k;u azmufxGif;r_?

“ud k,fvJ toufav;q,fhig;ESpfavmufup+yD; 'kp±dkufr_awGudk pGef‹vd kufyg+yD? aumif;a&mif;aumif;0,fyJ vkyfpm;awmhr,faygh/ toufvJ ri,fawmhbl;qd kwJ h todeJ ‹aygh? tJ æ wckawmh&S dwmaygh/

udk,feJ ‹vJ&if;ES D;+yD; ud k,f hta=umif;vJ odzl;+yD;om;jzpfwJ haumifawGu zJ0d kif;}uD;awGaxmif=u/ *sif0d kif;=uuf0d kif;}uD;awG csdef;0d kif;}uD;awGtjzpf vkyf=uwJ htcgrSmawmh æ OD;av;&,f tud k}uD;&,fulygOD;qd k&ifawmh/ eJeJyg;yg;vd kufvH+yD; 0d kif;xdef;av; yG Jxdef;av;vkyfay;wmawmh &S dygw,f? ud k,f hydkufqH wjym;rSrygygbl;? xd k;wm avmif;wm xd kifwmvJrvkyfygbl;? ab;uae yG Jtaetxm; xdef;ay;odrf;ay;/ vd ktyf&if azsmif;zsay; vl=unf hay;wmrsKd;av;awG vkyfcJ hygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf 'd kifvkyfwJ haumifuvJ ud k,f hud kae‹wGufay;cJ hygw,f? ±_ H;±_ H;Ed kifEd kif ay;&Smygw,f? Ed kif&ifawmh rsm;rsm;aygh? tJ'gawmif toufig;q,fjynf hawmh rvkyfawmhygbl;? ud k,f h[mud k,f 0g;av;}udrfav;ud kif+yD; jcif;&uf awmif;&uf yvH k;&ufeJ ‹yJ touf

arG;cJ hygw,f æ”OD;cspf[ef}uD;u ol ‹Zmwfa=umif;ud k &Snfvsm;pGm yv†ifcHaecsdefrSm ol ‹om;&G,f wl&G,f tr_aygif;pH k

tusOf;om;i,fav;rsm;u pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifae=uygw,f? vlawG&J ‹ta=umif;ud k tifrwefpdwf0ifpm;wwfwJ h usaemf[mvJ tJ'D em;axmify&dowf}uD;twGif;rSm wa,muftygt0if? 'gayrJ h




0if;wif h xGef; 35

usaemfu 0d kif;tjyifbuf cyfvSrf;vSrf;uae+yD; em;axmifaejcif;?“tJ'Dvd k aumif;aumif;rGefrGef vkyfud kifpm;aomuf aexd kifawmhrSyJ tr_u tdrfxda&mufvmawmh

wmygyJ æ”

OD;cspf[efu aemufw}udrfðyH;vd kufjyefygw,f? y&dowfem;qifoltaygif;uawmh a&S ‹vmvwH W @aomZmwfvrf;ud k pdwf0ifpm;r_tjynf heJ ‹ em;pGif hxm;olu em;pGif h/ OD;cspf[ef&J ‹rsufESmqD vSrf;=unf holuvSrf;=unf h?

“wae‹aygh æ udk,fujcif;awmif;av;wvkH;&ufaewkef; æ t&ifu udk,fhwynfhjzpfcJhzl;olwa,muf aygufcsvmw,f? tHr,f æ ud k,f ˜ vlawmif aumif;aumif; rrSwfrdcsifbl;? ud k,fawmfacsmu awmufawmufajymifajymif jzpfvd k @? +yD ;awmh rawG @=uwmuvJ q,f hav;ig;ESpf&S d+yDav/ tJ'goluud k,f hud k aus;Zl;qyfcsif uefawmhcsifvd k ‹ [d kar;'Dar; ar;+yD;ra&mufa&mufatmifvmcJ hwm æ wJ h? [d kwkef;

u ud k,fEkpOfb0u azmufxGif;orm;b0u ol ‹ud k ud k,fu ud k,f haemufvd kuftjzpf wyG JESpfyG J ac:oH k;zl;ovd k eJeJyg;yg;vJ ynmav;bmav; oifay;cJ hzl;wmaygh? tJ'Dwkef;u 'Daumifu touf(20)avmufyJ&S dOD;rSm? ynmqd kwmuawmh aumif;wJ hynm&yf b,f[kwfrvJ/ b,fvd ktdrf b,fvd kazmuf&w,fqd kwJ hynmrsKd;aygh”

OD;cspf[efu ajym&if;ajym&if; ðyH;aejyefw,f?“wd kwd kyJajym=uygpd k ‹/ olu q&mocifaus;Zl;&SifjzpfcJ hzl;ol ud k,f hud k vH kcsnftopfusyfc|wf (5)uGif;/

rdef;rtwGuf rdef;r0wfu (3)uGif;eJ ‹ uefawmhoGm;w,f? yd kufqHuawmh rygygbl;? tJ æ tJ'guae

axmifxJ0ifcJ h&awmhwm æ wynf ha[mif;}uD;&J ‹ aus;Zl;odwwf aus;Zl;qyfaumif;r_a=umif h wcgwnf;ud k axmifwJa&mufcJ h&awmhwm æ ”

“[if æ b,fvd kjzpfwmvJ”“'DudpPeJ ‹ b,fES,fvkyfaxmifxJ0ifcJ h&wmwkef;”pdwf0ifpm;ol y&dowf}uD;xJu ar;cGef;awG wa,mufwayguf xGufvmw,f? OD;cspf[ef}uD;&J ‹

tajymaumif;r_a=umif h pdwf0ifpm;pGmem;qifaerdwJ h usaemfawmif aemufqufwG Jtcef;quftay: ar#mfwvif hvif hjzpfoGm;rdw,f?

“tjzpfu 'Dvd kav æ ud k,fawmfacsm wckwfw&o,fvm+yD; ud k,f hud kvmaus;Zl;qyf uefawmhcJ hwJ hæ tJ æ vSLzG,f0wK}uD;awGvd k @ajym=uygpk d @? vk HcsnfawGu jynfaps;xJu txnfqd kifwqd kifud k azmufxGif;+yD;&vmcJ hwmawGwJ hav? tJ'Dwkef;uawmh ud k,fvJb,fodyghrvJ? ud k,f hvmuefawmhwJ hypPnf; oef ‹oef ‹&Sif;&Sif;[kwf&J ‹vm;/ b,fvd kenf;eJ @ &vmwJ hypPnf;vJqd kwmawmh b,fvd kar;vd k @ppfvd k @jzpfyghrvJ?tJ'Dawmh ok H;av;vt=umrSm ud k,fawmfacsm&J @ azmufxGif;r_u ay:ygava&m? ykvdyfu xH k;pHtwd kif;ppf+yDaygh? tJ'DazmufxGif;&&S dxm;wJ h vH kcsnfawGb,frvJaygh? olu a&mif;pm;+yD;+yDajzayrJ h ykvdyfu'Dvd kvG,fvG,fajzvdk ‹&±d k;vm;/ b,frSma&mif;ovJ/ b,faps; b,fqd kif;rSma&mif;ovJvd kufjy æ aygh?

ola&mif;cJhwJh qdkifawGvdkufjy æ ykvdyfu tukefvdkufodrf;/ b,fESpfxnfa&mif;cJhovJ ppf=unfh/aemufqH k;awmh azmufxGif;cH&wJ hqd kifu wd kifcsufygta&twGufeJ ‹ uGmaeao;wJ h q,fxnfavmufub,frvJaygh? ol ‹crsm xdef;awmhxdef;&Smygao;w,f? rwwfomwJ htqH k;rSm ta&twGufud kufatmiftrSeftwd kif;ajym&csdefrSm æ óud @yifaumufu OD;cspf[efud k oGm;uefawmhcJ hygw,faygh? tJ'Dawmh ykvdyfu




36 0if;wif h xGef;


udk,f hqDvd kufvma&m/ &or#vH kcsnfav;awG oufaocHypPnf;tjzpf jyefodrf;ygava&m? ud k,fuvJtvd kvd kae&if; oufaocHypPnf;awGyg tcd kiftrm&&S dxm;wJ h olcd k;vufcH ypPnf;vufcH jzpfoGm;ygava&m/aemufa=umif;jyefvSnf h=unf hvd kufawmh æ ykvdyf±H k;u tr_wG J&mZ0if rSwfwrf;a[mif;awG jyefvSef=unf h

vd kufawmhvJ æud k,fu t&ifu emrnf}uD;azmufxGif;0dZ… m}uD; wa,mufav æ 'Dawmh b,fvd k&Sif;&Sif; b,f,H krvJ/ tr_wG JrSm cd k;r_vufcH azmufxGif;ypPnf;vufcH/ olcd k;vufcH? 'Dvd keJ ‹ axmifxJ0ifcJ h& wmav æ? 'ga=umif hajymwmaygh? æ aus;Zl;odwwfwJ h wynf haumif;}uD;u aus;Zl;odwwfpGm q&maumif;q&mjrwfud k vma&mufaus;Zl;qyfuefawmhvd kufwJ htwGuf axmifxJ0ifcJ h&wmygvd k ‹/ aus;Zl ;tqyfcH&vd k ‹ axmifxJa&mufcJ h&wmygvd k ‹ æ ”

OD;cspf[efu &Snfvsm;pGmajymqdk&Sif;vif;&if; ol ‹&J ‹tr_Zmwfa=umif;ud k ed*H k;csKyfvd kufygw,f?usaemfuawmh ol‹tr_Zmwfa=umif;&Sif;vif;oHudk em;axmifrd&if; ed*H k;rcsKyfEd kifao;wJh

tawG;pawGud k qufiifaerdjyefw,f?aus;Zl;qyfwm aus;Zl;odwwfwm[m r*Fvmw&m;jzpfayrJ h b,folu b,fol ‹ud k b,fvd kenf;eJ ‹

aus;Zl;qyfovJ/ aus;Zl;wH k ‹wifðyovJqd kwm[mvJ wcgwcg tc&muswJ htcef;u ygaejyefyga&mhvm;vd k ‹ awG ;aerdw,f? aus;Zl;w&m;eJ ‹aus;Zl;qyfr_qd kwmxJrSm 'kp±d kufom;eJ ‹'kp±d kufrsm;roufqd kifap&vd k ‹yJe,fedrdwfxyfrH owfrSwfuef ‹owfxm;zd k ‹rsm; vd kao;ovm;? 'kp±d kufe,f&J ‹'kp±d kufaus;Zl;[m r*Fvmw&m;awmfeJ‹roufqdkifvdk‹yJ,lq&avrvm;?aus;Zl ;qyfjcif;tr_ðywmawmif 'kp±d kuform;wa,muf&J @'kp±d kufeJ ‹,SufEG,fwJ haus;Zl;odwwfjcif;[m tE W&m,fvd k ‹awmh teuft"dym,fxGufaejyefygayghvm;?

(3)

waqmifwnf;rSm twlaevm&&if; OD;cspf[ef}uD;eJ ‹ yd krd kodu|rf;&if;ES D;vm&awmhrS OD;cspf[ef}uD;&J ‹i,fZmwfa=umif;awG[m wpwp ±kyfvH k;yDvmcJ hw,f? ol ‹&J ‹ajym=um;csufawGt& ol[mES,fES,f&& azmufxGif;orm;r[kwf?

ArmjynfrSm [d k;[d k;ausmfcJ hwJ h azmufxGif;r_}uD;wr_rSm ol[mwG Jbuf ZmwfaumifZmwf&H}uD;wOD;?

zqyvacwfu Ed kifiHawmforw}uD; a'gufwmbOD;&J ‹tdrfwuf+yD; azmufxGif;vk,ufr_}uD;rSmyg0ifcJ holwOD;?

tJ'Dwkef;u Ed kifiHawmforw a'gufwmbOD;tdrfwuf+yD;vk,ufcJ h&mrSm azmufxGif;0dZ… marmifausmfeJ ‹ olESpfOD;wnf;wJ h æ?

azmufxGif;0dZ… marmifausmfta=umif;ud kawmh q&mjroef;wif hu ‘armifausmf’ud k ‘ausmfarmif’vdk ‹ emrnfajymif;+yD; vHk;csif;0wK&Snf}uD;wyk'f a&;om;oGm;cJhzl;wm wydk fif;wprSwfrdaeao;w,f?“tarSmif&dyf0,f æ” qd kwJ h 0wK}uD;yJxifyg&J ‹?

q&mjroef;wif hu &oajrmufpGm a&;zG J ‹azmfusL;oGm;cJ hwJ h tJ'D0wWK}uD;ud k aumif;aumif;zwfcJ hzl;ayrJh axmifxJrSmusaemfu arhawhawhjzpfae+yD? wcsKd@ a0a00g;0g;jzpfae+yD? tJ'D0wˆK}uD;&J‹ t"duZmwfaumifjzpfcJhwJ h armifausmfeJ ‹wG J+yD;yg0ifcJ hw,fqd kwJ h OD;cspf[ef}uD;udk om,m0wDaxmifxJrSmyJtrSwfrxifqHkqnf;rdawmhrS tJ'D EdkifiHawmforwtdrf azmufxGif;vk,ufr_}uD;Zmwfa=umif;udk




0if;wif h xGef; 37

usaemfu pdwf0ifpm;vGef;pGm r=umc%ar;ar;=unf hrdw,f? r[kwfwm[kwfwm tyxm;/ OD;cspf[ef}uD;u ol ‹&J ‹ud k,fawG ‹Zmwfa=umif;tjzpf jyefvnfajym=um;&mrSm tifrwefpdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;wmawG trsm;}uD;?

“cifAsm;wd k ‹u b,fvd kpdwful;awGeJ ‹rsm; Ed kifiHawmforw a'gufwmbOD;tdrfud krS wufazmufvd kuf=uwmvJAsm æ ”vd k ‹ w&ufrSm ar;rdw,f?

“trSefajym&&if æ tJ'Dwkef;u armifausmfa&m usaemfa&m jcH0if;xJ0ifcJ h=uwJ htxd orwtdrfrSef;rodbl;As? tvkyfrjzpfwm=umawmh acsmifwJ hae&m0ifvkyfr,fqd k+yD; n}uD;tJ'D vluk Hwef&yfuGufxJ0ifvmcJ h=uwm? jcHpnf;±d k;rSm ykÀ&dyfyifawGwnDwnmeJ ‹ jcH }uD;wjcHem;a&mufvmawmh tay:xyfrSmjywif;waygufzGif hxm;wJ h tdrf}uD;wtdrfawG ‹w,fAs/ &moDOwkuylawmh wHcg;zGif h+yD;tdyfaewmeJ ‹wlygw,f? atmufrSmtapmif hvd kvd kvluvJ tdrf}uD;wywfvSnf h=unf h+yD;wmeJ ‹ ol ‹tapmif hwJqD jyef0ifoGm;

csdefavmufrSm tarSmif&dyfcd k+yD; okwfceJ0ifvmcJ h=uw,f? uHaumif;csifawmh jcHpnf;±d k;axmif hrSm tdrfud kaq;okwfzd k ‹ oH k;xm;wJ h avSum;&Snf}uD; wpif;vnf;awG ‹a&m tJ'g}uD; ESpfa,mufom;r +yD; zGif hxm;wJ hjywif;ayguftxdaxmif+yD; tdrfxJcyfokwfokwf wufvdkuf=uw,f? txJvJa&mufa&m Ed kifiHawmfwHqdyf}uD;u tjyL;om;eJ ‹ tJ'DusawmhrS [m æ orwtdrfygvm;qd kwm odawmhwm? a&mufrSawmhrxl;bl; csomcsuGmqd k+yD; tEk=urf;pD;&awmhwm æ ”

OD;cspf[ef}uD;u ðyH;+yD;ajzw,f? +yD;awmh æ“orwud ktEk=urf;pD;cJ hwm bmvufeufeJ ‹ pD;cJ hw,fxifvJ/ tJ'DtdrfxJuyJ awG ‹&wJ h aygifrkef ‹vS D;wJ h

"m;eJ ‹ uav;upm;wJ haoewf æ As”wJ h?usaemf wtH hw=ojzpfoGm;rdw,f? 'Dtbd k;}uD; cyfwnfwnf +zD;aeovm;qd kwJ h t=unf hrsKd;eJ ‹vJ

ol ‹udk=unfhvdkufygw,f?“aygifrkef ‹vS D;wJ h"m;ud k usKyfuud kif/ ol ‹ajr;upm;wJ h aoewfeJ ‹wlygw,f/ tJ'Daoewfud k armifausmf

uud kif+yD; twGif;cef;qD armifausmfu0ifoGm;w,f? wHcg;uvJ *sufrcsxm;bl;/ tdyfcef;xJrSm a'gufwmbOD;}uD;u rS def;+yD;tdyfaew,f? tJ æ tcef;u ab;csif;uyfvsuftcef;eJ ‹vJ twGif;rSm wHcg;aygufwck&S d+yD;qufaew,f? wHcg;uawmh b,fbufuydwfxm;ovJ rodbl;As/ aemufrSod&wmu tJ'Dorw

}uD;tcef;eJ ‹wqufwnf;tcef;u ol ‹c,frtdyfwJ h tcef;wJ hAs? [J[Jæ”OD;cspf[ef}uD;u oabmuspGm &,faejyefw,f?“a'gufwmbOD;u tJ'Dwkef;u rdef;rr&S dawmhbl;As æ qH k;oGm;+yD æ”ajym&if;ajym&if; oluquf&,f

aewJ htwGuf æ“uJ æ qufygOD;Asm Zmwfvrf;av; æ ”vd k ‹ usaemfu w&m;axmufvkyfovd k Zmwfvrf;axmuf

av;vkyf+yD; owday;&w,f?“armifausmfu uav;upm;wJ haoewfeJ ‹ a'gufwmbOD;em;xif awhvd kufw,fqd k&ifyJ tbd k;}uD;

uEd k;vmw,f/ armifausmfu rsufpdrS dwfxm;cdkif;awmh orw}uD;u bmajymvJodvm;/ toufawmhcsrf;omay;yg æ wJ h? wkefwkef&D&DeJ ‹ rsufaph}uD;rS dwf+yD; ajymw,f? ay; æ b,frvJ rD;cHaowWmaomhæ vd k ‹ awmif ;awmh tomw=unfyJ acgif;tH k;atmufvufeJ ‹prf;+yD; qG Jxkwfay;w,f? rD;cHaowWm}uD;u'Dtcef;xJrSmyJqdkawmh qGJzGifhvdkufawmh pdefawGa&m a&$xnfawGa&m ydkufqHawGa&maygh? 'DxJrSm




38 0if;wif h xGef;


a&$pvG,f}uD;vd k[mawmif ygvd kufao; æ ? tJ'g}uD;u r=umao;cifurS ,l*d kqvyforw}uD;wD;wd k;Armjynfa&mufvmwkef;/ Armorw}uD;udk csD;jr‡if htyfESif;oGm;wJh *k%fxl;aqmif a&$pvG,fwHqdyf}uD;ayghAsm æ? bmrSajymraeeJ ‹ tukefodrf;xnf hvmcJ hw,f? tJ'Dvd k odrf;usHK;xnf haewkef; æ orw}uD;u

a=umufa=umufeJ ‹ bmrsm;ajymw,f xifovJ æ ”OD;cspf[ef}uD;u ðyH;ðyH;}uD;vkyfaejyefw,f? bmyJajymajym ol ‹ajym[efqd k[ef[m pdwf0ifpm;zG,f

twdqd kawmh usaemfuawmh ol ‹&J ‹qufvmvwW H @aompum;ud kyJ em;pGif haerdw,f?“igh æ ighajr;av;zd k ‹awmh eJeJcsefxm;cJ h=uyguGm æwJ h”'Dwcgawmh usaemfyg ðyH;vd kufrdw,f?“tJ'Dawmh armifausmfu b,fvd kajymw,fxifovJ æ ”oluxyf+yD; ya[VdzGuf(0Suf)pum;ud k qd kjyefw,f?

“armifausmfu 'kp±d kuform; azmufxGif;0dZ… momjzpfwm pmawmhtawmfzwfwJ hvl/ v#Ld @0SufoJzd k0wK pH kaxmuf0wKawGuawmh ol ‹tonf;pG Jaygh? pmpH kvJ tawmfzwfwJ hvl æ A[kokw&S dwJ hvlavætJ'Dawmh æ a'gufwmbOD;ud kajymvd kufwmu cifAsm;vd k æ v,form;olykef}uD; awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;q&mpHud k óud;rdef ‹ay;owfcJ hwJ htxJygcJ hwJ holud k bmvd k ‹n‡mae&rSmvJ æ” wJ h? a'gufwmbOD;udk,f}uD; wGef ‹ceJjzpfoGm;wmyJ?

OD;cspf[efu pum;pud k acwWjzwf&if; em;aejyefw,f?“uJ uJ qufygOD;As æ ”vdk ‹ usaemfu avmaqmfvd kufrS æ “aemufawmh a'gufwmbOD;ud k

tarSmufcd kif;/ yg;pyfxJt0wfqd k ‹/ vufud kaemufjyefcsnfxm;cJ h+yD; æ rv_yfeJ ‹aemf æ v_yf&ifawmh ao+yDrSwfvd k ‹ajcmufxm;cJ h+yD;/ rD;cHaowWmxJu&Ed kifor#tukefpk odrf;usKH;xnf hvmcJ h=uwJ htxkyfeJ ‹ cyfokwfokwfjyefqif;vmcJ h=uw,f? b,folrSrodvd kuf=ubl;? b,ftapmif hrSvJ rawG ‹vd kuf=u&bl;? wD;wd k;ay;wJ h *k%fxl;aqmifa&$pvG,fvdk[m}uD;awmh tJ'D&yfuGuftausmfu tr_dufyHkwckab; xdk;0Sufjr‡KyfES Hxm;cJ h=u+yD; atmifatmifjrifjrif pcef;odrf;Ed kifcJ h=uw,f? aemuf&yfuGufwckausmfavmufa&mufawmh&Jum;awG &Jum;awG [Gef;oHt&Snf}uD;awGqG J+yD; a'gufwmbOD; aetdrf&yfuGufqD '&=urf;armif;oGm;wmawG ‹vd kuf&awmhwmygyJ? rd k;vif;awmhr,fav æ ukefpdrf;orm;awG reufapmapmtvkyfqif;&

r,f holawGawmif [d kem;'Dem; awG ‹ae&+yDav æ ”OD;cspf[ef}uD;u ol ‹Zmwfvrf;ud k tqH k;owfvd kuf+yD; ol ‹aq;vdyfwd kud k rD;!‡ dygavawmhw,f?“aemuf æ b,fvd kjzpfwkef;As” usaemfu odcsifaZmeJ ‹ xyfar;jyefygw,f?“ckwifu ajymcJ hovd kyJav æ ” cifAsm;vd k v,form;olykef}uD; q&mpHud k óud;rdef ‹ay;owfcJ hwJ h

txJygcJ hwJ holud k bmvd k ‹!‡mae&rSmvJAs”qd kwJ h armifausmf&JŒ }uD;}uD;us,fus,fcyfwnfwnf ajymcJ hwJ hpum;u awmfawmf hud kwmoGm;cJ hw,f/ w&m;cHtppf azmfxkwfa&;ud kcufoGm;cJ h&awmhwJ htxd xda&mufcJ hw,f ajym&rSmyJ? bmvd k ‹vJqd kawmh tJ'Dpum;ud kud kif+yD; 'Dtr_[m ±d k;±d k;tr_r[kwf/ ±d k;±d k;w&m;cHr[kwf/

Ed kifiHa&;EG,fwJ h Ek difiHa&;ygwJ h w&m;cHawGu usL;vGefwJ htr_/ Ed kifiHa&;azmufxGif;"m;jyr_vd k ‹ oH k;oyf=unf hjrifcJ h=uqd kyJ? awmfawmfeJ ‹tr_razmfxkwfEd kifbJ paumhwvef,m'fud kawmif vSrf;tultnDawmif;&wJ htxdvd k ‹ajym=uwmyJ? aemufyd kif; armifausmfvJ ajc&mazsmuf/ usKyfvJ ajc&mazsmuf/ &efukefruyf=uawmhbJ wa,mufwae&mpD e,fajy;+yD; Zmwfjr‡Kyf=uawmhwmaygh æ ”




0if;wif h xGef; 39

tJ'Dvd kpum;ajymaumif;aewkef;rSmyJ “tvkyf}uD;wef;pD æ” qd kwJ h wef;pD;waumif&J ‹ owday;atmf[pfvd kufoHa=umif h usaemfwd k ‹vJ ua&maomyg; vlcsif;cG Jvd kuf&ygawmhw,f?

(4)

tvkyf}uD; em;&ufw&ufrSmawmh æ at;at;aq;aq; xd kifjzpf=u&if;/ wcsdefu Ed kifiHawmforwtdrf azmufxGif;vk,uf tEk=urf;pD;r_}uD;ta=umif;/ OD;cspf[ef}uD;eJ ‹ pum;qufrd=ujyefw,f?

“tJ'Dwkef;u tr_ub,fvd k ed*H k;csKyfoGm;vJAs”“[m æ wefw,fAsm æ wefw,f æ armifausmfrS ig;ESpfxJyJ xifw,f/ aps;wnf hoGm;=uwmæ”“Asm æ b,fvd kaps;wnf hoGm;&wmvJ”

olu usaemf htar;ud k em;axmif&if; òyH;vd kufjyefw,f?“'Dvd kAs æ w&m;±H k;a&mufawmh usaemfwd k ‹w&m;cHrsm;bufu a&S ‹aeuvJ aumif;w,fAs/ vm

owif;,l=u em;axmif=uwJ h y&dowf}uD;uvJ owif;axmufawGa&m bmawGa&mtpH kAs? [d k; æwae‹u usaemfajymwJ htxJygw,fr_wfvm; æ orw}uD;tdyfaewJ htcef;u æ orw}uD;tcef; c,frtcef;eJ ‹wqufwnf;qd kwmav? twGif;rSmwHcg;wcsyfyJ&S dw,fqd kwmav æ ? tJ'Dawmh tr_eJ ‹qd kifqd kifrqd kifqd kif/ a&S ‹ae}uD;u tJ'Dtcef;zG J ‹pnf;xm;wmud kyJ rygygatmifxnf h+yD; w&m;cHud kar;vd kuf/ =uHzef+yD;usL;vGefcJ holrsm;[m at;at;nifnifomomeJ ‹yJ t=urf;zufwmr&S d ypPnf;awG&,lcJ h=uw,fqd kwm

ay:atmifar;ovd kvk deJ ‹vkyfvd kufqd kawmh æ owif;axmufawG em;qifolawG yGJusp&m}uD;ayghAsmæ?w&m;vd ku Ed kifiHawmforw}uD;qd kawmh bmawGajymcJ h=uw,f b,fvd k&S dcJ hw,fqd kwmvJ/ w&m;cHa&S ‹aeu y,fy,fe,fe,f w&m;vd kud kt"duxm;+yD; ar;&jref;& ar;cGef;xkwf&OD;rSmav æ? w&m;cHarmifausmfuvJ vlyg;As/ tukefajymOD;rSm? tJ'Dawmh orw}uD;tzd k ‹ r[mt&SufawmftcG JcH&ovd k jzpfrSmawGuvJtrsm;}uD;qd kawmh æ orw}uD;bufuae armifausmfud k vmnd ‡w,fAs? orw}uD;rSmvJ Ed kifiHawmfudpP}uD;awGutrsm;om;rd k ‹ c%c%±H k;awmfrvmEd kifbl;/ rvmcsifbl;? armifausmfbufuvJ wjcm;[mawG bmrSajymraeeJ ‹awmh? av#mhav#mhayghaygheJ ‹ teJqH k;axmif'%fcsay;r,faygh? tJ'Dvd k tcd kiftrm

tmrcH=u+yD; aps;wnf hoGm;cJ hwm æ ”'Dwcg ðyH;vdkufrdoluawmh usaemf?“'gjzif h æ [kwfw,f/ 'gta&;}uD;w,f æ ” OD;cspf[efu acgif;ndwf&if; awG;awG;qqai;aew,f?

+yD;awmhrS æ“tif; / 'gvJ aus;Zl;qyfr_wrsKd;vd k ‹yJajym&rvm; rodygbl;Asm æ [J[J”vd k ‹ pum;yv†ifcH jyefw,f?“'Dvd kwJ hAs æ Ed kifiHawmforw tdrfazmufxGif;cH&r_}uD;u [d k;av;wausmfjzpfcJ h+yD; owif;pmawG

tapmifapmifu trsKd;rsKd;a&;=uw,f? tr_u w&m;cHrazmfxkwfEd kifbJ vawG=umvmav æ pH kaxmuf

tzG J ‹}uD;wd k‹ ykvdyftzG J ‹}uD;wd k ‹qd kwmvJ acgif;razmfEd kifatmif emrnfysufavayghAsm? Ed kifiHawmf orw}uD;vJ acgif;razmfEd kifayghAsm? armifausmfuawmh aròrd ‹bufoGm;cd kae+yD; aumif;aumif;ud k ESyfaewmaygh?pdeftaumif;pm;av;awGxkcG J+yD; olaX;}uD;wa,mufvd kud k wd kufwvH k;eJ ‹pHaewmwJ hAs? 'Dvlu awmfawmfvJ tqif hjrif hjrif h ZdrfcHwwfwJ hol? tJ'Dwkef;u azmufxGif;r_ud k b,fvd krS ajc&mcHr&awmh tpd k;&rif;rsm;




40 0if;wif h xGef;


a'golykefx+yD; æ azmufxGif;emrnf&SdolrSefor# &mZ0ifvlqdk;pm&if;&S dolrSefor# ausmfapmyk'frawGeJ ‹tukefwjynfvH k; axmifxJxnf hygava&m? bmrqd kifnmrqd kif &mZ0ifvlqd k;rSefor# uyfoif h=uwmaygh?e,fuvlawGvJ uyfoif h/ axmifaygif;pH ktyd k ‹cH/ tcsKyfcHxm;=u&w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm usKyfwd k ‹armifausmf

}uD;u &efukefqif;+yD; oleJ ‹&if;ES D;wJ h&mZ0ifvlqd k;wa,mufrdef;rqDoGm;+yD; olwd k ‹rdom;pk&J ‹'kuQud k ulnDay;urf;wmawG vkyfygava&m? ulnDwmrSyd kufqH&meJ ‹csDay;wmwJ h? axmif0ifpmav;bmav;vJ oGm;yd k ‹vd kufaygh? tJ'Dawmh axmif0ifpmawmifroGm;Ed kifvd k ‹ vifom;ud k'Dtwd kif;ypfxm;&wJ hrdef;ru axmif0ifpmtxkyf}uD;}uD;eJ ‹ud k ol ‹vif&S dwJ h ykodrfaxmifvm;bmvm; tJ'Dud koGm;ygava&m? ,loGm;wmawGuvJyef;oD;wd k ‹ udwfwd k ‹ta=umftvSmfwd k ‹eJ ‹ taumif;pm;awGeJ ‹csnf haygh? tJ'Dwkef;u w&mESpf&mqd kwmenf;wJhaiGrSr[kwfwm? a,muf sm;ud k,fwd kif tH h=o,l&wmaygh? tJ'Dawmh 'Davmufaumif;aumif;rsm;rsm;yd k ‹Ek difwm rdef;rb,fu&ovJaygh? rdef;ruvJ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om &Sif;jyw,f/ ud karmifausmf}uD; aumif;

pm;awmufajymifae+yD; rarhravsmhvmðyulnDoGm; ay;urf;oGm;w,faygh? a,muf sm;u csufqd k em;cGufu rD;awmufwJ hvlrsKd;/ a¹rGa¹rGcsif;ajcjrifwJ holrsKd;qd kawmh txmaygufoGm;w,f? 'geJ ‹olu pOf;pm;rSmaygh/ oltygt0if ol ‹vd k&mZ0ifemrnf}uD;awG bmrqd kifnmrqd kif qG JtcsKyfcHae&wmvnf; ESpfeJ ‹csD=umae+yDqd kawmh olvnf;xGufcsifae+yDav? tJ'DrSm æ wd kwd kajym=uygpd k ‹/ olaewJ he,faxmifxJ rif;}uD;ud k,fwd kif0iftppfrSm oluaxmifyd kif}uD;ud kawG ‹+yD; rif;}uD;ud kac:ay;ygæ ta&;}uD;qH k;owif;wck olay;r,f?rwef&ifóudufovd k ta&;,laygh? aemufqH k;rif;}uD;eJ ‹awG ‹=u+yD; ol ‹ud kv$wf0&rf;xkwfay;/ tmrcH/ tpd k;& acgif;cJae&wJ hudpP olajymr,faygh? oabmwlnDcsuf&+yD;wJ htcg “'g b,folrSrjzpfEd kifbl;/ armifausmfyJ

jzpfr,fqd kwJ h‘wpf’ud kay;vd kufygava&m? tJ'DrSmarmifausmfb,fa&mufaeovJpk HaxmufeJ @ykvdyfawG&Sm=uygava&m? ajc&mcHp&m&oGm;ayrJ h awmfawmfeJ ‹rrdbl;? rdrJ hrdawmh b,fvd krdw,fxifovJ ”OD;cspf[efu ol ‹&J ‹xH k;pHtwd kif; ya[Vdxkwfjyefvmw,f? usaemfu ol ‹rsufESmud k armh=unf haerdw,f?

“armifausmfu &efukefudk ajcanmif;vufqef‹ c&D;xGufawmfrljyefwmcifAs? tJ'Dacwfutaumif;pm;ouUvwfOD;xkyfeJ‹ taumif;pm;t0wftpm;ud k ±d _;usus0wfpm;qif,ifxm;wJhtjyifaps;}uD;ay;&wJ h 'ef[D;aq;wHud k ud kufvd k ‹wJ hcifAs? &efukefblwm}uD;ra&mufcif ykZGefawmifblwmrSmwifaumufqif;vd kuf+yD; reuftapm}uD; a0vDa0vif;rSm tapm}uD;zGif haewJ h vufzuf&nfqd kifwqd kifwGif;

0if+yD; taumif;pm;awGrSm+yD; yG Jawmfwnfawmhwmaygh? tJ'DtcsdefrSm armifausmf&J ‹yH kud k aumif;aumif;usufrd+yD; armifausmf&J ‹teH ‹ &vd k&jim;vk dufaewJ h ykvdyftr_xrf;t&m&S dwa,mufuvnf; tJ'Dqd kifxJa&mufaewmeJ ‹ oGm;wd k;yga&m? tJ'DrSmwif vl}uD;vlaumif;*d kuftjynf heJ ‹ armifausmf[m “cifAsm;armifausmfr[kwfvm;”qdk+yD; aumuftqGJcHvdkuf&awmhwmygyJ? tJ'Duae ol‹tr_wGJawGvnf;ay:+yD;axmifxJ0if=u&awmhwmygyJ? 'gha=umif h usaemfckwifuajymwmavæq&mav;pOf;pm;=unf h/ 'gvnf;aus;Zl;tqyfcH&jcif;wrsKd;vd k ‹yJ ajym&rvm;qd kwmav æ [J[J”

OD;cspf[ef}uD;u w[J[J&,faeygawmhw,f?

OD;cspf[ef}uD;ajymwm [kwfwmr[kwfwm c%xm;? usaemfhrSm ol‹rsufESmudkai;=unf hrd&if;yifhoufwckcsrdjyefygw,f?Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




0if;wif h xGef; 41





42 0if;wif h xGef;


(1)

(5)wd kuf tcef;(19)rSm wa,mufwnf;aeae&wJ h umv? ab;em;u teD;qH k;tcef;azmfawGuud k'go ausmfxl;/ q&mawmf OD;y¾dw/ ud k+idrf;a&$ OD;ºuGm;wd k ‹om;tz? cyfvSrf;vSrf;avmufrSmu ry'gatmifoef;jrif heJ ‹ OD;±_wifwd k ‹om;tz/ apmabme,f / apmap;xl;/ rEœ av;u ud k&efEd kifwd k ‹eJ ‹ [d k;wzufpGef;avmufqDrSmawmh ykavG}uD;ud kausmf0if; (,ckpma&;q&mausmf0if;)/ bm*smud kpd k;jrif h/ ud kpef;aemif ud kpef;atmiftr$mnDtud kwd k ‹wawG?

(5)wd kufwwd kufvH k;[m tcef;(22)cef;vH k;vljynf h a[muf(p)zl;vf (Housefull)? ud k0if;wifqd kwJ hpD;yGm;a&;orm;wOD;uvG Jvd k ‹ tm;vH k;[m Ed kifiHa&;orm;eJ ‹ Ed kifiHa&;tr_awG Ed kifiHa&;yk'frawGæ?

Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtzG J ‹tpnf;awGuawmh rwl=u? AuovJ ygovd k autJif,luvJ ygw,f? OD;Ek}uD;ud k,fwd kif axGaxGvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif h 2/ 80eJ ‹ jynfawmfjyefvmcJh+yDjzpfayrJ h jynfawmfjyefxJrygbJe&odefxJ0ifvm&wJ h jynfcspfygwDuqd kwmawmif &S dvd kufao;? [omFwZmwd ud k+idrf;a&$[m jynfcspfygwD0ifa[mif;jzpf+yD; AH k;cG J&ef=uHpnfr_eJ ‹ yk'fr 122(1)wyf+yD; w&m;pG Jqd kxm;jcif;cH&ol? ol ‹tazuawmholeJ ‹ywfouf+yD; wdkufxJqG JtoGif;cHxm;&&Smwm jzpfygw,f?

wwd kufvH k;rSm bkef;awmf}uD;uawmh q&mawmfOD;y¾dwwyg;wnf;? (aemufyd kif;awmh wyg; xyfwdk;vmygw,f? Ad kvfOm%fwifvd k ‹ac:wJ h bkef;}uD;? OD;y¾dwvd k i,fjzLr[kwfyg/ t&ifu awmcd kòrd ‹e,f

aumfrwD0if Ad kvfbG J ‹cHwOD;jzpfcJ h+yD; aemufyd kif;rS &[ef;ðycJ hwmjzpfygw,f?)q&mawmfOD;y¾dwuawmh oHCmh0efaqmifqd kwmawG rqvuzG J ‹pnf;csdefrSm “rif;wd k ‹[m rif ;wd k ‹

tdrf=uufcsif;td k;rJokwftcGyfcd kif;wJ h yG JxJrygEd kifbl;”vd k ‹ cyf jywfjywfajymcJ hvd k ‹ tòid;xm;cH&+yD; Ed kifiHa&;r_eJ @EG,f+yD; axmifxJa&mufvmwm?

wdkufxJrSm q&mawmfOD;y¾dwudk ouFef;±HkcGif hray;ygbl;? ouFef;tpm; axmifyHkpHtay: jzL atmufjzLud kyJ t0wfcd kif;xm;wJ htwGuf q&mawmf[m zd k;olawmfrG JnpfnpfyH kaygufaeygw,f? rG Jnpfnpfvd k ‹ajymrdwmuawmh q&mawmf0wfcGif h&wJ h axmifyH kpHtusôeJ ‹vH kcsnf[m tjzLvd k ‹qd kayrJ h azG;jzLae

wJ h tjzLr[kwfyJ axmifxJu&ufuef;rSm tusOf;om;awG&ufvkyfxm;&wJ h csnf=urf;ydwfjzLjzpfvd k ‹ygyJ?tnH h qH k;0g*Grf;npfnpfcsnfeJ ‹ jzpfuwwfqef; ,ufvkyfxm;&wJ h zsif=urf;tjzL[m topfuwnf;unpfwl;wl;ta&mifaygufae+yD;jzpfwJ htjyif/ q&mhawmfqDvmay;awmhvJ tusôopfvH kcsnfopfr[kwfyJ/axmifuvGwfoGm;+yD; tusOf;om;a[mif;0wfpm;xm;&mu axmifudkjyefvnftyfESHoGm;cJh&wJh

0if;wif hxGef;

t opP m




0if;wif h xGef; 43

t0wfa[mif;awG jzpfvd k ‹ygyJ?'Dvd k zd k;olawmf0wfpH krsKd; 0wfqifxm;&ayrJh/ ax&f}uD;0g}uD; q&mawmf*d kuftjynf ht0ay:vGifae

wJh q&mawmf&J ‹Oy"d±kyf[m rG Jpkwfpkwf=um;xJrSm yd k+yD;xif;ueJ vif;ceJ odomaeygawmhw,f?

q&mawmfu ouFef;qG JtðzwfcHvd kuf&ayrJ h oduQmcsvl0wfvJa&; vufrcHyg? ol ‹[mol &[ef;wyg;tjzpf tcd kiftrmqkyfud kifcH,lxm;ygw,f? q,fyg;oDvud k tjynf ht0apmif hxdef;&if;/ ae‹v$ Jnpmud ka&Smif=uOf+rJa&Smif=uOfygw,f? reufpmpm;csdefay;wJ hxrif;ud k yd k dyd komomav;,lxm;+yD; aemufae‹reuftapm}uD; t±k%fqGrf;tjzpf ud k,f h[mud k,f rS D0JbkOf;ay;&Smygw,f?

usaemfwd k ‹wawGuvJ q&mawmfud k bkef;awmf}uD;wpfyg;tjzpfeJ ‹yJ todtrSwfðy av;pm;or_ðyygw,f? pum;ajymqd k&mrSmvJ t&Sifbk&m; q&mawmfbk&m;eJ ‹tpcsD+yD; wynf hawmfeJ ‹ wifyghbk&m;eJ ‹av;av;pm;pm; ajymqd kqufqH=uygw,f? wcef;qDxm;wmqd kawmh ta0;uyJ pum;oHeJ ‹yJ qufqH

ajymqd k=u&wmyg? *efzvm;cscsdefrSm zsmpkwfaygufuae acsmif;=unf hcdk;=unfh&if;/ wcgw&H vpf&ifvpfovd k rwfwyf&yfjy&if;awmh q&mawmf&J ‹±kyfoGifudkvJ }udrfzefrsm;pGmjrifzl;+yD;om; jzpfaeygw,f?q&mawmfudk r±dkrao ajymqdkqufqH=uwmuawmh axmif0g'gwcsKd‹eJ‹ qm*sifodef;òrdifwdk‹vdkaxmufvSrf;a&;cef ‹ ppfwyfu taumifrsKd;awGjzpfygw,f? odef;òrdifu q&mawmfud k ‘a[h bkef;}uD;’vd k ‹yJac:wwfovdk wifvwfwdk‹ atmifoif;wdk‹vdk t&pfwyf0g'gtdk±dkif;}uD;rsm;uvJ “ykwD;(108)vHk;tpdyfrSm;vd k ‹ a&mufvm wmr[kwfzl;/ ud k,f htjypfeJ ‹ud k,f a&mufvmwm”vd k ‹ rxdwxd oa&mfarmfum;vkyfwwf=uygw,f? q&mawmfuawmh cyfrqdyfygyJ?

q&mawmf[m &ref}uD;wywfw}udrf ±H k;xGufae&+yDjzpfwJ htwGuf &Hzef&Hcg axmif0ifpmygq,fxkyfav;awGvJ &ae+yDjzpfygw,f? usaemfwd k ‹tzd k ‹uawmh bmygq,frS r&ao;wJ htwGuf t}uD;tus,fiwfae&wJhumvygyJ? reufvH k;wD; nvH k;wD; xrif;ud k vH k;wD;omom vH k;csif;avG;ae&wJ h umvyg?reufrSmau|;wJ h yJ[if;qd kwmuvJ yJzwfawmif&SmrawG ‹? t&nfusJusJay:rSm yJ[if;jzpfa=umif; tmrcHEd kifzd k ‹eEGif;r_ef ‹0g0gawG omomxd k;xd k;cyfcsufxm;wJ htwGuf yJ[if;a&mif0g0gom yDyDooxGufaeygw,f?t&omu cHwGif;awG ‹p&m wpufrSr&S d? iyduvnf; zG Ja&mtnH hqH k;iydjzpfwJ htjyif wcgw&H td k;uif;ylwdkufnpfnpfwl;wl;? wcgw&H tpdrf;omom? wpufuav;rS rusuf? naepmuawmh tqd k;qH k;?

ae‹pOf[if;&Gufðywf&nf rJrJoJoJ? eJeJav;rS pm;csifzG,f&mr&S d? uefpGef;&GufawGaygwJ htcsdefrSm uefpGef;&Guf/ csOfaygifaygwJ htcsdefrSm csOfaygif? trsm;qH k;uawmh [if;EkEG,ft±d k; &if h&if hrmrmzm;zm;}uD;awGud ka&vHk ðywfusKdxm;wJh[if;? [if;csufxm;yHkudkvJ =unfhygOD;? [if;&Gufudk a&awmifaq;[efrwl/r=umc% oJeJ ‹&Syf&Syf? 'D=um;xJ [if;&Gufpnf;xm;wJ h ES D;óud;jywfwd k ‹/ wDaumifjywfwd k ‹uygwJ htcg ygvd kufao;? csOfaygifwk d @[if;EkEG,fwd k @qd k&if tyifvd kuf ok H;av;yd kif;yJyk dif;+yD; csufxm;w,f? &Hzef&Hcg tjrpfawGawmif ygvk dufao;? t&omuawmh wd kufxJ0ifpwkef;uqd k&if xG DceJawmif axG;xkwfypfrdwJ htxdaumif;vSygayw,f? 0ufau|;zd k ‹ ydef;&Guf uefpGef;&Guf a*:zD&GufawGud k "m;eJ ‹pif;+yD; 0ufpmusKdxm;wmu

rS axmifwGif; yH kpH[if;xuf trsm;}uD;omOD;r,f?axmif0ifpm ygq,fr&ao;wJh usaemfwdk ‹vd k Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om; trsm;pk}uD;[m 'Dvdkxrif;rsKd;

[if;rsKd;eJ ‹yJ reufn ESpfyg;oGm;&+yD; ud k,f htoufZD0"mwfav;ud k óud;pm;yrf;pm; wnfaqmufae&csdefrSm/axmif0ifpm&ae+yDjzpfwJ h/ ±H k;xkwftjyef ygq,fxkwfav;vufuqG J+yD; jyefvmEd kifcGif h&wJ h teJwumhteJpk

t opP mPolaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



44 0if;wif h xGef;


EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; b0ua&mæ?vH k;wD;xrif;ud kyJ avG;&wmuawmh twlwl/ wjcm;xrif;r&S d? yH kpH[if;udkyJ tajccH/ tdrfuyd k ‹

ay;vd kufvd k ‹ygvmwJ h iyda=umfav;tp/ ig;ajcmufa=umfav;tp pm;p&m [if;ajcmuf[if;&Hav;awGeJ ‹

pyf[yfwG Jzuf pm;aomuf=u&wm jzpfygw,f? yH kpHoufoufeJ ‹csnf; avG;ae&wJ holeJ ‹ E_dif;pm&ifawmhewfjynfeJ ‹t0Dpdaygh?

wae‹vH k; bmrSvJwjcm;pm;p&mr&S dwJ htwGuf/ xrif;xd k;u xrif;vmxd k;ay;wmeJ ‹ usaemfuawmhaumufavG;ypfvd kufwmyJ jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzif h reufpmud kusKH;+yD; rsm;rsm;avG;ypfvd kufygw,f?tifrwefqd k;0g;vSwJ hnaepmud kawmh (tom;pm;&uf - wevFmae‹uvG J+yD;) pm;w,fqd k±H kavmufyJpm;ygawmhw,f?

reufpm npm pm;+yD;csdefwd kif;/ ae‹wd kif;ae‹wd kif; =um;&wJhtoHuawmh/ udk'go}uD;&J ‹ usLH;usLH;+yD;

atmf[pfjrnfwrf;vd kufwJ hæ “pm;+yD;jyef+yDAsKd ‹ xrif;weyfæ”ol ‹toHu olusef;usef;rmrm&S d+yD; yH krSefpm;Ed kifaomufEd kif&S daea=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefae

ovd krsKd; jzpfovd k/ wpH kwckud k tai:wl;wl;eJ ‹ atmf[pfjyaeovd krsKd;vJ jzpfw,f? 'grSr[kwf ol ‹ud kpum;ajymcsifolrsm; oluawmh tqifoif hjzpfaew,fvd k ‹ buf&Smaeovd krsKd;vJ toGifaqmifw,f?

usaemf ðyH;vdkufrdw,f?usaemfu ol ‹ud ktjyifrSmuwnf;u &if;ED S;cJ h+yD;jzpfw,f? t&yftenf;i,f ykoa,mif&S d+yD; ydefydef

oG,foG,feJ ‹ ol ‹cE<mud k,fzG J ‹pnf;yH k[m tjrJwef;oGufoGufvufvuf v_yf&Sm;wwfr_eJ ‹ pnf;0g;ud kufnDae

wwfw,f? 1975 ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;wkef;u ppftpd k;&tm%myg;uGufom;rsm;u a&$wd*H kapwDawmfukef;awmfay:txdwuf+yD; oydwfpcef;ud k òzdcG JES drfeif;wkef;uvJ tzrf;cH&+yD; axmifwGif;tyd k ‹ cH&zl;olwa,muf jzpfcJ hw,f? wuUod kvfausmif;om;}uD;vJ r[kwfbJ toufawmifaumif;aumif; rjynf hwwfao;wJ h ti,fqH k;ausmif;om;av;awGxJ olwa,muf tygt0if? tJ'Dwkef;u ol[m txufwef;ausmif;wausmif;u ausmif;om;i,fav;wOD;r#om jzpfowJ h? 'gayrJ h tJ'Dwkef;uwnf;u axmifeJ ‹a&pufygcJ h&wJ hol[m tckvJEd kifiHa&;r_eJ ‹ axmifxJqG JtoGif;cHae&&Smjyef+yD?

olu toufi,fi,f vli,fi,fayrJ h tajymaumif;tqd kaumif; rSifaumif;armif;aumif;?

axmifxJra&mufcif olu vrf;ab;pmtkyfa[mif;a&mif;ol?ajcmufxyf±H k;ab;/ yef;qd k;wef; vrf;ray:/ a&eH±H k;}uD;ab;/ aumufyJoD;ES H±H k;}uD;ab;/ ae&maygif;pH krSm pmtkyfa[mif;av;awG=um; usifvnfaysmfarG‹wwf+yD; vrf;ab;pmtkyfa[mif;a&mif;olawmfawmfrsm;rsm;eJ‹ cifrif&if;ESD;aewJ husaemf[mol‹pmtkyfa[mif;a&mif;&mae&mav;qDud kvJ r=umc%a&mufwwfw,f? pmtkyfa[mif;av;wtkyfwav aps;OD;ayguf+yD; jzpfaewwfwJ h ae‹rsm;rSmawmh ol ‹oGif[ef[m yd k+yD;vef;qef;oGufvufaewwf+yD;usaemf hud kjrif&if OD;atmifòyH;jy&if; “vmAsKd ‹ vufzuf&nfqd kifud kæ”vd k ‹ yÉdoE<m& ðywwfw,f? twif;vbuf&nfwd kufavh&S dw,f?

wae‹awmh oluaps;OD;raygufao;? usaemf ol ‹ab;xd kifcsvd kufcsdefrSm/ ol ‹qd kifeJ ‹reD;ra0;/ um;taumif;pm;wpD; xd k;qd kufvmw,f? um;ay:uae wuUod kvfausmif;olavvm; q&mravvm;xif&wJ h cyfacsmacsmtrsKd;orD;av;wOD; &G&Gav;qif;vmw,f? yvwfpwpfay: cif;usif;xm;wJ h ol ‹pmtkyfa[mif;aygif;pH kud k *±kwpd kuf =unf h±_&SmazGaew,f? ol ‹rsufESm tðyH;wcsufvufoGm;w,f?




0if;wif h xGef; 45

trsKd;orD;av;u [d k;a&S;wkef;u ±d kufES dyfxkwfa0cJ hwJ h [Hom0wDydÉuwfwd kufxkwf ‘ysKd ‹’pmtkyfav;ud k aumufud k fifvd kuf+yD; aps;ar;w,f? olu tðyH;jrjreJ ‹ “wq,fxJyg tr&,fæ”wJ h? wu,fuolaps;OD;rayguf&if ESpfusyfeJ ‹vJ a&mif;r,f hpmtkyf? r=umc% ‘oH k;usyf’qk dwJ h tyH kxJvJ xnf hxnf hxm;

avh&S dwJ h pmtkyf? olabmfw,fvd kuf&mu yd\mcsdefeJ ‹&xm;wJ h pmtkyfav;rSef; usaemfodxm;+yD;om;?“[ifæ aps;uvJ}uD;vd kufwmæ”vd k ‹ trsKd ;orD;av;u cspfpzG,frsufapmif;av;csdwf+yD;qd kawmh/ usaemfwdk ‹ ud k'go}uD;u csufcsif;ðyH;aewJ h rsufESmyd k;ud k v#yfwjyuftwGif; ydyd&d&dav;oyfvd kuf+yD;²²²

“tr}uD;&,fæ tr}uD;[m ynmwwfwa,mufyg/ tr}uD;wd k ‹vdkyk*~ dKvfawG[m ynmwefzd k;ud kvJ aumif;aumif;odwJ h olawGyg? 'Dpmtkyf[m [Hom0wDydÉuwfwd kufxkwf/ [Hom0wDwd kufqd kwmpmaumif;ayrGefawGcsnf; a&G;cs,fxkwfa0wJ hwd kuf/ pmjyifq&m}uD;awG }uD;=uyfwnf;jzwfay;olawGuvJ wu,f hud k ynm&S dtausmfarmf}uD;awGcsnf;/ Armpmaye,frSm tav;xm; pHxm;&olawGcsnf;yg?

ysKd ‹uvJ wu,f hysKd ‹? pmtkyfuvJ wu,f h&Sm;yg;pmtkyfyg? eufjzefqd k&if &S dcsifrSawmif&S dawmhrSm? wae‹uwif wuUodkvfu r[m0dZ… mausmif;olwOD;/ usrf;ðyzdk‹vm&Sm&if; [Hom0wDwdkufxkwf ysKd‹&wkarmfuGef;pmtkyfawG&Sd&if &Smay;yg/ jyefvmcJhr,fvdk ‹ ajymoGm;ao;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u 'Dpmtkyfav;r&S dao;vd k ‹/ &S d&if tJ'Dae‹uwnf;uygoGm;+yD? tJ'Dawmh tr}uD;wd k ‹vd k ynmwefzd k;em;vnfolawG pmtkyfwefzd k; aoaocsmcsmodolawG[m wq,fqd kwmaps;rsm;w,fvdk ‹ rajymoif hygbl;Asmæ”wJ h?

av,lavodrf;u pdwfraumif;[ef/ yH kyef;u pdwfxdcd kuf[efeJ ‹ tawmf hud krSifarmif; aumif;vGef;vSygw,f? olajym[efu 'Dpmtkyfud krSaps;xyfqpf&if ynmwefzd k;ud kawmif em;rvnfawmhwJ holvd k/

pmtkyf wefzd k;ud kawmif rav;pm;wwfawmhwJ holvd k t"dym,faygufaeapcJ hawmhw,f?vluJcwf awmfawmfawmfwJ h ud k'go? trsKd;orD;u q,fwefav;wcsyfxkwfay;+yD; pmtkyfav;

udkud kif&if; ol ‹um;qDvSrf;oGm;w,f? um;ay:awmif jyefrwuf&ao;bl;/ olu “vmæ uAsmq&mvufzuf&nfqd kifoGm;=ur,f²²² [J[J²²² aemufxyfra&mif;&vJ udpPr&S dawmhbl;/ ae‹wGufud kufoGm;+yD”wJ h? +yD;awmh vrf;rSmajymvd kufao;w,f/ “ynmwwfawGud k tJ'Dvd k olwd k ‹t±_ dufud k xdatmifajymwwfrSAsæ”wJh? “usaemfu 'Dae‹aps;OD;rayguf&if 'Dpmtkyfav;udk ESpfusyfeJ‹ awmif;awmif;yefyefeJ‹yk*HOD;=unfqDjzpfjzpf/ ajreDukef;pmtkyfwef;u iod kif;acsmif;ud k0Hom}uD;qDjzpfjzpf azsmawmhrvd k ‹As”wJ h?

vufzuf&nfqd kifa&mufawmh olu “'Dae‹ prlqmyg wD;As”wJ h? tJ'Dwkef;u vufzuf&nfwcGufrS ig;rl;/ prlqm}uD;}uD;wckrS ig;rl;xJ?

(2)

tJ'Dwkef;u usaemf hrSm ppfa=uma&;awmifrjywfao;? ud k'gowd k ‹ ry'gwdk ‹uawmh ppfa=uma&;jywfoavmuf&S dae+yD? bm*smud kpd k;jrif h/ ykavGud kausmf0if;/ ud kpef;aemif udkpef;atmif tr$mnDtud kwd k ‹

av;OD; tr_wG Juawmh w&m;±H k;awmif±H k;wifaeav+yD? ud k+idrf;a&$wd k‹om;tzvJ ±H k;xGufae&+yD?usaemfwdk‹rSm tpm;taomufiwfwmxuf qdk;0g;wJh iwfrGwfr_}uD;wckuawmh owif;iwf

rGwfr_}uD; jzpfygw,f? tjyifrSm bmawGjzpfay:aeovJ/ bmowif;xl;}uD;awG &S dovJ? EdkifiHwumtajctae/ jynfwGif;tajctae/ &Ed kifor# owif;rSefor#ud k =um;csifodcsif em;vnfcsifaecJ h=uygw,f?




46 0if;wif h xGef;


OD;y¾dwq&mawmf ±H k;xkufjyefvm&if “tjyifrSm bmowif;awGxl;vJ bk&mh”vd k ‹ ar;&jref;& wm tarm? ud k+idrf;a&$wd k ‹om;tz ±H k;xkwfjyefvm&ifvJ owif;av;bmav;xkwfygtH k;AsKd ‹vd k ‹ awmif;qd k=uoHawG pnfpnfnHnH?

yk'fr 17(1)(2)eJ ‹ ±H k;wifw&m;pG Jqd kjcif;cH&wJ h bm*smud kpd k;jrif h/ ykavGud kausmf0if;wd k ‹(4)OD; ±H k;xkwftjyefawGrSmawmh t+rJvd kvd k owif;awGygygvmwwfovd k olwd k ‹u t&ifOD;atmif odoif hodxd kufwJ howif;awGud k xkwfjyeftoday;wm vkyfwwfw,f? tedrf hqH k; tpd k;&xkwfowif;pmyg tcsuftvufowif;yvif;av;awGavmufawmh =um;emem;qif&wwfw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u tcef;csif;ueJeJvSrf;awmhwcef;eJ ‹wcef; vufqif hurf;enf;eJ ‹ wd kufwGif;owif;yd k ‹aqmifenf; vrf;a=umif;twd kif; =um;em em;qif&wmjzpfygw,f? 'gawmif wcgw&H owif;qufvufyd k ‹aqmifolu ajym&if;wef;vef; ðAef;pm;}uD;wyd kif;wpeJ ‹ &yfqd kif;oGm;&wmawGt}udrf}udrf? bmvd k ‹vJqd kawmh wcef;eJ ‹wcef; pum;vSrf; ajymqd kcGif h

r&S dwJ h wd kufwGif;Oya't& cd k;0Sufajymqd kae&wm jzpfwJ htwGuf 0g'gwa,muf0ifvm&if ajymvufp˜pum;udk tcsdefrS D&yfqd kif;vd kuf&vd k ‹ jzpfygw,f?

qm*sifodef;òrdif t&ufrl;0ifvmwJ hae‹rsKd;awGrSm qd k&ifawmh txl;owdxm;aya&mh? odef;òrdifuðAef;ceJ0if0ifvmwwf+yD; pum;ajymw&m;cHud k &Smwwfacsmif;wwfw,f? r=umr=umvJ “a[æ b,frat-d k;awGvJuG pum;ajymaewm”vd k ‹ ta0;}uD;uwnf;u qJqd ka[muf[rf;+yD; 0ifvmwwfw,f?“'g- rif;wd k ‹tarviftdrf r[kwfbl;uG/ axmifæaxmif”qd kwmud kvJ +rdefa&&Sufa& a&&$wfwwfw,f?wd kufwGif;oHwd kif=um;u vlawGud k&efvd kwJ ht=unf hrsKd;eJ ‹ vd kufvH=unf h±_avh&S d+yD; ppfzdeyfcGm oHwa'guf

a'gufeJ ‹ xGufoGm;avh&S dw,f?rsm;aomtm;jzifh naewef;pD;+yD;csdef ae0ifòzd;zsavmufrSmawmh pum;&Snf&Snfajymcsdef tcGif h

tvrf;awG yd k&wwfw,f? 0g'gwa,mufa,muf&J ‹ ‘tdyfcsdef’qd kwJ htoH}uD; ray:vmrDtwGif;/ &Snfvsm;aES;auG;vGef;vSwJ h nOD;,H[m pum;vSrf;ajym=uvd k ‹ taumif;qH k;tcsdefawG jzpfaeavh&S dw,f? bmvd k ‹&,fawmh rajymwwf?

uae‹n[m uqkefvjynf h?uqkefvjynf hqd kwmudkvJ q&mawmfOD;y¾dw ae‹cif;uwnf;u vSrf;ajymxm;vd k ‹ od=u&wm

yg?q&mawmfud k w&m;a[mzd k ‹ tcef;wcef;u vSrf;av#mufxm;wJhtwGuf q&mawmfu nOD; ol

bk&m;0wfwuf+yD;&ifa[mr,fvdk‹ óudwifta=umif;=um;xm;ygw,f? q&mawmf bk&m;0wfwufwwfwmu teJqH k;em&D0ufavmuf =umavh&Sdygw,f? bk&m;&S dcd k;trsKd;rsKd;ud k oHaeoHxm;eJ ‹&S dcd k;+yD;wJ @wJhtcg y&dwf}uD;(11)okwfud k tukef&Gwfwwfygw,f? aemufqH k;rSmawmh arwWmyd k ‹tr#a0oHeJ ‹ tqH k;owfavh&S dygw,f? bk&m;&S dcd k;aeoH y&dwf&GwfaeoHud kawmh yH krSefbkef;}uD;avoHeJ ‹yJ toHxGuf &Gwfqd kaewmjzpfwJhtwGuf usaemfhtcef;tygt0if tcef;av;ig;cef;avmufuyJ aumif;aumif;=um;&Edkif

ygw,f? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u =um;&Ed kifzG,fr&S dyg? arwWmyd k‹tr#a0oHud kawmh yH krSefoHxufwqif hwd k;&Gwfqd kyd k ‹oavh&S d wJhtwGuf teJqH k; q,fcef;ausmfavmufu =um;&Ed kifzG,f&S dygw,f?

uae‹uqkefvjynf h? q&mawmfu w&m;a[mr,fvd k ‹ odxm;=uwJ htwGuf usif;yae=u nOD;*Dwqnf;qmcsdef[m apmapmpD;pD;yJ yG Jodrf;oGm;cJ h+yDjzpfygw,f?




0if;wif h xGef; 47

0gusif husif hrD;a&mif[m ylavmifvGef;vSwJ h aEGnOf h,HatmufrSm yd k+yD;td kufpyfpyfjzpfatmif zefwD;ay;aeovd k &S dvSygw,f? usaemfu oHwd kif=um;uae va&mifud kwrf;wrf;rufruf &Sm=unf haerdygw,f?ae‹cif;wkef;u xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrif&avh&S dwJ h [d k;ta0;qDu ukuU dKyiftd k w0ufwjyuf jrifuGif;tay:

ydkif;[mvnf; tckawmh rJrJtkyftkyf}uD;om jzpfaeygawmhw,f?usaemfjrifae&wJ h wyd kif;wp aumif;uifjyifay:rSmawmh wdrfrJndKwtkyf[m ajcukefvufyef;usae

wJh c&D;onftd k}uD;wa,mufvd k/ va&mifvmr,f hvrf;qD prf;w0g;0g;a&G ‹csD c&D;ESifaeygw,f?oaAŠowWmæ a0ae,sm usef;rm=uygapæoaAŠowWmæa0ae,sm csrf;om=uygapæoaAŠowWmæa0ae,sm vef;jzm=uygapæoaAŠowWmæ a0ae,sm ab;b,m &efr&S d=uygapæ eJ ‹æ

q&mawmfOD;y¾dw&J ‹ aemufqH k;xGufay:aeus oHE_ef;jrif hjrif heJ ‹ arwWmyd k ‹oH[m oHwd kif=um;uaexGufay:vmygw,f? q&mawmfbk&m; &S dcd k;0wfwuf+yD;+yDqd kwm&J‹trSwftom;qd kwmud k od&S dvd kuf=u+yD;om;jzpfwJ htwGuf apmapmuxufyd k+yD; +idrfoufoGm;oa,mif &S dygw,f? 'Dae‹q&mawmfu w&m;a[mr,fvd k ‹ qd kxm;w,fr[kwfvm;?

‘t[rf; æ’ q&mawmf&J ‹acsmif;[ef ‹oHu t&ifxGufvmw,f? +yD d;awmhrSæ “uae‹[m uqkefvjynf h/ uqkefvjynf h Ak'<ae‹vd k ‹qd kwJ h ae‹xl;ae‹jrwfyJ/ 'Dae‹vdkae‹rSm 'Dae&mvd kae&mrsKd;uae w&m;a[m&w,fqdkwmvJæ tif; rarhp&mygyJ” q&mawmfutoHudkjr‡ifh+yD; ed'gef;csDw,f? tm;vHk;u

+idrfouf+yD; em;axmifae=uw,f?“Ak'<ae‹qd kawmh Ak'<qd kwJ hbk&m;&Sif[m bma=umif hAk'<vd k ‹ac:&ovJ? Ak'<qd kwm tvH k;pH kudk [kwf

wd kif;rSef&m xd k;xGif;odjrifawmfrlvd k ‹ Ak'<vd k ‹ac:&wmyJ? txl;ojzif h opPmav;yg;jrwfw&m;ud k yd kif;jcm;xifxifodjrifawmfrlvd k ‹ Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;vd k ‹ ac:awmfrl&wmyJ? opPmav;yg;qd kwmuawmh 'kuQopPm/ ork',opPm/ eda&m"opPm/ r*~opPmæ” q&mawmfu atmifjrifwJ h q&mawmf}uD;avtjynf heJ ‹ xyfqif hed'gef;oG,f+yD;wJhaemuf “'Dae‹ q&mawmfa[mr,fh w&m;uawmhæ ‘opPm’qdkwmyJ/ ‘opPm’ta=umif;aygh/ opPmqd kwm trSefud kac:wm/”vd k ‹qd k&if; ygVdvd k&Gwfvd kuf/ teufawGzGif hvd kuf tus,f

a[mygw,f? aemufqH k;rSmawmh “wumwd k ‹vJ b,fae&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf [kwfwd kif;rSef&mud kqd k&r,f/ [kwfwd kif;rSef&mudkusifh=uH&r,f/ [kwfwd kif;rSef&mudkom vkyf&r,f/ 'grSopPmxd kufayr,f/ opPmyDayr,f/opPmajrmufayr,f/ [kwfwd kif;rSef&mqd kwJ h opPmw&m;ud k tav;xm;=uyg”vd k ‹ajym+yD; ed*H k;csKyftwd ka[moGm;cJ hygw,f? q&mawmf}uD; ed*H k;csKyfvd kufwmeJ ‹ xGufay:vmwJ htoHuawmh usaemfwd k ‹ ud k'go}uD;toH?

“q&mawmfbk&m; æ wynf hawmf q&mawmfudk r±d kraovkyfwmr[kwfygbl; æ wynf hawmfvJa[myg&apæ”wJ h?

“a[mAsKd ‹ a[mæ a[m”qd kwJ h awmif;qd koHawGvJ b,ftcef;uvJrod xGufay:vmygw,f?“t[rf; æ t[rf;”wJ h? oluvJ "rRuxduwOD;ES,f acsmif;oHay;+yD; æ“'D dae‹ &Jabmfwd k ‹ud k usaemfa[m=um;csifwJ hw&m;uawmh “t-opPm”wJ h? txl;ojzif h 'DxJrSm

‘t-opPm’[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f?”




48 0if;wif h xGef;


teD;tem;w0d kuf +idrf+yD;em;axmifae=uw,f?“[kwfwd kif;rSef&mqd kwJ hopPmtwd kif; vkyfvd k ‹rjzpfygbl;/ opPmqd kwm t"dym,faumufrSm;+yD; [kwf

wdkif;rSef&mtwd kif;ajym=ur,fqd k&if tr_awGydk+yD; }uD;ukefyghr,f/ axmifawG yd kusukefr,f/ vlawGyd k+yD;tzrf;cHukef&ygvdrf hr,f? 5-nu 0rf;wl;wl;0rf;jzpf+yD; 0rf;wl;wl;0rf;u ao'%fawGusukefygvdrf hr,f?[kwfwd kif;rSef&mawGud kom av#mufajym&if opPmazmufawG jzpfukefEd kifygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DxJrSm vdrfEd kifor#vdrf=uyg/ nm=uyg/ +zD;=uyg/ r[kwfwmawG =uHzefajymwwfav ud k,fhvlawGoufomavjzpfyghr,f/ 'ga=umif h usaemfa[mcsifwmuawmh t-opPmygyJ cifAsmæ”wJ h?

w0g;0g;yG JusoGm;=u&avw,f? q&mawmf}uD;uawmif“'DaumifES,fuGmæ”qd k+yD; &DoHxGufvmygw,f? usaemfvJ ðyH;vd kufrdygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf wwd kufvH k; 'Dwn&,farm=u&wmawmhtrSef?Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




0if;wif h xGef; 49





50 0if;wif h xGef;


1?

i,fi,fwkef;u uav;av;awGud k 0wfqifay;wwf=uwmu aiGajcusif;? ajcusif;rSm wcsKd @qd k&ifjcLav;awGawmif qG Jvd k @? uav;u av;bufaxmuf+yD; ajy;v$m;aqmhupm;&ifyJjzpfjzpf/ rwfwyfav#mufwwf+yD; [d k[d k'D'D oGm;vmvSnf hywf aysmfjrL;&ifyJjzpfjzpf ajcusif;eJ @jcLoH[m wvGifvGif vGifae

wwfw,f? =unfEl;p&maygh? uav;b,fem;a&mufaeovJqd kwmud kvJ vG,fvG,fulul &SmazGEd kifwmaygh? wu,f hud k jrjcLoH?

eJeJt&G,fa&mufvmawmh t+idrf hyG JawG r=umr=um=unf hzl;w,f? t+idrf hrif;orD;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m ajcusif;av;awGeJ @? a&$ajcusif;? wcsKdŒqd k&if wzufESpfuGif;oH k;uGif;? rif;orD;&JŒjyef @xrDxrDem;cwfcwf+yD; oGufoGufvufvuf u˜vd kufwJ htcg a&$ajcusif;av;awGu 0if;ceJ0if;ceJ? qd kif;csufpnf;0g;eJ @twl ajcusif;oH vGifvGifuvJ uuGufxJrSm aygif;pyfpD;arsmvd k @ tEkynmajrmufaevd kufwm?ajcrSmpum; vufzsm;uAsmaygh?

tazwd k @acwfu emrnf}uD; t+idrf hrif;orD;wvuf[m jrajcusif; raiGòrdifæwJ h?ZmwfyG JxJu Zmwf0ifcef;wcef;rSmygwJ h ‘ajcusif;’uawmh odyfraumif;? “a=u;wd kufoGif;æ ajc

usif;cwfap”wJ h? a=u;wd kufqd kwm axmifaygh/ wd kufaygh/ ya'o&mZf{u&mZfrif;&JŒ oHvsuf}uD;ajr‡muf+yD;cyfxefxefajymvd kufoH[m awG @&mzdeyfpkwf 'grSr[kwfajymif;zl;±d k;eJ @rsufESmvSrf;aygufcsifp&maygh? 0ef}uD;0efuav;/ ykÀm; 'grSr[kwf tm%myg;uGufom;pwJ h bk&if htyg;u uyfzm;&yfzm;rsufESmvd ktm;& *H k;±kyfrsm;uvJ pD&ifcsufcscH&ol rif; om; 'grSr[kwf olawmfaumif;ud k twif;ywif; =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;qG J=uvG J=u xd k;=uESuf=u uefausmuf=uaygh? b,fvd krS rvSy?

wcsdefu rE Wav;olav;awG&JŒ a&$ajcusif;usawmhvJ tifrwefvSaejyefw,f? pufbD;eif;vd kufwd kif; a&$ajcusif;av;awGu ovH k;om;0if;0if;av;awGud k ta&mifwifay;aeovd k? rsufaphyom'jzpfp&m ref;&d k;&mtvSwrsKd;aygh? usaemfwdk@i,fi,fu acwfpm;cJhzl;wJh tqdkawmfoef;xGef;av;&JŒ‘arG;XmeD’xJrSmawmif “pufbD;av;awG pD;umud k,fpD a&$ajcusif;eJ @ 0g0if;vd k @wmæ”vd k @ [pfaºuG;oDusL;cJhao;w,fr[kwfvm;?

tJ'Dvd k aiGajcusif; jrajcusif; a&$ajcusif;wd k @u =unfEl;p&m rsufaphyom'jzpfp&m/ arG @avsmfzG,f&maumif;oavmuf oHajcusif;uawmh tusnf;wefvGef; =urf;wrf;vGef; ±d kif;ysvGef;vSygw,f? oHajc

usif;[m yH ko¾mefom pufqkwf&G H&SmbG,f&maumif;wmr[kwf/ tESpfom&oabmuvJ tifrwefrkef;wD;bG,faumif;yg w,f?tvSwefqmtjzpfud k ud k,f h[mud k,f jrwfjrwfEd k;Ed k;wyfqifxm;wJ h ajcusif;eJ @b0=urRmtjzpf ol

wyg;u &uf&ufpufpufwyfqifay;xm;wJ hajcusif;[m b,fvd kvkyf+yD; wlEd kifyghrvJ? yHko¾mefa&m

ajcusif;

0if;wif hxGef;




0if;wif h xGef; 51

tESpfom&yg ajzmif hajzmif h}uD;ud k qef @usifjcm;em;aecJ hw,f? tvSajcusif;u 0wfqifxm;olud komru=unf hjrif&olud kyg pdwf=unfEl;apoavmuf/ b0ajcusif;uawmh 0wfqifxm;jcif;cH&olud komru=unf hjrif&olud kyg pdwfESvH k; rcsrf;ajrŒjzpfapw,f? ,Ofaus;r_&JŒtrSwftom;eJ @ ±d kif;pd kif;r_&JŒ trSwftom;

ud k ‘ajcusif;’qd kwJ h wlnDa0g[m&wvH k;wnf;ay:rSm bma=umif htwlwl &yfwnfapcJ h&wmvJ?i,fi,fwke;fu ajcusif;r0wfcJ h&zl;yJ/ nDrav;awG ajcusif;0wfwmud kom jrifawG @aecJ h&zl;wJ h

usaemf[m }uD;rSajcusif;0wfcHae&wmuawmh awmfawmfud k t+rD;tarmufrwnfhwJhudpP}uD;ygyJ?t+rD;tarmufrwnf hwmvJ rajymeJ @av? zifrSef;acgif;rSef;rodwJ haumifawGu olwd k @ud k,folwd k @ ‘tpd k;&’vd k @ +rdef+rdef}uD;a=unmowfrSwf+yD; olwd k @xifovd k &rf;um;,kwfrmwmawGud k ‘Oya'’vd k @ ac:wGifap+yD;rawmfrw&m;vkyfaqmifcJ h=uwmyJ?

avmu}uD;(3)yg;rSmawmif Ak'<bk&m;&Sifu tewWæ tpd k;r&vd k @ajymxm;wmud k ud k,f hud k,fudk

tpd k;&vd k @ xif±H kru t&SufrJ hrJ heJ @ tpd k;&qd kwJ ha0g[m&ud k cyfajymifajymifa&vJtrsKd;rsKd;eJ @ a=unmoH k;pG JaewJhaumifawGyJ/ b,fhavmuft+rD;tarmufrwnfhwmjzpfjzpf/ vkyfawmhrSmaygh? udk,fh[mudk,fvufeuftm;ud k;enf;eJ @ twif ;ywif;tm%modrf;vk,uf+yD;wufvmcJ hwJ haumifawGu ‘w&m;Oya'’qd kwmud k cyfwnfwnfatmf[pfaewmud ku 'DaumifawG b,f havmufaomuf&SufeJovJqd kwm azmfjyay:vGifae+yDyJ?

cufwmu tJ'Dvd kaumifawG&JŒxifovd k&rf;umvkyfaqmifr_ud k wzufowfcHae&wmud ku aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;=unf h&if tifrwefrcHcsifp&maumif;w,f? &ifemp&mvJaumif;/ a=uuG Jp&mvJaumif;

w,f?yxrqH k; ajcusif;cwfcH&wmu ±H k;xGuftjzpf ajcusif;cwfcH&wm? axmufvSrf;a&;rª;csKyfqd kwJ h

tukod kvfwm0efcH bd keD/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmawmh(1971 vm; 72 vm;rodygbl;? tJ'D tukod kvf&JŒtukodkvfjyefwrf;&ufpGJ aumif;aumif;uef;uef;vkyf+yD; rSwfom;rxm;rdygbl;) jynfxJa&;Xmeatmuf&S dw,fqd kwJ h tusOf;axmifOya'qd kwmud k wd k;wmcsJŒwmvkyfowJ h? tukod kvfygqd krS b,f hES,faumif;wmrSefwmawmhwd k;yghcsJŒyghrvJ? raumif;wmud kyJ raumif;wJ h&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ xyfwdk;wmaygh?axmifxJrSm axmifom;yJ&S dw,f? Ed kifiHa&;orm;qd kwmr&Sdwd k @ bmwd k @qd kwm tJ'DumvrSm wqif hwd k;

wHcGefxl+yD; xGufvmwmaygh? tJ'Dvd k npfnpfywfywfwqif hwd k; zdES dyfa&;jyÏmef;owfrSwfpDpOfcsufawGxJrSm tusOf;om;wa,muf jypf'%fpD&ifxm;jcif;cH&ol &mZ0wfom;wa,muf aemufr_&S dao;vd k @ aemufr_twGuf w&m;±H k;xkwf ±H k;xGuf&r,fqd k&if ajcusif;cwf+yD; xkwfapxGufapqd kwm wcktygt0ifayh g?

jzpfcsifawmh usaemf hrSm axmifxJqG JtoGif;cH&ygw,fqd kwJ htxJ *k%fxl;u ESpfckxyfeJ @? axmufvSrf;a&;qd kwJ haumifrsm;&JŒ arwWmwH k;}uD;}uD;ud k [D;wd kuf+yD;tyd k @cH&wJ husaemf[m tr_ESpfr_wyf+yD; tpG JcH& w,f? ESpfr_pvH k; [m 5§n? wr_u &efukeftwGuf/ wr_u yJcl;awmifiltwGufwJ h? umvwckwnf;twGif;rSm Ed kifiHa&;tzG J @tpnf;uvJwckwnf;/ Ed kifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_uvJ wckwnf;jzpfygvsufeJ @ ESpfr_wG J+yD;

±H k;wifw&m;pG Jqd kwm jzpfygw,f? yJcl; awmifilr_u axmif(5)ESpfcs+yD;wJ htcg &efukefr_twGuf wd kufxJrSmqufae&ygw,f? tJ'Dtr_twGuf axmifcscH&zd k @ ±H k;qufxGuf&wJ htcg usaemfeJ @ajcusif;[m b0ay;ukod kvf=urRmt& zl;pmqH k&ygawmhw,f/ yxrqH k; ajcusif;0wf&wmyg?

tHr,f æa&$ajcusif; aiGajcusif; jrajcusif;r[kwfygbJ oHajcusif;qd kwmrSmvJ trsKd;rsKd;&S dowJ h?

ajcusif;Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



52 0if;wif h xGef;


jyifyavmurSmrS vlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd;&S d+yD; vlwef;pm;cG Jjcm;cH&wmr[kwf/ e&odefavmurSmvJvlwef;pm;tcG JcH&+yD; cG JcG Jjcm;jcm;ðyrlqufqHw,f? ajcusif;cwfcH&wmcsif;twlwlawmif taumif}uD;}uD; t+rD;&Snf&SnfawG twGufu wrsKd;/ ±d k;±d k;tusOf;om;rsm;twGufuwrsKd;æwJ h?

a[m - ±d k;±d k;xJrSmawmifrS t=urf;zsif;tm;jzif h (3)rsKd;&S daejyefowJ h? rE Wav;uGif;wJ h/ armfvòrdifuGif;wJ h/ ±d k;±d k;uGif;wJ h?

rE Wav;uGif;qd kwmu rE Wav;olawG ajcusif;0wfwwfwm=unf h+yD; rSnf hxm;yH k&ygw,f? armfvòrdifuGif;qdkwmusawmhaumæ? armfvòrdifolawG ajcovH k;wkwfw,fvd k@ qdk=uw,fr[kwfvm;?tJ'Dawmh rE Wav;uGif;xuf yd kvJ}uD; yd kvJwkwf yd kvJav;vHwJ huGif;rsKd;ud k armfvòrdifuGif;vd k @ trnfonmðyxm;=uw,fqd kyJ? [d kwkef;u ocifEk&JŒemrnf}uD; 0wKwyk'f “&ufpufygayhuG,f” qd kwmxJrSm “rif;ud krr}uD;eJ @ay;pm;&rSmyJ” qd k&if ‘rr}uD;’ vd k @ emrnfay;xm;wJ h tifrwefav;vHvGef;wJ h ausmufqH k}uD;eJ @

awG @ay;+yD; vlud kqH kvSnf hcd kif;owJ h? tJ'gu t*Fvdyfacwfe,fcsJŒorm;&JŒaxmifwGif; &ufpuf ,kwfrmr_wckaygh?

‘jA[Rpdk&fw&m; xGe;fumwJ h jref rmhqd k&S,fvpfvl@abmifopfod k @’vd k @ rd k;wvH k;avwvH k; aºuG;a=umfaewJ h rqvacwf}uD;xJusawmh ud kvd keDacwfuawmif &S dcJ hzl;wJ h bDuvyf(p)ud k zsufodrf;ypfvd k kuf±H kruaxmifxJrSm Ed kifiHa&;orm;qdkwm r&S d&wJ h? aemufr_xGuf&if ajcusif;cwfwJ h? armfvòrdifoleJ @ay;pm;vdkufvd k @qdk&ifawmh {&mrajcusif;wkwfwkwf}uD;eJ @ nm;&ygvdrf hr,f?

ajcusif;cwfcH&+yDqd k&if b,fajcusif;rsKd;cwfcwf ajcusif;csnf; b,f[kwfvdrf hrvJ? ajcusif;eJ@

wqufwnf; rdwfzufwefqm'G g'&mawGvJ tyd kqktjzpf rvG JraoGygvmygw,f? ajcusif;wzufpDrSmwif wqufwnf;uGif;qufoHuGif;wd ku ESpfck? tJ'DoHuGif;qufESpfckeJ @ wqufwnf;oHacsmif;}uD;uwayeD;yg;? tJ'Daemuf xdyfqH k;rSmrS aemufxyfoHuGif;qufvufud kif? ESpfzufaygif;vd kuf&if teJqH k;ESpfyd\mcG J oH k;yd\mavmuf&S dEd kifw,f?

ajcusif;cwfyH kcwfenf;uav;uvJ tifrwef,Ofaus;vSygw,f? yef;yJxkwJ haycH kay: ajcaxmufud ktvsm;vd kufwifay;vd kuf&w,f? vlu ajrjyifay:zifcsxd kifxm;&+yD; ajcaxmuftpH kud k qef @ay;xm;vd kuf&wm? ud k;±d kŒum;,m;rvkyfeJ @/ ajcv_yfvd k @uawmh ajcaxmuf wlpmjzpfoGm;Ed kifwJ htaetxm;rsKd;?

[˜ aewJ h oHajcusif;}uD;ud k ajcaxmufay:wyf+yD;wJ htcg aycH kay:tqifoif hwifay;+yD;om;jzpfwJ htcg/ yef;yJxkwJ hoHwl}uD;ud k ajr‡mufajr‡muf+yD;xkaeyH k[m wcsufavmuf acsmfxkrdvd k @uawmh ajcovH k;&d k;qufyd kif;usdK;oGm;Ed kifw,f? usaemfhrSm t+idrfoufqH k; +idrfay;ae&&if; armifrif;}uD;om; ajcusif;cwfwm0efcHtusOf;om;ud k arwWmyd k @+yD;ae&w,f? armifrif;}uD;om;u yapmufyH kjzpfaewJ h oHajcusif;ud k0vH k;yH ko¾mefjzpfatmif [d kzufpGef;u xkvd kuf/ 'DzufpGef;u xkvd kufeJ @ [d kzuf'Dzuf 0ufyd k;qufqufrdoGm;rS ESpfzufpGef;u taygufao;ao;[yfrdxyfrdoGm;rS oHpxnf h+yD; av;Apf±d kufw,f? tJ'Dvd k av;Apf±d kufcsdefusrS a&SŒud kzif'&GwfwGef;wd k;ay;&if; 'l;ud k armifrif;}uD;om;tvd kus auG;ay;& a&SŒwd k;aemufiif

vkyfay;&w,f? tJ'Dvd k av;Apfr±d kufcif=um; oHacsmif;&Snf}uD;eJ @wqufwnf; oHuGif;qufud kvJ toif hxnf hay;wyfay;vd kufwJ htwGuf av;Apf±d kuf+yD;csdefrSm ajcwzufpm ajcusif;cwfjcif;udpP atmifjrifpGm+yD;qH k;jcif;ud k a&mufygw,f? aemufwzufusawmhvJ xd kenf;‚if;aygh?

ol ajcusif;±d kufaewkef; 0g'g a&oGm;aomufvd k @ab;ab;bDbD vlr&S dwkef; olu usaemf hrsufESmud k




0if;wif h xGef; 53

tuJcwfovd k=unf h&if; ‘bmr_wkef;’vd k @ ar;w,f? usaemfu ‘Ed kifiHa&;’vd k @ajzvd kufawmh olu acgif;ud kcyfav;av;}uD; &rf;&Smw,f? usaemf htay: u±k%moufoGm;vd k @vm;/ pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;vd k @vm;/wpH kw&mav;pm;oGm;vd k @vm; 'grSr[kwf aq;vdyfav; oH k;av;ig;vdyfrS vd kif;zefvd k @r&Ed kifawmhwJ h trsKd;

tpm;rSef;odoGm;+yD; 'Dae@awmh vmbfydwfwmyJvd k @rsm; ,lqoGm;vd k @vm;awmhrodyg? olu acgif;ud komajz;ajz;csif;,rf;&if; yif houfcsygw,f?

“'D tpGef;awG aoatmifr±d kuf&if oGm;&if;vm&if; ajcaxmufeJ @&Srd+yD; '%f&myvyGjzpfwwfw,f/'djyiftr_onfawG ajcusif;0g&if hawGqd k&if aumif;aumif;±d kufay;atmif vd kif;ay;w,f/ awmif;zd k @awmifrvd kbl;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf ckvJaumif;aumif;±d kufay;vd kufygw,f”wJ h?

tJ'guawmh yxrqHk;aomajcusif;eJ@ zl;pmqHk&jci;f&JŒed'gef;tpygyJ? ajcaxmufESpfzufpvHk;ajcusif;cwf+yD;csdefrSm tay:qH k;uGif;ESpfuGif;ud k yl;ud kif+yD; ajcusif;oHwc|ifc|ifeJ @ wd kufxJjyef0ifvmawmh

teD;tem;u &JabmfawG rdwfaqGawGu pdwfraumif;pGmeJ @vSrf;=unf h=uw,f?“uAsmq&ma&æ tawG @tñuHaygh”wJh?[kwfuJ h tawG @tñuHygyJ? 'gayr,f h b0eJ@&if;xm;&wJ h tawG @tñuH?

2?

±H k;xGuf&awmh w&m;±Hk;xJrSm ajcusif;oHwc|ifc|ifeJ @0ifchJw,f? tpurS oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;wdkif;

wc|ifc|if wc|rfc|rfjrnfwwfwJ h oHajcusif;}uD;ud k ESpfqwd k;+yD; toHjrnfatmif ajcud kcyfjyif;jyif; aqmif h+yD;0ifw,f? usaemfut&G JŒwd kuf+yD; [d kbufoGm;vd kuf 'DbufoGm;vd kufvkyfw,f?

tHr,fæ tJ'DawmhvJ axmufvSrf;a&;qd kwJ htaumifawGu olwd k @ud k xrifaomuf&SufcG Jjyaewmvdk @rsm; cHpm;oGm;ovm;rodygbl;? rsufESm}uD;awGndKvd k @?

b,fvd krS ratmif htD;Ed kifawmhwJ h taumifwaumifu æ“cifAsm;u +idrf+idrfaerSayghAs/ w&m;±H k;w±H k;vHk;ajcusif;oHcsnf;yJ”wJ h? tJ'Dawmh usaemfu “'g æ

cifAsm;wd k @ Ed kifiHawmftpd k;&qd kwmu cwfay;xm;wmyJav/ ajcusif;qd kwm jrnfwJ htrsKd;yJ/ rjrnfapcsif&if

rcwfeJ @aygh”vd k @ jyef+yD;aighvd kufw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;qd kwJ htaumif[m tH}uD;ud k}udwfvd k @ ol@tazrw&m;tpd k;&bufuae emwwfvd kufwm? ociftm;& u|efyg;0qd kwJ htaumifrsKd; yDovSygw,f?

tif;pdefaxmifAl;0txl;w&m;±H k;qd kwwJ h rw&m;±H k;xJrSmyJ tv,fxd kifw&m;ol}uD;qd kwJ h ‘cifarmifjrih f’ qd kwJ hyk*~ dKvfu usaemf hud k ðyH;=unf hw,f? tJ'Dyk*~ dKvfu or0g,rOD;pD;Xmeu t&m&S d}uD;wa,mufyg?rqvacwf jynfol @w&m;ol}uD;qd kwJ hpm&if;rSmygvm+yD; cyfwnfwnfw&m;ol}uD;vkyf+yD; tr_ud k =um;emppfaq;wJ hyH k tjynf ht0 o±kyfaqmifaewmyg? wu,fu w&m;ol}uD;wmvkyfaewm yk'frawmiftck(20)jynf hatmiftvGwf&[efrwlyg? rqvacwfw&m;pD&ifa&;qd kwm w&m;ol}uD;tzd k @ bmOya'

bmpD&ifxH k;rS wwfu|rf;emvnfaezd k @rvd kyg? w&m;a&;t=uHay;qd kwmwd k @ Oya'tusKd;aqmifqd kwmwd k @u t=uHay; vrf;a=umif;ay;wJ htwd kif; vkyfcsifvkyf/ 'grSr[kwf ud k,f&rf;csifovd k&rf;cs+yD; jynfol @w&m;pD&ifa&;vd k @acgif;pnf;wyfwwf&if +yD;oGm;wmygyJ? jynfol @w&m;ol}uD;qd kol rqvwOD;u b,fvd krsm;w&m;pD&ifcsufcszl;ovJqd k&if/ ESpfzufaoma&SŒae a&SŒ&yfrsm;&JŒ Oya'yk'fr b,fa&GŒb,fr#eJ @ +idpGef;w,f/




54 0if;wif h xGef;


w&m;vd kw&m;cHawG&JŒxGufqd kcsufawGt& tr_a=umif; tr_oGm; tr_vm[m b,fvd kay:vGifaew,f/pD&ifxH k;b,favmuf jyÏmef;csufb,f0gt& b,fvd k&S dw,fqd kwmawGud k aoaocsmcsm em;axmifrSwfom;a,mifaqmif+yD;wJ haemuf w&m;ol}uD;avoHtjynf heJ @ pD&ifcsuftrdef @ud k zwf=um;vd kufyH ku

awmh “u|Ek fyfwd k @w&m;ol}uD;tzG J @.pOf;pm;oH k;oyfr_t& tr_rSmxif&Sm;ay:vGifaeonfjzpfojzif h Oya'u rnfod k @qd kapumrl axmif'%f(10)ESpf”[lowJ h? tJ'Dvd k w&m;pD&ifa&;acwf}uD;twGif;rSm usaemfwd k @vdk Ed kifiHa&;r_rsKd;rsm;usawmh ‘cifarmifjrifh’wd k @vd kw&m;ol}uD;rsm;tzd k @ o±kyfaqmifaumif;aumif;eJ @rysif;r&dxd kifwwfzd k @omvd kygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;u pDpOfn$ef=um;wJ hZmwfn$ef;twd kif; óudwifcsrSwfay;xm;wJ haxmif'%fESpfumvud k w&m;a&;t=uHay;qd kwJ hvlu abmif0ifatmif=uHzefa&;ay;xm;wJ hpD&ifcsufxJxnf hoGif;+yD; w&m;ol}uD;aveJ @ zwf=um;jyvd kufzdk @yJvd kygw,f?

w&m;ol}uD; xdkifcH kjrifh}uD;ay:xd kif&if;/ ajcusif;oHwc|ifc|ifeJ@0ifvmwJh usaemfhqDvSrf;=unfh+yD;

ðyH;vd kufwJ h w&m;ol}uD;qd kol&JŒtðyH;[m rJ hðyH;}uD;jzpfygw,f? armif husufoa&acgif;aygif;ud k cyfwnfwnfaygif;xm;&if; acgif;aygif;pwvlvleJ @ol @rsufESm[m qyfuyfxJu vljyufrsufESmvd kvd k/ cyfnH hnh H t+idrf hpifwckay:u Áa¹ENeJeJav;rSr&vSwJ h vljyufvufoifwa,muf&JŒrsufESmvd kvd k jzpfaew,f? wcgwcgusawmhvJ vSawmom;ajymajym&&if bDvl;rcsKdcsOfpkyfxm;wJ hrsufESmrsKd;? rcsKdrcsOfjzpfaew,f?

usaemfuvJ ajcusif;oHud k ESpfqwd k;jrnfatmif ajcaxmufud k cyfaqmif haqmif heif;&if; w&m;cHrsm;ae&muae ol @rsufESmud k cyfwnfwnf=unfhaevd kufw,f?

tJ'Dvd k±H k;xGufwd kif;wyfqif&wJ h ajcusif;uawmh ±H k;wcgxkwf wcgyg? wcgwyf w&ufyJ=umygw,f?

reuf±H k;xGuf&S d&if naeóudwyfay; nrSwd kufcef;xJ ajcusif;eJ @ae/ aemufae@±H k;xGufujyefvm&if ae@rul;cif jyefðzwfay;avh&S dw,f? ðzwfawmhvJ xH k;pHtwd kif; aycH kay:rSm? tðzwfu twyftcwfavmufr=um?

usaemfwd k @wd kufxJ axmifxJ0ifcJ h&+yD;umvtenf;i,ft=umrSmyJ axmufvSrf;a&;rª;csKyf}uD; vefbm;wifOD;eJ @ ol @&JŒvuf&if;jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;bd keDwd k @vJ olwd k @&JŒtaz&if; Ad kvfae0if;u &mZrmefawmf&S+yD;toH k;uHau|;ta&;t&mtm;vH k; ±kyfodrf;um aemufausmuae ajceJ @uefcsypfvd kufwJ htwGuf tif;pdefaxmifxJa&mufvmcJ h&ygw,f? wavsmufvH k; olwyg;tay: rw&m;ojzif h zrf;qD;&d kufESufn‡Of;yef;vmcJ hwJ haumifawG olwyg;ud kom enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ @tjypf&SmaxmufvSrf;+yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;csapvkyfvmcJ h

wJ haumifawG umv0dyguf aemufyd k;wuf+yDav?usaemf hwd k @u Ak'<[l;ae@±H k;csdef;wd kif; wifOD; bd keDwd k @u =umoyaw;ae@±H k;csdef;? ±H k;xGuf&&m w&m;±H k;

uvJ tif;pdefAl;0w&m;±H k;rSmcsnf;? ta=umif;a=umif;a=umif h &ref}uD;a&$Œqd kif;vd kuf&wJ h oDwif;ywfwywfrSm axmif0ifpmawG @cGif hay;awmh axmif0ifpmcef;uae axmif0ifpmxkyfav;qG JjyeftvmrSmaxmufvSrf;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; vefbm;wifOD;ac: rsufrSefwifOD;ac: tukod kvfwd&p>mef}uD;wifOD;ud ktrSwfrxifawG@vdkuf&ygw,f? olvJ axmif0ifpmcef;ujyefvmyHk&ygw,f? ol@ab;rSm axmifrª;wa,mufu ºuGyfºuGyftdwfud kqG Jvd k @/ t&yf}uD;u uvefuvm;eJ @ t&ifwke;fuawmh axmifaxmif

armif;armif; jynf hjynf hòzd;òzd;&S dr,f hyH koGif[m tckawmhvJ vyd kif;twGif;rSmyJ usoGm;vd kufwm/ òydvJusawmhr,f h xef;yiftd k}uD;wyifvd kygyJ? rzD;roif r&dwfrn‡yfbJxm;wJ htwGuf qHyif*kwfaxmuf&Snf}uD;wvlvleJ @ ouf }uD;vrf;ol&Jtd kyH kaygufaew,f? qHyifawGwvlvluvJ jzLazG;ae+yD;jzpfwJ htwGuf =umqHxkyf acgif;ay:&Gufxm;bdouJhodk@ jzpfaew,f? ykvif;zifydwfvdk rsufrSefxlxl}uD;u =umqHxkyf




0if;wif h xGef; 55

acgif;ay:wifxm;ovd k&S dwJ h ol @acgif;eJ @ &ufpuf,kwfrmr_tjynf heJ @ uvdefuuspfEd kifvGef;vSwJ h ol @rsufESmudk pnf;om;ay;xm;ovd k&Sdygw,f? vefbm;wifOD; rsufrSefwifOD; trftd kifwifOD;qd kwm 'DowW0g}uD;ygvm;? t&if olrd k;aumif;pOfwkef;u Ed kifiHa&;orm;}uD;wOD;ud k ud k,fwd kif0ifa&mufxd k;}udwf uef ausmuf

±H kwifru eH±d k;awGay: ppfzdeyfeJ @wufckefcJ hw,fqd kwJ h bDvl;,kwf}uD;yguvm;? b,favmuftxd wefcd k;xGm;cJ hovJqd k&if Ed kifiHwumhpme,fZif;wcsKdŒu Armjynf&JŒ‘wpfcG J’}uD;vd k @awmif uifyGef;wyfay;cJ h&olygvm;? ae0if;u wpf/ pef;,kuESpf/ wifOD;u oH k;r[kwf/ wpfeJ @ESpf=um;u‘wpfcG J’qd k+yD;awmif trSwfonmðyjcif;cH&wJ h owW0g}uD;? tckawmhvJ olwoufvH k; ol @taz}uD;&JŒ &mZmyv†ifwnfjrJa&;twGufOD;aqG;qHjrnfh ,kwf,kwfuef;uef;tr_awmfxrf;cJ hor# ol @taz}uD;u aemufqH k;qkvmbfawmfud k csvd kufyg+yD? ‘wpfcG J’vJ 'pfjyJ+yD; 0Éfi&J rSm t&Sifvwfvwfa&mufae&yg+yD? =unf hav-t&l;}uD;wa,mufvd k arSmf&l;}uD;wa,mufvd k/ pkef;wap> ua0um;awGxJu wmaw}uD;vd kyH kpHrsKd;eJ @ awG @or# tusOf;om;

awGud k ðyH;jyaeav&JŒ? yg;pyfuvJ “ryleJ @/ r[m0dZ,bk&m;}uD; xD;awmfwif&if tukefvGwfrSm”vd k @ajymaeav&JŒ? tusOf;om;awG&JŒonf;ajcóudufpum;ud k ajymqd kaewmjzpfEd kifovd k/ ol @[mol =uHzefar#mfud k;+yD; ol @ud k,foltm;ay;ajzodrf h ar#mfvif haeyH krsKd;vJ jzpfEd kifygw,f? &,fcsifp&mvJ awmfawmfaumif;aygh?

“wifOD;&JŒ ysm;a*[mvJ =uufa*[mjzpfoGm;+yDAsKdŒ/ wifOD;&JŒvuf±H k;‘axmuf’awGvJ woD}uD;a'gufðzwfcHae&+yD/ ðywfwJ haumifðywf/ a&SŒwef;tyd k@cH&wJ haumifcH&wJ hAs” pwJ h pwJhowif;awGvJusaemfwd k @wd kufawGxJtxd 0ifvmcJ hygw,f? wifOD; bd keDwd k @tr_wG JeJ @ wqufwnf; r*d kvrf;uemrnf}uD;

a&$qd kifydkif&SifwcsKd @vJ axmifxJ0ifvm&wm=um;ae&ygw,f? wifOD;bd keDwd k @ tay:wyfay;xm;wJ h yk'frawGuvJ woD}uD;?

w&uf ±H k;xGufajcusif;cwfzd k @oGm;&pOfrSmawmh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;a[mif; axmufvSrf;a&;rª;csKyf}uD;a[mif;OD;bd keD a&$rsuf&nfawmfuswJ hta=umif;owif; ud k,fawG @ñuH&=um;&ygawmhw,f? ajcusif;cwfay;aeustusOf;om;u 0g'gtvpfrSm æ

“ckwifu æ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;qd kwJ h[m}uD;uawmh ajcusif;pcwfawmh rsuf&nfawG awGawGeJ @As”wJh?

“[mæb,fhES,fa=umif h”usaemfuðyH;+yD;ar;rdw,f?“olvJ aemufr_xGuf&rSmav”“aemufr_&S d&if ajcusif;cwf&r,fqd kwm tJ'Daumif}uD;xkwfcJ hwJ htrdef @yJavæ ckawmh ud k,f h"m;eJ @

udk,f txd k;cHvd kuf&wmayghaemf/ awmfawmfoem;p&maumif;w,faemf/ u|wfæu|wf”usaemfu pkwfoyf+yD; [m;rdygw,f? “umv0dygwf aemufyd k;wuf”qd kwJ hpum;ud kvJ t}udrf}udrf

jyefowd&rd&if;/ rsuf&nfawG awGawGusaewJ h jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;qd kwJ howW0g}uD;&JŒ yktd kif htd kif h rsufESm}uD;ud k ajy;ajy;jrifaerdygw,f?

“'D bJ}uD;u rsuf&nfomuswmyg/ ol @wyfay;wJ hajcusif;qd kwmu cifAsm;wd k @vd k b,f[kwfrSmwkef;?pykwfwHajcusif; vkyfay;xm;wmrsKd;yg? uav;ajcusif;urS eJeJav;tH k;r,fæ”wJ h?




56 0if;wif h xGef;


3?

ajcusif;eJ @=um=umzl;pmqH k&awmhwmuawmh om,m0wDaxmifrSmyg? ajcusif;wyfqifay;vd kuf

wmuawmh tif;pdefaxmif}uD;uyg?wnaeapmif;avmufrSm bmrajym nmrajym usaemfwd k @emrnfawGac:xkwfvd kuf+yD; usaemfwd k @ud k

ud k,f pDud k,fiS ajcusif;awGwyfay;vd kufygw,f? tJ'Dae@nrSm tdyfaeustaqmifawmif usaemfwd k @awGud krxm;awmhyJ/ (5)aqmifqd kwmay: cG Jxm;vd kufygw,f? aemufae@axmifajymif;r,fæwJ h? tJ'Dvd kenf;rsKd;eJ @ tif;pdefaxmifu wyfay;vd kufwJ hajcusif;awGeJ @ om,m0wDaxmifwd kufcef;xJ a&mufvmcJ h&ygw,f? w&ufajcusif;c|wfay;Ed k;Ed k;eJ @ vaygif;tcsKdŒ=um ajcusif;eJ @ESpfyg;oGm;&awmhwJ hb0 a&muf&ygawmhw,f? tJ'DusawmhrSyJ ajcusif;&JŒt&omud kvJ wd k;wd k;odvm&ygawmhw,f? t*Fvdyfacwfu Ed kifiH

a&;orm; ocifa[mif;}uD;wOD;[m axmift}udrf}udrfuscH&zl;+yD; axmifeJ @ywfouf+yD; pmtkyfwtkyfawmifa&;cJhzl;ao;xifyg&JŒ/ aumif;aumif;awmifrrSwfrdawmh? aumif;aumi;frSwfrdaewmu ol@emrnfeJ @ ol @bG J @xl;? “axmif ht&om ocifat;=unf”wJ h? axmif ht&om cg;oD;emusifbG,faumif;oavmuf/ ajcusif;t&omuvJ rkef;wD;atmhESvH k;embG,faumif;ygw,f? ajcusif;t&om[m axmif ht&omxJu wckvd k @qd k&ifawmif axmif ht&omu cg;cg;wl;wl;/ pl;pl;csOfcsOf/ ajcusif;t&omu pyfylpyfavmif eHeHapmfapmf?

ajcusif;u [d kwkef;uvd k ±H k;xGufw&uf 0wfajcusif;r[kwfawmhwJ h xdyfqH k;u vufud kifuGif;ESpfckud k

yl;ud kif+yD; oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;aevd k @ rjzpfawmh? ºuGyfºuGyftdwfa[mif;awGud k pepfwusqkwfjzJ+yD; ajcr=um;n‡yfum óud;&Snf&Snfav;wacsmif;jzpfatmif uspf&w,f? tJ'D ºuGyfºuGyftdwfjzpf óud;eJ @ oHuGif;=um;v#Kd+yD;csnf/ aemuf óud;pESpfck cg;rSmywf+yD; taeawmftaetxm;twd kif; acgufwGef @tjrJcsnfxm;vd kuf&w,f? vufu ud kifzd k @rvd kawmhbJ ajcusif;qd kif&m 'G g'&mawG[m ud k,feJ @twl yl;wG Juyfyg ,SOfae+yD;om; jzpfoGm;w,f? vufESpfzufvH k;[m vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wf v_yf&Sm;Ed kifwJ htaetxm;rsdK; jzpfvmcJ hw,f? axmifxJuae &JbufxkwfcH&wJ h tusOf;om;rSefor# tJ'Dtaetxm;twd kif;awGcsnf; jzpfygw,f/

ajcusif;cwfxm;cH&wJ htwGuf ajcaxmufuawmh oGufoGufvufvufroGm;vmEd kif? ajcusif;a=umif h toGm;tvmaES;auG;&±H kru/ ajcusif;wefqm'G g'&mawG&JŒ ESpfyd\mcG JoH k;yd\mavmuftav;a=umif hvJ vlwud k,fvH k; txl;ojzif hatmufyd kif;wyd kif;vHk; cJqG JcHxm;&ovd k jzpf+yD; tjrJwrf;aES;auG;av;vHae&awmhw,f? ajcusif;oHuawmh xH k;pHtwd kif; wc|ifc|ifaygh?

ajcusif; tusOf;om;tkyfpkwpkavmuf 0ifxGufoGm;vmae+yDqd k&if cavmufawG jcLawG tjynf hqG Jay;xm;wJ h u|JtkyfEGm;tkyf}uD;wtkyfavmuf vSnf hvSnf hoGm;vmaeovd krsKd;ygyJ? toHyvHawG[mqlnHpifxGufaeawmhw,f? a&mufae&wJ hb0yk HoGif[m rn‡mwrf;pum;vH k;ra&G;bJ cd kif;E_ dif; ajymqd k&

r,fqd k&if wu,f hud k vlom;wd&p> mef tkyfpk}uD;wpkvd kygyJ? vlom;awGud k wd&p> mefyrm ðyxm;wmygyJ?EGm;awGud k ESmzm;óud;wyfay;xm;ovdk jrif;awGudk yg;csyfwyfay;xm;ovd k/ qifawGud k xl;cwfay;xm;ovd k/ vlom;pifppfawGud k ajcusif;wyfay;xm;wm ygyJ?

ajcusif;[m tifrwef±d kif;ysr_&JŒ trSwftom;jzpfovd k/ zdES dyfolawG&JŒ vufoHk;/ zdES dyfn‡Of;yef;a&;




0if;wif h xGef; 57

wefqmyvmwck/ tifrwefrkef;wD;pufqkyfp&mypPnf;wckyJ? 'DypPnf;[m ud kvd keDacwfuvJ&S dcJ hovd kya'o&mZfacwfuvJ &S dcJ hw,f? aus;yd kifu|efyd kifacwfuvJ &S dcJ hwmyJ? =unf hyghvm;? pyg;wm;uyfwd k @acwfuvJ ajcusif;eJ @ oHuGif;qufaESmifóud;}uD;eJ @yJ? 'Dajcusif;eJ @ oHaESmifóud;ud k t+yD;wd kifcsKd;zsufzd k @qd kwm

tkyfpd k;olvl,kwfrmawGud k z,f&Sm;ypfEd kifrSyJ atmifjrifr,f hudpPav?“aESmifóud;ud k 'd k @vuf±H k;eJ @ csKd ;zsufav”wJ h? tifwmae&Sife,foDcsif;}uD;xJu oDcsif;aw;oGm;wyd k'f

[m ajcusif;cwfoHóud;wJ hay;xm;jcif;cH&ol&JŒ &ifxJajy;ajy;0ifvmjyefw,f?ajcusif;eJ @oHóud;ud k rcsKd;zsufypfEd kifao;cifrSmawmh ud k,f hajcaxmufud k ud k,foabmrwlygyJ vm

cwfay;xm;wJ h ajcusif;eJ @oHuGif;awGud k wcgwcgjyefjyef*±kpd kufae&wJ hb0avmuf a=uuG Jp&maumif;wm&S dygao;&JŒvm;? ud k,frkef;wD;&G H&SmvSwJ h olwd k *±kwpd kuf ,k,ðypkae&wJ htjzpfrsKd;av? ud k,f hud k ae@pOftcgrvyf 'kuQay;aewJ holud k 'kuQay;r_oufomatmif acsmharmhae&ovd krsKd;av?

ajcusif;eJ @oHuGif;awGud k ºuGyfºuGyftdwfpkwfpwckeJ @ r=umr=um wd kufc|wfyGwfoyfay;ae&jyefw,f?wcgw&H a&csKd;cs/ *efzvm;csawGrSm trSwfrxifaumuf,l&&S davh&S dwJ h tkwfeDcJyJhao;ao;av; 'grSr[kwf ausmufp &pfcJao;ao;av;eJ @vJ ajcusif;twGif;tjyifay: oHóud;uGif;quftwGif;tjyifay:utxyfxyfwufaewJ h oHacs; oHn‡ d oHr_ H oHppGef;av;awGud k wd kufc|wfay;ae&w,f?

'Davmufwd kufc|wf yGwfoyfay;ae&wJ h=um;xJuawmifajcusif;0wfywfywfvnfwckvH k;[m ESif;clrJrJ}uD;pG Jaeovd k jzpfaew,f? ud k,f hajcaxmuf ud k,fjyefjrif&wmawmif rowDp&m? ajcusif;0wf&umpqd k&if ajcusif;pGef;oHaZmif;&Sxm;wJ h '%f&m'%fcsufawGyvAGeJ @ ajcusif;0wfESpfckvH k;[m zl;a&mifndK

ud kif;+yD; oajyoD;rSnf ha&mifxvdk @? aemufawmh oHqdyfoif haewJ h '%f&mawG[m +yDawGwpd kpd k ,ifawGwtH ktH kjzpfvmw,f? cufwmu vlrqefwJ h acG;wd&p> mefwd k @&JŒ axmifwGif;pnf;urf;Oya'qd kwmawGu'%f&moufomatmif ajcusif;0wfud k t0wfav; ºuGyfºuGyftdwfpav;bmav; ywfxm;umuG,fpnf;aESmifxm;vd k @vJr&? ajcusif;uGif;udk t0wfywfxm; cGif hvJr&S d? =uHzefta=umif;jycsufuawmhajcusif;uGif;av;Apfud k ðywfatmifvkyfxm;+yD; t0wfeJ @ywfxm; pD;xm; b,f hES,f hvkyfrvJæwJ h? rw&m;npfywfpkwfyJ hwJ h tkyfpd k;oleJ @ tyfpd k;ol&JŒtm%myg;uGufom;awGrSm aumuf aumufuspfuspf qifajcqifvufay;p&mawGu tjrJwef;tjynf h? iHydav;eJeJyg;yg; yd k,lodrf;xm;&if jy\emvkyfcsif&if qifajc

ay;ajymwwfwmu oHwd kif&if; iHydyH kxm;+yD; oHwd kifjywfatmifvkyf b,f hES,fvkyfrvJæ wJ h? axmifwGif;wd kufwGif;u tcd kiftcef @oHwd kifud k iHydyH kjzwf+yD; axmifuxGufajy;cJ hzl;wJ hvl b,fESpfa,mufrsm;&S dcJ hzl;ovJ?

=uH=uHzefzef ,kwf,kwfrmrmqifajcay;+yD; tjrJwef; zdES dyfn‡Of;yef;zd k @ tuGufcspOf;pm;aewwfwJ haumifrsKd;awGæ? wcgwcg ajcusif;oHacsmif;tay:qH k; vufud kifuGif;=um;v#Kd+yD; cg;rSmywfxm;&wJ hºuGyfºuGyftdwfpvkyf óud;ao;ao;av;ud kawmif odrf;csifvmodrf;wwfjyefao;w,f? ta=umif;jycsufu'Dóud;ud ktoH k;ðy+yD; ud k,h fvnfyif; ud k,fpGyf aoa=umif;=uHpnf&if b,f hES,fvkyfrvJæwJ h? at;æ 'dk @u

ud k,f hud k,fud kawmh b,fawmhrSowfraobl;/ rif;wd k @ud kom owfypfcsifwmvd k @/ 'if;wd k @rsufESmaphaph=unf h+yD; ajymvd kufcsifwmrS v#mud k,m;vd k @?ajcusif;&JŒ'kuQu tdyfwJ htcgvJ awmfawmfuoduatmufjzpf&jyefw,f? oGm;vmaerS wc|ifc|if

jrnfwwfwmr[kwf? 'l;av;tauG;vd kuf ajcaxmufav;tvSnf hvd kuf ud k,fav;trSwfwrJ h tapmif;




58 0if;wif h xGef;


vd kufrSmvJ wc|ifc|ifjrnfjyefw,f? &Hzef&Hcg vef @vef @awmif Ed k;rdw,f? bmoHvJaygh? wu,fu ud k,f hajcaxmufay:u ajcusif;oH? wayeD;yg; oHacsmif;vHk;}uD;ESpfcku aygif=um;u zGm;bufawmfudkuvef @+yD; n‡yfowfypfovd krjzpf&atmif 'grSr[kwf wH k;armif;acgufvd kufovd k rjzpf&atmifvJ tdyfcgeD;tawmf owdxm;&w,f? ajcusif;óud;pud k av#mh/ oHacsmif;ESpfacsmif;ud k ykqd k;pay:rSmwif 'l;avmufa&mufatmifwGef;+yD;rS tdyf&w,f?

aqmif;nawGuawmh tqd k;qH k;aygh? uav;xkyfwJ h tES D;purS yd kxlaumif; xlEd kifao;wJ h apmifyg;yg;av;rsKd;eJ @tdyf&wJ htxJ ajcusif;uGif;uoH/ oHacsmif;u oHawGeJ @ &Hzef&Hcg xdawG @vd kuf&wJ h tom;ta& [m pdrf hceJ pdrf h ceJ at;puf usifwufoGm;&ygw,f? a&cJacsmif;eJ @ vmxdvd kufovd kygyJ? armvsyifyef;vGef;vSayrJ h tdyfr&wJ hnaygif;rsm;pGm=um; rvSrytdyfrufqd k;awGeJ @csnf; &ifqd kifae&ygw,f?

oHajcusif;eJ @ oHuGif;awGud k=unf h&if;=unf h&if;u pl;pl;&S&Srkef;wD;vmw,f?

usaemf hrsufaphxJrSm oHajcusif;[m i&JacG;}uD;waumif&JŒtusnf;wef yg;pyfjyJjyJ}uD;wayguf jzpfaew,f? 'Diwf}uD;us i&JacG;}uD;&JŒyg;pyfaygufu usaemf hajcaxmufud k tirf;r&ud kufiH kxm;w,f? ol @&JŒtpG,fESpfckeJ @ ajcaxmufud k r=umr=umukwfjcpfudkufzJ hwwfao;w,f? tJ'Di&JacG;}uD;ud k usaemf hqDv$wfvd kufwJ h vuf&S dacG;yd kif&Sifuawmh ol@ud k,fol‘tpd k;&’vd k @ aºuG;a=umfaewJ h taumif}uD;ygyJ?

oHuGif;qufawGuawmh a¹rGayG;waumif&JŒausmay:u tuGuftuGufawGygyJ? 'D a¹rGayG;uvJusaemf hud k,fay: tqdyfcd k;awG tqufrjywfr_wfxkwfaew,f?

'D i&JacG;ESpfaumif&JŒyg;pyfud k ±d kufjzJypf+yD; a¹rGayG;ausmjyifud k EkwfEkwfpif;ypfvd kufcsifovd k 'DacG;eJ @

a¹rGayG;yd kif&Sifud kvJ t0DpdwoufvH k;yd k @xm;vd kufcsifpdwfawG wzGm;zGm;ay:vmw,f?olwd k @&JŒ pkwfyJ hnpfywfr_eJ @wefatmif/ ud k,fvJ jyefrd kuf±d kif;wk H @jyef&r,fqd k&if/ ud k,fawmif vl,kwfrm

jzpfoGm;Ed kifw,f? owdxm; owdxm;vd k @ ud k,f hud k,fud k jyefqH k;rae&w,f?acG;ESpfaumifyg;pyfud k ±dkufjzJypfcsifaewJ h=um;u ol @yg;pyfud k oGm;wd kufay;ae&jyefw,f? a¹rGayG;

uGufausmud k xkESufypfcsif&ufom;u yGwfwd kufausmoyfay;ae&jyefw,f? awmfawmfud k a=uuG Jp&maumif;vSygw,f?

“aumif;aumif;wd kuf/ aumif;aumif;wd kuf/ ajcusif;u tae=um&if oHqdyfoif h+yD; ae0if&Dwa&m

rSm bmrS=unf hvd k @rjrif&wJ h tajctaea&mufwwfw,f? =uufrsufoif hwJ h rsufaphvd k jzpfoGm;wwfw,fwJ h”

b0wl ajcusif;&Jabmf}uD;u ðyH;ppeJ @ajym&if; olvJ ol @ajcusif; olwd kufae&Smw,f?“ud k,f horD;yg;av;awmif 'Davmuf,k,k,,yGwfoyf ray;zl;ygbl;? ckrS ud k,f hcwfxm;wJ h ajcusif;

ud k,fjyef,k,aevd kuf&yH krsm;æ”&Jabmf}uD;&JŒ ememusifusif qufvufajymaeoHudk em;axmif&if;wHawG;ud k }udwfrsKdcsaerdjyefw,f? Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




0if;wif h xGef; 59





60 0if;wif h xGef;


1?

wd kufwGif;b0rSm vleJ @oleJ @ rsm;rsm;pm;pm;pk aygif;+yD; aexd kifcGif h&wm odyfr=umvSao;? usaemf h&JŒwdkufwGif;b0[m wudk,fawmfjzwfoef;cJh&r_awGu trsm;qHk;? tif;pdefaxmif ptydk@cH&puvJwa,mufwnf;aecJ h&ovd k/ (6)wd kufxJavmufud kufcH&csdefwkef;uvJ wa,mufwnf;? (6)wd kufxJ4-v eD;yg;pHjref;cJ h&+yD; ref;aiGatmifwd k @&JŒ toHv$if h±H kvSrf;xkwJ htjzpftysuf}uD;ay:aygufvmcJ h&csdef/

tJ'Dtjzpftysuf}uD;xJu ta&;}uD;Zmwfaqmif wl;yDud kvm;/ &pfcswfud kvm; wOD;OD;ud k tqd k;qH k;tcef;rSmxm;+yD; n‡Of;yef;ES dyfpufzdk @vdktyfvmcsdefrSm usaemfhtcef;[m tqd k;qH k;avmufcef;jzpfwJ htwGufusaemfhudk n}uD;ta&;w}uD;a&$Œajymif;ay;chJ=uvdk@ rqvwdkufac: wdkufopfudka&muf&awmhvJwa,mufwnf;?

wd kufopfrSm ESpfywfavmufae&+yD; aemufrS usaemf(5)wd kufjyefa&mufvm&+yD; vleJ @oleJ @ aecGif h& vmw,f? aemufqH k;w&m;pG Jqd k ±H k;xkwfawmhwJ htcsdefavmufa&mufrS vleJ @oleJ@wifru pnfpnfum;um;od kufod kuf òrdufòrduf}uD;awmif aecGif hñuHvmw,f? wdkufcef;av;wcef;wnf;rSm (5)a,muf}uD;

rsm;awmif?5 wd kuf tcef;eHygwf(22)usaemfwdk @tcef;[m 5-wd kufrSm tpGef;qH k;tcef;? usaemfwdk @tcef;&JŒtpGef;qH k; wqufwnf;

tkwfwHwd kif;ab;rSm rvG,fwHcg;aygufav;wck&S dw,f? tjrJwrf;ydwfxm;avh&S dw,f? 'DwHcg;aygufav;[m óud;pifud koGm;wJ h wHcg;ayguf? 'DwHcg;&JŒtjcm;bufwbufrSm óud;pif&S dwJ h0if;?

0g'gawG&JŒtqd kt&/ [d k;æ wcsdefu óud;'%fcsrSwfxm;jcif;cH&wJ hóud;orm;[m óud;'%fpD&ifcH&zd k @wjznf;jznf;eD;vmcsdefrSm aemufqH k;rSm 'Dtcef;eHygwf(22)xJa&muf&S dvm&owJ h? óud;orm;&JŒaemufqH k;

n[m 'Dtcef;(22)xJrSm jzpfowJh?'DbufacwfrSmawmh tJ'Dvd kr[kwfawmh?'Dtcef;xJrSm usaemfwd k @ (5)a,muf twlaeae&w,f?touft}uD;qH k;u OD;av;OD;xGef;&S def? t*Fylom;? vufeufud kifawmfvSefa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;?

wcsdefu ±d k;ray: awmfvSefwJ haoewfoHawGv$rf;rd k;pOfu emrnfausmfwd kufwd kif;atmif(1)&JŒ wyfpkrª;a[mif;? toufu (50)ausmf?

ud k&JxGwfuawmh tvkyform; OD;pD;Xmeu t&m&S daygufp? tom;ujzLjzL ±kyf&nfu oef @oef @/

rsufrSefav;w0if;0if;eJ @? pdwfykwD;rSefrSefpdyf+yD;? bk&m;rSefrSef &S dcd k;wwfol? ol @ZeD;onfu q&m0efrwa,muf? pD;yGm;a&;uvJ qd k;[efrwl? ESpfzufaqG}uD;rsKd;}uD;awG=um;u vmcJ h=uwmqd kawmh usaemfwd k @xJrSm axmif0ifpmygq,fxkyfrsm;rsm;vmEd kif+yD; usaemfwd k @tay: apwemxufoefpGm au|;arG;wwfw,f? ol@tdrfuvmwJhygq,fxkyfayr,fh ol[m oD;oef@tcGifhxl;rcH/ usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;eJ@twl

5 wd kuf/ tcef; 22

0if;wif hxGef;




0if;wif h xGef; 61

omwlnDr# pm;aomufaexdkifavh&Sdw,f? ightdrfuvmwm/ igóudufwwfwmav;awG ighrdef;ruyd k @vd kufwm/ 'g igh[mqd kwJ h pdwfxm;rsKd; b,fawmhrS r&S d&Sm? Ed kifiHa&;ud kawmh awmfyg+yD? 'ga=umif h Ed kifiHa&;eJ @ywfouf+yD; axmifwe;fxJ0if&rSmr[kwfawmh/ 'g aemufqH k; axmifxJ0if&jcif;vdk @ ol @[mol oabmxm;aeyH k&w,f? “uAsmq&mæ cifAsm;uawmh Ed kifiHa&;eJ @ aemifvJ ywfoufaetH k;rSmyJ/ cifAsm;eJ @Ed kifiHa&;eJ@uawmh uif;r,f hyH kr&S dygbl;”vd k @ r=umc% usaemf hud k pwwfw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf cifwwfrifwwf+yD;cspfp&maumif;ol?

aemufwa,mufuawmh ud kvSa&$? t&yfu&Snf&Snf ydefydefyg;yg;? ydefvGef;awmh t&yfuyd k&Snfoa,mif jzpfaew,f? wd kufxJa&muf 'Dwokwf usaemfwd k @Ed kifiHa&;orm;awGxJ wjcm;ud kvSa&$ (ud k}uD;ud kvSa&$) vJ &S daeawmh/ ukvm;aoG;ygwJ h ud kvSa&$ud k ukvm;ud kvSa&$vd k @yJ vG,fvG,fcG Jjcm;xm;=uw,f?ud kvSa&$}uD;u ud k&JxGwfeJ @i,foli,fcsif;/ oufwl&G,fwl ausmif;aezwf? pD;yGm;a&;wuUod kvfu ausmif;

+yD;cJ h=uwmvJ twlwl? Ed kifiHa&;eJ @ywfouf cJ h=uwmvJtwlwl? axmifxJa&mufcJ h&wmcsif;vJ twlwl?olu pm&if;±H k;u? ol @tdrfuvJ axmif0ifpm yH krSefvmwwf+yD; ygy&ma=umf/ ig;ajcmufa=umfav;awG[mtdEN d,[if;cwftar$;tóudifeH @ ododomom oif;aewwfw,f? pum;ajym&if avoHuat;at;?vlyH kuvJat;at;? vlysKd}uD;?

aemufwa,mufuawmh ud kodef;jrif h? olu q&m0ef? w±kwfaoG;ygwJ htwGuf tom;u jzL0if;aew,f? t&yftarmif;uvJaumifaumif;/ rsufcH kar$;aumif;aumif;? q&m0efqd kayr,f h a[mufqm*sif+yD;cgp ‘qr’ awmif rxkwf&ao;/ axmifxJ0ifvmcJ h&&Smol? usaemfeJ @olu oufwl&G,fwl? usaemf hud k

vJ awmfawmfcif&Smw,f? usaemf h&JŒemrnf&if;eJ @ ol @&JŒZmwmay:yg i,femrnfuvJ =uH=uHzefzef twlwl? tckawmh w&m;0ifol @emrnfu udkodef;jrifh/ a'gufwmodef;jrif h? ol @crsm tdrfaxmifuswmawmifr=umao;? axmifyg qufusvmcJ h&&Smw,f? ol @&JŒZeD;onfuvJ ole@Jausmif;aezuf ol @vdkq&m0ef?ol@ZeD;uawmh a[mufqm*sif+yD;wJ haemuf ‘qr’ vufrSwf yg &&S doGm;cJ h+yD? ud kodef;jrif hrdbu yJcl;u/ol @ZeD;uarmfvòrdifujzpfayr,f h w&m;±H k;xkwfwd kif; wOD;r[kwfrOD;vmwwf+yD; axmif0ifpm ygq,fxkyfvJ rSefrSefygwwfw,f?

yHkrSefaxmif0ifpmygq,fxkyf&,fvdk@ avmufavmufvm;vm;r&Sdwmu usaemfeJ@ OD;av;

OD;xGef;&S def? usaemfeJ @OD;av;OD;xGef;&S defu yH krSefygq,fxkyfr&S dayr,f h usef(3)OD;u ygq,fxkyfyH krSef&S d=uawmh(3)a,mufpmud k (5)a,mufcG Jpm;=u&wmayr,fh usaemfwd k @rSm avmufavmufii? wavsmufvH k;iwfjywfvmch J&or# tckawmh tdrfucsuf[if; yd k @[if; ygq,foGif; [if;au|;[if;&Hav;rsm;eJ @ qlqlòzd;òzd;jzpfvmpðy+yD? 'gayr,f h ±Hk;xkwf&ref}uD;wywfpmt=um; yH krSeftqufrjywfjzpfatmifawmh pnf;eJ @urf;eJ @ ac|ac|wmwm? xrif ;pm;cgeD; [if;a0zd k @ OD ;av;OD;xGef;&S defud kyJtyfES Hxm;vd kufawmh OD;av; OD;xGef;&S defyH kay;wJ htwd kif; nDwlr#wl? b,folurSapm'urwuf? OD;av;OD;xGe;f&S defuvJ [if;a0cgeD;wd kif; &uf=um=umrcHEd kifwmud kbJ OD;pm;ay;t&ifau|;ovd k “bmpm;=urvJAsKd @” qd kwmvJ tjrJar;avh&S d&Smw,f?

usaemfwd k @tcef;[m tjrJ nDnDnGwfnGwf cspfcspfcifcif?tom;pm&ufrSmawmh usaemfwd k @tcef;u wa,mufwwHk;E_ef;eJ @ bmtom;jzpfjzpf

(5)wH k;wdwd&w,f? [if;wH k;awGu wwH k;eJ @wwH k; t}uD;tao;rnDwwf? OD;av;ud kyJ touft}uD;qH k;rd k @aumif;wmay;avh&S d&if OD;av;uvJ olrsm;yef;uefxJud kyJ jyefxnf hay;avh&S dw,f? ud k,fcsif;pmpdwf

5 wk duf/ tcef; 22Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



62 0if;wif h xGef;


tav;xm;pdwfud k,fpDeJ @qd kawmh bmjy\emrSray:? tJ'Dvd ktcgwd kif; ud k&JxGwfu ðyH;ðyH; ðyH;ðyH;eJ @ aemufwwfwmu “usaemfwd k @tcef;uawmh rmhufpf 0g'usw,faemf” wJ h? usaemfwd k @tm;vH k;ðyH;=u&w,f?tjzpfu 'Dvd k?

tjcm;tcef;wcef;rSm vlav;a,muftwlae&zl;owJ h? touf}uD;}uD; OD;xGef;&S defvd k touft&G,fu wa,muf/ usefwJ hvli,fu(3)a,mufwJ h? tJ'Dwkef;u bmygq,frSvJ b,folrS r&ao;csdefwywfrSm weyfyJpm;&cGifh&SdwJhtom;ud k tm;cJ+yD;pm;ae=u&csdef? tom;wHk;(4)wHk;pkaygif;+yD;&awmhtaumif;qH k;twH k;ud k touf}uD;}uD;ud kyJ OD;pm;ay;+yD;ay;=uowJ h? aemufawmh tJ'Dvl}uD;eJ @ odyfrsufESma=umrwnf hawmhwJ hvli,fwa,mufu “'Dvd kvkyf=u&atmif/ uHqd k;uHaumif;cG Jr,f/ wa,mufaemufvSnf h/ 'g æb,fol @twH k;vJar;r,f/ us&m,la=u;”vd k @ tqd kwifowJ h? yxrwywfESpfywfawmhtJ'Dvl}uD;u odyfrqd k;/ aumif;wm&vd kuf/ odyfrqd k;wm&vd kufeJ@ bmjy\emrSr&S dcJhwJ h? aemufwywf

ESpfywfusawmh ol&wJ htwH k;u tao;qH k;tnH hqHk;twH k;vJjzpfaeua&m tJ'Dvl}uD;u rsufarSmif}uD;ñuwf+yD;ajymowJ h? “'Dvd kcG Jwm rmhufpf0g'enf;rusbl;”[lowJ h?

bmyJajymajym wa,mufwav&JŒ tJ'Dvd ktjzpftysuf&,fp&m armp&mav;awGrSty/ Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGjzpf=uwJ husaemfwd k @wawG&JŒ wd kufydwfcHb0awGtwGif; tpm;taomuftay: tajccH+yD; tcsif;csif;jy\em}uD;}uD;rm;rm;ray;? pOf;pm;yH k pOf;pm;enf;tay: Ed kifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufawGtay: rSmawmh wcgw&HrwlnD=uwm&S dygw,f? 'guvJ xH k;pHwckvd kygyJ? bmrSawmh rqef;?

ud k&JxGwfud k usaemfu rausreyfajymwwfwmwckawmh&S dw,f? tpm;taomufeJ @ywfoufvd k @?

tjzpfu 'Dvd kyg? axmifuae bl;0w&m;±H k;ud k ±H k;xGuf&+yD;jyefvmwd kif; ud k&JxGwf[m ygq,fxkyf avmufavmufvm;vm; ygygvmwwfwmud k wd kuf±H k;cef;wm0efus 0g'g iwf}uD;usrsKd;pH k[m tjrJwrf; odjrifaew,f? tjyifuae±H k;vmwuf&wJ h tJ'Diwf}uD;usrsKd;pH k[m tjyifuvmwmjzpfayr,f h b,fawmhrSud k,f htdrfuae ud k,f hxrif;xkyfo,fvm ±d k;xH k;pHr&S d? axmifxJu xrif;rpm;Ed kifvd k @ ud k,f hxrif;ud k,fo,fvmolqd k&ifvJ xrif;oufoufuvG Jvd k @ b,fawmhrS [if;rygvm? xrif;pm;csdefa&muf&if axmif0ifpm[if;aumif;aumif;&S dwJ htcef;vm+yD; ol @tarviftdrf [if;vmawmif;ovd k awmif;&rf;+yD; pm;aomufavh&S dw,f? p&dwf+idrf;pm;aomufenf;aygh? wd kufydwfcHae&wJ hvlu olwd k @ud k jyefau|;ae&wJ h tjzpfrsKd;aygh?

aq;vdyfawmifolwd k @u vmawmif;aomufw,f? b,fawmhrStdrfu ,lrvm? usaemfwd k @wawG i&J}uD;&SpfxyfrSm&ifqd kifae=u&+yD; aq;vdyft}uD;tus,f iwfae&pOfwkef;uawmh wvdyfwavawmif ay;& aumif;rSefrodwJ htjyif enf;rsKd;pH keJ @ aq;vdyfwd kav;&vmvd k @ aq;vdyfrD;av;wwd k @avmuf vSrf;awmif;wmud kawmif “rD;awmhr&bl;/ vD;yJ&r,f”ajymwJ htaumifrsKd;awG[m tawmif;t&rf;txlajymqH k;?udk&JxGwfu axmif0ifpmygq,faumif;aumif;vmolwa,mufjzpfaeawmh iwf}uD;us0g'g aomufusif h,kwfrsKd;pH k[m usaemfwd k @tcef;a&SŒvmvm+yD; ud k&JxGwfud k [if;awmif; rkef @awmif; aq;vdyfawmif;awmif;avh&S dw,f? ud k&JxGwfuvJ awmif;vmol0g'g olawmif;pm;rsKd;pH kud k vufcgjyavhr&S d/ pGef @=uJay;

urf;avh&S dw,f? usaemfu ud k,f hypPnf;r[kwfygbJeJ @ eJeJav;r# rauseyf? olawmif;pmawGtay: ro'< g?udk,fpm;&r,f hcG Jwrf; eJoGm;rSmpd k;wm a=umif h ro'<gwmrsKd;r[kwfbJ/ 'DvdkowW0gawGtay: eJeJav;rSapwemrxm;Ed kifvd k @ ro'< gjcif;jzpfovd k/ 'Dvd ktaumifrsKd;awGud k jywfjywfom;om; oabmxm; xm;oif hw,fvd k @,lqaevd k @ ro'< gjcif;vJ jzpfaew,f? 'ga=umif h usaemfu ud k&JxGwfud k “'Dvd k acG;olawmif;




0if;wif h xGef; 63

pm;awGay;raeeJ @A sm”vd k @ tjr Jwrf; uef @uGufwwfw,f? ay;wJ htwGufvJ rausreyfjzpfjzpfaewwfw,f? ud k&JxGwfuawmh ðyH;ðyH;}uD;ae&if;æ

“uAsmq&m&m/ 'DtaumifawGud k olawmif;pm;awGvd k@yJoabmxm;vd kufygAsm/ 'grSr[kwfvJud k,fuvJ jyeftoH k;csvd kufayghAsm? Oyrm-aq;vdyfvmawmif;vd k @ESpfvdyfay;vd kuf&w,fAsm? tJ'D haumif*sLwDae@a&csKd;csay;w,fqd k&if/ cGufwcGufeJ @(7)cGufcsKd;cd kif;&if cyfjrefjref ESpfcGufoH k;cGufqif h+yD; q,fcGufavmufcsKd;ypfvd kufAsm? aq;vdyfESpfvdyfpGef @=uJxm;vd k @ r=umr=um a&ESpfcGufoH k;cGufyd kcsKd;vd kuf&&if rwefbl;vm;Asm? wefygw,f? udk,f hqD aq;vdyfvmawmif;zl;awmh oluvJrjrifcsifa,mif aqmifaerSmyg/oa[mufo[mawmhrvkyfawmhbl;aygh uAsmq&m&m”vd k @ acsmhacsmharmharmh azsmif hzswwfw,f?

“cifAsm;[m b,f[kwfrvJAs/ tJ'Dvd kqd k&if axmifxJvd kif;0if+yD;taeacsmifatmif vkyfwmyJ/ aiGeJ @0,f+yD;ay;+yD; toH k;cswmyJvd k @ajymrvm;? vkyfoif hwJ h[myJvd k @ t"dym,fxGufoGm;rSmaygh? pD;yGm;a&;orm;

pOf;pm;ovd krsKd; Ed kifiHa&;orm;u pOf;pm;vdk @jzpfrvm;As? 'goabmxm;udpP &yfwnfcsufudpPAs” vd k@usaemfuajymawmh oluawmh ol @xH k;pHtwd kif; ðyH;ðyH;}uD ;+idrfaewwfw,f? “cifAsm;u w,fjyif;xefwmudk; uAsmq&m&m”vd @kvJ av#mhcswwfw,f?

“a,mufz&æ a,mufzavmufawmh udk,fwd k@u b,frd kuf&Jyghrvm;/ wcgwcg eJeJyg;yg;vJ aysmhaysmhaysmif;aysmif;av;vkyfyga,mufz&m”vd k @ ud kodef;jrif huvJ acsmharmhajymqd kwwfw,f? usaemf hrSmrtDrv,f}uD;eJ@yJ aevd kuf&awmhw,f? olwd k @tay: twd kuftcHtjyif;txef rajym&ufawmh?

ud kodef;jrif heJ @usaemfu wcgw&H ‘a,mufz’ vd k @ ac:wwf ajymwwfw,f? usaemfu vlysKd/ olu

rdef;r&Sd±H kru orD;av;awmif&Sdae+yDqd kawmh emcsif;emoluyJ em&rSm/ remwJ htjyif olu “'Dvd kvlrsKd;a,mufzawmf&rSm a=umufawmh a=umufp&myJ/ ud k,h fnDr axmifeJ @tdrf ul;csnfoef;csnfcsnf h ae&rSmuHqd k;&if rkqd k;rawmif jzpfEd kifw,f” vd k @ajym&if; &,farmaewwfjyefw,f?

wa,muftay:wa,muf wGufuyfr_r&S d/ cspfcspfcifcif =uif=uifememae=uayr,f h usaemfwd k @rSmOD;av;OD;xGef;&S defryg pnf;urf;wckvkyfxm;wmawmh&S dw,f? tJ'gu oef @&Sif;a&;twGufvJjzpf ud k,f hudk,fud k tavhtusif hvJjzpfapEd kifwJ h pnf;urf;? acs;,d ka&;qd kif&m pnf;urf;?

usaemfwd k@(5)a,mufcef;jzpfwJ htwGuf *efzvm;(3)vH k;&w,f? ESpfvH k;u ao;twGuf/ wvH k;u

acs;twGuf? axmifxJrSm acs;eJ @ao;a&m+yD; ygvd k @&wmr[kwf? acs;oyfoyf ao;oyfoyf? wd kufxJrSmreufapmapmwef;zGifh+yD;wmeJ @ *efzvm;cszGifhavh&S dw,f? zGifhawmhvJ tcef;awGtm;vH k;pkðyH zGif hwmr[kwf? “zsmaxmif aemufvSnf h wef;pDxm;” qd k+yD;rS wcef;csif; zGif hwm? wcgw&Hawmh [d kzufxdyfwcef;onfzufxdyfwcef; ESpfcef;wG J zGif hay;wmrsKd;vJ&S dygw,f? acs;oGef ao;oGef/ oGef+yD;*efzvm;ud k a&ESpfcGufavmufeJ @t+yD;tjywfaq;+yD; ud k,f htcef;ud k,f 0if&wm? ay;xm;wJ haomufa&td k;twGuf aomufa& cyfzd k @ud kvJ 'D*efzvm;cstwGif;rSmyJ tajy;tv$m;vkyf&wm? wcef; ig;rdepfajcmufrdepfavmufyJ =umr,f? wrmefrmefwrJrJeJ @ tjrefqH k;+yD;atmiftvkyfcd kif;wwfwm? tJ'D ig;rdepfajcmufrdepfavmufav;

twGif;rSmyJ usaemfwd k @rSmvJ ajrjyifajcwifcGif h&awmhwm? wae@vH k; avSmifcsKdif hxJu iSufi,fav;awGvd kwd kufcef;xJrSmcsnf; aeae=u&wm? pma&;q&m}uD; vlxkOD;vS&JŒ“avSmifcsdKif hxJu iSufi,frsm;” qd kwJ haxmifpmtkyfacgif;pOfud k jyefvnfowd&csifp&m}uD;aygh?

*efzvm;oH k;vH k;ud k wa,mufwvH k;pDud kif/ *efzvm;cs aq;a=umudpPtm;vH k; wa,mufpD wm0ef




64 0if;wif h xGef;


,l? wa,mufuawmh aomufa&td k;wm0ef? usefwa,mufu tulaygh? tJ'D tulwm0efae&ma&mufaewJ holu [k dajy;vd kufonfajy;vd kufeJ @ usef;rma&;avhusif hcef;vkyf+yD;om;vJjzpfoGm;ovd k/ zsmaxmifxm;wJ h wjcm;tcef;awG=um;xJu vpf&ifvpfovd k rwfwyf&yfjywm toHwd k;wd k;eJ @vSrf;pum;ajymvd kufwmawGud kvJ tuif;yg;yg;eJ @rSwfom;=unf hjrif+yD; qufoG,fa&;wm0efud kyg ,l&oljzpfoGm;w,f? vG,fvG,fululawmhr[kwf? usD;uefrsufaphvd k rsufapha'gufaxmuf+yD; vSrf;=unf haewwfavh&S dwJ h 0g'gwm0efus=um;xJuae tajctae=unf h v_yf&Sm;&wmrsKd;?

usaemfwd k @u OD;av;OD;xGe;f&S defud k acs;ao;*efzvm;tud kifrcd kif;awmhbJ aomufa&td k;wm0efud komay;xm;vd kuf=uw,f/ acs;ao;*efzvm;rSmvJ acs;*efzvm;u tqd k;qH k;? eHvJeH/ zdwfrusatmifvJ*±kpd kuf&/ aq;&awmhvJ vuf0ifw,f? vufeJ @awmh aq;wmr[kwf/ ajcaxmufeJ @yJ ar$cwfaq;a=um& wmjzpfayr,f h ao;*efzvm;vd k a[mceJoGef a[mceJ a&avmif;aq;vd kufvd k @ vG,fvG,feJ @+yD;wmr[kwf?

'Dawmh usaemfwd k @u acs;ao;qd kif&m *efzvm;pnf;urf;csufud k csrSwfxm;vd kuf=uw,f/ eHygwf(1)*efzvm;cs+yD;wJ haemuf usef;rma&;raumif;olrSty b,folrS acs;r,d ka&;? 'grS wae@vH k;tcef;xJrSmacs;eH @uif;pifaeEd kifr,f? pnf;urf;ysuf+yD;acs;,d krdwJ hol ud k,f hzifud k,f tavhtusif hrvkyfEd kifbJ xdef;csKyfEd kifpGrf;eJol[m aemufae@ acs;*efzvm;cs wm0ef,l&r,f? eHygwf (2) *efzvm;cscsdeftrD acs;,d kEd kifr_csif;zifpnf;urf;vd kufemEd kifr_csif;wlw,fqd k&if aemufqH k;acs;ygwJ holu acs;*efzvm;cswm0ef,l&r,f? n(12) em&Daemufyd kif;uae reuf*efzvm;cscsdef (trsm;tm;jzif h (7)em&DcG J (8)em&DtwGif;) acs;,dkjcif;udpP t+yD;tjywfaqmif&Gufxm;=ua=u; pnf;urf;csufjzpfygw,f? rsufaphtusif h 0rf;tcsif hqd kwh J pum;

twd kif; usaemfwd k @rSm rsm;aomtm;jzif h ud k,f hpnf;urf;csufeJ @tnD atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfEd kifcJ h=uygw,f/ tusif hjzpfoGm;cJh=uygw,f?

aemufqH k;acs;ygolrjzpfatmiftwGuf reufrvif;cif tapm}uD;xx+yD; *efzvm;ay: um;,m;}uD;cG acs;ygwwfoluawmh udkodef;jrif h jzpfygw,f? tapm}uD;ygoljzpfawmh toef @&Sif;qH k;yg&ol?

“tif;æ usD;uef;awmif acs;rpm;ao;bl;/ a,mufzuawmh acs;yg+yD;+yD”vd k @ usaemfup&if oluðyH;ðyH;}uD; oabmusaewwfw,f? wcgw&H ud k&JxGuf}uD;u ol @t&ifyg+yD;om;jzpfae&if“tif; æ 'Dae@awmh noef;aumifausmfuwnf;u b,fcsefyD,HuGif; zGif hyG JvkyfoGm;ovJrodbl;” vd k @ ðyH ;+yD; nnf;wJ h

tcg ud k&JxGwfu ðyH;vd k @?rsm;aomtm;jzif h acs;*efzvm;wm0ef[m ud kvSa&$eJ @ usaemfygyJ?

2?'Dae@u ±H k;xGufae@?reuftapm}uD;uwnf;u ud k&JxGwf[m *k%fawmfykwD;wywf pdyf+yD;oGm;+yD?

±H k;xGufae@rd k @ a&csKd;cGif hyg&wJ htwGuf *efzvm;cs&if; a&vJcsKd;+yD;=u+yD?“ud kif;æ OD;av;/ 'Dae@uawmh vufuseftjywf&Sif;yJ/ &S dwmtukefpm;=updk @” ud kvSa&$toHuvJ

wufºuGr_tjynf h? OD;xGef;&S defu ae@pOfpm;aomuf+yD;vd k @ wwdwdavsmhyg;vm&+yD; zifuyfomomyJ usefawmhwJ h ºuGyfºuGyftdwfydefydefav;ESpftdwfud k qG Jcsvmw,f? tdwfoGefzmarSmuf tukefxkwf+yD; cG Jwrf;




0if;wif h xGef; 65

csvd kufawmh rkef@ºuGyfu wa,mufwck/ yJ}uD;avSmfu taphESpfq,fpDcef @/ xef;vsufu oH k;cJpD? 'g æreuftapmpm?

“ w&m;±Hk;a&mufrS rdef;r,lvm+yD;cGH@au|;r,fh tpm;taomufaumif;aumif;udk twdk;cs+yD;pm;cJ hawmh a,mufza& ”

usaemfu ud kodef;jrif hud k uvdw,f?“ rdef;ru vmrvmrodygbl;a,mufz&m tarawmhvmrSmyJ/ rdef;rvmr,f htywf tarrvmcJ heJ @/

em;vd kufygajymvJ taruawmhvmrSmyJ ”“ at;av tarqd kwm rdcifud k;? 'ga=umif h om;av;uvJ vdrRmvd kufwm? tdrfu cufcufcJcJ

yd k @ay;vd kufwJ h"mwfyH kESpfyH krSm tareJ @tazyH kud k acgif;&if;rSmawmhxm;yg&JŒ/ 'gayr,f h ae@wd kif; wae@t}udrfw&mavmufxkwfxkwf=unf haewmu rdef;reJ @orD;yH kyJav” vd k @ usaemfu xyfaemufrdawmh/

“[m a,mufz&m”qdk+yD; ud kodef;jrif h idkifusoGm;w,f?“uAsmq&m æ cifAsm;u rdefrr&S d &nf;pm;r&Sd óudufr,f holr&S dawmh 'gawGem;rvnfbl;av?

rdef;rvm&if b,favmuf tpm;taomufaumif;awG ,lvm+yD;au|;au|; odyfpm;jzpfwmr[kwfbl;?rdef;rrsufESm=unf h vufuav;ud kif+yD; [d kpum;'Dpum;ajymae&wmeJ @yJ tpm;taomufpm;csdefr&vd kufawmhbl; arhoGm;a&mAs” ud k&JxGwfu rsufrSef}uD;=um;uae 0if;vufaewJ h rsufaphtpH keJ @ ajymvmw,f ?

“ckvd ktcsdefrSm [d kzufxdyfubd kaX;qd k&if qyfjymar$;wd kufxm;+yD; rajymif hwajymif rpif hwpifcsKd;xm;&wJh a&pd kud k,f}uD;udk bmt0wfeJ @rSrokwfypfbJ aea&mifatmuf ikwfwkwfxd kif&if; tajcmufcH

aeavmuf+yD”ud k&JxGwfu &,f+yD;ajymvmw,f?“bmvd k@wkef;”usaemfu em;rvnfpGm jyefar;rdw,f?“'Dvk dav/ usaemfu bd kaX;eJ @[d kwkef;u wcef;wnf;ae&zl;awmh twGif;odAs? ±H k;xGuf&uf a&csKd;cs

vJ&vd k @ a&csKd ;&wd kif; bd kaX;tJ'Dvd kaewmawG @awmh ar;=unf hrdw,f? bd kaX; rif;a&awGokwfypfæ awmf=um tat;rdaetH k;r,fajymrdawmh oluðyH;+yD; rvkyfygeJ @Asmæ usaemfar$;qyfjymawG trsm;}uD;wd kufxm;&wmygwJ h? usaemfvJ ±kwfw&uf oabmraygufbl;? aemuf olu qufajymw,f? okwfypfvd kuf

&if tar$;eH @awGaysmufoGm;rSmaygh? ckæ 'Dtwd kif; ol @[mol tajcmufcHaevd kufawmh wud k,fvH k; tar$;eH @omu pdrf h+yD;pG J+yD;usefch Jw,f? tJ'g rdef;reJ@awG @awmh axmifapmfreHawmhyJ ar$;aewmayghAsmæwJh/usaemf hrdef;ru tar$;eH @om odyfóudufwmæwJ h”

usaemfwdk @tm;vH k;ðyH;vd kufrd=uw,f/“tJ'Dvd kaumifæ bd kaX;qd kwJ htaumif =uH=uHzefzef usif h=uHwwfyH krsm;æ”ud k&JxGwfu tm;&yg;&ajym+yD; w[J[J&,fw,f?“bd kaX;uawmh uav;omomAsm/ toufuvJi,fao; tdrfaxmifuvJuscgp cG Jvm&&Smw,f?

wcsKd@rsm; toufuvJ}uD;+yD/ om;orD;awmifESpfa,muf&vdk@ tdrfaxmifoufawmif&vS+yD?bdkaX;xufawmif cspfwwfao; odyftEkynmqefwm odyfuAsmqefwmAs”

usaemfuðyH;+yD; pvd kufawmhæ“uAsmq&mæ b,fol @ajymwmvJAs”vd k @ ud kodef;jrif hu oGufoGuf}uD;ar;w,f?




66 0if;wif h xGef;


“[m cifAsm;uvJ wcef;wnf;ae+yD; rodbl;vm;Asm”usaemfu pum;ud k csKdxm;vd kufw,f? udk&JxGwfu ðyH;ðyH;}uD;vkyfaew,f?“'Dae@[m vufud kify0gvJae@av”usaemfu pum;pud k xyf+yD;qufvd kufawmh ud k&JxGwfu [uf[ufyufyuf &,fw,f? +yD;awmh

&SufðyH;}uD;eJ @ajymvd kufao;w,f?“usLyfv#LdŒ0SufcsufawGawmh tukefay:ukefyg+yD”wJ h? ol @tjzpfu 'Dvd kæol @rSm tjrJwef; vufud kifyk0gav; wxnf&S daewwfw,f? vufud kifyk0gu rdef;rud kifvufud kifyk0g?

wcgeJ @wcg ±H k;xGufwywfeJ @wywf=um; vufud kifyk0gav;awG[m ta&mifrwlovk d vufud kifyk0gay: 'DZd kif;av;awG±kyfyH kav;awG[mvJ rwlwwf/ tjrJajymif;ajymif;aewwfw,f? tm;vH k;[m vSvSyyav;awGcsnf;ygyJ?

reufapmapm bk&m;&S dcd k; ykwD;pdyf+yD;&if usef;rma&;avhusif hcef;vkyfavh&S dw,f? ckefqGckefqGvkyfwm

'd kufxd k;wm rwfrwf&yf&mu wjznf;jznf;ud k,fud k n$wf+yD; vufzsm;eJ @ajczsm;xdwm cg;avhusif hcef;vkyfwm pojzif h pojzif h rsKd;ud kpH kvd k @ygyJ? q&m0efra,musfm;jzpfwJ hud k&JxGwfu usef;rma&;ud ktav;xm;+yD;avhusif hcef;rSefrSefvkyfavh&S dwmeJ @tòydif ud k,fud k,fwdkifq&m0efjzpfwJ h a,mufz}uD;ud kodef;jrif h[mvJavhusif hcef;rSefrSef}uD; vkyfwwfolyg? OD;av;OD;xGe;f&S defuawmh cg;avhusif hcef;av; acgif;avhusif hcef;av;avmufygyJ? avhusif hcef;aumif;aumif;vkyfavhr&S dwmu usaemfeJ @ ud kvSa&$ygyJ? ud kodef;jrif hu ol @[molavhusif hcef;vkyf±H keJ @tm;r& usaemf hudkyg twif;qG Jxl+yD; “a,mufz vmvm avhusif hcef;vkyf&atmif/'DxJrSm usef;rma&; ta&;}uD;w,f”ajym&if; rvkyfvkyfatmif wGef;tm;ay;cd kif;apwmrsKd; r=umc%vkyf

wwfw,f? ol @pdwfapwemud kem;vnfayr,f h usaemfu cyfysif;ysif;/ +yD;awmh olwd k @avmufvJrvkyfwwf rvkyfEd kif?

*efzvm;cs+yD;&if a&mufwwf&m&majym=u qd k=u &D=uarm=u tawG @tñuHawGcsif; zvS,f=ueJ @wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf tdwfoGefzmarSmufeD;yg; odae=u+yD;om; jzpfw,f? rdbaqGrsKd; nDtud karmifESrom;orD;ta=umif;awGavmufru vuf&S dolwd k @ZeD;awGeJ @b,fvd k&cJ h=uwm/ b,fvd k &nf;pm;oemjzpfcJ h=uwmrsKd;txd pH kwumhpH katmif odae=u&w,f? vlqd kwmu ud k,f hta=umif;ud k,f ajymtjycsifqH k; ajymtjywwfqH k;owW0gwrsKd;jzpfwJ htjyif wjcm;vlwa,muf&JŒtjzpftysufud kvJ pdwf0if

pm;pGm em;tqifcsifqHk;/ em;taxmifwwfqH k; todvdkqH k;yk*~ dKvfawGr[kwfvm;? cHpm;wwfolawGtonf;ESvH k;&S dolawGqd kawmh 'Dvd kae&mtcef;usOf;av;xJrSmyJtwlwl b0=urRmqH k=u&wJ htcg yd k+yD;ajymjzpf qd kjzpf =um;emem;qifjzpf=u&if; wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf yd k+yD;odvmcJ h=u&wm "rRwmyJ r[kwfvm;?

OD;av;OD;xGef;&S def&JŒZeD;a':pef;jrif hta=umif;ud k rsufESmrjrifbl;ayr,f h odaecJ h=u&ovd k ud kodef;jrif h&JŒZeD; a'gufwmcifpef;0if;ta=umif;ud kvJ usaemfwd k @rSm &if;ES D;u|rf;0ifae&+yD;om;? ud k&JxGwf}uD;ZeD;a'gufwmEG,fEG,fat; ta=umif;qd k&if ±H k;xGuf axmifbl;0w&m;±H k;rSmvJ r=umr=umqH kjzpfaeawmh

yd kawmif u|rf;0if&if;ES D;+yD;om;jzpfaew,f? ud k&JxGwf}uD;u Zmwfvrf;yrmem;qifp&m tajymaumif;olqd kawmh olwd k @ESpfa,muf&JŒta=umif;u yd kvd k @awmif ±kyfvH k;ºuGaeawmhw,f?

ud kodef;jrif h r=umr=umajymwwfwmu “tifrwefcspfygw,fqd kwJ h vifr,m;awG/ nDtud k armifESrt&if;awGawmif aoaocsmcsmwG f=unh f&if cifAsm;wd k @usaemfwd k @avmuf 'Davmuf vufyGef;wwD;




0if;wif h xGef; 67

aecJ h=u&wmr[kwfbl;aemf? tjyifrSmu vifr,m;qd kwmawmif wae@cif;vH k;ud k,f htvkyfud k,foGm;&/ud k,f hudpPud k,faqmif&Guf&eJ @ navmufyJ twlwle=u&wm nDtud karmifESrqd konfxufawmif twlwl ae=u& qH k=u& xdawG @qufqH=u&wJ htcsdef eJao;w,f? cifAsm;wd k @usaemfwd k @rsm;=unf hprf;æ *efzvm;cs av; ig; ajcmufrdepfavmufuvG Jvd k@ (24)em&DvH k;vH k; ae@wd kif; twlwlrcG JrcGm aeae=u&wmaemf æ” wJ h?

“yÏmef;qufawGayghAsmæ bmoma&;oabmt&qd k&if yÏmef;qufawGaygh” pdwfykwD;}uD;eJ @ ud k&JxGwfu ðyH;ðyH;}uD; rSwfcsufcscJ hw,f?

“twlwlae=u&±H kru æ acs;awmif wtifwH kxJ wtd k;xJyg=u&wmaemf” vd k @ ud kvSa&$}uD;uaemufawmh ud kode;fjrif hu [D;ceJ&,fw,f?

“wtd k;xJ yg&wmayr,f h olcsnf; t&ifygw,fygAsm” vd k @ usaemfu t&$ef;azmufawmh ud kodef;jrif h

u w[m;[m;&,fwJ htjyif “'guawmhud k,f hzifud k,f pepfwusxdef;csKyf trdef@ay;Edkifr_csif; uGmwmud k;”wJ h? tJ'Dvd k &,f&,farmarm aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifeJ @ i&Jcef;=um; jzwfoef;ausmfv$m;cJ h&w,f/

reufpmxrif;pm;aomuf+yD;=ucsdefwd kif; wa&;warm xrif;vH k;pD=uavh&S dw,f? tJ'Dvd ktcgrSmawmh ud k&JxGwf}uD;rsufESmay:rSm vufud kifyk0gav;wifvd k @ vufud kifyk0gay:uar$;&eH @ud k wr#Of;r#Of; &SLaevd kufyH krsm; tom;us+yD; orx0g&if hwa,muf&JŒ xGufouf0ifouf &SLaeyH ktwd kif;ygyJ? zGzGav; nifnifomomav;yg? avsmif;vsufvS Jvsuftaetxm;eJ @ owdyÏmefrSwfaewmr[kwfrSef;vJ usaemfodaeygw,f? olu w&m;xd kif&if xd kif&uftaetxm;eJ @yJ reufwcg nwcg xd kifwwfolav? xrif;pm;+yD;p

rsufESmay: vufud kifyk0gav;wif+yD; touf&SLaewmu tcspfuod k%f;psmefawG0ifaewmyg? 'Dvufud kifyk0gav;u rEG,fEG,fat;u ±H k;xGufw&m;±H k;vm&cgeD; wywfeD;yg; ,k,k,,ud kifwG,ftoH k;ðyvmcJ hwJ hvufud kifyk0gav;yg? tJ'Dvufud kifyk0gav;rsKd;ud k ud k&JxGwfu ±H k;xGufrSm w,kw,o,fvm/ tdyfwd kif;rsufESmay: wiftdyf/ tcspf&JŒ&eH @oif;oif;av;awGud k *E<m±H kuod k%f;±_ygw,f? wu,f hud k tm±H kEkEkpdwful;csKdcsKdav;eJ @yg? aemufwywf±H k;xGufcsdefa&mufawmh &ref}uD;wywfvH k;vH k; ol*±kwpd kuf toH k;ðyvmcJhwJh vufudkifyk0gav;[m udk&JxGwf&JŒtaiG@toufawGu zHk;ae+yDaygh? tJ'Dvdktcsdef±Hk;xGufaemufwausmhrSm rEG,fEG,fat;ua&mufvm/ tdrfutqifoifh,lvmcJ hwJ h aemufxyf vufud kifyk0g

topfav;ud kay;/ olu ol @qDu oH k;pG Jxm;+yD; vufud kifyk0ga[mif;av;ud kjyefay;eJ @ vufud kifyk0gav;awG[m cspfolESpfOD;&JŒarwWm&eH @awG tjyeftvSefxH kr$rf;ul;quf&m oufrJ hwrefav;awGozG,f jzpfae=uawmhwmaygh? b,f havmuftEkynmqefvd kufwJ hpdwful;ygvJ? b,f havmufuAsmqefvd kufwJ h ork',oauFwygvJ?

'Dvd k tEkpdwfqefvSwJ h v#KdŒ0Sufta=umif;t&mawG[m ud k&JxGwf}uD;ud k,fwd kif&JŒ &Sufud k;&Sufuef;wyd kif;wp ajzmif hcsufrSefzGifh[r_awGtay:uae qufpyfem;vnf odjrifvmcJ h&wmawG jzpfygw,f?

'ga=umif h “ 'Dae@vufud kifyk0g vJae@av” vd k @ usaemfupvd kufawmh olu“usKyf v#KdŒcsufawG

awmh tukefay:ukefyg+yD ”wJ h?“ud k&JxGwfa& æ 'DxJrSmawmh tukefay:=u+yD;om;ygyJAsm/ &SufraeygeJ @awmh? axmufvSrf;a&;rSm

awmif ray:cJh&wJ h[mawGawmif 'DtxJrSmawmh ay:ukefyg+yD? 'ga=umif h usaemf c%c%ajymwmaygh /nDtud karmifESrt&if;csif;awmif usaemfwd k @avmuf vufyGefwwD; raecJ h=u&zl;ygbl;vd k @? +yD ;awmh tck




68 0if;wif h xGef;


cifAsm;wd k @usaemfwd k @ wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf tao;pdwfodxm;=uoavmuf rod=uEd kifygbl;vd k @” ud kodef;jrif hu ðyH;aphapheJ @ ajymvmw,f?

“uJæ rxl;awmhygbl;/ 'Dwcgawmh vlvpf&if rdef;rud k erf;jzpfatmifcd k;erf;cJ htH k;r,f/ b,f hES,fwkef;zd k;odef;jrif h cifAsm;aumæ”

ud k&JxGwfu &$wfaemufaemuf xyfajymawmh ud kodef;jrif hu [D;ceJ&,faew,f?“wajz;ajz;pD&ifcsuf tcscH&zd k @eD;ae+yDaemf/ axmifuusud kusrSm aocsmw,f? b,fESESpf tcscH&

r,fwm rajymwwfwm? axmifus+yD;&if axmif0ifpmvmawG @&if 'Dvd ktcGif hta&;r&S dawmhbl;aemfæaxmif0ifpmcef;rSmu oHZumpdyfpdyf}uD;jcm;+yD; awG @&rSm”

ud k&JxGwfu xyfaemufaew,f?“oHZumpdyfpdyf}uD;jcm;xm;vJ vufn‡ dK;av;avmufawmh&tH k;rSmyg ud k&JxGwf&,f” vd k @ usaemfu

0ifaemufvd kufawmh tm;vH k;&,f=uw,f?“a[m'DuAsmq&m[m ol @rSmjyp&m &nf;pm;vJ wlwlwefwefr&S d rdef;rvJr&S dqd kawmh ±H k;xGufwd kif;

olrsm;vifr,m;twG JawGud kcsnf; tm;tm;,m;,m;av#muf=unf hae+yD; tukefvd kufrSwfaewm”ud k&JxGwfu usaemf hud k tðyH;eJ @ jyefwH k @jyefw,f?“[d k;æ wywfausmf±H k;xGufuav/ usaemfwd k @tr_wG JeJ @ olwdk @tr_wG J wòydifeufwnf;±H k;xkwf+yD;

jyefyd k @awmhvJ wòydifeufwnf;As”usaemfu pum;p±H k&S dao; ud k&JxGwfu [JceJ&,fae+yD? ud kodef;jrif hu tH h=o[efrsufcH k;}uD; yif h=unf

w,f?“tcsKyfum;}uD;uvJ cifAsm;wd k @odwJ htwd kif;tvH kydwf? eHab;tay:rSm av0ifaygufao;ao;av;yJ

ygwm? 'gawmif oHacsmif;av;awGpd kuf+yD; um&Hxm;vd kufao;w,f? tJ'gud k&JxGwf&,f +idrf+idrfud k txJrSm xd kifraebl;? vufwzufu olrsm;eJ @wG Jvufxdyfcwfxm;awmh vGwfaewJ hvufwzuf uref;uwef;xkwf rsufESm}uD;uvJ av0ifaygufoHwd kifem;twif;wd k;uyf+yD; um;ab;txdwd k;uyfvmwJ h rEG,fat;udk vSrf;c:w,f? rEG,fat;u vSrf;+yD;vufurf;awmh ol @rSm t&trdvufn‡ dK;csif;vSrf;csdwfvd k @Asæ tJoavmuf æ tJoavmuf”

ud kode;fjrif hu oabmusvGef;pGm &,fw,f? usaemfwd k @xJrSm Áa¹EN}uD;vSwJ h OD;av;OD;xGef;&S def}uD;awmif ðyH;vd k @?

“'Dvl tukefrSwfxm;wmAs/ tJ'gtjyifa&muf&ifawmh pmawGbmawG ra&;eJ @aemf”ud k&JxGwfu ðyH;ðyH;}uD;wm;w,f?usaemfwd k @wawG &,farmae=uwkef; xrif;xd k;xGef;qd kif tcef;a&SŒa&mufvmw,f?“ud k&JxGwfwd k @ tqifoif hjyifxm; t0wfvJxm;awmh/ awmf=um cifAsm;wd k @ ±H k;xGufxkwfawmhrSm?

cifAsm;wd k @tr_wG Jt&ifxkwfrSmvd k @ ±Hk;cef;rSm=um;vd kufw,fæ”

xrif;xdk;xGef;qd kifu 'Dae@±H k;xGufqd kwmodaeawmh apmapmpD;pD;rsufESm&atmif udk&JxGwfudkowif;vmay;w,f?

ud k&JxGwfeJ @ ud kvSa&$u tr_wGJwwG Jwnf;? ESpfOD;om;acgif;tH k;vkyf+yD; tdyfae=uwJ hud k,f htxkyfud kud k,fjznf=u+yD; tusôopf vH kcsnfopfav;awGud k,fpD vJ=u0wf=uw,f?




0if;wif h xGef; 69

usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;[m wckvHk;taeeJ@ tr_wGJ}uD;wwGJwnf;/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;taeeJ@vJwckwnf;jzpfayr,f h w&m;cHtjzpf owfrSwf±H k;wifcH&wmu w&m;cHcsnf; (58)a,muf}uD;rsm;awmifqd kawmh oufqk dif&m qufpyf&m wl&mwl&mtvd kufcG J+yD; tr_wG Ji,fav;awGtjzpf xyfqif hcG J+yD; ±H k;wifw,f? w&ufwnf;±H k;xGuf=u&wmjzpfayr,f h wòydifeufr[kwf? wcgxkwf ESpfwG J oHk;wG J? tJ'Dawmhwcef;wnf;twlae&ayr,f h tr_wG Jcsif;usawmhrwl?

ud k&JxGwfwd k @t0wfvJ+yD;csdefrSm usaemfwdk @usefvlawGvJ t0wftpm;uk d,fpD vJvd kuf=uw,f?c%aeawmh udk&JxGwf ud kvSa&$wd k @udk 0g'gwa,mufu vmxkwfw,f? 'Dae@ olwd k@twG J[m

tapmqHk;?“OD;av;æ bmvd kao;vJ/ a,mufz bmvd kao;vJ/ vd kwm&S dajym aemfætdrfud krSmvd kufr,f”ud k&JxGwfeJ @ud kvSa&$wd k @ xGufoGm;=u+yD;aemuf ud kodef;jrif hu usaemfwd k @ud k ar;&Smw,f? OD;xGef;&S defu

bmrSrvd kygbl;Asmvd k @ ðyH;+yD;ajymayr,f h usaemfuawmhæ“a,mufz nDrrsm;vmw,fqdk&ifawmh udk,fhqDoGm;+yD;awG@vdkuftHk;vdk@ajymvdkufaygh” vdk@

aemufvd kufw,f?'Dae@naeapmif; ±H k;xGuftm;vH k;jyefa&mufvm=ucsdefrSmawmh tjyifu&&S dvmcJ h=uwJ h =um;ch J&

odcJ h&wJh owif;ywif;awGawmif tjyeftvSef zvS,fES D;aESm aqG;aEG;ajymqd kjcif; rðyEd kif=uao;?ud k&JxGwfu xH k;pHtwd kif; zsmay:rSmyufvuf}uD;vSefvd k @ xH k;pHtwd kif; vufud kify0gtopfuav;u

rsufESm}uD;ay:rSm tkyfvd k @?

'Dwcgvufud kifyk0gav;u =unfjyma&mif? vufud kifyk0gay:rSm iSufuav;armifES Hu acgif;csif;qd kifvd k@? cspfcGef;wH k @wif u,ku,if taetxm;?

ud k&JxGwf}uD; uodk%f;0ifae+yD? xd kifvsuf xvsuf uokd%f;rsKd;r[kwf/ avsmif;vsuf vJvsufuok d%f;?

*E<m±H kud k raemta=unf"mwfay: zrf;csKyfn‡ dK@iif,laeovm;/ arwWm&eH @ oif ;jrjrud k ESvH k;aoG;xJta&muf wr#Of;r#Of;ydk@aqmifaeava&mhovm;? taoG;tom;0dnmOfudk ‘xHkul;’ovdk arwWm&eH@woif;oif;awGud k *E<m±H kuwqif h xH kul;qufoG,f pdrf ha0aeava&mhovm;? ol @[molyJ odygvdrf hr,f?

ol @&JŒtouf&SLoH xkwfoH pnf;csufe&DEkEk=um;rSm iSufi,farmifES Huawmh t+rD; uav;awGv_yfvd k @/ acgif;uav;awG v_yfvd k @?

wu,f hud k tEkynmqefvGef;vSwJ h od*Fg&jrifuGif;av;;wckyguvm;?usaemf+idrfoufpGm =unf haevd kufrdygw,f?Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




70 0if;wif h xGef;


ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;ppfa-uma&;axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (8)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (8)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (8)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (8)axmif0wˆKwdkrsm; (8)




0if;wif h xGef; 71

1?

ppfa=uma&;æwJ h?'Dpum;vH k;ud k rSwfrSwfxifxif yxrqH k; owdxm;+yD; awG @cJ hzl;wmu qd kif;bkwf}uD;}uD; wckay:rSm?tjynf htpH ku “ppfa=uma&;ESif hwnf;cd k;a&;pcef;”wJ h? zsufodrf;ypfvd kufwJ h ,cifemrnfausmf &ef

ukefaxmif}uD;qd kwm&JŒteD;ae&mrSm 'Dqd kif;bkwf}uD;eJ @ 0if;us,fus,f}uD;wck&S dae+yD; bwf(p)um;eJ @&efukefòrd @xJud kvmwd kif; 'Dqd kif;bkwf}uD;ab;uaejzwfoef;oGm;vm&&if; jrifjrifae&wwfw,f? ppfwyfeJ @ywfoufwJ hpcef;wckyJxif&JŒqd kwJ h v#yfwjyuftawG;eJ @ pdwfxJrSmxl;xl;jcm;jcm;bmrS rcHpm;cJ hzl;rd? cHpm;p&mvJ bmrSr&S d? rsufapha&SŒwnfhwnf hrSmrd k @ rsufapheJ @jrifvd kuf&+yD; rsufaphxJrSmyJ aysmufoGm;cJ hw,f?

ud k,feJ @bmrSroufqd kif?‘ppfa=uma&;’qd kwJ h 'Dpum;vH k;ud kyJ 'kwd,t}udrfrSwfrSwfxifxif awG @ñuH&wmusawmh axmuf

vSrf;a&;(6)qd kwJ h tukod kvf&yf0ef;wcktwGif;rSm? c&D;oGm;[efvG J jzwfoef;oGm;vm&&if; awG @ñuH &wmr[kwfawmh? qd kif;bkwfa&;xd k;xm;vd k @ qd kif;bkwfay:rSm zwfvd kuf&wmrsKd;vJ r[kwfawmh? qd kif;bkwfqd kwmvJr&S d/ pmeJ @a&;xd k;xm;wmvJ r[kwf?

n}uD;rif;}uD;vma&mufzrf;qD;=u+yD; um;euf}uD;ay:wif/ tukok dvfESpfa,mufu b,fnm n‡yfxdkifcsKyfud kifum 'DppfaxmufvSrf;a&;0if;}uD;xJ armif;ESifac:oGif;cHvd kuf&csdefxd bmha=umif hvJ/ bm

udpPvJqd kwm a&a&&m&mrod?t0wfpnf;aESmifydwfxm;jcif;cHvd kuf&wJ h rsufaphtpH kud k twm;tqD;tydwftyifr&S d =unf hjrifcGif h&vmwJ htcsdefrSmawmh vl[m rD;awGvif;xdefaewJ htcef;wcef;xJ a&muf&S daewm awG @vd kuf&ygawmhw,f?

usaemf ha&SŒwnf hwnf hrSm pm;yG J}uD;wvH k;? pm;yG Ja&SŒrSm tom;rJrJ aumufcsdwfcsdwfrsufESmeJ @ vlwa,muf? olu pm;yG Jaemufuukvm;xd kifrSm ±_wif;wif;eJ @xd kifae&if; usaemf hrsufESmud k vSrf;=unf haew,f? usaemf hab; b,fnmawGrSmvJ olwd k @tukod kvfEG,f0ifawGu av;ig;ajcmufa,muf? olwd k @rsuf

aphawGtm;vH k;[m usaemf hrsufESmay:qDud kyJ a'gif htoD;oD;uaeOD;wnfxm;=uw,f?“rif;ud k bmvd k @zrf;vmovJqd kwm odvm;”tom;rJrJ aumufcsdwfcsdwfu ukvm;xd kifay: rmefygygxd kifae&if;uae atmifyG J&ppfol}uD;avoHeJ @

vSrf;ar;w,f?

ppfa-uma&; 0if;wif hxGef;

ppfa=uma&;Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



72 0if;wif h xGef;


“rodbl;”“atmfæ at;æ at;/ aemuf odrSmayghuGm/ at;udk ud k odvm;”“rodbl;”

“atmifoef;vGif qd kwmaum”“rodbl;”tom;rJrJaumufcsdwfcsdwf&JŒrsufESm[m usD;uef;waumif&JŒrsufESmrsKd;uae 0HykavGrJwaumif&JŒ

rsufESm/ ajracG;eufwaumif&JŒrsufESmtjzpf zswfceJ zswfceJ ajymif;oGm;+yD; ol @&JŒtukok dvfEG,f0ifawGud kacgif;qwfjyvd kufw,f?

tukodkvfyg;uGufom;awGu usaemfhudk wjcm;tcef;wcef;qDac:oGm;=uw,f? tukokdvfwaumifu usaemf hud k"mwfyH k wzswfzswf±d kuf+yD; rSwfwrf;wifw,f? wnf hwnf h/ ab;apmif;/ armf harmh f/

id kufid kuf/ yH ko¾meftrsKd;rsKd;eJ @±d kuf,l±H kru/ rsufrSefwyf&jcif;r&S dao;wJ h usaemf hud k rsufrSefwckyg wyfqifay;+yD; apwemAvyGeJ @ rSwfwrf;wifygw,f?

aemuftukod kvfwaumifuawmh rdbbd k;bGm; OD;av;OD;}uD;uae nDtud karmifESr &S d&S dor# trsKd;taqGtm;vH k;ta=umif;ar;jref;a&;c|wf pm&if;wifovd k/ arG;cgp a&$yef;aigufawmuft&G,fuae uae@txdaecJ hzl;wJ hausif;/ wufcJ hzl;wJ htwef;/ vkyfcJ hzl;wJ htvkyftud kiftm;vH k;ta=umif; ud k,fa&;ord kif;rSwfwrf;}uD;ud k +cdrf;ajcmuf[def;a[mufoHtjynf heJ @ E_ dufE_ dufc|wfc|wf ðypkarmfuGef;wifygw,f? rSwfwrf;wifðypk&if; q,frdepfw}udrfavmuf +cdrf;ajcmufajymqdk qDref;ref;avh&Sdwmu “vdrfrajymeJ@aemf/

vdrfajymvd k @uawmh em+yDrSwf/ wd k @u jyefppf=unf htH k;rSm”wJ h?aemufawmh jywif;aygufwck&JŒoHwd kifem; rsufESmtyfap+yD; vufESpfzufajr‡mufxm;ap+yD; vuf

ajr‡muftaetxm;rsKd;eJ @ vufeJ @oHwd kifud k wG Jcsnfxm;vd kufygawmhw,f?aemufawmh tukod kvfwaumif0ifvmvd kuf/ ar;cGef;wckar;vd kuf/ rodbl;jyefajzrdvd kuf/ rodbl;

ajym&aumif;vm;qd k+yD; ajcaxmufeJ @uef vufoD;eJ @xd k;vd kufeJ @ t&Sifvwfvwfi&Jjynfed'gef;ud k ujytoH k;awmfcHae&ygawmhw,f?

axmufvSrf;a&;(6)i&Jcef;rSm (3)&ufajrmufawmh usaemftygt0if zrf;xm;ol*spfum;wpD;wd kuf

pmud k *spfum;eJ @wifygw,f? wae&mud kyd k @awmhzd k @qd kwm em;vnfvd kuf&ygw,f? tJ'DusawmhrS tukod kvf}uD;}uD;waumif&JŒtoHudk =um;vd kuf&ygw,f?

“rif;wd k @ppfa=uma&;rjywfao;bl;/ [d ka&mufrS quf+yD;ppfa=uma&;0if&r,f” wJh?‘ppfa=uma&;’qd kwJ h pum;vH k;ud k 'kwd,t}udrftjzpf rSwfrSwfxifxif ñuHóudufvd kuf&jcif; jzpfyg

w,f? 'Dwcgu rsufapeJ @jrifvd kuf&jcif;rsKd;r[kwfyg? pmvH k;awGr[kwf/ toH? toHud k aomwtm±H keJ @=um;vd kuf&jcif;? em;eJ @qwfqwf?

qdkif;bkwfay:u‘ppfa=uma&;’qdkwJhpum;vHk;r[kwf? udk,fudk,fwdkif eifheifhonf;onf; yg0if

ywfoufcHpm;vd kuf&wJ h/ b0eJ @&if;+yD;odvd kuf&wJh/ ESvH k;om;ay: &moufyefpG JxifcyfES dyf cHvd kuf&wJ h emusnf;zG,fpum;vH k;?

‘ppfa=uma&;’qd kwm a0g[m&taeeJ @ tbd"mefrSm b,fvd kteufzGif hrvJawmh rajymwwf? ppfum%m&Sifrsm;&JŒaxmufvSrf;a&;yg;uGufi&Je,frSm vufawG @&ifqd kifñuHawG @&zl;olawGtaeeJ @uawmh




0if;wif h xGef; 73

ppfum%myg;uGufom;rsm;u tay:pD;uae rma&ausma&eJ @ vlrqefpGm ppfar;/ tEd kifusif h ES dyfpufn‡Of;yef;a&;vd k @yJ teufzGif h&ygvdrf hr,f? wenf;tm;jzif h csKyf+yD;ajym&&if ‘ppfa=uma&;’qd kwm &uf&ufpufpuf ES dyfuGyfa&;ygyJ?

2?

tif;pdefaxmifxJa&mufvmcJ h&+yD;wJ haemuf ‘ppfa=uma&;’qd kwJ hpum;vHk;ud k atmhESvHk;embG,faumif;avmufatmif edpP"l0 =um;ae&awmhw,f?

“olwd k @uawmh ppfa=uma&;jywf+yD/ [d kbufu rjywfao;bl;”“cifAsm;wd k @aum ppfa=uma&;jywf+yDvm;”

“ppfa=uma&;rjywfao;&if/ xrif;awmif00pm;rxm;eJ @aemf/ Ad kufjynf hae&if‘awmfcsm’ay;&if yd ktE W&m,f}uD;w,f”

“ppfa=uma&;rSm awmif hcHEd kifzd k @ vd kw,fa[h”“'Dppfa=uma&;uvJ jywf rjywfEd kifbl;/ aomhwG JoH=um;wd kif;/ ighvmac: jyefwmvm;csnf; atmuf

arhaew,f”“±Hk;wifawmhrSbJ/ ppfa=uma&;u jywf+yDajymEdkifrSm”“ppfa=uma&;u wcgjyefvm&wd kif; toufig;ESpfavmuf yd kyd k wdkoGm;w,f”

toHawGu em;xJoHyl&nfeJ @avmif;csay;aeovd kygbJ? ‘ppfa=uma&;/ ppfa=uma&;’qd kwJ h pum;vH k;[m tif;pdefaxmifwdkufcef;awG=um;rSm rpifykyfeH@vdk/ o&Jobufwaumifvdk/ iSufqdk;xdk;oHvdk/,rrif;&JŒqd kif;qif hoHvd k/ a&m*E W&uyfqd k; yd k;r$m;waumifvd k vSnf hvnfysHŒES H @aeygw,f?

at;ud kqd kwJ hawmxJu zrf;rdvmolwa,mufeJ @ywfouf+yD; ESpf}udrfwdwd ppfa=uma&; txkwfcH&+yD; wywfavmuftem;&oGm;awmh ‘ppfa=uma&;’qd kwmawmh jywfu+yDvd k @ pdwfESvH k; 'H k;'H k;csrdw,f?ud k,feJ @vnf;}uD; }uD;us,fus,fywfoufwmr&S d/ r=umrDjyefvGwfEd kifw,fvd k @ wGufqar#mfvif hxm;wkef;&S dao;/ wu,fud k,feJ @ywfoufcJ hwJ h aZmfOD;qd kwJ htaumif 0ifvmw,f? ‘ppfa=uma&;’eJ @ jyefESpfyg;oGm;&

ygawmhw,f?wu,fu ESpfyg;oGm;&w,fqd kwm pum;tjzpf ajym&wmyg? bDvl;qd kif;eJ @ ywf=urf;wd kufcH&+yD;

i&J}uD;&SpfxyfZmwfvrf;ud k t&Sifvwfvwf u˜ cJ h&awmhwmyg?wcgw&H ae@/ wcgw&H n/ wcgw&H ae@a&mnyg tqufrjywf ppfa=uma&;xkwfwm cH&ygawmh

w,f?tif;pdefe&odef}uD;xJrSm ppfa=uma&;0if;qd kwm oyfoyf&S dygw,f? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u wd kuf±d kuf

udkifwG,fzefwD; pDrHxm;wJh tukodkvf0if;/ uifaywd kif 0if;aygh? axmifxJvd kae&mrSmawmif xyfrH+yD;

oD;oef @pyg,f&S,f zefwD;xlaxmifxm;wJ h axmufvSrf;a&;ppftm%myg;uGufom;rsm;&JŒ trdef @& vd kifpif& i&Jpcef;ZH ke,fajraygh? emrnfqd k;eJ @ausmfapmwJ h r*Fvm'H ka&=unftd kifu ES dyfpufn‡Of;yef;a&; txl;i&Jcef;(1)qd k&if/ tif;pdefaxmifwGif; ppfa=uma&;i&Jpcef;u eHygwf(2)vd k @ trSwfpOfwyfay;&ygvdrf hr,f?

ppfa=uma&;0if;xJrSm o&ufyif}uD;awG&S dygw,f? o&ufyif}uD;wyif&JŒatmufrSmawmh ppfa=um




74 0if;wif h xGef;


a&; oH k;cef;wG Jwd kufwwd kuf&S dygw,f? 0if;&JŒt0if0teD;rSmvJ wd kufcef;wG JwwG J&S dygw,f? b,fESpfcef;&SdovJqdkwmawmh rajymwwf? tjrJwef;apmiftkyf+yD; txkwfcH&wmqd kawmh yDyDoo at;at;aq;aq; =unf hcGif hjrifcGif h&wmr[kwf? oH k;cef;wG JeJ @ rsufESmcsif;qd kif awmfawmfvSrf;vSrf;rSmawmh wd kufopf

vd k @vJac:/ rqvwd kufvd k @vJac:wJ h (10)cef;wG J wd kufwef;&Snf&S dygw,f? tJ'Dwd kufopfeJ @ "m;vG,fckwft&yfrSmawmh vH k;csif;tdrfav;awG&S dygw,f? taumif}uD;}uD;awG xm;wJ hae&maygh? ppfa=uma&;0if;t0ifuae oH k;cef;wGJqDtvmrSmawmh =um;rSm bk&m;apwDav;wck &S dygw,f? bkef;}uD;eJ @bD;vd k @ ajym&r,f h/uifaywd kifi&Jpcef;eJ @ b,fvd krS rvd kufavsmrtyfpyfwJ h ypPnf;aygh?

apmiftkyfxm;jcif;cH&wJ h=um;uae vpf&ifvpfovd kcd k;=unf h&if; jrif&wJ hjrifuGif;trSwftom;awGqd kawmh wdwdusus &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;awmh r[kwfbl;?

ppfa=uma&;txkwfcH&wd kif; trsm;qH k;usaemfa&muf&wmu oH k;cef;wG JxJrSm? tcef;xJtxdyd k @+yD;rS

acgif;uapmifud kcGm,l wHcg;aygufud kaqmif hydwf+yD; wa,mufxJ usefaecJ h&w,f? tcef;xJrSm pm;yG JwvH k;/ukvm;xd kifESpfvH k;&S dwwfw,f? ukvm;xd kifESpfvH k;&S d&if pm;yG J[d kbuf'Dbuf rsufESmcsif;qd kifxm;wwfw,f?ukvm;xd kifwvH k;wnf;&S dwmvJ ñuHzl;w,f?

wa,mufxJxd kifae&wkef;rSm tukod kvfwd k @ rdp> mwd k @u wHcg;ud k u|DceJwGef;+yD; 0ifcsifwJ htcsdef 0ifvmavh&S dw,f? +yD;awmh ar;cGef;awGxkwfawmhwmygyJ? rodbl;ajz&if tarESreJ @ ud kifwkwfw,f? vufud kvufxdwfeJ @ukvm;xd kif wG Jcsnfay;xm;&if; ukvm;xd kifa&m vlyg *|rf;jyefoGm;atmif ppfzdeyfeJ @ uefcswmvJ oH k;av;}udrfñuH&ygw,f?

av,mOfysHpD;cdkif;wm/ qd kifu,fpD;cdkif;wm/ xdkifxtvkyfcd kif;wmrsdK;awGuawmh olwdk@twGuftuif;avmufygyJ? rvkyfEd kifbl;ajymvd k @ oH k;av;a,muf0d kif;+yD; yg;±d kufwm vufoD;pmau|;wmawGvJcH&ygw,f?

wcgw&Huawmh wrsKd;? nOD;avmufuwnf;u wd kufcef;xJuaeqGJxkwf+yD; ppfa=uma&;cef;xJyd k@xm;ygw,f? bmrsm;ar;OD;rSmygvdrf h/ yxrxGufcsufeJ @ 'kwd,xGufcsuf ruG JvG J&atmif tm±k HawGtpGrf;ukefpkpnf;+yD; pOf;pm;ae&&if; u|DceJwHcg;oHqD em;pGifhae&wkef; waumifw+rD;rSray:vm?acgif;ay:wnf hwnf hxGef;xm;wJ h rD;a&mifatmufrSm id kufjrnf;orf;a0vm+yD; pm;yG Jay:rsufESmtyf tdyfrd

oGm;csdefusrS æ“rif; æ b,folu tdyfcd kif;vd k @vJ igvd k;rom;&JŒ” qd k+yD; *kwfyd k;ay: vuf0g;apmif;usvmwmrsKd;vJ

&S d&JŒ? acgif;ud kopfom;aywHeJ @ azsmif;ceJusKd;atmif t±d kufcHvd kuf&wmrsKd;vJ&S d&JŒ? wnvH k; rtdyf&atmifxm;+yD; wvH k;wyg'rSrar;bJ oufoufn‡Of;xm;wmrsKd;uawmh ra&wGufEd kifawmh?

awmfawmfqd k;qd k;0g;0g;cHvd kuf&wmuawmh eH±d k;ywWvm;twD;cHvd kuf&wmygyJ? tJ'Dae@u tkwfeDcJoH k;vH k;tvsm;vd kufckxm;wJ htay: vlud krwfwyf&yfcd kif;xm;w,f? jywif;aygufem;rSm yg;uGufom;ESpfaumifu vufwzufpDud k vufxdyfwuGif;pD cwfvd kufw,f? usefvufxdwfwuGif;pDudk bmvkyf

w,fxifovJ? ukvm;xd kifud k wa,mufwvH k;pDr˜vm+yD; ukvm;xd kifay:wuf jywif;ayguf&JŒ tay:qH k;oHwd kifu oHZumuGufikwfeJ @ usefvufxdyfwuGif;pDud kcsnfvd kufcwfvd kufawmh vl[m vufESpfzufajr‡muftaetxm;eJ @ xkyfqG Jxm;ovd kyH kjzpfaew,f? +yD;awmh ajcaxmufatmufu tkwfeDcJawGud kz,fxkwfvd kufwJ htcg cE<mudk,fwckvH k;udk wlvlwlvlwlvlwlvlwlvl (wG JvGJ)qG Jxm;ovd kjzpfoGm;w,f? ajczsm;axmuf




0if;wif h xGef; 75

=unf hawmh =urf;jyifeJ @ajcaxmuf[m rDw,fqd k±H kav;?vufarmif;td k;ESpfckvH k;[m wzspfzspfjrnf+yD; ud kufcJvmovd k/ vufaumuf0wfESpfzufvH k;[mvJ

=umav rcHr&yfEd kifatmifemavjzpfvmw,f? axmufxm;&wJ hajczsm;[mvJ =umavtcH&cufav

aygh? q,frdepfavmuf twGif;wud k,fvH k; ac|;oD;ac|;aygufawG pd k&$ J ,d kpD;usvmw,f? emusifud kufcJr_eJ @pyfylpyfavmifjzpfr_[mpuUef @rvyf wqufwpyfwnf;aygif;pnf;v$rf;ðcHxm;w,f? =umavtcH&cufav/ =umavemusif pl;eif hav? a0'emurRÏmef;ud k r±_csifbJeJ @ ±_ae&w,f? r±_csifbJeJ @ ±_ae& cHpm;ae& wJ ha0'em[m bm0emawmh b,fvd krSrjzpf/ emusnf;r_eJ @rkef;wD;r_awGom wd k;wd k;+yD;jzpfvmw,f? awmfawmf&ufpuf,kwfrmwJ h acG;wd&p> mefawGyguvm;?

'Dtm%myg;uGufom; vl @wd&p> mefawG[m vluarG;wJ haumifawGrS [kwfyg&JŒvm;? b,fvd k rdbrsKd;uarG;vm+yD; b,fvd ktonf;ESvH k;eJ @rsm; }uD;jyif;vm=uwmvJ? =unf hav/? usaemfeJ @olwd k @[m wcgrSvJ

pD;yGm;a&;t&/ vlr_a&;t& ywfoufcJ hzl;wmr[kwfbJ/ wa,mufrsufESmwa,mufawmif jrifcJ hzl;=uwmr[kwfbJ/ wu,fhud k &uf&ufpufpufeJ @ &ufpuf&Jvd kuf=uwm? olwd k@ESrtrud k rawmfrw&m;ðyusifhoGm;olwa,mufud kzrf;rdvmvd k @ pdrfajyeajyvufpm;acsxkESufaeovd krsKd;/ pmuav;awG yd k;aumifi,fav;awGud kzrf;qD;&rd+yD; t&Sifvwfvwf ajcav;awG csKd;vd kuf/ vufuav;awGjzwfvd kuf/ tawmifyHud k qG JvdrfðzwfcGm n‡Of;qJvd kufvkyf+yD; tJ'Dvd kvkyf&wmud kyJ aysmf&$ifoabmusaewJ h pdwf±k dif; ADZ±d kif;/tusif h±d kif; uav;qd k;wa,muf&JŒrzG,fr&m usyfrjynf hr_ &rf;um;r_/ aoG;qmaer_rsKd;awGeJ @ tifrwefud katmufwef;usvGef; wlvGef;vd kufwm? vkyf&JESuf&J qJ&J wd kif;xGm&J yufpuf&Jvd kufwm? 'Dvd k&uf&uf

pufpufvkyfud kifðyrl&Javmufatmif bmawGu b,folawGu cd kif;apzefwD;aphaqmfcJ h=uwmvJ? tm%mqd kwJ ht&muvm;/ wm0efqd kwJ ht&muvm;/ vcaiGa=u;&yd kifcGif hqd kwmawGuvm;?

wvud k vcwoef;ay;r,f/ ud k,feJ @odod rodod &uf&ufpufpuf±d kufESuf n‡ef;yef;ES dyfpufwJ htvkyfvkyf&r,f/ 'g[m wm0efyJvdk@qdk&if 'DvdktvkyfrsdK; usaemfawmh rvkyfEdkif? vlpdwf&Sdwdkif;vJb,folrSvkyfcsifvkyfEd kif=uvdrf hr,frxif? 'Dyg;uGufom;awGom 'Dvd ktvkyfrsKd; wufwufºuGºuGvkyfud kifae=uwm u|efawmfawmh awmfawmfud ktH h=oaerdw,f? 'g[m tm%mudpPuG/ tm%mtwGuf tm%mqd kwJ ht&mu vkyfcd kif;aewmavvd k @ajym&ifvJ 'Dyg;uGufom;awG[m tm%m&JŒajconf; vuf

onf;tqif h&S dwJh bmrSrajymyavmufwJ h atmufajcu owW0gi,fav;awGtqifhyg?aocsmwmu olwd k @ud k 'Dvd ktvkyfrsKd; tvkyfcd kif;xm;oluawmh tkyfpd k;olqd kwJ h tm%m&SifawGyg?

tm%m&JŒxdyfyd kif;tqif hrSm zifpnf;pdrfcH+yD; wufxdkifcGif h&xm;olawGqDu trdef @qd kwmwd k@ wm0efqd kwmwd k @eJ @ yg? wcgw&H wd kif;jynftwGufvd kvd k vlrsKd;twGufvd kvd k &yf&Gm+idrf;csrf;om,ma&;twGufvd kvd kvSdrf hvH k;+zD;vH k; 0g'jzef @csd r_ dif;wd kufvH k;av;awGawmif tyd kaqmif;+yD; ygygvdrf hOD;r,f? 'Dvd kvkyfae&wmud kawmif *k%f w*k%f/ 'grSr[kwf *k%fa&mifajymifr_}uD;vd k @ xifcsifvJ xifaerSmayghav? &ufpufr_/ ±kef @&if;=urf;wrf;r_awGeJ @ tay:pD;uae tckvdkvkyfcsifovd kvkyfcGif h&aewmud k auseyfarG@avsmfaewmrsKd;vJ

jzpfcsifjzpfaeEd kifw,f? aoG;xGufoH,d k owfyG JjzwfyG JawGud k=unf h+yD; tm;&=unfEl;aewwf=uwJ h aoG;qm±l;oGyfolrsKd;awGvJ 'Davmu}uD;rSm&S daewwf=uw,fr[kwfvm;?

usaemf hudk wef;vef;csdwfqG Jxm;+yD;aemuf tukod kvfwH k;ESpfaumif 0ifvmw,f? wzufu azmfaumif&JŒxGufqd kcsufqd kwmawGud kudkifvm+yD; olwd k @xif&m ar;=ujref;=u ppf=ua=um=u jyefw,f?




76 0if;wif h xGef;


toHawGu bD;vl;oH obufoHawGæ“a[haumif/ acgif;rmvd k @uawmh tavmif;awmif&Smr&jzpfoGm;r,faemf? rif;[m b,fwkef;urS

trSeftwd kif;xGufwJ haumifr[kwfbl;? rif;ud kifxm;wJ h uvmyfpnf;0ifawGud kajymprf;/ rif; pnf;±H k;xm;wh J

aumifawGud k ajymprf;”usaemfu ‘r&Sdbl;’ vdk@ajymawmh aemufuae aqmifhuef=uw,f? wa,mufu acgif;udk

wpH kwckeJ @ ±d kufw,f? uefaewJ haumifu usaemfhem;wd k;uyfvmw,f? ac|;awG&$Jepfae+yD; cE<mud k,feJ @uyfaewJ h tusôyg;yg;av;omjcm;xm;wJ heH±d k;awGay: vufoD;eJ @cyfqwfqwf tpkeftqefvd kuf xd k;w,f?eH±d k;ay:vufoD;eJ @/ ywWvm;acgufovd k acgufygawmhw,f? emvd kufwmuawmh t±d k;xJru ESvH k;onf;yGwfxJtxd pl;epfoGm;ygw,f? ud k,f}uD; wGef @ceJ wGef @ceJjzpfoGm;&ovd k yg;pyfuvJ tif hceJ tif hceJtoHxGufvm&rdygw,f? vufajr‡mufxm;yH kpHtaetxm;wef;vef;ay:rSm eHab;ESpfzufpvH k;u eH±d k;tpD

t&DawGay:rSm b,f+yD;nm nm+yD; b,f? ywWvm;acgufovd kacgufaevd kufyH krsm; vlud karharsmoGm;rwwf emusifcHcufvGef;vSygw,f? aoaocsmcsmavhusif hxm;wJ h tcsdeftq&S d&S d xd k;aewJ hvufoD;csufawGrd k @vm;rajymwwf/ eH±d k;awGusKd;ukefwJ htxdawmh rjzpfyg? usKd;roGm;atmifxd k;wmayr,f h usKd;rwwfcHpm;&wmud kawmh txd k;cH&zl;olrS aumif;aumif;em;vnfEd kifygvdrf hr,f?

tJ'D bDvl;obufESpfaumifxGufoGm;+yD; wem&Dausmfavmuft=umrSm usaemfhud kvufxdwfcwf+yD; csdwfqG Jay;cJ holESpfa,muf jyefay:vmygw,f? csdwfqG Jxm;wJ hvufxdwfud k qG Jðzwfay;vd kufcsdefrSmvufaumuf0wfESpfckpvHk;[m a&mifudkif;ae+yD; bmudkrSrudkifEdkifawmhavmufatmifjzpfaeovdk/

cE<mudk,fwckvHk;[mvJ t±kyfóud;jywfozG,f vJusoGm;&ygawmhw,f? udkif;æ ±kdufcsifovdkom±d kuf=uawmha[h/ igawmhrxEd kifawmhbl;qd kwJ hqH k;jzwfcsufeJ @ =urf ;jyiforHwvif;ay:rSmyJ tdyfcsypfvd kufrdw,f?

*sKdif;ceJwHcg;ydwfoGm;oHom oJ hoJ h=um;vd kuf&+yD; tJ'Dnu b,fwap> ol&JobufwaumifrS jyef0ifrvmcJ hawmhyg? 'grSr[kwf usaemfrodEd kifawmhwmbJvm; rajymwwfyg?

3?

xkESuf/ ±k dufykwf/ uefausmuf/ xd k;}udwfqd kwJ h t=urf;zufn‡Of;yef;r_awGrvkyfbJ/ vufzsm;eJ @awmifrwd k @bJ vlrqefpGm&uf&ufpufpuf ES dyfpufenf;rsKd;awG[mvJ ppfa=uma&;qd kwm&J @ tpDtpOf&S d&S d csrSwfusif hoH k;avh&S dwJ h tol&um,f i&Jcef;tzH kzHkygyJ?

tifrwef&SufwwfwJ h touft&G,f}uD;}uD; OD;pd k;wif hqd kwJ h c±d kifaumfrDwD0ifa[mif;}uD;ud k ykqd k;abmif;bDc|wf+yD; tcef;axmif hrSmrwyf&yfcd kif;wmrsKd;aygh? OD;av;OD;pd k;wif hrSm &Suf&SmvGef;vd k @ ±d kufwmxufawmif em&Smw,f?

apmabme,fqdkwJhu&if&Jabmfav;udkusawmh acgif;udkyvyfpwpftdwfpGyf+yD; ppfaq;owJh?touf&SLusyf+yD; rao±H kwr,f r±_rvScH&&SmowJh?

rsufrSefwyfxm;rS jrif&wJ holud k rsufrSefc|wfxm;+yD; ud k @±d k;um;,m;jzpfatmifvkyfwm/ bkef;}uD;ud kbm*smr_wfwwfovm;ar;wm/ ESpfnoH k;n rtdyf&atmifvkyf+yD; axmifvSrf;a&;u owW0gawGuawmh




0if;wif h xGef; 77

tqd kif;eJ @tvSnf hustdyf+yD; ar;jref;ppfaq;wm/ xrif;rau|;a&rwd kufbJ 'Dtwd kif;ypfxm;wm/ ao;aygufcsifwmud k ao;aygufcGif hay;awmh/ ukvm;xd kifeJ @wG J+yD; cwfxm;wJ hvufxdwfud k ðzwfray;bJ vufwzufu ukvm;xd kifud k r˜o,foGm;&&if; cufcufcJcJao;aygufapwm/ nOfheufoef;acgif}uD;usrS

wrifE_ d;xkwf+yD; ppfaq;ar;jref;wm/ rsufESmopfa&csKd;cGif hawmifray;bJ 'Dtwd kif;aeapwm/ pwJ h tEkenf;eJ @vd k @ajym&r,f h n‡Of;yef;ES dyfpufr_awGuvJ pH kwumhpH k ajymr,H k ñuHzl;rSodvd k @yJ qdk&ygvdrf hr,f?

'Dvd ktEkenf;rsKd;awGxJpm&if;oGif;&r,f henf;wenf;uawmh usaemfud k,fwd kif cHpm;ñuHawG&zl;vd k @awmfawmfud kcg;onf;vSwm azmufonfcs ajymjycsifygao;w,f?

rSwfrSwf&& o}uFeftwufae@}uD;aygh? tjyifavmurSm aysmf=u&$if=ua&yuf=ujzpfaer,f htcsdef/ukok dvfaumif;r_,lwJ holawG ,lae=ur,f htcsdef}uD;rSm ae@vnfcif;(11)em&Davmuf u|efawmf hud k wd kufcef;xJuae ppfa=uma&;0if;xJ ac:xkwfw,f? xH k;pHtwd kif; apmifacgif;tkyf}uD;eJ@aygh? +yD;awmh ajr

uGufvyfaeylylrSm apmifacgif;+rD;ðcHtaetxm;eJ @ txd kifcd kif;xm;w,f?bmrSrqd kifwJ h ar;cGef;wd kav;ESpfckoH k;ckavmufar;+yD; aeylyl ajrylylrSm txd kifcd kif;xm;w,f? em&D0uf

avmuf=umawmh ac|;awGòydufòydufusvmw,f? rGef;wnf hav aeyl&S defujyif;vmovd k/ ajraiG @ ajryl&S defuvJ w&S def;&S def;xaew,f? aqmif ha=umif hxd kifxm;&awmh zif0eJ @ qD;pyfyg rD;uifcHxm;&ovd kjzpfae±Hkru/ ajcovH k;wGa&m cg;a=umawGyg ud kufcJanmif;nmvmw,f? wd kufxJrSm wd kufydwfcHb0eJ @vJ&ufawGwjznf;jznf;=umvm/ pm;&wmuvJ 0ufpmurS tqif hjrif hOD;r,f htajcteqd k;awGeJ @qd kawmhtm;tifur&S d? 'D=um;xJ vl @wd&dp> mefaygif;pH k&JŒ xkESufxd k;}udwf uefausmuf xkyfqG J n‡Of;yef;r_aygif;pH kud k

cHxm;&jyefqd kawmh ESpfem&Davmuft=umrSm vl[m a&SŒud kc%c% ,d kif,d kifusvmw,f?“a[haumif æ aumif;aumif;xd kif” qd k+yD; i&Jom;waumifu [def;a[muf&if; twif;xl txd kif

cdkif;jyefw,f? ac|;awG&$JaewJhrsufaphtpHkudk tm;wif;jyL;+yJ+yD; apmif=um;uaeajcmif;=unfhrdawmh/axmufvSrf;a&;(6) wkef;u yxrqH k;pawG @cJ h&wJ h usD;uef;,kwfeJ @ ol @vufaxmuf +ydwWmtd k}uD;waumif[m opf&dyfatmufrSm yufvufukvm;xd kifud k,fpDeJ @xd kifae&if;u u|efawmh fqDvSrf;=unf haewm a0a00g;0g;jrif&w,f? ,yfawmifav;awG wzsyfzsyfcwfvd k @? olwzufom; tvl;tvdrfhcHae&wmud k cHwGif;awG @pGm rsufapht&omcH+yD; &_pm;=unfEl;ae=uovm;rajymwwf? 'DaumifawG vlr[kwfwm aocsm

w,f?tjyifrSmu o}uFef/ 'DrSmuawmh ae'%f/? aeylusJusJ}uD;atmufrSm o}uFefa&at;at;r[kwfbJ/

ac|;awGw&$ J&$ JeJ @ tvJvJtòydòydaevSef;cHxm;ae&ygw,f? b0rSm &moufyefrarhEd kifp&mygyJ? a=omfæðyoltopf jzpfolta[mif;vd k @ ud k,f hud k,fud k,f w&m;cs=unf hrdayr,f h a0'emawGom wd k;wd k;vmcJ h&ygw,f?

vufzsm;eJ @awmifrwd k @ayr,f h naeav;em&DavmufrS wd kufxJjyefoGif;wmcH&&if; qD;atmif ha0'emyg xyf&vmcJ hygw,f? (3)&ufavmuf qD;wpufpuf jzpfae&ygawmhw,f?

4?

tJ'Dvd kt=urf;enf; tEkenf; vlrqefwJ henf;vrf;aygif;pH ktjyif ppfa=uma&;rSm xyfawG @&Ed kifwm




78 0if;wif h xGef;


ud kawmh “avajyxd k;”enf;vd k @yJ uifyGef;wyf&vdrf hr,fxifygw,f?qd kif;0d kif;w0d kif;vd k yrmwif=unf h&r,fqd k&if/ Adef;armif;wd kuf+yD; vufpGrf;jyoH ywf=urf;±d kufoH/

av;uif;jyoHawG ZmwfuGuftvd kuf jyowD;r_wf+yD;=uwh Jtcg/ avajyxd k;oH c|wfeif;oHav;awGvJ

tvSnf husvmwwf ygwwfovd k axmufvSrf;a&;bDvl;obufaygif;pH k&JŒ ppfa=uma&;0d kif;awmf}uD;rSmvJavajyxd k;oH {csif;oDoHav;awG vmavh&S dygw,f? wcgw&H wqufwnf; wpyfwnf;? wcgw&H cyfjcm;jcm; cyfa0;a0?

u|efawmfwd k @ud k ppfa=uma&;0ifwmu ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;ygovd k tuf(p)bD (SB) uvJyg ygw,f?owfvd kufr,f jzwfvd kufr,f xkvd kufr,f ESufvd kufr,fqd kwJ h t*Fg±kyfeJ @bDvl;qd kif;wD;+yD; vufpGrf;jy=uolrsKd;pH kygovd k/ rsufESmav;cyfðyH;ðyH;/ ajcvSrf;uvJ rif;om;vSrf;vSrf;vm&if; at;at;nifomðyrlwwfolawGvJ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;awG @ñuH&ygw,f? wcsKd @rsm; =unf hyH k±_yH kud ku pdwfraumif;[ef/ ud k,fcsif;pm[ef

tjynf heJ @yg? wu,fud k pdwfraumif;wmvm;/ rdacsmif;rsuf&nfusjywmvm;qd kwmawmh ol @[molyJodygvdrf hr,f? bmyJajymajym ywf=urf;wd kufoH Adef;armif;oH bD;vl;}udrf;}udrf;oHxufawmh avajyxd k;oHc|wfeif;oHud kem;qif&wmu ud k,fpdwfESvH k;oufomcGif h&rdwmawmh trSef?

“cifAsm;Asmæ tvum;ae&if; temcHraeygeJ @awmh/ cifAsm;vJ ynmwwfwa,mufyJ/ a[m'DrSmwzufuazmfxm;wJhxGufqdkcsufawGæ zwf=unfhOD;? +zD;vHk;vSdrfhvHk;awGvm;/ wu,fyJvm;qdkwmcifAsm;[mcifAsm; pOf;pm;=unf h” qd k+yD; avajyorm;wOD;u ay;jy&if;em;csw,f? 0efcHcd kif;w,f?

wa,mufuawmh æ

“cifAsm;ta=umif; u|efawmfpH kprf;yD;+yD/ cifAsm;u vlaumif;/ [d kaumifu v±_yf/ acgifrd k;wckvH k;uyGif hxGufvefysHoGm;rSawmh rsufESm=uufae&muqD;cHaevd k @ tusKd ;r&S dbl;? rsufESm=uufwckvH k; ðywfusoGm;vdrf hr,f? cifAsm;awmif hcHav a&awG'va[m'%fcH&avjzpfvdrf hr,f ” wJ h?

azmfaumif&JŒxGufqd kcsufwxyf}uD;ud k pdrfajyeajyzwf±_ap&if; aq;ayghvdyfwvdyfawmif xkwfwd kufvd kufao;&JŒ? tJ'Dvd k&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; avajyormawGxJrSm u|efawmhtay: tEl;nH h taysmhajymif;qH k;vd k @owfrSwf&r,f h yk*~KdvfwOD;u rd k;OD;wnaecif;rSm ac:xkwfawG @w,f? wAH k;AH k;wcGrf;cGrf; xk=u/ xd k;=u/±d kufESuf=uwJ h ppfa=uma&;tcef;qufZmwfvrf;wG J&Snf}uD;uvJ awmfawmf+yD;pD;oavmuf jzpfaewJ h

tcsdefyg? u|efawmfuawmh aemufxyfbmZmwfvrf;wG JawGrsm; ay:vmjyefvd k @ygvdrf hqdkwJ h pd k;&drfylyefpdwfeJ @ apmifacgif;+rD;ðcH=um;uae wxdwfxdwf&ifckef&if; vd kufvmcJ h&ygw,f?

tcef;xJa&mufawmh u|efawmf ht&ifa&mufae+yD; pm;yG Jxdyfu ukvm;xd kifrSm tqifoif hxd kifae+yD;om;jzpfwJ h olu “xd kifAsmxd kif” wJ h?

“bmudpPrSxl;xl;axGaxGr&S dygbl;/ [d kaumifxGufqd kcsufeJ @cifAsm;xGufqd kcsufawG=um; uGmaewmawGawmh&S dw,f? 'gvJ xm;ygawmh/ w&m;±H k;a&mufrS &Sif;=uwmaygh ”wJ h?

“tJ'Daumifu ol @[molajymcsifovd k av#mufajymav#mufxGufxm;wm oleJ @awmh b,fwlEd kifygh

rvJAsm” vd k @ u|efawmfu awG;awG;qq ajzvd kufw,f?“cifAsm;uawmh w&m;cHjzpfrSmyJ/ oufaotjzpfcG JwifwJ htxJ b,fvd krS ygrSmr[kwfbl;? axmifus

+yD;xGufvmcJ h&if Ed kifiHa&;awG bmawGvkyfraeygeJ @awmhAsm? acgif;aqmifqd kwJ haumifawGu yg;awmifwcsuft±d kufrcHwmawG trsm;}uD;yg? 'D=um;xJ cifAsm;u temcHvd k @vJ cifAsm;yJ cH&wmyJ? u|efawmf




0if;wif h xGef; 79

pdwfraumif;ygbl;? u|ef awmf wu,fajymwmyg? cifAsm; ,H kcsifrS,H kyg ”olu avat;av;eJ @ajym&if;pD;u&ufwvdyf xkwfaomufw,f? u|efawmf hud kvJ wvdyfurf;ay;+yD; rD;ygn‡ day;vmw,f? tem;ua&aEG;=urf;td k;xJu a&aEG;=urf;wcGufud kvJ iS J @ay;jyefw,f? a&aEG;=urf;rS zefcGufwvH k;tjynfhyg?

“cifAsm;ud k xk=u xd k;=uwJ htxJ u|efawmfrygwmawmh cifAsm;odygw,faemf? vlqd kwmuawmhtrsKd;rsKd;ayghAsm? wcsKd @us xkrSESufrS tajz&r,fvd k @,lqwm &SdrSmaygh? u|efawmfuawmh tJ'Dvd k vlrsdK;r[kwfbl;?”

avoHu ajz;ajz;av;jzpfovd k vlyH kuvJ cyfEG J @EGJ @? +yD;awmh pD;u&ufud k zGmvd kuf&if; ðyH;awmifaevd kufao;w,f? u|efawmfu iwfiwfeJ @&xm;wJ haq;vdyfud kzGm&if; ol @rsufESmud k jyef=unf hrdw,f? pdwfxJrSmawmh “owdxm;aemf owdxm; ” vd k @ ud k,f hud k,fud k,f owdjyefuyfxm;&w,f?

“u|efawmfwd k @bufuawmh tpd k;&ud kqef @usifv_yf&Sm;wJ h v_yf&Sm;r_awG ay:vmwm[m tE W&m,f

&S dwJ h rD;awGcsnf;yJvd k @ ,lqygw,f? vH kðcHa&;eJ @ r+i‡ drf;owfEd kif&if tukefavmifukefEd kifw,f/ vH kðcHa&;eJ @wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;ud k ysufjym;apEd kifw,fvd k @jrifw,f? 'gayr,f h rD;ud k b,fvd k+i‡ drf;owf=urvJqd kwmusawmh wa,mufeJ @wa,muf tjrifwl=urSmr[kwfbl;? wcsKd @u a&aEG;yGufyGufqleJ @ avmif;cscsifw,f/ a&ylyleJ @yufcscsifw,f? wu,fu rD;ud k+i‡ drf;owfwJ htcgrSm a&ylyleJ @avmif;avmif;/ a&at;at;eJ @avmif;avmif; rD;+idrf;oGm;zd k @u t"duyg? u|efawmfu a&at;orm;yg” wJ h?

oluðyH;+yD; ol @pum;pud k vufpowfvd kufw,f? 'DwcgðyH;vd kufrdoluawmh u|efawmfyg? rsufESmay:rSmr[kwfbJ pdwfxJuae ðyH;vd kufrdwmyg?

“vGefcJ hwJ h (7)ESpfavmufuwnf;u aZmfOD;qk dwJ haumifud k tpte&cJhygw,f? 'gayr,f h emr,ftrsKd;rsKd;eJ @ 'Daumifud k zrf;qD;&rdcJ hjcif;r&S dbl;? tJ'Dawmh oluvJ wpwptaumif}uD;vmw,f? [d kwkef;uzrf;&cJ h&if ol[m axmifav;ig;ESpftvGefqH k;aygh? tckawmh wu|ef;avmufeJ @&ifqd kif&r,f? cifAsm;vJtJ'Dvd kayghAsm? aZmfOD;a=umif h cifAsm;ay:vmw,f? cifAsm;vd kvlawG trsm;}uD;ay:vmw,f? tzrf;cH=u&/axmifus=u&r,f? tckvd kray:vmbJ ESpfawG=umvmvd k @ 'DxuftaumifawGyd k}uD;vmcJ h&if tckvd kyk'fr5§navmufr[kwfawmhbJ tenf;qH k; 0rf;wl;wl;0rf;(122§1)awG jzpfukefEd kifw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DavmufeJ @&yfoGm;&wmud k wzufuaeoabmxm;wwf&if/ oHa0*,lwwf&if b,fol @tay:rS trkef;

ryGm;awmhbl;ayghAsm? t±_ H;xJutjrwfvd k @oabmxm;Ed kifvmwmayghAsm? tJ'Dvd kyJ oabmxm;=unf hvd kufygAsm”

u|efawmfxyf+yD;ðyH;vd kufrdjyefw,f? &ifxJrSmygyJ? tazmfcH&wm/ axmifuscH&rSmud kawmif =uHzef+yD;aus;Zl;wif&OD;r,f htaygufygyJ/ bmyJajymajym “ u|efawmfu a&at;orm;yg ” qd kwJ h ol @ud k=unf h&if;u|efawmfðyH;vd kufrdw,f?

ppfa=uma&;utxGuf a&at;orm;qDutjyef/ wd kufcef;xJta&muf tJ'Dnu u|efawmf uAsmwyk'f&ygw,f? “wckaomqd kif;0d kif; ”vd k @ acgif;pOfwyf+yD; pdwfxJrSmyJ pyfxm;rdcJ hwJ huAsmyg? uAsm&JŒtp

rSm ywf=urf;wd kufoH/ ywf±k dufoH/ Adef;armif;oHawG pnfpnfnHatmif azmfusL;ygw,f? +yD;awmh avajyxd k;oH/ c|wfeif;oHawGeJ @ {nf hcHajzazsmf=uwmawGud kvJ jyqd kygw,f? uAsm&JŒtqH k;owfrSmawmhæ

avajyxd k;xd k;/ ywfrd k;&Gm&GmuAsmvGwfvGwf/ c|wfoHeif;eif;




80 0if;wif h xGef;


&Sif;vif;vSpGm/ od&rSmu&ifxJaocsm/ pGJ&rSmu0d kif;awmfom[m wckxJ?Zmwfwd kuf=uawmh wpkxJ?wD;wJ hvufvJ 'DvufyJ æ vd k @ jzpfygw,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf a&at;orm; avajyorm;ud k u|efawmf

aus;Zl;wifvk dufygw,f? Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




0if;wif h xGef; 81





82 0if;wif h xGef;


1?“'Daumift±l;/ t±l;wd kufyd k @ æ ydwfvd kuf”

'kwd,axmifyd kif}uD;bd k=unf&JŒrsufESmu wif;rmcufxefvSovd k avoHuvJ rmausm&if haxmfaew,f?

'DE_wfrdef @oH&JŒatmufrSm usaemf 'Dt±l;wd kufxJa&mufvm&w,f? vG,fvG,fulul at;at;aq;aq;a&mufvm&wmawmhr[kwf?

ajcusif;cwfxm;jcif;cHae&wJ h usaemfhud k *wfpwmydkrsufESmaygufeJ @ axmif=uyfoef;axG;qd kwJhtaumifu ac:vmw,f? ol @aemufrSmu 0g'gaygufpwa,muf?

om,m0wDaxmif axmifaq;±H kt0ifayguf0a&mufawmh axmif=uyfoef;axG;u“a[haumif

cg;u ajcusif;óud;ðzwfvd kuf”vd k @ cyfwif;wif;ajymw,f?ajcusif;eJ @wqufwnf; oHa'gufESpfacsmif;ay:u uGif;ESpfuGif;=um; vufjzpfºuGyfºuGyftdwfóud;av;

v#Kdcsnfxm;+yD; cg;ay:ywf csnfaESmifxm;&wJ hóud;pud k ðzwfcsvd kufawmh ajcusif;axmufESpfacsmif;tygvufud kif oHuGif;ESpfuGif;[m usaemf hajctpHka&SŒ ajrjyifay: usoGm;w,f? ajcaxmufrSmcwfxm;wJ hajcusif;uGif;uawmh cwfxm;qJtwd kif;aygh? usaemf hrsufvH k;tpH ku ywfywfvnfud k a0h=unf hvd kufawmh0ufbkwf=uufbkwfvkyfxm;&m axmifwd kuftay:xyfwckqDuae usaemf hb0wl&JabmfawGjzpfwJ h ud kpHEkwd k@ xGef;0if;/ atmifrif;wd k @u vSrf;=unf haew,f? pdwfraumif;pGmeJ @ vSrf;=unf hae=uyHk&w,f?

“a[haumif xd kif”vd k @ oef;axG;uajymw,f? usaemfxd kifay;vdkufw,f?“'Duae æ [d k t±l;wd kufqDtxd zm;ckef ckef0if”oef;axG;u *wfpwmyd k rsufESmxm;tjynf heJ @

quftrdef @ay;w,f?usaemfu qH k;jzwfcsufwckud k cs+yD;yg+yD?“r0ifEd kifbl;”“bmuG ratvd k;”“r0ifEd kifbl;/ zm;ckef b,fawmhrSrckefbl;”

“r0iftH k;uGm r0iftH k;uGm”qd kwJ h toHeJ @twl ausmay: abmvHk;uefovd k aqmif huefvd kufwJ hoef;axG;&JŒppfzdeyftpH k[m b,fjyefnmjyef tqufrjywfa&mufvmygw,f?

usaemf hcE<mud k,f[m ajray:vdrf haeygw,f? ajcaxmufu ajcusif;tpH keJ @ ajcusif;qd kif&m 'G g'&mawG&JŒtoH[mvnf; wAHk;AHk;toHawG=um; wc|rfc|rf wc|ifc|ifjrnf+yD; 'vdrfhacgufauG;ygvmygw,f?

t±l;wd kuf

0if;wif hxGef;




0if;wif h xGef; 83

usaemfu tm;,l+yD;vJae&muae rwfwyf&yfzd k @ óud;pm;=unh fygw,f/ajcusif;'&Gwfwd kufeJ@ usaemfhcE<mud k,ftES H @tay: oef;axG;&JŒ vufoD;a&m ajcaxmufyg xd k;oH

uefoH vufpGrf;jyoHawG tqufrjywfusa&mufvm+yD; vJvd kufòydvd kuf a&SŒa&mufvd kufjzpfaeygw,f?

“rif;u bmaumifrd k @vJuG/ Ed kifiHawmftvHud k tav;rðyEdkifbl; ajymtH k;uGm ajytH k;” “tvHud ktav;rðycsifwJ h ratvd k;/ rðytH k;uGm rðytH k;” qJoH qd koH tòid;w}uD; ajymqd koHawGeJ @twl zdeyfeJ @aqmif huefoH vufoD;eJ @ypfxd k;oH wAH k;AH k;wcGyfcGyf wc|rfc|rftoHawG[m ywf0ef;usiftES H @ qlnH pifxGufaeygw,f/

usaemfhwudk,fvHk;[mvJ oH kav;csufavmufom pl;pl;eifheif h jyif;jyif;xefxef cHpm;vd kuf&+yD;xlylxH kusifoGm;&if; emrSef;rodEd kifawmhavmufa&mif a&maxG;oGm;&&if; 'vdrf hacgufauG; jzpfae&ygawmhw,f?

“a[haumif oef;axG; bmjzpfwmvJ” toHwoH=um;vd kuf&+yD; “'Dratvd k;u tvHtav;rðyEd kifvd k @ t±l ;wdkufydwfzd k @ axmifyd kif}uD;u trdef @ay;vd kufwmvmyd k @wm OD;wifatmif”qd kwJ h oef;axG;&JŒtoHxGufvmwmudkyg vJae&mu =um;vd kuf&ygw,f?

“at;at;æ ighay; ighay; igqufud kifvd kufr,f”qd kwJ h axmif=uyfud kwifatmif Ad kufyl}uD;toHeJ @twl “at;Asm usaemfu taqmifjyefajy;&tH k;rSm cifAsm;bJ qufud kifvd kufawmh” qd kwJ h oef;axG;&JŒtoHud kvJ quf=um;&w,f? oef;axG; cyfoGufoGufjyefxGufoGm;csdefrSm axmif=uyfAd kufyl ud kwifatmif}uD;u “x x/ xEd kifao;&JŒvm;” qd k+yD; usaemf hud k vJae&muae qG Jxlw,f?

Ad kufylud kwifatmif}uD;qd kwmuvJ om,m0wDaxmifrSm vufoHajymifwJ hae&mrSm emrnf}uD;?tuf(z)tmpD w±kwfESpfa,mufud k eHusKd;atmif±d kufcJ hzl;+yD;/ wa,mufqd k&if ol±d kufcJ hzl;wJ h '%f&m'%fcsufeJ @yJ aooGm;cJ h&zl;owJ h? tJ'Dvd k vl?

usaemfwd k @ud k om,m0wDaxmifajymif;yd k @awmh usaemfwd k @ud k xm;r,f hwd kufwef;ud k óudjyifxm;cJ h+yD;/tJ'D wd kufwef;wG Jud k wm0efcHud kifzd k @ ud kwifatmif}uD;ud k txl;a&G;cs,fxm;&if; usaemfwd k @eJ @ yxrqH k;zl;pmqH kcJ h&ol? tom;urJrJ/ vlu *ifwd kwk d awmif hawmif h/ txl;ay:vGifaewmu ol @&JŒtd k;p&nf;vd kAdkufylyl}uD;eJ@ vlrd kufrsufESmayguf? 'gayr,fh bmvd k@&,frajymwwf/ oludkifwJ hwdkufcef;wGJrSm oleJ @

usaemfwd k @ av;ig;vavmuf twlqH kcJ hóuHcJ h&ayr,f h usaemfwd k @eJ @ jy\emwcgrS rñuHcJ hzl;bl;? ±d kufwJ hESufwJhae&mrSm emrnfqd k;eJ @ausmfapmwmawmh ud kwifatmif}uD;[m eHygwfwpf?

usaemfu 'Dwcgawmh ud kwifatmif}uD;&JŒvufpGrf;jyoHud k ud k,fwd kifud k,fusñuH&awmhr,f/ ud kif;æ b,fvdkrsm;vufpGrf;jyud kifwG,fjyvd kufavrvJ/ óudufovd komxkayawmhqdkwJh rsufESmrsdK;eJ @ ol @rsufESmud k vSrf;=unf hvd kufw,f?

“vm æ vm/ [d ka&SŒu wd kufcef;qD; cyfoGufoGuf0ifvd kuf” vd k @ av;oHcyfwd k;wd k;eJ @ajym&if; usaemf hudk vufzsm;eJ @awmifrwd k @bJ t0ifcd kif;w,f? ±d k;±d k;yJ t0ifcd kif;w,f?

wd kufcef;xJ usaemf0if&+yD; wd kufcef;aomhud kydwfae&if;u “rif;ætawmfrd kufwJ haumifuGm/ igv$ J,lvd kufvd k @aygh/ Ed k @r[kwf rif;'dxufcH&Ed kifw,f/ oef;axG;u iguawmh t}uD;tus,fqufxkrSmyJ ,H k+yD;v$ JoGm;wmæ eJeJvJ yg;rSayghuGm/ rif;[mu tawmfud k rd kufwmud k;uG”vd k @ avoHwd k;wd k;eJ @ wAspfawmufawmufajymoGm;w,f?

t±l;wdkufPolaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



84 0if;wif h xGef;


usaemf awmfawmfud ktH h=ooGm;rdwmawmh trSef? rSm;wmrSefwm c%xm;/ ud k,f hud k r±d kufrESufcJ hwma=umif h aus;Zl;wifpdwf zsufceJ 0ifrdwmvJtrSef?

armarmememeJ @ zsmpkwfay:vS Jcsvd kufrd&if; 'Dwd kufxJa&mufvmcJ h&wJ h tjzpftysufawG jyefpOf;pm;

rdaejyefw,f? axmif0g'gwyf=uyfoef;axG;&JŒ *wfpwmyd krsufESm/ axmifrdef;a*s;±H k;wm0efus axmifrª;av;oef;vGif&JŒrsufrSefw0if;0if;eJ @ jyZmwfrif;om;[efrsufESm/ 'kwd,axmifyd kif}uD; bd k=unf&JŒ a&$ud kif;rsufrSef}uD;=um;u &uf&ufpufpuf emZDrsufvH k;?

+yD;awmh “'Daumif t±l;/ t±l;wd kufyd k @ ydwfvd kuf ” qd kwJh pl;pl;&S&StoH?tr_u Ed kifiHawmftvHud k tav;rðyr_?trSefuawmh rqvtvHud k b,fwkef;urS tav;rðycJ h=uwm tif;pdefaxmifrSmuwnf;u?

usaemfwd k @&Jabmtm;vH k; rqvtvHtav;rðya&; qH k;jzwfcsufcsrSwfxm;=u+yD;om;? axmifajymif;zd k @

cGJxm;wJ h tif;pdefaxmif(5)aqmiftay:xyf nrSmwkef;uvJ a&mufwJ haxmifrSm tvHtav;ðya&;tpDtpOfrsKd;ñuHawG @&ifqd kif&&if rqvtvHud ktav;rðy=ua&;/ 'gayr,f h tm;vH k;eJ @ud k,fcsnf; teJpkvd kjzpfae&if xD;xD;}uD;ay:vGifraeapzd k @ tjrif hqH k;tvGefqH k;tjzpf trsm;enf;wl rwfwyfawmh&yfay;=uzd k @/OD;n$wfjcif;/ tav;ðyjcif;rvkyfzd k @qd k+yD; qH k;jzwfxm;cJ h=uygw,f?

om,m0wDaxmifa&mufa&mufcsif; oD;oef@wdkufcef;xJxnfhxm;jcif;cHvd kuf=u&awmh tvHjy\emu &ifqdkifp&mtjzpfay:rvm?

wdkufxJ tm;&atmifxm;+yD;wJhaemuf taqmifawGqDcGJydk@vdkufwJhtcg wa,mufwaqmif

wcef;pDjzpfoGm;=uygw,f? ntdyfaqmifwuf&wJ htcg ud k,f htcef;ud k,fus&mrSm ae=u&ygw,f?om,m0wDaxmifrSm reuftdyfaqmifzGif hcsdef tvHwiftav;ðy tpDtpOf&S dygw,f? tvHtav;

ðycsdefrSm tusOf;om;tm;vH k; ud k,f&S d&mtcef;xJuae rwfwyf&yfae=u&ygw,f? tav;ðyqd kwJ h toHay:vm&if wòydif euf tav;ðy=u&ygw,f? tJ'Dvd k tcsdefwd kif; usaemfu tcef;xJ&S dvltkyf}uD;aemufrSmoGm;&yfaewwf+yD; b,fawmhrS tav;rðyOD;rn$wf?

usaemfae&&mtaqmif&JŒ taqmifrª;wm0efusaewJ hoef;axG;u usaemf hud k tpDtpOf&S d&S d oD;oef @vd kufacsmif;aeovm;/ b,fa=umif hvJawmh rajymwwf? usaemf tvHud ktav;rðywm odoGm;w,f?

usaemf hud kac:awG @+yD; bmvdk @tvHud ktav;rðyovJqd kwmar;w,f? usaemfuvJ rðyEd kifa=umif;ajzvd kufw,f? oef;axG;u pm;rwwf 0g;rwwfrsufESmxm;eJ @ “at;æ axmifrª;±H k; wifr,f”vd k @ ajym+yD ;a'geJ @armeJ @ xGufoGm;w,f?

jy\emawmhp+yDqd kwm usaemfodvd kufygw,f? 'g[m &yfwnfcsufudpP? b,fvd kjzpfjzpf &ifqdkif&awmhr,fqd kwm qH k;jzwfcsufcsvd kuf+yD;/ tcef;rwlayr,f h waqmifwnf;wGif;&S d usaemf hvd k 5§n&JabmfESpfOD;ud k today;ajymjyvd kufygw,f? 5§n &Jabmf(7)OD;&S d&mrSm usaemftygt0if(3)OD;u 'DtaqmifrSm? usef(4)OD;jzpfwJ h OD;azwif/ ud kpHEk/ xGef;0if;/ atmifrif;wd k @u uyf&ufom; 0ef;us,f}uD;

twGif;u wjcm;taqmifrSm?xrif;pm;+yD;ptcsdefrSm usaemf hud k wef;pD;wa,mufu vmac:ygw,f? rdef;a*s;±H k;cef;qDoGm;&yg

w,f? rdef;a*s;±Hk;cef;pm;yGJrSm wm0efusaxmifrª;av;oef;vGif[m rsufrSefav;w0if;0if;eJ@ xdkifaeygw,f? vlyH k uEkEkeJ @ jyZmwfrif;om;[efaygufaeygw,f? tusOf;om;eJ @ axmif0efxrf; b,fawmhrS




0if;wif h xGef; 85

wwef;wnf;xm; rqufqH&qdkwJhrl/ csrSwfyHkpHoGif;ay;xm;jcif;a=umifhvm;rajymwwf/ ol@a&SŒrSmukvm;xd kiftvGwf&S dayr,f h usaemf hud k xd kifvd k @rajymyg? 'gayr,f h ol @rsufESmay:rSm &uf&ufpufpufES dyfuGyfjyvd kufr,fa[hqd kwJ h or±d k;usaxmifrª;wa,muf&JŒt&dyfta&mifazmfjyr_rsKd; rawG @&yg?

tem;u wef;pD;ud k vufumtjyif xGufcd kif;vd kuf+yD;wJ haemuf oleJ @usaemf ESpfa,mufwnf;taetxm;rSm olu æ

“cifAsm;u tvHtav;rðyEd kifbl;vd k @ ajymw,fqd k/ wm0efus taqmifrª;u vmwd kifoGm;w,f”usaemf hud k ‘cifAsm;’qd kwJ hemrfpm;oH k;+yD; ,Of,Ofaus;aus;ar;vmw,f?“usaemfu pajymwmawmhr[kwfzl;? olu bmvd k @tav;rðywmvJar;vd k @ usaemfu ajym&wm”olu pdwfraumif;[ef wcsuf=unf h+yD;/“cifAsm;uvJAsmæ 'g}uD;us,fwJhjy\emrS r[kwfbJ/ tav;ðyvdkufaygh? acgif;ndwfvdkuf

+yD;oGm;wmyJ/ ðyvd kufygAsm”usaemfu acgif;&rf;vd kufw,f?“usaemf rðyEd kifbl;”“Asm æ bmvd k @wkef;”olu em;rvnfovd k wtH hw=o=unf h+yD;ar;vmw,f?“usaemf æ tck axmifusvmwm Ed kifiHa&;r_yg? tpd k;&ud kqef @usifwJ h r,H k=unfwJ hjypfr_yg? wjcm;

bmjypfr_rS r&S dbl;? tJ'DtwGuf tpd k;&u usaemf hud kaxmifcsxm;wm tck(3)ESpf&S dyg+yD? usaemf 'Dtpd k;&ud kt,H kt=unfr&S dygbl;/ 'Dtpd k;&&JŒtvHqd kwmud kvJ tav;rðyEd kifygbl;”

usaemfu óudwifpOf;pm;xm;+yD;om; pum;vH k;awGtwd kif; wvH k;csif;ajzvd kufygw,f?“tpd k;&ud k ,H kyg r,H kygqd kwm usaemf bmrSrajymcsifygbl;? usaemf ajymvd k @vJ&r,f hudpPr[kwfygbl;?

'gayr,fh Ed kifiHawmftvHud ktav;ðywmeJ @ tpd k;&ud k ,H kwmr,H kwm bmrSrqd kifygbl;? cifAsm;vJ ynmwwfwa,mufyJ/ pOf;pm;=unf hyg? w±kwfwd k @ ±k&Sm;wd k @vd k uGefjrLepfEd kifiHu acgif;aqmif}uD;awG vm=uwJ htcg olwd k @vJ Ed kifiHawmftvHud k tjyeftvSef tav;ðy=uwmyJav? 'gæ ,Hkvd k @vd k @ajymrvm;? r,H k,Hk,H k xH k;wrf;pOfvmt& ESpfEd kifiHtvHud k tav;ðy&wmyJ? tJ'Dvd k oabmxm;vd kufayghAsm”

olu ajz;av;pGmajym&if;“uJæ b,f hES,fvJ”qd kwJ h t=unf heJ @=unf hvmw,f?

usaemf&JŒvG JrSm;aewJ htjrift,ltqawGud kacszsuf+yD; oabmxm;rSefrSefuefuef xm;wwf=unf hwwfatmif tydkifoGefoifvrf;jyay;vd kufEd kif+yDqd kwJ ht=unf hrsKd;eJ @usaemf hrsufESmud k ðyH;=unf haew,f?wu,f hud kjyZmwf rif;om;wa,muft=unf hrsKd;? vufcsmt±d kufaumif;wJ h ygarmuQ}uD;wa,muf&JŒt=unf hrsKd;?

“tJ'gu oHwrefudpPyJ/ tjyeftvSef tav;ðy=uwmyJ/ ck[mu tJ'geJ @ rwlbl;av”usaemfu apm'uwufvd kufawmh oluacgif;ud k jyZmwfrif;om;wa,mufvd k [efygyg&rf;&if;

usaemf hrsufESmud k ai;=unf hjyefw,f?

“cifAsm; pOf;pm;=unf h/ cifAsm;vJ &efukefrSm ±kyf&Sif±H kawGoGm;+yD; ±kyf&SifawGbmawG=unf hzl;rSmbJ?udk,f h[mud k,f yd kufqHay;+yD;oGm;=unf h&wJ h ±kyf&Sif±H kawGxJ ±kyf&SifoGm;=unf hwmawmif ±kyf&SifvmcgeD;Ed kifiHawmftvHpjy&if tav;ðy=u&w,f? tav;rðy&if zrf;+yD;'%f±d kufEd kifw,f? w&m;pG J+yD; ta&;,lEd kifw,f? 'g[m Ed kifiHawmf Oya'yJ? tck[mu 'Dae&m[m ±kyf&Sif±H kawmifr[kwfbl;? axmifæ axmif?




86 0if;wif h xGef;


axmifxJrSmvJ Ed kifiHawmftvHud k tav;rðywm[m ta&;,lEd kifwJh jypfr_yJ? tJ'ga=umif hæ”olu pum;pjzwf&if; usaemf hrsufESmqDxyft=unf hrSmæ“tJ'gu ud k,fu ol @±kyf&Sif±H kxJoGm;=unf hwmav? ud k,fu ol @pnf;rsOf;udkrvd kufemcsif&if oGm;

r=unfhbJ aevdkuf±H kyJ/ udk,fu ol @*GifxJoGm;wmud k;/ rvd kufemwmrdawmh cHvd kuf&wm awmfao;wmaygh? tck[mu 'DaxmifxJ usaemfua&mufcsifvd k @ a&mufvmcJ h&wmr[kwfbl;? olwd k @zrf;ac:+yD; rw&m;xnf hvd kufvd k @a&mufvmcJ h&wm? tJ'Dolwd k @tay: r,H k=unfwJ hqef @usifwJ hjypfr_qd kwmeJ @vJ axmifxJ0ifae&wm(3)ESpf&S d+yD/ aemufxyfvJ ESpfawGusefao;w,f? tJ'gbmjzpfvd k @ usaemfu olwd k @ rqvtvHud ktav;ðy&rSmvJ/ usaemfrðywm usaemfw&m;w,f”

usaemfuvJ usaemf hoabmxm;ud k azmfxkwf&if; ol @&JŒ&Sif;jycsufud k jyefvnfacsyvdkufw,f?olu [l;ceJoufjyif;wcsufr_wfxkwf&if; “'g[m Ed kifiHawmftvHygAsm/ Ed kifiHawmfud k ud k,fpm;ðyxm;wJ h

tvHyg/ bmtvHnmtvHqd k+yD;r=unf hygeJ @/ ud k,f hEd kifiHud k ud k,fav;pm;w,fqd kwJ h oabm=unf hprf;ygAsm”vd k @ quf+yD; &Sif;vif;w,f?

“tJvdkqdk&ifæ [dkwkef;u tvHa[mif;ud k xm;ygvm;/ bmvdk @tvHajymif;wmvJ/ 'DtvH[mrqvuvkyfxm;wJ h rqvtvHyJ/ usaemf tav;rðyEd kifbl;”

usaemfuvJ ol@&Sif;vif;csufudk wcsufrusefqufacsyw,f? olu t=uHttd kufoGm;[efeJ@tjyifbuf qDai;=unf hw,f? +yD;awmhæ

“usaemfu cifAsm;twGufajymjywmyg? usaemfvJ rwwfEd kifawmhbl;? ck[mu wd kifxm;wmqd k

awmh cifAsm;uvJ tav;rðyEd kifbl;qd kawmh axmifyd kif}uD;qD owif;yd k @&rSm? tckaxmifyd kif}uD;u &efukeftpnf;ta0 oGm;aew,f? 'k - axmifyd kif}uD;qD owif;yd k @&vdrf hr,f? axmifyd kif}uD;u olu pma&;q&m/cifAsm;u i,fuwnf;u pma&;wJ holqd k+yD; oHa,mZOf&S dw,f? usaemfu cifAsm;ud k jy\emray:apcsifbl;? cifAsm;pOf;pm;ygtH k;”

olu usaemf hud k azsmif hzsygao;w,f?usaemfu usaemf hyd kif;jzwfxm;csuft& acgif;&rf;jyvdkufygw,f? “uJ - oGm;Ed kif+yD”vd k @ olu

ajymawmh usaemftaqmifud k jyefvmcJ hygw,f?

tck 'DaxmifrSmaxmifyd kif}uD;r&S dbl;? tpnf;ta0;oGm;wufaew,fqd kawmh usaemf 0rf;omovd kvdkjzpfrdygw,f? bmvd k @vJqd kawmh axmifydkif}uD; q&m&efatmifarmifarmif[m usaemfeJ @&if;ES D;cJ hol?usaemftxufwef;ausmif;om;b0 i,fi,fwkef;u ol @tdrfrSm xrif;eyfaygif;rsm;pGm pm;cJ hzl;w,f?tJ'Dwkef;u olu uomaxmifrSm axmifydkif? usaemfu OD;av;uausmif;xm;ay;vd k @ OD;av;&S dwJ htif;awmfrSm? uomc±d kifpmayv_yf&Sm;r_awGxJ tif;awmfa&muf usaemf[m i,fi,f&G,f&G,feJ @ yg0ifaecJ hzl;w,f? tJ'D pmayeJ @ywfouf+yD; q&m&efatmifarmifarmifeJ @ odu|rf;cJ h&zl;+yD;/ usaemfq,fwef;ajzawmh ol @tdrfrSmwnf;cd kif;+yD; ajzcJ h&w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u tif;awmfrSm pmppfXmer&S dao;vd k @ uomoGm;

ajz&r,fqd kawmh q&m&efatmifarmifarmifu usaemf htay: vd kvd kvm;vm;eJ @ pmaypdwfeJ @vufcHcJ hwm?txufwef;ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u uAsmeJ @0wKwd kav;awGa&;aewJ h usaemh fud k uavmiform;av;wa,muftjzpf q&m&efatmifarmifarmifu odxm;cJhwm? usaemfq,fwef;atmifcJhwmol @tdrfrSm wnf;cd kaexd kifajzqd k&if;u atmifcJ hwm? usaemf h&JŒ vufoif0wKwd kav;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmud k




0if;wif h xGef; 87

q&m&efatmifarmifarmif zwf±_cJ hzl;ygw,f? uH=urRm&JŒ tvSnf htajymif;awGatmufrSm q,f hav;ig;ESpft=umrSm usaemfeJ @q&m&efatmifarmifarmif jyefvnfawG @qH k&awmh olu emrnfausmfom,m0wDaxmif}uD;&JŒaxmifydkif}uD;? usaemfu tif;pdefaxmif}uD;uae axmifajymif;ydk@jcif;cH&wJh EdkifiHa&;

tusOf;om;? wu,f hud k 0wKwyk'fvd k 0wKqefaecJ hygw,f?tvHtav;rðyr_qd kwJ hjy\emtwGuf aemufqH k;xdyfwd kufñuHawG @&rSmu oleJ @usaemfyg? olu

axmiftm%myd kif/ usaemfu Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;? usaemfu usaemf hEd kifiHa&;&yfwnfcsuft& jywfjywfom;om;&yfwnfzd k@ qH k;jzwf+yD;om;? 'Dvd ktajctaerSm olr&S dbl;qd kawmh oleJ @ awhvG JvG JoGm;&wmqd kawmh usaemf hpdwfxJ 0rf;omovd kvd kjzpfrdwmawmhtrSef?

wem&Davmuft=umrSm ‘tav;ðy’qd kwJ h toHawGeJ @twl axmifrdef;a*s;±H k;zufqD 'kwd,axmifyd kif}uD;bd k=unf 0ifvmwm&dyfceJ vSrf;jrifvd kuf&ygw,f?

ig;rdepfavmuft=umrSm wzuftaqmifu usaemf hb0wl&JabmfawGjzpfwJ h OD;azwif/ ud kpHEk/xGef;0if;wd k @wawG wa,muf+yD;wa,muf ac:xkwfjcif;cHae&wm usaemf htaqmiftay:uae vSrf;jrifae&ygw,f? bd k=unfu wa,mufcsif; ac:ar;aewmyg? wa,muf+yD;wa,muf ud k,f htaqmifud k,fjyefoGm;=uwmudkvJ usaemfjrifvdkuf&ygw,f? olwdk@b,fvdkajzqdk=uovJqdkwm usaemfrodyg?aemufqHk; usaemhftvSnfhqD qdkufa&mufvmygw,f? usaemfhudk taqmifrª; oef;axG;udk,fwdkifvmac:ygw,f?

'kwd,axmifyd kif}uD;bd k=unf b,f havmuf yg;uGufom;yDoovJqd kwm tif;pdefaxmifrSmuwnf;

u wpGef;wp =um;odzl;+yD;jzpfygw,f? axmifrª;av;b0uwnf;u tusOf;om;awGtay: b,fhavmuf&uf&ufpuf pufvkyfwwfwm/ txl;ojzif h Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtay: =urf;=urf;&rf;&rf;udkifwG,fES dyfuGyfwwfwm =um;od&zl;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? axmif;rª;b0u Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGud kudk,fwdkifvufoHajymifajymif0if&dkufcGJjycJh wm/ axmifwGif;a&muf ausmif;om;&Jabmfav;awGudkyufyufpufpuf ±d kufESufaqmfyavmfwD;jycJ hwmawG usaemfaumif;aumif;=um;odcJhzl;+yD;jzpfygw,f?bd k=unf[m axmifrª;av;b0uwnf;u emrnfqd k;eJ @ausmfapmcJ holyg? (rSwfcsuf? ? e0w vufxufrSm &Jausmfolvm; &JAvvm;/ bG J @awmif&cJ hwJ hol)

usaemf0ifvmwmud k 'kaxmifyd kif}uD;bd k=unf h[m a&$ud kif;rsufrSef=um;uae cyfxefxef vSrf;=unf haeygw,f? ol @ab;rSm axmifrª;}uD;/ rdef;a*s;vf axmifrª;av;oef;vGifeJ @ axmif0g'gESpfa,mufwd k @uAsm'dwfcHtaetxm;eJ @ ywf0d kif;0ef;&H&yfae=uygw,f? olu ppcsif; æ

“rif;u Ed kifiHawmftvHud k tav;rðybl;qd kuG”“[kwfw,f”“bmvd k @tav;rðyovJ”tHud kwcsufwif;vd kuf+yD; olu qufar;w,f?

“usaemf Ed kifiHa&;r_eJ @usvmwm”usaemfu wd kwd kwkwfwkwfyJ tajzay;vd kufygw,f?“'Dr,f/ a*s;rJefEl&,f (Jail Manual) rSm axmifvufpG J Oya'rSm tusOf;om;wd kif; Ed kifiHawmftvHud k

tav;ðy&r,f/ tav;rðyvd k @r&bl;uG/ tav;rðywm[m axmifpnf;urf; axmifOya'ud k csKd;azmuf




88 0if;wif h xGef;


wmjzpfw,f”ol@toHu ol@rsufESmeJ@vdkufzufvSpGm xefjyif;wif;rmaew,f? ol@rsufaphtpHkuvJ emZD

[pfwvm&JŒrsufaphtpH kvd d kvd k/ td kufcref;&JŒrsufaphtpH kvd kvd k pl;vufaew,f?

“axmifyd kif}uD;uvJ rif;ud kodw,fqd kvd k @/ igwd k @u ri;faumif;aumif;rGefrGefaew,fqd k&if oufomtqifajyr,f hae&mawmif csxm;ay;rvd k @? ckawmh rif;u p+yD;jy\emazmfwmayghuGm/ 'gæ axmifjy\emay:atmif azmfwmuG” a'geJ @armeJ @ajym&if; ol @&JŒao;i,f&ufpufwJ h rsufaphtpHkeJ @ usaemfhrsufESmud k pd kuf=unf hw,f?

“axmifOya'ud k b,fawmhrS tcsKd;azmuf rcHEd kifbl;uG/ rif; Ed kifiHawmftvHud k tav;ðy&r,f”'g ightrdef @/ armifrif;emcHap/ emud k emcH&r,fqd kwJ h wcsufv$wftrdef @ay;oHrsKd;eJ @ cyfwif;wif;ajym

vmw,f?

“usaemf tav;rðyEd kifbl;/ b,fawmhrS tav;rðybl;”usaemfu wvH k;csif; at;at;aq;aq; tajzay;vd kufw,f?bd k=unfrsufESmwckvH k; &Joxuf &Jvmw,f? qDOD;axmywfawGcsnf; pm;aomufrsKdqd k @vmcJ hwJ h

rsufESmtpftpf tqDysHysHrsufESm}uD;[m rmefzDaewJ h AD,uferf0ufjzLod k;}uD;waumif&JŒ rsufESmrsKd;jzpfvmw,f?

“rif;u b,fvd kaumifvJuG? igæ Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsKd;pH keJ @ñuHzl;w,f? [d k;wkef;u OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk @OD;baqGwd k @vd k yk*~ dKvf}uD;awGeJ @vJ axmifxJrSm ñuHzl;w,f? olwd k @u odyfeyfw,f? odyfyg;w,f? odyf

pnf;±H k;wwfw,f? axmifxJrSm b,fvd kyk*~ dKvfud k b,fvd kqufqH&r,fqd kwm odyfem;vnfw,f? taeacsmifatmifaewwfw,f?”

[kwfovm; r[kwfovm;qd kwmawmh usaemfrod?'kwd,axmifyd kif}uD; bd k=unf[m usaemf hrsufESmud k pd kuf=unf h&if; tm%myd kifwa,muf&JŒ avoH

[efyeftjynf heJ @ quf&$ D;aew,f?“EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwm tJ'Dvdk nuf&w,f? rif;u bmEdkifiHa&;orm;vJuG/ udk,hfud k,fud k,f

taeacsmif atmifraewwfbl;? ud k,h ftcGif hta&; ud k,fydwfwJ haumif/ aomuf±l;yJ? 'g æ t}uD;rm;qH k;

axmifpnf;urf;csKd;azmufr_yJ/ Ed kifiHawmfud kyg apmfum;r_yJ”bd k=unfu usaemf htay: t}uD;tus,fqH k;pG Jcsuf}uD;awGygwif&if; tay:pD;uae armufarmuf

rmrm apmfum;jyaew,f?“a[haumifæ rif;ud k ig aemufqH k;ar;r,f/ Ed kifiHawmftvHud k tav;ðyrvm;/ rðybl;vm;”olu tHud k wcsuf}udwfvd kuf+yD; aemufqH k; &mZoHud k wif;wif;rmrmay;vmw,f? axmifrª;av;

oef;vGiftyg tem;&S dvltm;vH k;u usaemf hrsufESmqD vSrf;=unf hw,f?“rqvtvHud k usaemf tav;rðyEd kifbl;”

usaemfhajzoHtqHk;rSm 'k axmifydkif}uD;bdk=unf[m wl;wl;cg;cg; rkef;rkef;wD;wD;t=unfheJ@quf=unf h+yD;æ

“'Daumif t±l;/ t±l;wd kufyd k@ ydwfvd kuf”aemufqH k; pD&ifcsufud k csrSwfay;vd kufygw,f?




0if;wif h xGef; 89

aemufqH k;awmh 'Dwd kufcef;usOf;av;xJa&mufvm&ygawmhw,f?t±l;wd kufæ wJ h? bd k=unf&JŒE_wfxGufpum;t& t±l;wd kufqd kyguvm;?tif;pdefaxmifrSmaecJ hwkef;uvJ wd kufaygif;pH krSmaecJ hzl;+yD/ t±l;wd kufqdkwmawmh r=um;zl;bl;cJ h?

ppfacG;wd kuf/ vufyg;wd kufwdk @awmh =um;zl;cJ hw,f? 'Dom,m0wDaxmifrSmvJ wd kufxJaecJ h&zl;+yD/ v,form;olykef}uD; q&mpHud kxm;cJ hw,fqd kwJ h wd kufud kvJjrifcJ hzl;+yD/ t±l;wd kufqd kwmud kawmh r=um;zl;cJ h?bd k=unftqd kt& t±l;wd kufqd kawmh 'Dwd kufud k bmvd k @ t±l;wd kufvd k @ac:wmygvdrf h? pOf;pm;aewkef;&S dao;/

“[m; [m;æ b,facG;vlxif&rSmwH k;uG/ vD;bJa[h” qd kwJ htoHeJ @twl jzef;ceJ jzef;ceJ oJr_ HawGusvmw,f/ usaemf htcef;a&SŒtxd usvmw,f? ab;b,fnm aumfyuf qkyfyufaeyH k&w,f? usaemf h&JŒnmbufuyf&uftcef;u usaemfh&JŒrod&ao;wJh tcef;azmf&JŒtoHeJ@ vufpGrf;jyv_yf&Sm;aer_yguvm;?

*wfpwmyd k oef;axG;&JŒzdeyfcsuf vufoD;csufawGa=umif h wud k,fvH k; ud kufcJemusif atmif hwufae&mu acgif;axmif+yD;x=unf hvd kufawmh usaemf htcef;0a&SŒwnf hwnf hrSm tifrwef}uD;wJ h acs;wH k;}uD;?rmawmif hrJeufaewJ h acs;wH k;}uD;? av;ig;ajcmufvufravmuf&S drvm; rajymwwf?

em&D0ufavmuft=umrSm “[mæ 'Daumifuawmh &rf;xm;jyef+yD/ acs;awGudk yGpm=uJvdk@/oJawGa&mtES H@yJ/ 'kuQygyJ”qd kwJ h nnf;oHeJ @twl wd kufwef;pD;jzpfyH k&ol[m wHjrufpnf;wd kwacsmif;eJ @vd kufvS Jaewmjrifvdkuf&w,f?

2?

wu,fu 'Dwdkuf[m aq;±Hk0if;xJuwdkuf? 'gayr,fh aq;±Hkwdkufawmhr[kwf? 'Dwdkuf&JŒa&SŒcyfuyfuyfrSm wxyfwd kufao;ao;wvHk;&S dao;w,f? tJ'Dwd kufxJrSmrS aq;&Hk0if;twGif;aecGif h csay;xm;wJ h ouf}uD;&G,ftd kwcsKd @ aexd kifae=uwJ htwGuf aq;±H kwd kufvd k @ajym&rSmyg? olwd k @uwmh eJeJ vGwfvyfw,f?

usaemf hud kxnf h+yD;ydwfxm;wJ hwd kufrSm tcef;rsm;rsm;r&Sdovdk/ wd kufydwfcHtusOf;om;vJ rsm;rsm;

&S d[efrwlyg? usaemf hab;cef; tcef;azmfuawmh oGufoGufvnfatmif±l;ae+yDjzpfwJ h tusOf;om; t±l;wa,mufyg?

usaemf h b,fbufcef;rSm vlr&S dyg? wcef;ausmfrSmawmh ±l;pðyaewJ h vlwa,muf/ oGufoGufvnfatmif ±l;aewmawmhr[kwf? wcsuf wcsufrSpdwfazmufwwfyH k&ygw,f? olu Armr[kwf/ tuf(z)tmpD (FRC)vd k @ pm&if;oGif;xm;wJ h tuf(z)tmpD w±kwfppfppfwa,muf? Armpum;vJ odyfwwf[efrwlyg? axmifxJa&mufrS eJeJ yg;yg;yJ wwfxm;wJ hArmpum;eJ @ usaemf hud k pum;ajymzd k @óud;pm;ygw,f?olajymwJ hpum;wd kif;ud k usaemfu em;rvnf?

ol @ud kawmh ae@vnfwd kif; wd kufwef;pD;‘ud kvmb’u a&csKd;xkwfay;wJ htwGuf usaemfvSrf;jrif&ygw,f? t&yf&Snf&Snf qHyif&Snf&Snf/ tom;ujzLjzLeJ@ vlyH kacsmav;wa,mufyg? rsufvH k;awGuawmhyHkrSefrusvSbJ &Da0qdkif;ysaeygw,f? wef;pD;udkvmbu b,fvdka[mufa[muf Armpum;udkvJaumif;aumif;em;rvnf[efeJ @ olvkyfcsifovd k vkyfygw,f?




90 0if;wif h xGef;


“awmuf æ 'Dt±l;uvJ awmfawmfcufwmbJ/ awmf+yD[/ a&'gavmufcsKd;& awmf+yDaygh/ ighrSmwjcm;vkyfp&mawG trsm;}uD;usefao;w,f/ ajymvJem;rvnfbl;? wu,fem;rvnfwmvm;/ em;rvnfcsifa,mifaqmifwmvm;uGm/ aoomaocsifawmhwmyJ” udkvmb&JŒ nnf;oHu a&csKd;xkwf

wd kif;vd kvdk =um;aejrifae&w,f?[k dbufqH k; tpGef;rSmu ESpfa,muf? wa,mufwcef;pD? olwd k @uawmh jypf'%form;awG/ axmif

xJrSmxyf+yD; jypfr_usL;vGefvd k @ wd kufydwf'%fcwfxm;wm?ae@vnfae@cif;awGrSm tuf(z)tmpDw±kwfuav;&JŒ w±kwfoDcsif;atmfatmfqd koH/ oHwd kifud k ajceJ @

uef+yD; pnf;csufvd kufoHawG em;tlcref; =um;&ygw,f? wcgw&Hawmh wkwfwkwfrS rv_yfjyef?usaemf hab;csif;uyf tcef;azmft±l;uawmh awmfawmfud k tqJoefw,f? wcgwcgqJ&if teJqH k;

em&D0uf? b,facG;rSvlrxifbl; qd kwmuawmh ol@vufoH k;pum;? &,fvd kuf&ifvJ cGufxd k;cGufvef?

usaemf hud k a&csKd;cGif hray;? *efzvm;vJcsp&mrvd k/ q,f&ufavmuf 'Dtwd kif;xm;w,f? tcef;axmif hrSm oJyH kwyH keJ @aygh? tif;pdefaxmif(6)wd kufrSmvJ acs;eJ @avmufeJ @aezl;awmh 'Davmufuawmhusaemf htzd k @ rqef;? &S daewJ hoJyH ku odyfrqd k;vS? 0ifumpu ajcmufajcmufaoG @aoG @/ bmrSr&S d? ud k,f hypPnf;eJ @ud k,f eJeJyg;yg; pd kpGwfeHapmfpðyvmcsdefavmufrSm quf&ufavmuft=umrSm wef;pD;ud kvmbvm+yD; oef @&Sif;a&;vkyfay;w,f? *efzvm;eJ @ tukefodrf;usKH;oGm;+yD;wJ haemuf oJyH krxm;awmhbJ *efzvm;ay;vmawmhw,f?

axmifrª;awG 0g'gawGvpf&ifvpfovd k vmvm+yD; usaemf hqDpum;pjrnfajymavh&S dwmuawmh

wef;pD;ud kvmbtygt0if crH kq&mawmf}uD;eJ @ b}uD;uH? olwd k @u aq;±H kwd kufrSm ae&olawG?ud kvmbu t&ifu bkef;}uD;? vlowfr_eJ @usvm+yD; vl0wfvJcJ h&wmvd k @qd kw,f?cr H kq&mawmf}uD;u touf(70)avmuf&S dae+y D? ouFef;e J @r[kwfawmh/ tay: jzL

atmufjzLaxmif0wfpH keJ @? pdwfykwD;rJrJ}uD;ud k vnfyif;rSmvG,fvd k @? yG Jrdef @r&bJ w&m;a[mr_wJ h?“'gavmuf±l;ae&Smwm bmvd k @ t±l;axmifryd k @ao;wmvJ/ t±l;axmifydk @oif hwmaygh”wae@ ud kvmbudk usaemf htcef;ab;u t±l;ta=umif;pum;pyfrd&if; ar;=unf hrdw,f?“rodygbl;Asm/ [d kwkef;uawmh taumif;wJ h/ axmifxJusrS ±l;+yD; tckvd kcG Jxm;wm? oufqd kif&m

pmwifxm;w,fqd kvm;yJ? tif;æ axmifxJrSm ±l;oGm;wmawmifrvG,fygbl;Asm? qufæ wd kufydwfcHxm;&w,f”

bkef;}uD;vlxGuf ud kvmbu nnf;w,f?crk Hq&mawmf}uD;uawmh usaemf htcef;a&SŒ tcsdef=um=umvm&yf&if;æ“ykxkZaemæ OrRwWaumæ wJ h? ykxkZOfrSefor# t±l;csnf;ygbJ? olwd k @u tm%m±l;? 'gayr,f h

'Dt±l;u wrl;omaewmawmh cufom;wum&JŒ”wJ h?usaemfðyH;vd kufrdygw,f?

b}uD;uHuawmh v,form;td k}uD;? rsufaphu araumif;&Sm? 'DxJa&mufrS yd kqd k;vmwmvd k @ ajymw,f? wm0efauspyg; roGif;vd k @qd k+yD; olwd k@&GmaumifpDvl}uD;u ac: }udrf;awmh pyg;rSr&S dwm bmoG if;&rvJvd k @ jyefajym&if; tcsif;rsm;&mu "m;eJ@ckwfcJ hwJ htr_wJ h? toufuvJ ajcmufq,fausmf rsufaphuvJ raumif;awmhvd k @ aq;±H kwd kuf xJa&mufvmwm? tvHtav;rðyr_eJ @a&mufvm&wmrSef; odaewJ h




0if;wif h xGef; 91

b}uD;uHuæ“rd k;cg;a&aomufwJ h yH kjyif=um;zl;w,fr[kwfvm;? rd k;cg;a&aomuf+yD; bk&ifvJ&l;/ rª;rwfawGvJ

±l;ukefwm? rd k;cg;a&raomufvd k @ r±l;wJ hvlaumif;awGudk t±l;awGu t±l;t±l;vd k@ajymwm/ tJ'Dvd kyJuG”wJ h?

usaemfu 'Dwd kufcef;usOf;av;xJrSm qufvufwd kufydwfcHxm;&if; “'Daumif t±l;/ t±l;wd kufydwfvdkuf” qdkwJh 'k axmifydkif}uD;bdk=unfh&JŒrsufESmudkyJ c%c%jyefjrifaerd&if;/ bdk=unf[mtm%m±l;vm;? rd k;cg;a&aomuf ±l;vm;qd kwmud kyJ o±kyfcGJ=unf haerdygawmhw,f? Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




92 0if;wif h xGef;


6 wd kufrS mavmufud kufwm cHzl;ovm;


0if;wif h xGef;




0if;wif h xGef; 93

(1)

“(6)wd kufrSm avmufud kufwm cHzl;ovm;a[h”arsmuftd k}uD;wifvwfajymajymaewkef;uawmh 'Davmufoabmraygufrd? urB may:rSm tifrwef

tcsKd;tqufrusvSwJ h arsmuftd k}uD;waumifvd k vufjyifuukef;ukef;/ ezl;uwGef @wGef @/ rsufESm}uD;

u±_HŒwGwGeJ@ ol,kwfrmwdk@&JŒt*F gvuQ%mtm;vHk; ol@wa,mufxJtay:rSm tukefpkðyHwyfqifay;xm;ovm;xif&avmufwJ h OD;wifvwfudk EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;u “arsmuftdk}uD;”vd k@v#Kd @0Sufemrnfay;xm;ygw,f? olvm+yDqd k&if wu,fud k arsmuftd k}uD;waumif0ifvmovd k ukef;uGukef;uGeJ @0ifvmwwfovd k wcef;cef;u wOD;OD;ud kawmh rxdcvkwf xdcvkwfjzpfjzpf/ qlyl}udrf;armif;wmjzpfjzpf/ tjypf&Smwm oa&mfwmjzpfjzpf vkyfavh&S dygw,f?

“a=omfæ bk&m;wumæ 'g tvSLcHZ&yfr[kwfzl;/ axmif - axmif/ axmifrSwd kuf - wd kufvd k @ac: w,f/ tjyifrSmwkef;uawmh wd kufvd kufr,f cd kufvd kufr,feJ @&J&JawmufvmcJ h+yD; tckrS aumif;r_wck

ae@pOfðy*d kufeJ @ pmav;awGud k pyg;vH k;aumufau|;aeovm;/ wd kufa&SŒrSm pmav;awGvmem;atmifvkyfvd k@r&bl;/ r[m*±k%mawmf}uD;awGvJ pmav;awGtay:rSm jyoraeeJ @/ aus;apwrefawG pmapwrefawGv$wfzdk@vJ pOf;pm;raeeJ@ r&bl;/ aemuf pyg;vHk;udk rpm;Edkifvdk@ aumufypfw,fqdk&ifvJudk,f h[mud kaumuf - +yD;awmh *efzvm;xJxnf h/ wdkufa&SŒypf+yD;pmarG;vd k @ r&bl;/ rSwfxm;”wJ h?

(5)wdkufrSmae&wkef;u xrif;rpm;cif pyg;vHk;av;awGaumuf+yD; tcef;a&SŒrvSrf;rurf;rSmvmvmem;wwfwJh pmav;ESpfaumifa&SŒypfau|;rdvdk@ ajcoHr=um;atmifvmacsmif;wwfwJharsmuftdk}uD;eJ @awG @oGm;+yD; tckvd k=o0g'ay;oGm;wmcHvd kuf&jcif;jzpfygw,f? (5)wd kuf[m tcef;(22)

cef;&S dygw,f? tvsm;vd kuftcef;(22)cef;ud k wcef;eJ @wcef;=um; tkwfeH&Hxyf+yD;jcm;xm;ygao;w,f?teH(8)ay/ tvsm;(10)ayavmuf&S dr,fvd k @xif&wJ htcef; av;awG[m wqufwnf;zG J @pnf;xm;wmjzpfwJ htwGuf wcef;u pum;us,fus,fajym&if uyf&ufom;tcef;uawmh cyfwd k;wd k;=um;&Ed kifygw,f?'ga=umif h 0g'gawGtvpftvpfrSm wcef;eJ @wcef; cd k;cd k;+yD; pum;pjrnfajym=u avh&S dygw,f? 0g'gawGuvJr=umc% tvpfray;yJ cd k;em;axmifavh&S dygw,f? wd kufxJrSm wcef;eJ @wcef;vSrf;+yD; pum;ajymwm[mvJ axmifOya't& tifrwef}uD;u,fwJ h axmifpnf;urf;csdK;azmufr_}uD;wckygyJ? cd k;em;axmif+yD; rdatmifzrf; pum;ajymwJholudk enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@[def;wwfa[mufwwfwmuawmh 0g'gawG

tm;vHk;vdkvdkygyJ? 'DxJrSm vufarmif;rSm t&pfESpf&pfwyfxm;wJh 0g'gt=uyf arsmuftdk}uD;[mtqd k;qH k;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umif h 0g'g tvpf wcef;eJ @wcef; vSrf;tquftoG,fðy pum;ajym=u&ygw,f?u|efawmf hud kawmh u|efawmfwd k @&JabmfwGu “uAsmq&m”wJ h? (ckcsdeftxd axmifxJurvGwf&&Smao;wJ h) ud kpd k;jrif hud kawmh ‘bm*sm}uD;’wJ h? ud kausmf0if;ud k awmh ‘ykavG’wJ h? atmifoef;jrif hud kawmh ‘ry'g’/

0if;wif hxGef;

6 wd kufrS m avmufud kufwm cHzl;ovm;

6 wk dufrS mavmufud kufwmcHzl;ovm;Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



94 0if;wif h xGef;


taz OD;av;OD;±_wif}uD;ud kawmh ‘rkef @qDa=umf’wJ h? ausmfxl;ud kawmh‘ud k'go’/emrnf0SufawG toD;oD;&S d=uygw,f?

“rkef @qDa=umf/ rkef @qDa=umf ud k,fwd kifvkyfwJ h rkef @qDa=umf” qd kwJ h a&S;a[mif;oDcsif;oH}uD;xGufvm+yD

qdk&ifawmh tJ'gOD;av; OD;±_wifvSrf;+yD;qufoG,faewJhtoHygyJ? “ry'ga& æry'g&JŒ/ armif}uD;udk'gorSmjzifh cufu+yDuGm” qdkwJh Zmwfrif;om;[JoHxGufvm&ifawmh ausmfxl;u oleJ@tr_wGJatmifoef;jrif hud k vSrf;tquftoG,fðyoHygyJ?

“a=omf-bkef;}uD;/ a&;awmftrSef zwfawmhtoHwJ h? zkef;}uD;vd k@ac:ayr,f h a&;awmhbukef;eJ @/bkef;}uD;aygh? tif; - AH k;}uD;awmh vltaotaysmufyd krsm;wmaygh/ [kwfvm;AH k;}uD;” bmrSajymp&mr&Sdawmhbl;qdk&if arsmuftdk}uD;u vrf;qufav#mufoGm;&if; q&mawmf OD;y¾dwudk raxrJhjrifvkyfoGm;wm=um;&avh&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tr_wyf+yD;zrf;xm;jcif;cH&wJhq&mawmf[m cyfrqdwf

vkyfaeavh&S dayr,f h =um;&olwd kif;uawmh t0DpdcsKd;uyfr,f h arsmuftd k}uD;&JŒtoHud k em;=um;jyif;uyfjzpf&wmcsnf;jzpfygw,f?

“a[h ausmfxl;/ 'Dvd kwd kufcef;rsdK;[m òrd @xJrSm pay:waomif;avmuf ray;bJr&bl;? wHcg;rS oHwHcg;eJ@/ aomhcavmufrS ESpfckxyfwyfay;xm;ao;w,f/ tapmif hta&SmufuvJae@a&mnyg (24)em&Dtajynf h/ rif;wd k @tdyfaewmawmif wd k @0g'gawGrSm tvJtvS,feJ @ apmif h=uyfay;vd k @? a[m - xrif;pm;awmhvJ tcsdefrSef'Haygufxrif;eJ @uGmæ [J [J” arsmuftd k}uD;&JŒ&doHavSmifoH[m wOD;r[kwfwOD;awmh cH&ñuH&wmcsnf;jzpfygw,f? u|efawmfwd k @axmifxJ wd kufxJ0if&csdefrSm au|;wJ hxrif;[m ‘qefjzL’

r[kwfao;yg? vH k;wD;xrif;? pyg;vHk;Ed kif;csif;/ cJuygao;/ vH k;wD;qefrS atmufapmfuvJeHvd kufao;?0ufawmifrpm;wJhpyg;ud krsm; =uHzef&SmazG}udwfcGJ+yD; csufay;aeovm;rajymwwf? 'efyef;uefjym;ydef±_ HŒ±_ HŒay:u vH k;wD;xrif;yH k[m eDwDwD0gwmwm ta&mifrsKd;pH kygae+yD; trSwfwrJ hta0;uaevSrf;=unf hvdkuf&if ‘'Haygufxrif;’ta&mif xaeygw,f? 'gud k arsmuftd k}uD;u‘'Haygufxrif;’vd k @ tr$rf;wifajymqdkvdkufwmjzpfygw,f?

wcgawmh b,f hES,fvJa[h 'Haygufxrif;av; aEG;aEG;av;uGmvd k @ ausmfxl;ud k arsmuftd k}uD;uoGm;uvdawmh/ “'Dvd k 'Haygufxrif;av; cifAsm;vJpm;=unf hygvm;”vd k @ jyefESufoH=um;vd kuf&ygw,f?

ud k'goawmh jyefESufae+yDvd k @ pdwfxJuaevufckyfwD;ay;&if; qufem;axmif=unh fvd kufawmh æ“trav; - armifrif;}uD;om;wdk @yJ pm;=uyg/ 0atmifpm;=uyg/ igawmhrpm;yg&apeJ @/ rif;wdk @om

wd kif;jynftkyfcsKyf rif;vkyfcsifwJ h ‘tavmif;’ av;awGqd kawmh/ igajymwm tavmif;tvsmr[kwfzl;aemftavmif;av;awG/ tavmif;av;awG”qd kwJ harsmuftd k}uD;&JŒa[mifzGma[mifzGmtoHeJ @twl ezl;wGef @wGef @±_ HŒ±_ HŒ}uD;ud k ESpfqavmufxyf±_ HŒ+yD;xGufvmwJ h arsmuftd k}uD;&JŒrsufESmud k tcef;a&SŒu jzwfxGufoGm;wmjrifvd kuf&ygwm,f? u|efawmfðyH;vd kufrdygw,f?

aoewfta=umif;od+yD; aoewfud kifvmcJ hwJ hol aoewfeJ@owfjzwfvmcJ hwh Jol[m aoewfud k

yd ka=umufwwfovd k/ axmifxJwd kufxJta=umif;od+yD; axmifeJ @wd kufeJ @toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ðyvmcJ holaxmifeJ @wd kufeJ @ n‡Of;yef;ES dyfpufvmcJ hol[mvJ axmifeJ @wd kufud kyd k+yD; a=umufvef @wwf wkefv_yfwwfyH k&ygw,f?

a=umufwwfol[m ajcmufwwfolvJ jzpfyH k&ygw,f? arsmuftdk}uD;&JŒvufoH k;pum;uawmh “




0if;wif h xGef; 95

(6)wd kufrSm avmufud kufcHcsifovm;” qd kwmeJ @ “ (6)wd kufrSm avmufud kufcHzl;ovm; ” qd kwm jzpfygw,f? jy\emwckckay:&if/ tvd kruswJ hudpPwckckay:vm&if “ (6)wd kufrSm avmufud kufcHoGm;&r,f”qd kwJ hpum;ud k tm;&yg;& ±_HŒrJ h+yD; ajymavh&S dygw,f? tpurS cyfusOf;usOf;rsufayguftpHk[m ±_ HŒrJ h+yD;

tm;&yg;&ajymvd kufwJ htcg ezl;a=um±_ HŒ±_ HŒ}uD;awG=um;xJ rSm rsOf;wom;wnf;vd k jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f?tckawmh arsmuftd k}uD;&JŒ“ (6)wd kufrSm avmufud kufcHzl;ovm;a[h ”qd kwJ hpum;ud k u|efawmf

vufawG @cHpm;od&Sdae&yg+yD;? ememusnf;usnf; cg;cg;onf;onf; ñuHawG @ae&yg+yD?

Ð Ð Ð

“'Daumifhud kæatmvf”oydwfa&mifxaewJ htom;ta&mifa=umif h ‘a&$usD;’vd k @ emrnfay;xm;jcif;cH&wJ h ppfaxmufvSrf;

a&;Ad kvf}uD;waumifu 0g'gud kvSrf;ajymvd kuf+yD;wJ haemuf/ tif;pdefaxmif ppfa=uma&;wd kuftwGif;uaexGufvm&+yD;wJ haemuf u|efawmf(6)wd kufxJa&mufvm&ygw,f? (6)wd kuf tcef; eHygwf(6)?

“a[haumif tukefc|wf tukefc|wf/ bmrS0wfxm;vd k @r&bl; zdeyfygc|wf”0g'gwaumifu tukefc|wf+yD; t0wftpm;rSefor# odrf;oGm;ygw,f? twGif;u oHwHcg;ud k aomh

cwfvd kufwJ htjyif tjyifuopfom;wHcg;ud kvJ *sdKif;ceJaqmif hydwfvd kufwmeJ @wòydifeuf yxrqH k; cHpm;vd kuf&wmu tarSmif"mwf/ tarSmifeJ @wqufwnf;uyfygvmwmu ta[mifeH @? tarSmifeJ @ ta[mif

[m b,f[mu b,f[m&JŒt&ifvd k @ ajymvd k @r&atmif wom;wnf;a&m,Sufae+yD; (6) wd kuf (6)cef;xJpwifpHjref;&ygawmhw,f?

tcef;av;[m(5)wd kufu tcef;xuf w0ufavmufyJ&S dr,f htjyif/ (5)wd kufxJwkef;uvd k zsmpkwfav;wcsyfrSvJr&S dawmhyg? ao;*efzvm;/ acs;*efzvm;vJ wvH k;rSr&Sdawmhyg? a'gif hauG;rSm&S daewmuoJyH kav;wyH k? ryDrotvif;a&mif,J h,J hatmufrSm oJyH kav;wyH k? acs;eJ @ao;a&maESmaewJ h oJyH kcsdKif hwGif;av;xJrSmawmh ‘avmuf’ awG/ avmufawGæ? v_yfv_yf v_yfv_yfeJ @ acs;xJao;xJrSm aysmfae=uovm;/yG Jawmfwnfae=uovm; rajymwwfyg? &G Hp&mawmh awmfawmfaumif;? avSmifydwfxm;wJ htarSmifcef;

av;xJrSm/ a[mifapmfeHaewJ h acs;eH @ao;eH @awG wv_ difv_ dif=um;xJrSm avmufawGtóudufESpfoufwwfqH k;&moDOwkrsKd;jzpfaeord k @vm; rajymwwf? azmuf azmuf/ azmufazmufqd kwJ htoHav;awGawmifrSxGufaevd kufygao;w,f?

rdarG;wd kif; zarG;wd kif;cE<mud k,feJ @ oHwd kifem;u tcef;a'gif hauG;av;rSm tomt,mxd kifcsvd kufawmha&cJwH k;ay:zifckxd kifvd kuf&ovd k usifceJ at;pdrf hoGm;ygw,f? orHovif;ay:u tat;"mwfud k;? at;prf; at;prf; at;prf;uG? a&$usD;rsufESm bGm;ceJ ay:vmovd k ‘atmvf’qd kwm 'grsKd;ud k;qd kwJ h todud kemusifcHcufpGm rSwfom;xm;vd kufrdw,f? ‘wd kuf’xJxnf h+yD; ES dyfpufxm;&wmawmif tm;r& ao;vd k @

wd kuf&JŒwd kuftjzpf (6)wd kufxJxnfh/ opfom;wHcg;}uD;ygxyfydwf/ wud k,fvH k; tm;vHk; tukefc|wf/zsmwcsyfapmifyg;av;wxnfawmifray;bJ acs;,d kp&m ao;aygufp&m *efzvm;av; awmif&S dcGif hray;yJtckvd k aocsifovd kaoxm;vd kufwmud k “atmvf”vd k @ac:wmrsm;vm;? ‘atmvf’ qd kwmu ‘tm;vH k;’‘tukefvH k;’ qd kwh J t"dym,fyJr[kwfvm;?




96 0if;wif h xGef;


“'Dr,f a[haumif/ rif;u uAsmq&m[kwfvm;/ 0wKawG bmawGvJa&;w,f[kwfvm;/ bmuAsmvJ/ tpd k;&raumif;a=umif;a&;wJ huAsmvm;/ ig rif;uAsmpmtkyfzwf=unf h+yD;+yD/ bmwJ h - tJ'DpmtkyfxJrSm ‘ESif;qDeD’ wJ h ‘ESif;qDeDawG æ a0aeapcsif’wJ h [kwfvm;/ ESif;qDeDqd kwm rif;tarvif

uGefjrLepfawGud k ajymcsifwmvm;/ +yD;awmh bmwJ h [d kæ‘tdyfr&wJ h/ nænrsm;rSm/ tdyf&muqif;/ESif;qD cif;qD’wJ h? rif;ajymcsifwmu ckacwf}uD;[m naygh? tarSmifacwf}uD;aygh/ tdyfr&vd k @ ESif;qDcif;qDvSrf;=unf hoaygh? 'g olykefwrf;csif;yJ? a[haumifaeOD;/ ri;fu awmifilaqmif ArmpmXmetay:xyfuuAsmq&mwifrd k;qd kwJ hvlqDud kvJ oGm;oGm;aew,fqd k/ tJ'D wifrd k;eJ @aum rif;b,fvd kywfoufovJ”

ppfa=uma&;wkef;u a&$usD;&JŒaumufuspfuspf usD;uef;rsufvH k;awGeJ @ rqDrqd kifpGyfpG JcsufawGud kvJoGm;o wd&aerdjyefw,f? “bmrSrqd kifbl;/ bmrSrywfoufbl;”u|efawmf h atmfoHtqH k;rSm “ratvd k;/rif;u bl;wvH k; aqmif td katmifrqif;&Jqd kwmrSwfxm;+yD; ajymaewmvm;/ 'Dr,f/ 'd k @qDr,f bl;wvH k;

aqmif td kawmifrqif;&J æ r[kwfzl;uG/ bl;wvH k;aqmif aoawmif tavmif;rvS jzpfoGm;r,f/”a&$usD;&JŒpkwfc|ef;c|ef;rsufESm[m u|efawmhftrSwfonmxJcsufcsif; bDvl;±kyf}uD;ajymif;oGm;

aejyefw,f? tpG,f}uD;rSjyL;vd k @? u|efawmf tHud k}udwfxm;vd kufrdw,f?“[d k avxD;tkef;armifqd kwJ haumif}uD;eJ @ ukvm;}uD;&m*sefqd kwmaum/ rif;eJ @b,fvd kywfouf

ovJ”“bmrSrywfoufzl;”“bmuG ratvd k;/ bmar;ar; rywfoufbl;/ rodbl;/ +yD;awmh ol @trSm;oljrif+yD; trSeftwd kif;

'd k@ud ktukefazmfajymaewJ haumifud kvJ ri;fu av#mufrazmfeJ @/ owfr,fvd k @usdef;w,fqdk/ 'Dr,f rif;vd kaumifrsKd;ud kom 'd k @uaoatmifowfcsifwm/ wjznf;jznf;av;eJ @ rif;[mrif; aooGm;ap&r,fæ”

a&$usD;u u|efawmhtay: b,fwkef;urSvJ bmudpPeJ @rSvJ rywfoufzl;ygvsufeJ @ tòid;}uD;}uD;ajymqd kaecJ hwmud kvJ owd&aerdjyefw,f? ppfceJ ESvH k;om;xJuemusifoGm;ovd k wifyg;uvJem ovd kvk d cHpm;vd kuf&w,f? tdyfaysmfovd kjzpfoGm;&mu rsufaphyGwf+yD; =unf hvd kufrdawmh avmufwaumif?wifyg;ud k vmxd k;aewmyguvm;? [mæ ajcaxmufrSmvJ av;ig;aumif? wv_yfv_yfeJ @ vlud k acs;wH k;}uD;vdk @rsm; xifaeovm;?

zswfceJ vufeJ @cgcsvd kufrd+yD; rwfwyf&yfvd kufwkef;rSm a&S @wnf hwnf huopfom;wHcg;r}uD;ay: ‘csyf’ceJ toH=um;vd kuf&+yD; ajcmufvufr oH k;vufravmuf tvif;wef; uav;ay:vmw,f? ajcmif;+yD;=unfhwJ h vl=unf haygufuav;ygvm;? aemuf - cyf0g;0g;jzpfoGm;w,f? rsufESm}uD;wd k;uyfvdkufwJhtwGuf vif;ae&mu arSmifoGm;wJ hoabm? rsufvH k;tpH k? tifrwef aumufuspfpOf;vJwJ h rsufvH k;ao;ao;av;wpH k? odwmaygh? arsmuftd k}uD; rsufvk H;? ezl;a=um±_ HŒ±_ HŒ}uD;awG =um;xJursufvH k;?

“(6)wd kufrSm avmufud kufwm cHcsifovm;a[h”iSufqd k;xd k;oH toHjyJjyJ}uD; xGufvm+yD;aemuf/ csyfceJ vlacsmif;=unf haygufav; ydwfoGm;ygw,f?

Ð Ð Ð




0if;wif h xGef; 97

(5)wd kufrSmae&wkef;uvd k “ud k'goa&æud k'go&JŒ” “ry'ga& æ ry'g&JŒ”qd kwJ htoHawGvJ r=um;& awmh? OD;av;OD;±_wif&JŒ“rkef @qDa=umf æ rkef @qDa=umf ud k,fwd kifvkyfwJ h rkef @qDa=umf ” ud kvJ em;rqif& awmh? bm*smud kpd k;jrif h}uD; &JŒ “òrd @jy&JŒt&dyf[mvJæ rat;jrygvm;avæ”qd kwJ h ajcqif; av;eJ @pvd kufwJ h

‘òrd @jyed'gef;’ oDcsif;oHeJ @vJ eJeJav;rS qufpyfcGif hr&awmh?tjyifbufrSm rd k;awG&Gmaewmud k tm±H kodu vSrf;jrifaew,f? (5)wd kufa&SŒu vSrf;=unf hvd kuf&if

rdef;raqmifawGbufqDu ukuUKdyif}uD;&JŒtud kif;tcufawG b,fnmv_yf,rf;aewmud kawmif vSrf;jrifaew,f? trd k;ay:rSm rd k;pufoHawGu wazsmufazsmufrd k @vm;? rd k;&GmcgeD;ayG;xlxl&S dwJ hvlawG yd k,m;vmovd k/ tjyifrSm rd k;&Gm aecsdef cE<mud k,fwckvH k; yd kat;vmwmcHpm;&w,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf ajroif;eJ @ygwJ hrd k;OD;avav;awmh w0}uD;&SLypfvd kufcsifjyefw,f? txJrSm acs;eH@eJ @ ao;eH @awG[m azgufjyefwJ henf;eJ @r[mrdwfzG J @+yD; uAsmq&mud k wd kufcdkufae =uw,f? tqd k;wH k;u‘avmuf’awGyJ?

acs;xJrSm aysmf&r,f havmufawGu tckawmh acs;xJrSmomru ao;pD;a=umif;twdkif; csDwufvm+yD; u|efawmh fcE<mud k,fqDwufwufvm=uw,f? wufvmvd kuf cgcsvd kufeJ @ +idrf+idrfud k=um=umxd kifaevd k @r&ygbl;? yxr&ufawGwkef;u pdwfwd kvmvGef;vd k @ xGufvmwJ htaumifawGud k tukefeif;acsypfzd k @vkyfao;w,f? ajcaxmufud k ajr‡mufvd kuf+yD;rS “a=omf - olwd k @vJ toufeJ @owW0gawGyJav/ ighud k,f}uD;udku a&vJrcsdK;& oef@&Sif;a&;vJrvkyf&eJ@/ 'Davmufykyfa[mifaewJh tcef;usOf;av;xJrSmxd kifp&mawmif ajruGufvyfacsmufacsmufr&S datmif ao;&nfawGtd kifxGef;aewJ h tcef;usOf;av;xJrSmvlud k,fwd kif acs;wH k;}uD;wwH k;vd kjzpfae+yDxifw,f - tJ'Dawmh 'DtaumifawGu acs;wH k;rSwf+yD; wuf=u

wm xd k;=uqdwf=u ud kuf=u zJ h=uwmaerSmæ? igowfvd kuf&if ao&SmrSmyJ? 'Davmuf'kuQ a&mufaewJ hb0}uD;rSm xyf+yD; tukok dvfr,loif hygbl;? olwd k @vJ w&uf&SifcGif h&&if w&uf&SifcsifrSmyJ”vd k @ oem;oGm;rd+yD; owfypfa&;tpDtpOfud k tcsdefrD ±kyfodrf;ypfvd kufrdjyefw,f?

cufwmu ud k,furowfawmhvJ olwd k@u yd kyd k+yD;rsm;rsm;vmw,f? b,fawmhrS ESpfESpfòcdufòcduftdyf&w,fr&S dygbl;? tdyfcsifvGefvGef;vd k @ a'gif hauG;av;rSm rS D+yD;tdyfvd kuf&if ppfceJ ppfceJjzpf+yD; vef @vef @Ed k;vm&wmcsnf;ygyJ? rsufaphud kyGwf/ arSmifysys=um;xJrSm ppfueJae&m *&kpd kuf=unf hvd kuf&if armifrif;}uD;om;wd k @u xd k;ae ESufae ud kufae+yD? jzL0g0gta&mif wH kwH k wH kwH kcE<mud k,fv_yf&Sm;r_eJ @ vufr0ufavmuf

om&S dwJ h 'Dtaumifav;awG&JŒacgif;zsm;rSm rJrJav;&S dw,f? E_wfoD;zsm;jzpfvdrf hr,f? owWaA'tac: uawmh pkwfcGufvd k @ac:rvm;/ bmac:rvJ rajymwwfbl;? xd k;wm ud kufwmuawmh tJ'DrJrJav;eJ @yJ?tif;qufaA'ynm&Sif udrdvaA'ynm&SifawGuawmh tif;qufawG yd k;r$m;i,fawGta=umif; aumif;aumif;avhvmzl;=urSmyJ? tJ'DxJ ‘avmuf’ ud kavhvmwJ h ‘avmuf’ ynm&Sif&S dovm; r&S dbl;vm;awmhrajymwwfbl;? u|efawmfuawmh udrdvaA'ynm&Sifr[kwfyJ ‘avmuf’ud k b0t& pdwf0ifpm;ae&+yD?olwd k @ud k b,fvd k umuG,f&rvJ? cufwmu taovJowfrypf&ufjyef? touf&S dwJ h owW0grSefor#ol@toufud k ol&Sifoefcsif=urSmyJvd k @vJ pmemaerdjyefw,f?

ta&;t}uD;qH k;u tdyfr,fqd k&if t&ifae&mjyif&wmyJ? (6)wd kufxJrSm &ufaygif;rsm;pGm =umvmawmh wae@wcgyJudpP+yD;wJ h acs;,d kjcif;tr_eJ @ wae@rSav;cgavmufyJaygufwJ hao;[m awmfawmfud kpkðyHtdkifxGef;vm+yD; aep&majcmufajcmufr&SdawmhwJhtxd jzpfvmwmyJ? aevJr0if& avaumif;avoef@vJr0if&yJ tjrJydwfxm;jcif;cH&awmh tjrJpGwfpdk xdkif;r_ dif;a[mifapmf ykyftJhjzpfaewJhtjyif/

6 wk dufrS mavmufudkufwmcHzl;ovm;Polaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



98 0if;wif h xGef;


tcef;tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm acs;&nfjynfh0azsmf&nftqifh ao;&nftdkif[m b,fawmhrSrcrf;Edkiftdkifav;ozG,fjzpf+yD; wae@wjcm; yd kyd k}uD;vmw,f? 0ifumpu oJyH kav;tqif h[mvJ wajz;ajz;òydtdusvm+yD; ao;td kifeJ @wqufwpyfwnf;aom yx0D0ifa'ojzpfvmw,f? tcef;(6)&JŒ rnDrnm

orHwvif;u ',ftd k;jym;o¾mef tv,feJeJcsKdif haeawmh oHwd kifwHcg;em;u a'gif hpGef;yd kif;[m E_ dif;,SOfcsuft& eJeJarmufoa,mif jzpfaew,f? ao;acs;aiG @pdrf hysHaewJ h 'Drd k @rd k @a'gif h orHwvif;ay:rSm w&m;xd kifovd kxd kif? xGufouf0ifoufowdyÏmefawmh ruyfEd kifao;bJ/ wpfuaeESpfaxmiftxd pdwfua&=unfh qdk=unfh? ESpfaxmifjynfhawmhx? zifxdkifxm;&mae&mav;u udk,fwGif; tylaiG@eJ@ cyfajcmufajcmufav;jzpfae+yD? tJ'Dem;wqufwnf; zifwxd kifpmquf+yD;xd kif? wpfuaeESpfaxmif txdxyfa&? x? oHk;cgavmufvkyfvd kufawmh eH&Hud k ausmrS D+yD; 'l;acgif;av;axmif vJavsmif;p&mae&majcmufajcmufuav; ,m,Dyd kifqd kif+yD? tdyfawmh tdyfawmh? wcgwcg owdyÏmefrSwf/ wcgwcg pdwfeJ @

uAsmpyf? ig±l;oGm;vdk@rjzpfbl;? avjzwfoGm;vdk@rjzpfzl;? udk,fhudk,fudkxyf+yD; oHcJwif/ pdwf"mwfta&;}uD;w,faemfvd k @owday;&if; avmufawGeJ @&ifqd kif&jyefw,f/

tdyf&mEdk;&if x+yD;ckef? vufawGqef@=unfh/ acgif;ukdvSnfh=unfh/ tm±HkawGudkazmf=unfh/ jyifyavmu}uD;ud k pdwfyef;csDta&mifoGif;=unf h? igha=umif h olrsm;awG'kuQra&muf=uygapeJ @? 'DaxmifxJud kqG JtoGif;rcH&ygapeJ @/ b,fawmhrS opPmazmufqd kwJ hemr,f/ tvum;aumifqd kwh Jemr,f r&ygapeJ @qd kwm pdwfxJrSmt}udrf}udrf&Gwf? 0if&uf&S d&if xGuf&uf&S d&rSmayghqd kwm ,H k=unf&if;/ tarSmif&S d&iftvif;&S d&rSmayghqd kwm,H k=unf&if; tm;rmefoGif;=unf hvd kufwJ htcg avjzwfcsifovd kvd k/ xH kovd kvd k/

ud kufovd kvd k/ usef;rma&;a&csdefawG jrefvmovd kvd k/ tm;awG 0ifvmovd kvd k&S dvmjyefw,f? tH h=op&m?wa,mufxJ avmufawG=um; tae=umvmawmh olwd k @ud kowfrypfbJ b,fvd kumuG,f&rvJ

qdkwJh umuG,fa&;pDrHcsufud kawmh pepfwuscsEd kifvmw,f? 'gayr,fh tjynfht0&mE_ef;jynfhawmhrumuG,fEdkif? tdyfwJhtcg zifxJr0ifzdk@ i,fygay:txd usL;ausmf0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif;rðyzdk@umuG,fwJ htaeeJ @ yufvuftaetxm;twd kif; 'l;axmifxm;&if; vJavsmif;jcif;tr_ud k ðy&w,f?ta&;}uD;wJ h&yf0ef;a'oud k vuf0g;tumtuG,f owd&Sd&Sdcsxm;ay;&r,f? eH&Hbufapmif;tdyf&ifaemufyd kif;vH kðcHa&;tcuftcJ&S dw,f? aemufaz;oGm;+yD;&if okwfp&mbmrS&S dwmr[kwf? 'Dtwd kif;yJxm;

&awmh aemufyd kif;uvJ ‘avmuf’ óuduf&yf0ef; jzpfaeEd kif+yD?naeyd kif;vmwJ hxrif;yH kpHrSm [if;tjzpfcsOfaygifa&usJ[if;wcgvmwkef;u csOfaygif±d k;wkwfwkwf

wacsmif;ygvmzl;ygw,f? csOfaygif;pnf;csnfwJ hES D;óud;wyd kif;jzwfwckygvmzl;w,f? tom;av; q,fxm;+yD; eH&HrSmaxmif/ udpP+yD;wJhtcg okwfp&mwkwfacsmif;vkyf=unfhzl;w,f? ESpf&ufyJoHk;&w,f?qufoH k;vd k @r&awmh? &rsm;&OD;rvm;vd k @ao;&nfxJxnf hpdrf+yD; eH&Huyfaxmifxm;=unf hwm aysmhzwfzwfjzpfoGm;+yD; oH k;r&awmh? aemufawmh 'Dtwd kif;yJ aemufaz;oGm;+yD; aevd kuf&awmhw,f? oHwd kifwHcg;eJ @opfom;wHcg;=um; oH k;ayavmufa&SŒxGufae&mrSm a&td k;ao;ao;av;wvH k;awmh&S dyg&JŒ a&u tjynf h

xnf hrxm;? aomufp&m 'efcGufydefydefav;vJ a&td k;xJxnf hay;xm;yg&JŒ? a&td k;zH k; ryg? aomufp&muzifuyfa&? tJ'Da&eJ @ zifaq;ypfvd k @ rjzpf?

avmufawGaumufaumuf+yD; tJ'Da&SŒxGuf uGufvyfxJypfypf=unf hayr,f h aemufzufa'gif huoJyH ka[mif; csKdif hcGufae&mrSm wazmufazmufeJ @ qufvuftqufrjywfazmufzGm;vmaewJ h avmuf




0if;wif h xGef; 99

aumifawGu rukefEd kif rcef;Ed kif? =umawmh aomufa&td k;ay:txd wv$m;v$m;wufvmaewJ h avmufawGom wd k;vmEd kifzG,f&S dwJ htwGuf a&SŒvSrf;vSrf;ypfaewJ h tpDtpOfud k &yfqd kif;ypfvd kuf&awmhw,f?

avmufeJ @ywfoufvd k @ u|efawmfwd k @ArmawGajym=uqd k=u oH k;E_ H;cd kif;E_ dif;=uwmawGud kvJ vufawG @eJ @

,SOf +yD; jyefqifjcif=unf hrdaew,f? “acs;xJuavmuf acs;xJaysmf”wJ h? [kwfyg&JŒ? aysmfaevd kuf=uwmwazmufazmufeJ @? 'gayr,f h acs;xJru vlay:xdatmif wufwufvmwm/ ajcaxmufud kuf vufud kufaygifud kuf ud kufvm=uwmuawmh awmfawmftcH&cufw,f? avmufud kufcH&w,fajym&if ,H kcsifrSawmh ,H k=ur,f? 'DrSmuawmh wu,f hud kvufawG @? aygifeJ @vufrSm avmuf&JŒpkwfcGufxdyfzsm;av;awGeJ @txd k;cHxm;&wJ hae&mu acs;&nfao;&nfaiG @awGeJ @yg taiG @±d kufcHxm;&vd k @vm;rajymwwf temawGawmifjzpfvmw,f?

±d k;±d k;om;om;yJ 0efcHyghr,f? pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& Ed kifiHa&;qd kif&m tawG;tac:qdkif&mawGeJ @wif

ud k,f hud k,fud k,f oHcJwif rmefwif;ae&wmr[kwf? r=umr=um owdyÏmefav;uyf+yD; w&m;xd kif=unf h&if; ysHŒvGif haewJ hpdwfawGud k tm;,lóud;pm; qG JcsKyf=unh faech J&ygw,f? 'D=um;xJu uAsm&dyfawG0ifvm&ifuAsmpyf=unf hygw,f? pdwfeJ @zG J @/ pdwfeJ @oD./ pdwfeJ @&Gwf/ pdwfeJ @rSwf? tm;vH k;aygif;qH krdoGm;vd k @vm;awmhrod? eJeJawmhcHEd kif&nf &S dvmovd kvd k cHpm;&vmw,f?

“tom;xJu avmufxGuf”wJ h? “opPmazmufavmufaumif”wh J? ArmvlrsKd;awG&JŒ qd k±d k;pum;awGav? opPmazmufud k ‘avmuf’eJ @ E_ dif;w,f? u|efawmfuawmh avmufwaumifa=umif h avmufeJ @&ifqd kifae&wm vufawG @jzpfaew,f? u|efawmh fud k,fay:wufvmaewJ havmufwaumifud k =unf h&if;

pum;ajymwwfwJ hvl‘avmuf’waumif&JŒrsufESmud kvJ cg;cg;onf;onf; jyefjyefowd&aew,f? a&$usD;&JŒrsufESm/ avmuf&JŒrsufESm/ arsmuftd k}uD;&JŒrsufESmæ? tJ'DrsufESmawGtm;vH k;ud k zH k;v$rf;ypf+yD; yDyDoo}uD;ay:vmwmuawmh Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;qd kwJ h ol&JŒrsufESmygyJ? u|efawmh fud k ±l;ae+yDvd krxifygeJ @? rqDrqd kifAsmvd k @vJ rajymygeJ @? wu,fud k u|efawmfjrifjrifaerdwJ h rsufESmawGxJrSm Ad kvfae0if;rsufESm}uD;vJygygw,f?

Ð Ð Ð

w&ufawmh opfom;wHcg;}uD; 'd kif;ceJqG JyGif hoGm;w,f?tvif;a&mifud k jynf hjynf h00jrif&vd k @ xd kifae&muae 0rf;yef;wom tjyifbufud k=unf hvd kufr,f

jyifawmh 0ifvmwmu arsmuftd k}uD;av? xH k;pHtwd kif; avSmifovd kvd k tðyH;rJ hrJ h}uD;eJ @aygh? rsufESm±_ HŒwGwG}uD;ud k tH h=oovd kyH kpHrsdK;jzpfatmif wriftwif;zefwD;,lvd kuf+yD; vufwzufu ESmacgif;}uD;ud kydwf&if;æ

“atmf æ rif; rat;bl;vm;? rd k;wGif;}uD;uGm/ olrsm;rsm;at;vGef;vd k @ taEG ;xnfawmifxyf0wfae&+yD? rif;rSm tukefc|wfvd k@uGm æ tHhyg&JŒ æ tHhyg&JŒ” wJ h?

u|efawmfu ud k,f hb}uD;avmuftouft&G,f&S dwJ hol @ud k “ratvd k;}uD;”vd k @ aumfqJypfvd kufcsifpdwfud kreJ}uD;atmif h+yD; ol @ud kcyfwif;wif; jyef=unf haerdw,f?

“trav;æ [d kbufeJeJvSnf hyg/ rif;u wrifaighjyaeovd kyJ/ igu rif;toufrS&S dao;&JŒvm;vd k @yg




100 0if;wif h xGef;


æ [m; [m;”wHcg;ud kaqmif hydwf+yD; jyefoGm;w,f? a'goawGu wvdyfvdyfv_ dufwufvmw,f? em&D0ufausmf

ausmfavmuf=umawmh wHcg;}uD;*sKdif;ceJ yGif hoGm;jyefw,f? 0ifvmwmu“xrif;xd k;”‘zdk;eDawmif’yg?

xH k;pHtwd kif;ESmacgif;}uD;ud k ydwfvd k @? oluawmh u|efawmh ftcef; wae@ESpfacguf rSefrSefa&muf&wJ holyg?reuf‘xrif;xd k;’csdef xrif;yef;uefvmay;wacguf/ nae‘xrif;xd k;’csdef xrif;yef;uefvmay;wacguf/aygif;ESpfacguf ra&mufa&mufatmif vm&olyg?

“a&mh - a&mh uae@tom;pm;ae@æ =uufom;wJ hAsæ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; xrif;yef;uef 'efyef;uefjym;ud koHwHcg;atmufuae xd k;oGif;ay;vmw,f? vH k;wD;xrif;yH kav;ay:rSm =uufajcaxmuf}uD;wacsmif;?wu,fu =uufaygifwaygifjzpf&rSm? yH kpHtjynf hau|;&rSmu wywfrSm tom;pm;weyf? weyftwGuftom;(4)atmifp? (16) atmifpwaygifqd kawmh (4)atmifp[m (7)usyfom;avmuf&S d&rSm? aygif&if;

uaer[kwfayr,f h 'l;qpftxuf tom;awmf±H kawmhyg&rSm/ tckawmh wu,f hud k ajcaxmufwacsmif;omom? tom;u bk&m;pl;rd k;óud;ypf ygw,fqdk±H kav;”

(5)wd kufwkef;uvd komqd k&if “rat;vd k;awG yH kpHawmifrw&m;cd k;w,f? 'Dvd kajcaxmuf±d k;}uD; vmay;&ovm;uG” vd k @ qJrdrSmtrSef? tckvJ yg;pyfu qJrdawmhrvd kjzpfoGm;+yD;rS wpH kwckud k owd&oGm;rd+yD;0rf;omvd kufwm? =uuf±d k;}uD;ud k=unf h+yD; 0rf;omvd kufwm?

zd k;eDawmif opfom;wHcg;}uD;ud k *sKdif;ceJqG JydwfoGm;wmawmif owdrxm;rdvd kuf? =uuf±d k;}uD;ud ktm;yg;w&qGJ+yD; reyfweyfcsufxm;wJhtwGuf tay:urmawmifhuyfaewJhta&jym;xlxl}uD;udk

*±kwpd kuf zJ h,lpm;aomufaerdw,f?vl @pdwfrsm;b,favmufcufovJ? t&ifu tckvd k rusufwusufcsufxm;&if awmfawmfa'go

jzpfrdayr,f h tckawmh tckvd kcsufwmudkawmif auseyfrdovd kvd kjzpfvd kufao;? El;El;eyfeyf jzpfae&iftcuf? xrif;wqkyf [if;wqkyfeJ @ =uuf±d k;}uD;ud kajymifpifoGm;atmifpkyf,lpm;aomuf+yD;wJhtcg ajcaxmuf±d k;rmrm}uD;om usefawmhw,f? t"dutoH k;csp&m a&&SnftoH k;csp&m}uD;wckawmh&+yD?

aemufaz;oGm;+yD;&if okwfp&mwkwfacsmif;}uD;wckawmh&+yD? =uufajcaxmuf±d k;wkwfacsmif;? oH k;+yD;ao;&nfxJxnf haq;/ +yD;&if eH&Haxmifxm;/ ±d k±dkaoaooH k;&if teJqH k;q,f hav;ig;&ufavmufawmh

tomuav;aygh? csOfaygif±dk;vd k aysmhacGtdzwfoGm;p&m ta=umif;r&S dawmh? 0rf;omvd kufwJ hjzpfjcif;?avmufawGwifyg;txd txdk;tudkufcH&pu abmif;bDwdkav;wxnfavmufrsm; udk,frSm

0wfxm;cGif husefao;&if awmfawmfaumif;rSmyJvd k @pOf;pm;rd+yD; tJ'DpOf;pm;rdr_uawmh b,fvd krS jynf h0cGif hray:vm? aemufaz;oGm;+yD; okwfp&mwkwfacsmif;av;wckavmuf&S d&ifaumif;rSmyJqd kwmuawmh tckjynf hpH koGm;+yD? ,m,Djynf hpH koGm;+yD? “vlwd k @=uH x&Hawmif acs;okwfcaemif;jzpf” qd kwJ h i,fi,fwkef;u=um;cJ h&zl;wJ hjyufvHk;pum;[m bm[kwfao;vdk @vJ? tckawmh “ vlwd k @=uH =uufajcaxmufawmifacs;okwfwHjzpf ” oGm;&+yDr[kwfvm;?

xrif;pm;+yD;awmh oHwd kif=um;uaevufv#Ld+yD; a&av;wcGuf cyfaomufrdw,f? a&uvJ rsm;rsm;r&S d? rsm;rsm;&SdvJ rsm;rsm;raomuf&J? rsm;rsm;aomuf&if rsm;rsm;aygufrdayvdrfhr,f? rsm;rsm;aygufrd&if ‘r[meHwmtd kif}uD;’acsmif;aygufoGm;Ed kifw,f? wv_yfv_yfeJ @vm&wmawmif &ifbwfay: txd a&mufa&mufvmwwfwJ h ‘avmuf’aumifawG[m acsmif;aygufoGm;vd k @uawmh q,fq rujref




0if;wif h xGef; 101

wJh tjrefE_ef;eJ @ yd krd k'kuQay;=uvdrf hr,f? ausmwcif;pmtwGuf wpfESpfoH k;av;ta&twGuf ajcmufaxmifeJ @ ajcmufajcmufaoG @aoG @ae&muav;wck zefwD;Ed kifawmhrSmr[kwf?

“xdr_/ odr_/ TESpfck/ =uyf=uyfowdðy” wJ h? oJtif;*lq&mawmf}uD;uawmh 0dy\emw&m;awmfud k

avmukwW&mvrf;pOfbufuae wifjyoGm;cJ hw,f? u|efawmfuawmh ‘xdr_’vJ xdrSef;/ odr_bufuaeododaeygw,f? 'gayr,f h avmukwW&mr[kwfwJ h avmuDvrf;uae jzpfaewJ htwGuf xd&if/ xdwmud kod+yD; emygw,f? ESvH k;om;xJtxd emygw,f? t±d k;xJtxdemygw,f? w&m;r&Ed kifao;bl;vd k @ ajymcsifvJ ajymygap?

avmufud kufxm;&muaejzpfvmwJ h temawGud k=unf h&if;‘avmufaumif’&JŒ rsufESmud kvJ ajy;ajy;jrifygw,f? avmufawGud kvJ aoaocsmcsm=unf hrdygw,f? arsmuftd k}uD;&JŒtoHud kvJ jyefjyef =um;aerdygw,f? a&$usD;&JŒrsufESmpkwfc|ef;c|ef;ud kvJ ‘odr_’ w&m;u aumif;aumif;}uD;rSwfrdaeygw,f?

tm;vH k;&JŒtay:rSmawmh Ad kvfae0if;&JŒrsufESm}uD;u v$rf;v$rf;oGm;ygw,f?

Ð Ð Ð

tESpfESpfq,fausmfch Jyg+yD?avmufaumifawGvJawG@cJhzl;/ avmufudkufwmvJcH&zl;+yD; avmufud kuf'%f&mawG udk,frSm

aysmufum ESvHk;om;xJavmufom usefawmhayr,fh “ajcmufwdkufrSm avmufudkufwm cH&zl;

ovm;a[h” qd kwJ h toHud kawmh ta=umif;qHkwd kif; jyefjyefowd&aerdygw,f? Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




102 0if;wif h xGef;






104 0if;wif h xGef;


b,frSmcHpm;emusifr_ &S d=uyghrvJ// (uGm) qd kwmu axmifwGif;a0g[m&wckaygh // uGmwm;vD;qd kwJ ht*Fvdyfpum;uae vmwmaerSmaygh // uGmwm;vD;qd kwm av;yk Hwyk Hud k qd kvd kwmr[kwfvm;// wESpfrSm- (12)v/ (12)v&J @av;yk Hwyk H[m (3)vaygh// tvkyf}uD;us tusOf;om;tzd k @/ tJ'Dvd k(3)vjynf hwd kif;

wuGm&w,f// wESpfqd k&if av;uGm &w,f// uGmud kxyf+yD; tqif hcG Jxm;vd kufao;w,f// (u) }uD;uGmwJ h/ (c)acG; uGmwJ h/ (*)i,f uGmwJ h// (u)}uD;uGm qd kwmu yxrwef;pm;aygh/ wuGmud k &uf(40)ausmf}uD;rsm;awmif av#mh&ufay;owJ h// wESpfav;uGm qd kawmh wESpfav#mh&ufucsnf; &ufaygif;(160)ausmf/(170)ausmf// ESpf0ufeD;yg;aygh // (c)acG;uGmu wuGm &uf(30)ausmf/ (*)i,fuGmu (28)&uf qd kvm;yJ/tJ'gayrJh csKyfxm;wmu uGmawG b,favmuf&vdk @ av#mh&ufawG b,favmufrsm;rsm;/ tm;vk H;ðcHvdkuf&if ok H;yk Hwyk Hud kufxufawmh rydkap& æwJ h// qd kvd kwmu axmifokH;ESpftcscHxm;&&if trsm;qk H;av#mh&uf[m wESpfyJ&r,f/ (2)ESpfxufenf;+yD;awmhawmh/ axmifuxGufcGifhr&Edkifbl;/ tenf;qk H;

jypf'%f(2)ESpfcH&r,fqd kwJ h oabmaygh // wckawmh &S dygw,f/ tvkyf}uD;xJoGm;ae&wmu taqmifrSmae&wmxufawmh enf;enf;*Gif yd kus,foa,mifa,mif vGwfvyfoa,mifa,mif cHpm;&w,f// usaemfwd k @ud k eHES drf+yD; bmEd kifiHa&;orm;rS r&S dbl;/ tm;vk H;axmifom;yJvd k haºuG;a=umfowfrSwfxm;ayrJ h/ olwd k @ud k,fwd kifu rodromtodtrSwfðyjyD; ac:a0:ae&wmuawmh “ 5§n ”awG æwJ h? 5§n æ tkyfwJh?ac:vJac:p&mygyJ?

tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfwd k @tr_wG Jwl tkyfpkwl axmifcscHvd kuf&olawGucsnf; ta,muf(50)ausmf}uD;rsm;awmif &S dygw,f// taqmifrSma&mufawmh tcef;awG cG J+yD;ae&mcsxm;ovd k/ tvkyf}uD;rSmvJ ae&mcG J

+yD;csxm;w,f// wcsKd @u tvkyf}uD;,ufuef;rSm/ wcsKd @u vuform;rSm/ usaemfwd k @uawmh zdeyfcsKyfqd kwmrSmæ//

tvkyf}uD;,ufuef;/ vuform;/ zdeyfcsKyfqd kwJ h tvkyfXme/ tvkyf±k Hcsif;wlwmawmif/ reufwef;pD+yD;xGuf&wJ htcgrSmawmh bkwfqd kwmcsif;u wljyefwmr[kwf// ol @bkwfeJ @ol/ ud k,f hbkwfeJ @ud k,f xGuf=u& wm// wcsKd @bkwfu q,fa,mufavmufyJ &S dwm&S dovd k/ wcsKd @u q,f hav;ig;a,muf/ wcsKd @bkwfuta,mufESpfq,favmuf pojzif h pojzif h &S dw,f// tckusaemfwd k @bkwf[m (14)a,muf&S dw,f// eHywf(10)ajrmuf bkwfjzpfw,f// 'ga=umif h axmifwGif;pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsuft& bkwfud kifvkyfolu w&m;

0if t0iftxGufowif;yd k @&awmh/ “ tvkyf}uD;/ zdeyfcsKyf/ 10 bkwf-14 a,muf”bkwfud kifu ud kwifodef;// olu usaemfwd k @vd k 5n r[kwf/ vlowfr_eJ haxmifusvmol// axmifouf

awmifawmfawmfav; &aejyD// vlu ydefydef&Snf&Snf rJrJajcmufajcmuf/ vlowform;±kyf eJeJav;rSrxGuf?rsufrSef}uD;w0if;0if;eJ @/ awmausmif;q&m *d kufrsKd;aygufaew,f// ol @tajymuawmh rcHEd kifvGef;vd k @a'gotavsmuf vlowfr_usL;vGefvm&wmyg æ wJ h// [kwfavmufp&m &S dygw,f// bkwfud kifom vkyfae&ayrJ h wjcm;bkwfud kifawGvd k/ ociftm;& - u|efyg;0tvkyfrsKd; vkyfwmr&S d&Sm// zdeyfcsKyf±k HxJrSmvJ ol[mzdeyfcsKyfu|rf;usifol zdeyfcsKyfq&m// “ ud k,f hvlwd k @jy\emrwufatmif/ usaemf htay:vJ yk Hrusatmif/

vnfovd kom=unfhae=uAsm ææ cifAsm;wdk @[m ynmwwfawGyJ æ” vd k @ wd k;wd k;wdwfwdwfajym+yD;/wcsKd @udpP roda,mifrjrifa,mif aqmifay;w,f// c|efwm csufwmawG rvkyf//

tvkyf}uD;us axmifom;tkyf axmifom;wef;}uD;u ppfab;'kuQonftkyf}uD; wa&G @a&G @oGm;aewmeJ @vJ =uH=uHzefzefwlaeoa,mif xifrdjyefw,f// =unf hav æ vufawGu ºuGyfºuGyftdwfav;awGud k




0if;wif h xGef; 105

ud k,fpDud kifvd k @// taoG ;ta&mifawGuvJ rG JrG JajcmufajcmufeJ @// tjyifrSmb,favmuftom;jzLjzL/ 'DxJrSma&mufvm&if e*d ktjzLa&miftom;[mvJ jzLajcmufajcmufyJjzpfoGm;&um w±kwfbdef;pm;tom; jzpfoGm;&ygw,f// tpurS cyfrJrJqd k&ifawmh a*:&if*sD tom;ta&mif aygufvm&ygw,f// b,fvd krS pd kpd kajy

ajyr&S dyg// vlwd kif;vlwd kif; tvd ktavsmuf ud k,fa&mifud k,f0gawGyg rS defoGm;&ovd kygyJ// a&a=umif h/ tpm;taomufa=umif h/ ae&xd kif&r_awGa=umif hwifru/ edpP"l0 tqJtqd k tqltaiguf t}udrf;tarmif;awGa=umif ha&m/ wrifoufouf eHESdrfqufqHcHae&r_awGa=umif hyg/ trsKd;rsKd;aomta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umif h tm;vkH;tm;vk H;aom tusOf;om;axmifom;wd kif;avmuf[m ud k,fa&mif ud k,f0g rG Jajcmufajcmufjzpfae&wmcsnf;yJvd k @ xifrdygw,f// vufxJu ºuGyfºuGyftdwfav;awGxJrSm vlwd kif;vd kvd k yg=uwmu yvwfpwpfaumfZvkHav;awGyg// a&r_wf}uD;}uD;eJ@ a&okH;r_wfpmavmufqHhr,fht&G,fwlyvwfpwpfaumfZvk Hav;awGyg// bmvd k @ t&G,fwlvd k @ajym&ovJ qd k&ifætjyifuaxmif0ifpmvmawG @

oluaxmifteD;u axmifom;rsm;twGufypPnf;av;awGa&mif;wJ hqd kifawGrSm b,fvd kypPnf;rsKd;0,fay;oifhovJvdk@ pkHprf;ar;jref;+yD;0,fay;r,fqdk&if/ r&SdrjzpfypPnf;tjzpfajym+yD;/ xdk;ay;vdkufr,f hypPnf;eHywfwpf[m 'DZvk Hav;rsKd;awGyJjzpfr,f htjyif t&G,fuvJ 'Dt&G,fav;awGcsnf;yJjzpfwma=umif h jzpfygw,f// 'ga=umif hta&mifomuGmr,f/ t&G,fuawmh twlwlcsnf;jzpfygw,f// vlwd kif;vlwd kif;[m yvwfpwpfaumfZvkHav;awG udk,fpDeJ@csnf;jzpfygw,f// wcsKd@uawmh yvwfpwpfaumfZvkHav;udkºuGyfºuGyftdwfxJawmif rxnf h/ tay:E_wfcrf;axmif hauG;av;rSm taygufav;azmuf+yD; óud;v#LdcsnfaESmifxm;+yD;/ yck H;rSmvG,fxm;=uolawGvJ &S dygw,f// aoewfvG,fxm;ovd krsKd;/ vG,ftdwf vG,fxm;

ovd krsKd;aygh// vSrf;=unf hvd kuf&if vl&J @rsufESmom oJoJuG JuG Jrjrif&&if &S dr,f/ vlawG&J @ud k,fay:u a&mifpk HaumfZvk Hav;awG&,f/ vufxJu ºuGyfºuGyftdwfa&mifpk Hav;awG&,fuawmh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrif&ygvdrf hr,f// bkef;}uD;eJ @oydwfvd k/ tvkyf}uD;us axmifom;tusOf;om;eJ @ yvwfpwpfaumfZvk H[m cG Jr&Ed kifwJ h ta&;}uD;ypPnf;wckjzpfaeygw,f// wu,fud k 'DyvwfpwpfaumfZvk Hav;awGuvJ tif;pdef e&odef}uD;xJrSmawmh tok H;0ifvSygw,f// =unf hav æ 'DaumfZvk H[m xrif;pm;csdefrSm xrif;pm;zd k @Zvk H//a&csKd;csdefusawmhaumæ/ a&csKd;zd k @a&cyfp&mcGuf[m 'DaumfZvk HcGufav;yJaygh// ud k,f hcGufud k,f,loGm;+yD;a&csKd;&wm// a&uefbm,mu cyf-wcGuf vd k @wd kifay;oHeJ @tnD/ cyfcGif h&wJ ha&wcGuf[m 'DZvk Hav;cGuf

uav;yJaygh/ cGuf}uD;}uD;eJ@oGm;cyfvd k@/ &wmr[kwfbl;// 'DZvk H[m v,form;awG&J @(46)aygifudkuf/orm"dwif;awmif;vdkyJ/ tif;pdefe&odeftusOf;om;awG&J@pHudkufpHawmf0ifa&cGufvJyJ jzpfw,f//taqmifrSmqd k&if 'Dvd kaumfZvkHcGufeJ @ trsm;qkH;a&csKd;cGifh&wm (10)cGufyJ// wcgwcga&&Sm;wJhtcg/o}uFefvd ktcgrsKd;rSmqd k&if 'Dvd kaumfZvk HcGufeJ @ (6)cGufeJ @tjyD;csKd;&wmawmif &S dao;//

a&&Sm;wJ htcg (6)cGufuawmh [kwfyg+yD/ b,f hES,fo=uFef}uD;vd ktcsdef (6)cGufqd kwmuawmh æw,fvd kvJvd k @ em;±_yfroGm;ygeJ @// o}uFefqd kwm tjyifrSmom tjyifavmuom;awGtwGufom a& obifyGJawmf/ a&upm;yG J// axmifxJrSmu tjyifuvlawG a&tok H;rsm;csdefjzpfvd k @a&tenf;qk H;yJvm

wJhtcsdef/ a&csKd;cGif h cGufa&tenf;qk H;yJ csKd;&csdefav// 'DaumfZvk HcGuf&J @aemufxyftok H;0if/ vufawG @tok H;cswefzd k;}uD;wrsKd;uawmhnus&if tdyf&m0if&if acgif;tkH;aygh// Zvk Hav;ud karSmuf+yD;/ ykqdk;pkwf'grSr[kwf tusôav;eJ @ywf+yD;csxm;tok H;ðyvd kuf&if acgif;tkH;tjzpftokH;awmfcH&Smawmhwmaygh//

aumfZvk HcGufa&mifpk H ºuGyfºuGyftdwfrsKd;pk Ha&mifpk HeJ @ tvkyf}uD;us tusOf;om;wef;}uD;[m tvkyf

(10)bkwf/ (14)a,mufPolaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )



106 0if;wif h xGef;


}uD;0if;xJa&mufvm+yD;wJ haemufrSmawmh/ ud k,f htvkyf±k HXme&S d&mbufqD ud k,fcsKd;+yD;0ifvm=u&w,f?ud k,f hbkwfeJ @ud k,f/ ud k,f htkyfpkeJ @ud k,faygh// ,ufuef;/ vuform;/ yef;yJwd k @u b,fzuf/ zdeyfcsKyf/ pmtkyfcsKyfwd k @u nmzufqd kawmh tusOf;om;wef; tusOf;om;tkyf}uD;ud k (2)yd kif;cG Jypfvd kufovd k jzpfoGm;w,f?

vrf;r}uD;jcm;xm;wJ h [d kzuf&yfuGufeJ honfzuf&yfuGufav;vd k jzpfoGm;w,f//,ufuef;bkwfuawGjzpfwJ h tud k}uD;ud kvSa&$ / OD;av;Ad kvfpd k;wif h/ OD;xGef;atmif/ OD;azwif/ ud kòzd;xdef

pwJ husaemfwdk @ 5§n nDaemifwtkyfu b,fzufjcrf;qD csKd;0ifoGm;wm vSrf;jrif&w,f//usaemfwdk @zdeyfcsKyf (10)bkwfu (14)a,mufudkjyef=unfhvdkufr,fqdk&ifvJ wef;pD;udkwifodef;

wa,mufuvG Jvd k @usef(13)a,mufvk H;[m EdkifiHa&;r_awGcsnf;// 'gayrJ h tm;vk H; 5§n awGcsnf;awmhr[kwf// u&if}uD;apm&SufzeJ @ ud kpd k;xGwfwdk @u 17§1 awG æ// usaemftygt0if Ad kvfZifaumh/ iod kif;acsmif;pd k;0if;/ yavmifatmifpef;/ ud karmifarmifwdwf/ ud kaX;atmif(Zifvif;)/tbOD;bOD;/ OD;xGef;jrif h/

OD;ausmfjrifh/ OD;jrpdef/ OD;atmif}unfwd k@uawmh 5§n awG//

(2)

zdeyfcsKyf±k Hu ±k H}uD;(2)±k H //usaemfwd k @u wu,fzdeyfcsKyfpufawGyg&S dwJ h yxr±k H}uD;xJ0ifvd kufcsdefrSm/ vl}uD;awGjzpfwJ h tb

OD;bOD;/ OD;xGef;jrif h/ OD;jrpdef/ OD;ausmfjrif h/ OD;atmif}unfwd k @wawGu om;a&jym;csyf}uD;awGyJxm;wJ h

'kwd,±k HxJ tv#Ldtv#Ld 0ifoGm;}uw,f//ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;u ±k HxJa&mufwmeJ @ol @zdeyfcsKyfpuf}uD;ab;csdwfxm;ypfcJ hwJ h vufESpfzufvk H;r&S dawmh

wJ hol @&J @ykpGefqDaoG;a&mif tusôpkwf}uD;ud k vJvS,f0wfqifjcif;tr_ðyae+yD// tvkyf0ifawmhr,fqd kwJ h 'DZd kif;tjynf heJ @aygh // ol @tusô}uD;&J @rlvta&mifu ykpGefaoG;a&mifjzpfayrJ h/ pufqDawGtvdrf;vdrf;/ acs;an‡mfawGtxyfxyfeJ @qd kawmh o&ufxnfyef;±k dufqifvd kvd k tuGufuGuftajymufajymufjzpfay:aeygw,f//

rkwfqdwfar$;awG yg;od kif;ar$;awGeJ @tjyif qHyifuvJ zGmvHusJatmifxd k;xd k;axmifaxmifjzpfaewJ hudkpd k;xGwf}uD;&J @'DZd kif;[m wu,f hpufq&m}uD;yk Haygufaew,f// +yD;awmhrS b,fu&xm;rSef;rod&wJ h

ol @&J @aq;wHwd k0g;±k d;wyf}uD;xJ aq;r_ef @awGjznf h+yD;/ rD;wd k @+yD; ol @puf}uD;aemufrSm aqmif ha=umif hxd kif&if;/wzGm+yD;wzGm tm;&yg;& zGmawmfrlaew,f//

Ad kvfZifaumhu ud kwifodef;pm;yG Jay:wifxm;wJ h wlawGeJ @ zdeyf±k dufoHawGud k oGm;,lvm+yD; usaemfwd k @ud ka0r#ay;w,f//

“ud k,f hvlwd k @/ [d ka&S @uzdeyfyk Hud k 'Dae@wae@vk H;tcsdefqG J+yD; xifovd kvnfovd k±k dufypfvd kuf=uzd k @yJ”usaemfwd k @a&S @rvSrf;rurf;rSm ayck Hao;ao;av;awGwyfxm;wJ h zdeyf±k duftvkyfpm;yG J&Snf}uD;wvk H;?

tJ'Dtay:rSm cGm±k dufzd k @vd kaeao;wJ h zdeyfyk H}uD;wykH// om;a&&SL;zdeyfyk H=urf;}uD;awG æ//

usaemfwd k @u usaemfwd k @vufpG JawmfºuGyfºuGtdwfuav;awG pkyk Hxm;&m zdeyf±k Haxmif h auG;av;em;xd kif+yD;pum;pjrnfajymqd kae=u&mu wwfEd kifor# tcsdefqG JEd kifor#qG J+yD;rS xvmcJ h=uw,f//

“ 'DzdeyfawGu ratvd k;0g'gawG pD;zd k @vm; rodbl;/ tukefvkH; oHawGacsmf+yD;om rodrom ±k dufypfAsm æ”




0if;wif h xGef; 107

iod kif;acsmif;pd k;0if;}uD;u avoHwdk;wd k;eJ@ajymw,f// ol @yk Hu ydefydef&Snf&Snf/ ol @t&yfeJ @tòydif ol @vnfwd kif}uD;uvJ cyf&Snf&Snf// a&S @qk H;ursm; olwef;pD bkwfxGuf&wJ hae@rsm;qd k&if/ rm;rm;rm;rm;eJ @ol @yk Hyef;oGifjyif[m tvSLcHxGuftzG J @}uD;ud k OD;aqmifac:,lvm&wJ h a*gyuvl}uD;*d kufrsKd; aygufaew,f?

tJvd ktcgrsKd;qd k&if Ad kvfZifaumhu ol @oli,fcsif;&Jabmf&Jbuf}uD;udk=unf h&if; aemufuae wcG D;cG D;eJ @oabmusaewwfw,f// Ad kvfZifaumhu a&=unfom;// a&=unfeJ @iod kif;acsmif;qd kwm we,fxJvd kvd kawmifajymvd k @&ovd k i,foli,fcsif;vJ i,foli,fcsif;awG æ// wuUod kvfausmif;om;b0awGwkef;uvJausmif;om;oydwfudpPeJ @axmifxJtwlwla&mufcJ h=uzl;ol uHwltusKd;ay;awGjzpfovd k/ tckvJ Ed kifiHa&;tr_twlwleJ @axmifxJtwlwla&mufcJ h&jyefolawG jzpfygw,f// wu,fu Ad kvfZifaumh &J hemrnf&if;uwif0if;// 'gayrJ h b,folurS ol @ud k ud kwif0if;vd k @rac:/ emrnf&if; ud kwif0if;qd kwmud kawmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh arhae=u+yD// Ad kvfZifaumhtjzpfeJ @yJ odae=uwm=um+yD// 'Dvd k Ad kvfZifaumhemrnf wGif

vm&wmuvJ aemufcHord kif;a=umif;u &S d+yD;om;// ol[m wu,f habmvkH;orm;/ tm;upm;orm;?yxrwef;vufa&G;pifabmvk H;orm;txdawmif jzpfcJ hzl;ao;qd kvm;yJ// tJ'Dwkef;u Armjynfud kvm+yD;/abmhvk H;enf;jyq&m vmvkyfay;olu ±k&Sm;u// emrnfu Ad kvfZifaumhvd k @yJ xifygw,f// tJ'Dabmhvk H;enf;jy}uD;eJ @ rsufESmayguf rsufESmus awmfawmfav;qifwJ h/ axmifaxmifarmif;armif;eJ @ abmfvk H;orm;vJjzpfaewJ h ol @ud k ol @rdwfaqGrsm;u Ad kvfZifaumh Ad kvfZifaumhvd k hac:=u&muae/ Ad kvfZifaumh emrnf&vmwmvd k @qd k=uw,f// 'gayrJ h 'Dvd kAd kvfZifaumhemrnfwGifcJ h&wm ol @twGufawmh id ktm;xuf &Dtm;oefp&mtjzpfrsKd;yJajym&rvm;/ tukod kvfò*d[f0ifar$zd k @t&if;tES D;wck xyfay;vd kuf&wmvd k @yJ ajym&

rvm; rajymwwf// AvmcsD taqmfcHvd kuf&+yD;rS'Demrnf[m yd krdkcd kifrmatmif uifyGef;wyf+yD;om;jzpfoGm;&w,f// tjzpfu 'Dvd k// yxrqk H;t}udrfaxmifxJ0if&awmh ol @ud k Ad kvfZifaumhæ Ad kvfZifaumhvd k @vJawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ac:ae=uwm=um;xm;yk H&wJ h axmufvSrf;a&;trsKd;,kwfrsm;u “ ratvdk;ærif;u ±k&Sm;tazac:csifwJ haumif/ uGefjrLepfpdwfaygufaewJ haumifaygh æ[kwfvm;/ emrnfud ku Ad kvfZifaumhqd kæ[kwfvm;æ” qd k+yD; b,fnmaAvd kuf=uwm cHvd kuf&&Smygw,f//

abmhvk H;orm;rd k @ac:=uwmygAsm æ Ad kvfZifaumhqd kwmabmhvkH;orm;ygAsm æ uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwa,muf&J @emrnfr[kwf&ygbl;Asm æ vd k @ renf;}uD;&Sif;jyvd kuf&wmawmif/ t±k duftESufcH&wJ h

ab;uawmh vk H;0uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; rvGwfcJ hvd k @qd kygw,f// axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; A[kokwjynf hpk Hvdkufyk Hawmfvd kufyk Huawmh tH hzG,fokwygyJ// olwd k @rodwm tjypf=uHzef&Smwwfwmu ta&;r}uD;// cH&oltzd k @uawmh woufrSwfom;p&mygyJ// 'Dvd keJ @ æ Ad kvfZifaumh qd kwJ hemrnf[m yd kyd k+yD;cd kifrmvmcJ h&&if;/ taray;wJ hi,femrnfxuf yd kyd k+yD;wGifus,fvmcJ h&ol/ todtrSwfðycH&oljzpfvmw,f//

aemufwa,mufuawmh yavmifatmifpef;// usaemfwd k @bkwfxJrSmawmh t&yftykqk H;// awmfawmfud kododomom ykvGef;vS&Smolwa,mufjzpfygw,f// yavmifatmifpef;vd k hac:=uayrJ h/ wu,fuol[mArmppfppfwa,muf// awmcd koGm;&mrSm yavmifa'orSmyJtae=umvmcJ h&olrd k @ yavmifatmif

pef;vd k @ emrnfwGifvm&ol jzpfygw,f//usaemfwd k@&J @yJcl;om; ud karmifarmifwdwf}uD;ud kawmh trsm;u ud kwdwf/ ud kwdwf}uD;vd k @yJ ac:=uw,f// w±kwfaoG;ygolrd k htom;ta&mifu jzLaeayrJ h/ 'DxJrSmawmh b,fuvm jzL0if;=unfpifaeyghrvJ?jzLzwfjzLavsmfaygh// aumfud kif;rsufrSefteufav;eJ @/ yg0gwyfrSefu bJOyk Hav;eJ @? wu,f hud kynmwwf




108 0if;wif h xGef;


wa,mufykH xGufaew,f// oGm;wmvmwmuawmh cyfoGufoGuf// xDceJqd k udkwdwfyg+yDvd k @awmifajym&rvm; rajymwwf// OD;oef @ta&;tcif;wkef;uvJ ud kwdwfwd k @a&S @u? tckvJ a[m'D 5§n tkyf}uD;xJrSm pm&if;0iftif;0ifygvmjyef+yD// oleJ @ywfoufvd k @u Ed kifiHa&;avmurSm ajymprSwfwGifaewm &S dw,f?

olu pdwfu cyfxufxuf// ol @taru ol @ud k cspfvd kufyk HuvJ wkefaeatmifud k cspf&SmowJ h// emrnfawmif b,fawmhrS tjynf hrac:/ twdwf – twdwfvd k @yJ ac:owJ h// OD;oef @ta&;tcif;r_eJ@ ausmif;om;b0 axmifxJ0ifcJ h&awmh/ ud kwdwf&J @cspfvSpGmaomtar}uD;[m om;av;twdwftwGuf rsuf&nfawGwa0a0eJ @/ wywfrS axmif0ifpmtysufrcH ra&mufa&mufatmifvm&SmowJ h// tcspfqkH;om;twGufaumif;Ed k;&m&mav;awG axmif0ifpmyd k @vd k @&wmav;awG vmyd k @&if;/ om;rsufESm vmvm=unf h&SmowJ h?ae@wd kif; axmif0ifpmrsm;vmawG @vd k @&r,fqd k&if/ ol @om;av;ud kae@wd kif;jrifEd kifzd k @ yJcl;awmif rjyef? axmifAl;0eJ @eD;&mae&mrSmyJjzpfovd kntdyf+yD;awmif ae@wdkif;axmif0ifpmvmawG @aer,f htarrsKd;// ay;csif

wmawGay;+yD;/ tusOf;om;}uD;vk H;vk H;jzpfae&wJ h om;cspf}uD;rsufESmud k =unf h=unf h+yD; rsuf&nfvnf&G JtjrJvd kvdkid kwwf&SmowJ h// pdwfcyfxufxufjzpfwJ hud kwdwf}uD;u wae@awmh “ tar æusaemf hud k vmvmawG @+yD; tckvd k id kid kae&if tarrvmcJ heJ @awmhætarid k&if/ aemufæusaemf hqD vmrawG @eJ @awmhæ”vd k @ ajymvd kufrdowJ h// tar[m om;rsufESmud k w0}uD;=unf h+yD;acgif;}uD;ud k ndwfjy&SmowJ h// xk H;pHtwd kif;yJ/ aemufwywfa&mufawmhvJ taraxmif0ifpmtdwfqG J+yD; a&mufvmcJ hjyefowJ h// axmif0ifpmtdwfav;qG J+yD;/ xk H;pHtwd kif; om;rsufESm w0}uD;ai;=unf hae+yD;/ 'Dwcg'Dvd kajym&SmowJ h// “ om; æ twdwf/tarrid kbl;aemfæ/ om; ætwdwf/ tarrid kbl;aemf ” vd k @qd k @eif h a=uuG JoH}uD;eJ @ajym&if;u rsufESmjyifay:

rsuf&nfvk H;}uD;awGu xdef;rEd kifodrf;r& wvdrf hvdrf hpD;usae&SmowJ h// tarrid kbl;aemfævd k @ twif;tm;wif;ajymae&if;u &S dKufoH}uD;u xGufae&SmowJ h// &ifxJu id kaewmud k b,fvd kvkyf xdef;Ed kif&SmrSmwJ hvJud kwdwf&,f æ// om;ætarrid kbl;aemfvd k @ om;auseyfavmufatmif óud;pm;yrf;pm;wkefwkef&D&D wzGzGajymqd kae&if;u/ rsuf&nfawG awGawGawGawG pD;usae&SmwJ h rdcifwa,muf&J @rsufESmud k jrifvd kuf&avolwd kif; &ifeif hcJ h=u&ygw,f// aemufwcg - om;qDrvm&rSmpd k;vd k h/ om;u rvmcJ heJ @awmhvd k @ajymrSmpd k;vd k @/pdwf}uD;wJ hom;u pdwfck+yD; aemifxGufrawG @awmhrSmpd k;vd k @ wu,fid kcsifaewmud k =uHzefóud;pm;xdef;csKyfae&if;u &ifxJuvd _ufwufvmaewJ h id koHw0uf ±_ dufoHw0uf}uD;eJ hrsuf&nfawG awGawG awGawGpD;us

ae&SmwJ h ud kwdwf&J @taryk Hud k ESvk H;om;&S dolwd kif;u ajymrqk H;Ed kifatmifjzpfcJ h=u&ygw,f// ajymprSwf wGifcJ h&ygw,f//

aemufwa,mufuawmh usaemfwd k @&J @ud kaX;atmif (Zifvif;) }uD;yg // 'Dwacguf axmifxJa&mufcJ h&olawGxJrSm ud kaX;atmifu ESpfa,mufjzpfaeygw,f// wa,mufu armfwmaX;atmif// 'ga=umif h±kwfw&ufvSrf;=unf hvd kuf&if/ qd kAD,ufypPnf;rJ hacgif;aqmif}uD; vDeifeJ @cyfqifqifwlwJ h txl;ojzif h/vDeif&J@ezl;}uD;eJ @ezl;a& 'l;a&awmfawmfwlwJ hezl;}uD;vJ&S dwJ h usaemfwd k @&J @ud kaX;atmif}uD;ud k vDeif aX;atmifvd k @yJ uifyGef;wyfac:a0:=uygw,f// olu at;at;aq;aq; wnfwnf+idrf+idrfeJ @ vl}uD;qefol

jzpfygw,f// usaemfwd k @xufvJ touft&G,ftm;jzif h}uD;ol 0gtm;jzif hvJ }uD;olyg// axmifxJ0ifcJ h&csdefrSmorD;ESpfa,muftaz//

usaemfwd k @uawmh ol @ud k ol @uG,f&mrSm vDeif}uD;vd k @yJ ac:=uw,f// oleJ @usaemf[m taqmifrSmwcef;wnf;vJ twlae&±k Hru tdyfawmhvJ ab;csif;uyf// ab;csif;uyfqd kwm wu,f hud kab;csif;uyfyg?




0if;wif h xGef; 109

yufvufvSeftdyfom±k H ausmwcif;pm &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;ae&mav;om&wmrd k @wa,mufeJ @wa,muf[mxdqufaewmygyJ// ol @vd kyJ usaemf h&J @ab;wzufrSm ab;csif;uyfvmusoluawmh wG Haw;u c&pf,mefoif;tkyfq&mawmf}uD;q&mapm',feD,,fyg// q&m',f}uD;u u&iftrsKd;om;yg // ol @ZeD;u autif,l

acgif;aqmif}uD;ref;bZH&J @wlrawmif awmfw,fvd k @xifygw,f// olu autif,leJ @ywfouf+yD;ygvmwJ h17§1-2 yg // wcgw&H tjyifupDrHcsufa=umif h “omwD;'D ” qd kwmawG tpkvd kuftðyHvd kuf odrf;usLH;+yD;0ifvmwJ htcgrsm;rSmqd k&if usaemfwd k @&J @wudk,fpmae&mav;awGyg xyfusK@Hay;vd kuf&+yD; vDeif}uD;wd k @q&m',f}uD;wdk @[m usaemfh&J @ab;csif;uyf tjzpfuae/ ausmcsif;uyf &ifcsif;uyftqif htxdawmifa&mufa&mufoGm;&ygao;w,f// omwD;'Drsm; crsmuawmh wcsKd @rsm; acs;yk H;}uD;eJ @ao;td k;tem; acgif;qd kuftdyf&awmhwJ htxdjzpfoGm;&ygw,f// usaemfwd k @urS wwfed kifor# yl;Ed kifor# yl;uyfusKH @±kef @ray;bl;qd k&if omwD;'Drsm;tjzpf[mwDaumifwDaxG;}uD;awGvd k vk H;axG;wGef @vdrfae&±k Hr#ru 'kwef;pD;vkyfol&J @

rqef @qef @atmif om;a&cg;ywfw&rf;&rf;eJ @ twif;±k dufoGif;ay;aer_ud k rjrif&ufp&maumif;avmufatmif jrif&=um;&ygvdrf hr,f//

vlom;pifppfawGuae wd&p> mefxuftjzpfqd k;&wJ hb0usa&mufae&olawGud k vk H;ceJ cJceJrsuf0g;xifxifjrifawG@&EdkifwJhae&m[m axmifvdk@yJ qdkvdkufcsifygw,f// axmiftm%myg;uGufom;rsm;/axmifajconf;vufonf;rsm; qDref;ref; }udrf;0g;avh&S dwJ h “ axmifuG/ bmrSwfovJ/ rif htarviftdrfaeovd kaevd k @r&bl;/ rEd kif Edkifatmifud kifr,f/ axmifu rEd kifvd k @/ Ed kifiHawmftpd k;&&,f æ jyefac:oGm;ygawmhvd k htpd k;&qDjyefyd k @&wmaxmiford kif;rSm b,fwkef;urS r&S dcJ hzl;bl;/ b,fawmhrSvJ &S drSmr[kwfbl;”

qd kwJ h vlrqefvGef;vSwJ h tjrifoabmxm;rsm;eJ @tnD &uf&ufpufpufES dyfuGufjywwfwm orm;±k d;usjzpfaeovd k/ “ axmifrqef @awmhvd k @ axmifxJxyfryd k@=uygeJ @awmh/ xyfrxnf h=uygeJ @awmh” vd k @awmhb,fawmhrS ajym=uqd k=uvdrf hr,fr[kwf// rqef @qef @atmif xnf h=uzd k @/ wDaxG;}uD;vd kjzpfae±k Hru iydodyficsOfodyfuae iHjym&nfyg xGufusus rqef @qef @atmif xnf hjyzd k @ twif;±k dufESuf eif;acs jy=ur,fomjzpfygw,f// tJ'Dvd k tcgwd kif;usaemf hab;csif;uyf c&pf,mefoif;tkyfq&mawmf}uD;q&m',feD,,f[mar;a=um}uD;awGaxmifaeatmif tH}uD;ud kwif;wif;}udwfaewwfovdk / usaemf h&J@ab;csif;uyf}uD;ud kaX;atmif[mvJ oufjyif;&Snf}uD;awGud ktqufrjywfcs&if; rsufarSmif}uD;ud k ñuwfaewwfygw,f?

vDeif}uD;eJ @ usaemf[m r=umr=umwm0efuswwfwJ h [if;csufwm0efcH&r,f hae@rsm;rSmvJ twlwl//tvSnf hus[if;csufwm0efuswd kif;/ ESpfa,mufwwG JwG J=u&&if oleJ @usaemf[m wwG Jwnf;// reufpmuawmh trsm;tm;jzif h yk HpHyJ[if;&S d+yD;om;// pepfwuswd kif;wdwGufcsufpm;&wJ h bk H&duQmygq,fxkyfav;awGxJu oif havsmf&m[if;wckckeJ @wG Jzufpm;vd kuf=u±k Hom //

ygq,fvmEd kifoljzpfap/ rvmEd kifoljzpfap/ usaemfwd k @ 5§n tkyf zdeyfcsKyf0iftm;vk H;[m ud k,f hrdom;pkqDuaxmif0ifpmvmawG @vd k @ &vmcJ huor# bk HtjzpftyfES Hodrf;qnf;pkpnf;xm;+yD; twlcG Jwrf;uspm;aomuf=uygw,f// 'Dbk H&duQmxkyfav;ud k toGm;tjyeftvSnf hus qG J+yD; &wemxkyf}uD; apmif h

a&Smufae&wmxufrav#mhaomowd0d&d,rsKd;eJ hxdef;odrf;apmif ha&Smuf=u&ygw,f// 'g[m bk HypPnf;av// tvkyf}uD;xJrSm odrf;xm;cJ hvd k @vJrjzpfovd k/ taqmifu tcef;xJrSm csefxm;ypfcJ hvd k @vJ vk HðcHpdwfcs&wmr[kwf// wOD;OD;uaAoGm;&if tm;vk H;iwfa=umqd kufoGm;Ed kifw,f// tjyifrSm tdrfrSm olcd k;cd k;cH&wmuaxmifxJrSm ygq,fxkyftcd k;cH&wmavmuf qk H;±_ H;epfemr_r}uD;Ed kif// naepm[m tom;pm;&ufuvG Jvd k @




110 0if;wif h xGef;


axmifxJrSmawmh tqd k;qk H;// 0ufawmifpm;rSm r[kwfwJ h[if;// 'Dawmh bkH&duQmygq,fxkyfxJu [if;au|;[if;&Hav;rsm;eJ @rpm;&ufraomuf&ufae@zd k @npm wd kif;wdcsefxm;&wmav;rsm;eJ @[if;oD; [if;&Gufav;rsm;t=uHtzefvkyf&SmazG+yD;/ &Hzef&Hcgaq;vdyfeJ @0,f,l+yD; a&maESmcsufðywfwJ h csuf[if;av;wcGuf

ygatmif vkyf&w,f// [if;csufpm;&w,fqd kvd k @ vG,fvG,fululrsm;awmh rxifvd kufygeJ @// axmifxJrSmaxmifOya't&u [if;csufpm;zd k @aeaeomom rD ;awmifarG;cGif h&S dwmr[kwf// 'D=um;xJu odomodaprjrifapenf;eJ hcd k;0Suf+yD;csufðywf=u&wm// xif;tjzpfok H;zd k @ opfwd kopfp a&$abmfpmtp up/ vuform;bkwfwm0efus t=uHtzefvkyfoleJ @qufoG,f+yD; aq;vdyfay; 0,fxm;& odrf;qnf;0Sufod kxm;&wm?[if;oD;[if;&Gufusawmhaumæ// awmif,mbkwfuswJ holqDuaq;vdyfay;+yD; t=uHtzefvkyf0,fxm;&wm// 'gawmif w&m;0ifa&mif;vd k @0,fvd k @&wmr[kwf// a&mif;ola&m0,folyg t}uD;tus,fjy jy\emt&SmcH&Ed kif+yD; tjyifrSmpufavSwpD;vk H;arSmifcd kr_xuf }uD;oGm;Ed kifw,f// 'Dvd kt=uHtzefvkyf+yD; &atmif

0,f&&Sm&r,f hudpPrsKd;rSmawmh Ad kvfZifaumh}uD;[musaemfwd k @xJrSm txufjrufqk H;// 0,fwmrSm tm;ud k;&ovd k &atmif=uHzef&mrSmvJ tpGrf;tp}uD;rm;ygayw,f// usaemfwdk @zdeyfcsKyfxJrSmud k awmif,mpd kufcif;ao;ao;av;wck &S dygw,f// zdeyfcsKyfa&uefbm,m&J @ tyd kiftpm;& a&uefab;u olud k,fwd kift=uHtzefvkyf pd kufysKd;xm;wJ h pd kufcif;i,fav;jzpfygw,f// &moDcsdeftvd kuf csOfaygif/ rkefnif;/ c&rf;oD;/i±kwfoD;/ [if;EkEG,fawG pd kufysKd;xm;avh&S dygw,f// 'Dvd kvkyfud kifEd kifzd k @ 'Dvd ka&uefav;&J @ a&uefbm,mjzpfzd k @ tjyifurdom;pkuae oufqd kif&maxmifrª;axmifyd kif tm%myd kifrsm;ud kvd kif;0if+yD;rS tyd kiftpm;&xm;wmyg// vdkif;0ifw,fqd kwm auseyfavmufatmif vmbfxdk;vd kuf&wmyg// usaemfwdk @zdeyfcsKyf&J @

a&uefbm,m[m "m;jyr_eJ husvmcJ hwJ h "m;jy}uD;wa,muf/ "m;jyAd kvf// ±kyfuvJ wu,fud k "m;jy±kyf?tjrJwef; r_efawaw// 'gayrJ h taqmifa&uefbm,m cg;yd kufEd _uf ca&mhqd kwJ haumifavmufawmh odyfrd kufrd kuf±k dif; r&S dvS// ca&mhqd kwJ haumifuawmh a&csKd;cscsdefrsm;qd k&if tvsm;0g;w±k dufomom teHwvHausmfausmfavmuf&S dr,f h av;axmif hyk H a&uefE_wfcrf;ay: om;a&jym;cg;ywfvufu&rf;+yD; vSnf hywfajy;aewwf&if; “ cyf wcGuf æ cyfwcGuf” eJ@trdef @ay;atmf[pfaewwfw,f// cyf æqd kwJ htoHrxGufrDa&wcGufavmufrsm; a,mifrSm;cyfrdvd k @uawmh/ jzef;ceJaeatmif vufu cg;ywfu cg;ywfpmau|;+yD;om;jzpfae+yD// ol @ud k aq;vdyfeJ @vd kif;0ifxm;+yD;om;vlqd k&ifawmh cyfoGufoGufESpfcGufavmuf qif h

csKd;+yD;om;jzpfae&ifvJ ol @cg;ywfu rjrifa,mifaqmifoGm;+yD;om;jzpfae+yD// zdeyfcsKyfa&uef"m;jyAd kvfuawmh usaemfwd k@tay: 'gavmuftm%mrjyvS// AdkvfZifaumhu 'D"m;jyAd kvfeJ @ta=umif;taygif;oif hvS+yD; "m;jypd kufcif;u [if;oD;[if;&Gufud kawmif &atmif,lwwfw,f// wcgw&Hawmif;,lvd kuf/wcgw&H aq;vdyfay;0,fvd kufeJ @aygh//

Ad kvfZifaumh&J @pnf;±k H;a&;enf;emuawmh "m;jyAd kvfud k aq;ukay;jcif;// "m;jyAd kvf&J @zifrSm aoG;pkem}uD;aygufaewmud k oGm;cG Jay;+yD; +yDn‡pfay;wm temud kzefa&aq;ay;wmawGvkyf&if; pnf;±k H;a&;qif;xm;vd kufwmjzpfw,f// Ad kvfZifaumh}uD; "m;jyAd kvfqDoGm;+yD; zifuaoG;pkemud k cG Jpdwfcef;0ifaewmjrifcJ h&

wJ h ud kpd k;0if;uawmh “ Ad kvfZifaumhawmh atmfya&;&Sif;0ifaejyD ” vd k @ Ad kvfZifaumhr=um;atmif usaemfwd k @qDvm+yD; aemufpp ajymwwfw,f// usaemfwd k @rSm ðyH;=u&w,f// tJ'Dvd k t=uHtzefrsKd;pk HeJ @ &,lxm;=u&wJ h &moDtvd kuf[if;oD;[if;&Gufav;awGud k ygq,fxkyfygtdrfyd k @[if;av;rsm;eJ @oif havsmfovd k a&maESmcsufðywfa&;wm0ef wenf;tm;jzif h naepmcsuf[if;wcGufyga&;wm0efud kawmh tvSnf huswwG J




0if;wif h xGef; 111

æESpfa,mufE_ef;wm0efeJ @ zefwD;=u&w,f// tJ'Dvdktcgwd kif; usaemfeJ hvDeif}uD;[m twG JwwG J jzpf=uw,f//

reufpmud k tvkyf}uD;rSmyJ avG;=u&ayrJ h naepmuawmh taqmifjyefa&mufrSpm;=u&w,f//

taqmifjyefa&muf xrif;xd k;csdef vufpG JawmfaumfZvk HcGufud k,fpDeJ @wef;pD/ vlpk HwJ htcsdefrSm taqmifeJ @reD;ra0;u anmifyif}uD;atmuf bkwfom;tm;vk H;vlpk HcsdefrSmawmh csuf[if;av;ud k [if;csufwm0efusolu wa,mufcsif;a0ay;&w,f// usaemfwd k @[if;csufwm0efuswJ hae@wd kif; usaemf[if;a0&wJ htcgwd kif;/ ravmufrieJ @ tm;vk H;xuf teJqk H;yJ&avh&S dwmuawmh usaemfeJ @ud kaX;atmif// usaemfu ud k,fa0wJ htvSnf h olrsm;ud kyJ omomxd k;xd k;a0ay;vd kufrdawmh ud kaX;atmifcrsm usaemf ha=umif h tjrJvd kvd keJeJyJ&oljzpfoGm;&wm pdwfraumif;// 'gayrJ h rwwfEd kif/ tm;ememeJ@yJ tjrJvd kvd kjzpfcJ h&w,f//

(3)

ud kpd k;0if;tqd ktwd kif; uae@±k duf&r,f h cG Jwrf;us zdeyfcGmawGud k wa,mufwvufpD cyfoGufoGuf±k dufvd kuf=uw,f// oHawGuawmh cGmawGxJ aumufvdrf+yD; 0ifwm0if/ zdeyftwGif;E_wfcrf;om;=um;oHpav;awG ikwfpdusefwmusefeJ @ jzpfovd kwrif±k dufay;vd kuf=uw,f// b,fvd kvkyf apwemygyg ±k dufay;Ed kifyghrvJ// usaemfwd k @ud k axmiftm%myg;uGufom;rsm;u wrifeHES drf+yD; npfxm;cd kif;xm;wmjzpfawmhusaemfwd k @uvJjyefjyD; wwfEd kifor# ynmjy& acsmifcd kjy& xd kufwefovd kwk H @jyefjy&wm w&m;w,fvd k @jrif

ygw,f// 'DzdeyfawG[m usaemfwd k @ud k jyefuefr,f hzdeyfawGr[kwfygbl;vd k @ b,folajymEd kifovJ// 'DzdeyfrsKd;awG[m usaemfwd k @b0wltusOf;om;awGpD;&r,f h[mawG r[kwfwmaocsmovd k/ omrefjynfolrsm;pD;& r,f h zdeyftrsKd;tpm;awGr[kwfwmvJ aocsmvSoaygh//

“ usaemf±kdufvd kufwJ h 'Dzdeyfuawmh uHqd k;olarmif&Sif wywfavmufpD;vd kufrdwmeJ @ ajcaxmufoHpl;+yD; ar;cd kifydk;av; bmav;tqpf&oGm;Ed kifw,f ”

iod kif;acsmif;}uD;u oabmuspGmajym&if; [D;ceJ toHxGufatmifawmif &Dvd kufao;w,f// tm;vk H;ðyH;rd=uw,f// wu,fu usaemfwd k @&Jabmfrsm;[m pdwfaumif;ESvk H;aumif;&S dcsifolawG/ jzLjzLpifpifeJ @

±k d;±k d;om;om;ðyrlqufqHcsifolawGjzpf=uygvsuf vufawG @cg;pnf;cHae&wJ hb0awGu usaemfwd k @ud k 'Dvd krðycsif ðycsifatmif wGef;yd k @xm;wm jzpfygw,f//

zdeyfcGmawGjzpfovd k ±k duf+yD;csdefrSmawmh tvkyf}uD;twGif;&moDOwktajctaeud k tuif;yg;yg;tuJcwf=unf hvd kuf=uw,f// &moDOwk aumif;aew,f// b,f0g'gqd k;axmifrª;qd k;rS0ifvmwmr&S d? apmapmyd kif;u olwd k @zdeyfcsKyfpufud k,fpDeJ @ w*sKH ;*sKH;tvkyfvkyfae=uwJ hapm=uufz}uD;eJ @ ud kpd k;xGwf}uD;awmifa&aEG;cd k;wnfzd k @ jyifqifae=u+yD//

usaemfwd k @vJ vufxJrSm wl}uD;awGud k,fpDud kifvd k @ tvkyform;}uD;awGpwd kiftjynf haygufae&mu

wlawGud kpm;yG Jay: ypfcsxm;vd kuf=uawmhw,f// =uh=uHzefzef f uAsmwyk'fud k oGm;owd&aerdao;w,f?uAsmu ud k,OfrGef&J huAsmvd k @yJ xifygw,f//“ wl}uD;wud kifud kifeJ @ æud k,f hukvm;xd kif ud k,f±k dufaeyga&mhvm; ” qd kwJ h uAsmyg/ // odyfud kvSy+yD;/

wd kwd kav;eJ @xdrdvSwJ h uAsmav;yg // usaemfwdk @tjzpfuawmh wl}uD;wud kifud kifeJ @ udk,fhukvm;xd kif




112 0if;wif h xGef;


udk,f±k dufae=uwmr[kwf// olrsm; zdeyf±k dufay;ae&wm/ aomufjrifuyfuyfeJ @ ±k dufay;ae=u&wm//zdeyfcsKyf±k Hav;&J J @tjyifzufab;rSm tbOD;bOD; wukyfukyfvkyfaewm jrif&w,f// zsmwcsyfpm

avmufyJ&S dr,f h =uH=uHzefzefajrae&musOf;usOf;av;ay: tbu rkefnif;cif;av;jzpfatmif pd kufae&Smwm

jzpfw,f// ol @rkef @nif;yifav;awGu tckrS tyifaygufcgpyJ &S dao;w,f// tJ'gav;awGud k wxGmavmufyJ&S dr,f hopfpwd kav;eJ @ wukyfukyfajrqGay;aewmrSef; usaemfodvd kufw,f// bmyJjzpfjzpf toD;t&Gufpdrf;qd k wckrSoGif;cGif hr&S dwJ h 'Dvd kaxmifxJrSm/ naepm[if;wcGufcsufwJ htcg tifrwefvd ktyfaewJ h[if;&Gufpdrf;av;&Ed kifa&;twGuf tb[m tckvd kwukyfukyf t=uHtzefvkyfpd kufysKd;ae&Smwm// tzG J @ud k axmufyH hay;tyfEd kifzd k@ pd kufysKd;aewm// cd k;+yD; pdkufysKd;ae&wm// axmiftm%myg;uGufom;rsm; vsmt±k d;r&S dwd kif;ta=umif;jyajymqd kwmuawmh om;pd kom;pdrf; [if;oD;[if;&Gufpdrf;udkaxmifwGif;w&m;0ifoGif;cGifhðyvd kuf&if 0rf;a&m*gwd k @bmwd k @ jzpfukefrSmpd k;vd k @/ tusOf;om;rsm;usef;rma&;twGuf ydwfyifuef @owfxm;

&wmqd kyJ// wu,fud k usef;rma&;ud k tav;xm;ay;wJ hyk H/ *±kwpd kuf apwemxm;ay;aewJ hyk H// wu,fuolwd k @csufðywfau|;aewmurS wu,f hud k usef;rma&;eJ @wpufuav;rS rnD!Gwf/ wywfwcgyJ pm;&wJ hyk HpHtom;uvJ b,fawmhrS rusuf// axmifrª;axmifyd kifrsm;cd k;vd k @uJ hvd k @&atmif yk HpHjynf hw,fxif&atmifwyGufqlavmufrSmyJ tom;wk H;}uD; ukef;±kef;azmif;ºuGaewkef; rusufwusufavmufeJ @ ay;vd kufau|;vdkufwmrsKd;csnf; jzpfw,f// qefu atmufapmfeH/ iydu yd k;xd k;// [if;&Gufud k a&vk Hðywfau|;wJ htcgusawmhaumæ// [if;&Gufud k a&awmifpifatmifaq;[efrwl/ npfnpfywfywf oJeJ @&Syf&Syf// csOfaygifjzpfjzpf[if;EkEG,fjzpfjzpf tjrpfawmifygvd kufao;/ ES D;óud;jywfeJ @wDaumifjywfawmif wcgw&Hygvd kufao;// 'g

a=umif h tvkyf}uD;usawGwd kif;u naepm[if;av;ud k ud k,f h [mud k,f t=uHtzefvkyf+yD; csufðywfpm;Ed kifzdk @ óud;pm;=u&wm//

tbOD;bOD;[m 'DxJrSm usaemfwd k @tkyfpkxJrSm touft&G,ft}uD;qk H;//xm;0,fom;}uD;//ocifAodef;wifeJ @awmif aqGrsKd;eD;pyfawmfao;ovm;rod// [d k;wkef;uwnf;u uGefjrLepf}uD;//

axmifvJuscJ hzl;wm t}udrf}udrf// zqyvacwfu axmufvSrf;a&;u ol @ud kzrf;+yD; ajcovk H;rsOf;vk H;eJ @}udwfppfaq;wmrsKd;awGvJ cHcJ h&zl;ol// tckvJ touf(70)eD;rS ygvm&jyef+yD// tbud k touft&G,ft}uD;qk H;rd k @ usaemfwd k @u pd k;&drfylyeftm;ay;p&mrvd k/ tbuawmif usaemfwd k @ud k jyefvnftm;ay;ae

vdkufao;/ “ Ed kifiHa&;orm;qd kwm 'Dvd kaygh/ cHp&m&Sd cH&Jzd k @yJæ” wJ h//'DtxJrSm tbOD;bOD;eJ @ywfouf+yD; odu|rf;cGifh&wmuawmh OD;AvGef;a&$ // olvJ xm;0,fom;?

olu o&ufacsmif; avmif;vk Hzufu qD;awmqd kwJ h &Gmav;uwJ h// Ed kifiHa&;r_ 17§1 eJ @yJ 0ifvmcJ h&+yD;xm;0,faxmifuae tif;pdefaxmifa&mufvm&&Smwm// o&ufacsmif;avmif;vk Hzufuqd kawmh ol @rdom;pku axmif0ifpmrvmEd kif// axmifxJrSm taetxd kiftpm;taomuf awmfawmfud k csKd @iJ h&Smw,f?usaemfwd k @utkyfpk&S dayrJ h ol @crsmr&S d&Sm// usaemfwd k @uvJ ud k,f htkyfpkeJ @ud k,f bkHoabmrsKd;aexd kif pm;aomufae=u&wmqd kawmh ud k,feJ J @cifrifvmwJ holyJqd k+yD; bk HxJu[m xkwfau|;xkwfay;vd k @r&// usaemf

uawmh naepm usaemf&wJ hcG Jwrf;[if;av;wZGef;pm,l+yD;&if OD;AvGef;a&$}uD;ud k vd kuf+yD;&Smavh&S d+yD;usaemf h[if;av;ud k cG JcG Jau|;rdw,f// olu usaemfrjrifatmif cyfa0;a0;oGm;aewwfayrJ h usaemfurawG@awG @atmif&Sm+yD; cGJay;avh&S dw,f// tpawmh usaemfwdk @ bkwfom;awGu aumif;aumif;rod//aemufawmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm;odvm=u+yD;/ [if;av;bmav;qlòzd;wJ htcgqd k ol @ud kvJ bk HxJuae [if;




0if;wif h xGef; 113

wZGef;wav ay;vm=uygw,f// OD;AvGef;a&$ud k tbuawmh olwd k hxm;0,faveJ @yJvm; rajymwwf/“ bavma&S ææbavma&S ”eJ @ ac:wwfw,f//

wlav;awGcs+yD; yavmifatmifpef;u tbOD;bOD;qDoGm;aecsdefrSm usaemfwd k @ud kwdwf}uD;u [if;

td k;yk H;ud kif+yD; a&uefbufqD oGm;ae+yD// 'Dae@[if;csuf wm0efxrf;aqmifzdk @ [if;&Gufaq;zd k @ a&cyfzd k @oGm;wmjzpfvdrfhr,f// [if;tdk;ykH;vdk@ajym&wmu [if;csufzkd@tdk;tjzpftokH;ðyaeayrJh wu,fuud kif;av;ygwyfxm;wJ hyk H;wyk H;// &&myk H;wyk H;ud k tvkyf}uD;oHjzLbufuyk*~ dKvfausmfrsm;u [if;td k;tjzpf±k dufay;+yD;/ aq;vdyfeJ @ a&mif ;ay;xm;vd k @/ usaemfwd k @bkwfu 0,fok H;ae&wJ hyk H;/ [if;td k;tjzpf tok H;ðyae& wJh [if;td k;yk H;// wyfok H; [ef;aumcsKdif hvd kvd k bmvd kvd k//

usaemfu OD;av;OD;jrpdef}uD;wd k @vl}uD;awGpcef;cs&&m zdeyfcsKyfom;a& *d ka'gif±k H}uD;buf ajcOD;vSnf hvdkufw,f// usaemf ht&ifoGm;aeESif hwmu Ad kvfZifaumh//

rsufrSef}uD;av;pif;u w0if;0if;eJ@rsufESmcsif;qdkifvdk@? wacgif;vkH;jzLaewJh OD;av;OD;jrpdefuom;a&jym;}uD;wcsyfay: ukef;ukef;}uD;xd kif&if; cJwHwacsmif;eJ @ tvkyf±_yfaeqJ// om;a&jym;}uD;wcsyfud ktoifhay;xm;jyD; zdeyfyk HpHatmufcHcsyfeJ @vdkuf+yD;/ zdeyfatmufcHjym;av;awGtjzpf jzwfvdk @&atmifcJ&may;ae&&Smwmjzpfw,f// OD;av;OD;jrpdef[m rtlyifu/ usaemfwdk@eJ@wtkyfpkwnf;aom 5§ntusOf;om;// t&ifu uGefjrLepfygwD&J @ rtlyifc±k difaumfrDwD0ifa[mif;wOD;// ajray: jyefa&mufaewm}umvS+yD// tckrS usaemfwd k @ud k azmfvd kufwJ h azmfaumif&J @aumif;r_eJ @ axmifxJ0ifvm&&Smwm//

OD;av;OD;atmif=unf}uD;uawmh vufjzpfpmtkyfao;ao;av;wtkyfa&S @cs+yD; cJwHwd kav;eJ @ wpk H

wckud k oJ}uD;rJ}uD;a&;rSwfaew,f// [if;csufenf;vm;/ aq;+rD;wd kenf;vm; æ wckckawmh wckckyJjzpfygr,f// =uH=uHzefzef axmifxJa&mufrS aq;+rD;wd kenf; [if;csufenf;awGvd kufar;+yD; a&;rSwfaewm&Dp&mvd k @awmhrxifvd kufygeJ @// ud k,f h0goemeJ @ud k,fvd k @yJ ajym&ygvdrf hr,f// pd k;0if;}uD;uawmh “ OD;av;utjyifusrS tJ'D[if;awG tukefvd kufcsufpm;=unf hrvd k @vm;/ 'DrSmiwfor# pm;csifwmawG tukefvd kufrSwfaewmxifw,f”vd k@ pwwfw,f// OD;av;uawmh cyfðyH;ðyH;// olvJ c±kdifaumfrDwD0if a[mif;}uD;wa,muf// tckvJ ygvmjyef&&Smol// rsufrSef}uD;u w0if;0if;eJ @// pmrzwf pmra&;wJ htcgrsKd;rSmawmhrsufrSefrwyf//

tjrJwrf;rsufrSefwyfxm;&±H kru/ rsufrSef}uD;uvJ rSefbDvl;eD;yg;txleJ @/ 'gawmifaumif;aumif;=unf=unf vifvifjrif[efrwloluawmh OD;av;OD;xGef;jrif h}uD;ygyJ// olu ykodrfom;// ykodrfrSm “xGef;jrif hpmay”qd kwJ h pmtkyfqd kifzGif h+yD;vmcJ hol/ pmtkyfqd kif&Sif// +yD;awmh Ed kifiHa&;orm;a[mif;wOD;// vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;uwnf;u axmifuszl;ol// emrnfausmfom,m0wDaxmifxr_}uD;acwfwkef;uawmif ygzl;ovd kvd k// OD;av;OD;xGef;jrif h}uD;uawmh a&aEG;awG wzl;zl;r_wfaomufaew,f//

rsufrSef}uD;eJ @yJjzpfwJ h OD;ausmfjrif huawmh ol @tusôud k vufESpfzufeJ @ud kif+yD;/ y,fy,fe,fe,f aphaphpyfpyf pl;pl;pd kufpd kuf oef;}uD;rppfqifa&;ud k vkyfaew,f// tjyifrSmwkef;u b,favmufoef @&Sif;a&;

óudufóuduf/ b,favmufoef @&Sif;atmifaeae/ usef;rma&;todawG owdawG b,favmufyJ&S d&S d/ 'DxJrSmoef;}uD;r rwG,folr&S d// oef;}uD;r ruyfolr&S d // oef;}uD;r}uD;awGuvJ }uD;rS}uD;/ aygrSayg // a&00rcsKd;& qyfjymaumif;aumif;rok H;&vd k @wifru/ t0wfaumif;aumif;rzGyf&/ oef @&Sif;a&;aumif;aumif; rvkyf&vd k@wifru/ taqmifrSmtusOf;om;aygif;pkH tr_aygif;pkHuvlawGeJ@ twlwGJae&awmh/ reufvif;




114 0if;wif h xGef;


tvkyf}uD;rxGufcif ol @txkyf ud k,f htxkyf t0wfxkyfaygif;pk Hud k wae&mwnf;rSmyJ tyk H}uD;wyk HxJtjzpfpkyk Hpkxyfxm;cJ h&awmh/ vlwum&J @oef;}uD;rawGu rul;csifrStqk H;// oef;}uD;rrsm; ul;vl;aygufyGm;jzef @csdjyef @ES H @ap+yD;om; tvd kvd kjzpfoGm;w,f// ae@vnftm;&if oef;}uD;r&Sm/ oef;}uD;rppfqifa&;vkyf? rvkyfEd kif

&if r=umrD0JawGaygufzd k @ aocsmoavmufjzpfoGm+yD? OD;av;OD;ausmfjrif hu [oFmwxl;}uD;om;/ olvJEd kifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;wOD;// ol @nDawmfarmifwa,mufuawmh rqv v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fwa,mufvd kvd k bmvd kvd kajymoH=um;zl;w,f// 'gawG odvJrodcsifawmh/ aoaocsmcsm ar;zl;jref;zl;jcif;vJr&S d // Ed kifiHa&;,k H=unfcsufqd kwm nDtud karmifESrt&if;jzpfayrJ h wlcsifrS wlwwf=uwm/ jy'g;wvrf;oHwvrf;jzpfaewwf=uwmawG trsm;}uD;//

usaemf OD;av;wd k @0d kif;xJ 0ifxd kifrdjyD;csdef r=umrDrSmyJ ud kpd k;0if;}uD;wa,muf ðyH;ðyH; ðyH;ðyH;eJ @0ifvmw,f//

vufxJrSmcsnfvk H;av;eJ @/ wpk Hwckud k Zmxd k;yef;xd k;vkyf&if;wef;vef;// xd k;xm;+yD;om;av;u wd k;vd k @wGJvJwyd kif;wpeJ @// rsufrSef0d kif;av;vd kvd k bmvd kvd k// bm&,fvd k @yDyDoo yk Hray:ao;//

“ armifpd k;0if; æbmxd k;aewmvJ/ rif;[muæ”rsufrSef}uD;yif h&if; OD;av;OD;jrpdefu ar;vd kufawmh/ Ad kvfZifaumhu [D;ceJ toHxGufatmif &Dw,f?usaemfuvJ pdwf0ifwpm; vSrf;=unf haerdw,f// ud kpd k;0if;}uD;uvJ oGm;jzJ}uD;eJ @ðyH;aew,f//“ 'Daumif ol @rdef;r raX;zd k @ b,mpD,mxd k;aewmOD;av;&/ csnfeJ @xd k;wJ h Zmxd k;yef;xd k;b,mpD,m

av/ 'DxJolrsm;awGu óud;ykwD;wd k @bmwd k @xd k;=uw,f/ oluawmh æ t[D;” Ad kvfZifaumh ajym&if;ajym

&if; &Daew,f//tJ'DawmhrS usaemfvJ ol @xd k;vufp wd k;vd k @wef;vef; wyd kif;wpyk H=urf;av;vSrf;=unf hrd&if; oabm

aygufoGm;rdw,f// wu,fud k =uH=uHzefzefpdwful;//“a[haumif æ rif;[mu raX;uaum 0wfrSmvm;/ +yD;awmh æ twdkif;rod txGmrodeJ @uGm”Ad kvfZifaumh}uD;u &D&Darmarmajymawmh æ“ Ad kvfZifaumhuvJ/ ud k,f hrdef;rtwd kif;/ ud k,f hvufu ud k,f h[mud k,f od+yD;om;aygh ”wJ h? ud kpk d;0if;&J @

ajzvd kufyk H[m vl}uD;awGtm;vk H; ðyH;pdpd jzpfoGm;&ovd k usaemfvJðyH;vd kufrdawmhw,f? tJ'Dvd k 0d kif;zG J @&Darm

ae=uwkef;rSmyJ æ“ tm;vk H; em;axmifa[h ” qd kwJ h toH}uD;woH us,fus,favmifavmifxGufvmw,f//tm;vk H;em;pGif h+yD;om; jzpfoGm;w,f//“ axmif0ifpma[h æaxmif0ifpm/”tm;vk H;oufjyif;ud k,fpD csvd kufrd=u&if; pdwf0ifpm;pGm ar#mfvif hjcif;}uD;pGmjzif h em;axmifaevd kufrd

=ujyefw,f// tm;vkH;em;axmifa[h æqd kjyD;/ trdef hay;oHvd kvd k =oZmoHvd kvd ktjynf heJ @tay:pD;uaeajymqd kvd kufwJ htoHawGxJrSmawmh 'DtoH[m em;axmif&wm em;qif&wm taumif;qkH;toH//

tm;vk H;tm;vk H;u b,folurS rausreyfrjzpfrdwJ htoH// wwfEd kif&if 'Dvd ktay:pD;utoHrsKd;awmhwae@tacgufw&m vm+yD;ajymajym/ b,folurS ròidrjiif r=unfrjzL rjzpfrdwJ htoH//

“ pd k;0if; æ/ awG @vd kol æraX;”“ wif0if; ac: Ad kvfZifaumh æ/ awG @vd kol æ rjrpdef”




0if;wif h xGef; 115

toHu 'DrSmyJ&yfoGm;w,f// aemufxyf xyfac:oHr=um;&awmh// emrnf&GwfoHrygawmh// ukefoGm;+yD//

ud kpd k;0if;u Ad kvfZifaumhud k ðyH;ðyH;}uD;=unf h&if; cyfoGufoGuf rwfwyf&yfvd kufw,f// +yD;awmh ESpfOD;

om;ðyH;ðyH;}uD; cyfoGufoGufeJ @rajy;±k Hwr,f xGufoGm;=uwmud kvJ usaemfwd k @tm;vkH;u yDwdawGeJ @=unf haevd kuf=urdw,f// // Ò

0if;wif hxGef;




116 0if;wif h xGef;


0if;wif hxGef;ud k,fa&;tusOf;

1954 Zefe0g&DzGm;?ppfuk dif;wk dif;/ a&$bd kòrd @e,f/ awm&Gmw&GmrSm arG;zGm;w,f?1973 ckESpfrSm rd k;a0r*~Zif;uae uAsmjzif h pmayavmu

twGif; w&m;0ifa&muf&S dw,f?1973 rS 1988 twGif; rk d;a0/ aomif;ajymif; axGvm/

jrwfav;r*~Zif;wk d @rSm uAsm/ 0wKwd k oa&mfpmawGa&;cJ hw,f?yxrqk H;vkH;csif;pmtkyf[m uAsmpmtkyf? q&mwifrk d;eJ @

!Gef @=uL;wk d @ trSma&;om;ay;=uwJ h vk H;csif; uAsm&Snfpmtkyf?“ Ed k;aeaom vuFmonf ” (1980 jynf hESpfxkwf) jzpf

w,f?1982 rS 1986 txd Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;tjzpf yk'fr

5§neJ @ tif;pdefaxmif/ om,m0wDaxmifwk d @rSm aecJ h&w,f?&Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfykHtwGif; ppftpdk;&udkqef@usif

uef @uGufcJ h=uwJ h pmaytEkynm&Sifrsm;vufrSwfa&;xd k;uef @uGufv$mwif&mrSm yg0if vuf

rSwfa&;xd k;cJ hw,f? ta&;awmfyk H}uD;twGif; pme,fZif;or*~ (,m,D)rSm omreftzG J @0iftjzpf yg0ifw,f?

Ek difiHa&;ygwDawGay:aygufvmwJ htcg jynfol @wd k;wufa&;ygwD/ A[k daumfrwDtwGif;a&;rª;tzG J @0if(1)/ ygwDzsufodrf;cH&+yD;0&rf;ajy;wJ htcg rE Wav;rSma&;om;xkwfa0jzpfcJ hwJ h pmtkyfuawmh “ 1350 jynf h ta&;awmfyk H” (vkH;csif;uAsmpmtkyf)eJ@ “e0wppftpd k;&. vl @tcGif hta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; (1990) ” wk d @jzpfw,f?

jynfyud ka&mufvm+yD;aemuf a&;om;xkwfa0jzpfcJ hwJ h pmtkyfawG uawmh æ

1? cGyfa'gif;wk d @&J @wGefusL;oH ( uAsmpmtkyf/ wuUod kvfpdef&wktxdrf;trSwf Auouxkwf/ 1995)

2? a&$vDrSm oduQmESpfxyfeJ @vl (uAsm/ 1996)3? axmifpka[mif;ud k EkwfqufaxmifpkopftwGuftóud æ (uAsmpmtkyf/ Ed k0ifbm/

2000 jynf hESpf)4? oHwd kif=um;aºuGoGm;&wJ h =u,fpifawG (±kyfyk Hv$mpum;ajy/=o*kwfv/ 2001)rd k;óud;/ acwfòydif/ a'gif;tk d;a0/ opPm pwJ h pmapmifr*~Zif;*sme,fawGrSmvJ uAsm/ 0wK/

aqmif;yg;av;awGa&;aew,f? a&;cJ hw,f?

ESifhESifhESifhESifhESifhtjcm; axmif 0wKwdkrsm;tjcm; axmif 0wKwdkrsm;tjcm; axmif 0wKwdkrsm;tjcm; axmif 0wKwdkrsm;tjcm; axmif 0wKwdkrsm;

(6) wk dufrS m(6) wkdufrS m(6) wk dufrS m(6) wkdufrS m(6) wkdufrS mavmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufuk dufwm cHzl;ovm;

(6) wkdufrSm(6) wkdufrSm(6) wkdufrSm(6) wkdufrSm(6) wkdufrSmavmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;avmufukdufwm cHzl;ovm;




1

P.O Box 93, Mae Sot, Tak Province 63110, Thailande.mail: [email protected] website: www.aappb.org

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Burma’s Prisons and Labour Camps:

Silent Killing Fields

Summary

In October 2008, reports

emerged from Burma that the

military junta had ordered its

courts to expedite the trials of

political activists. Since then,

357 activists have been handed

down harsh punishments,

including sentences of up to 104years.1 Shortly after sentencing,

the regime began to

systematically transfer political

prisoners to prisons all around

Burma, far from their families. This has a serious detrimental impact on both their

physical and mental health. Medical supplies in prisons are wholly inadequate, and often

only obtained through bribes to prison officials. It is left to the families to provide

medicines, but prison transfers make it very difficult for them to visit their loved ones in

jail. Prison transfers are also another form of psychological torture by the regime, aimed

at both the prisoners and their families. Since November 2008, at least 228 political

prisoners have been transferred to jails away from their families.2

The long-term

consequences for the health of political prisoners recently transferred will be very serious.

1 AAPP, 30 April 2009.2 AAPP, 30 April 2009.

0

50

100

150

200

250

Sentenced

Transferred




2

At least 127 political prisoners are currently in poor health. At least 19 of them are in

urgent need of proper medical treatment. Political prisoners’ right to healthcare is

systematically denied by the regime. Burma’s healthcare system in prisons is completely

inadequate, especially in jails in remote areas. There are 44 prisons across Burma, and at

least 50 labour camps3. Some of them do not have a prison hospital, and at least 12 of the

prisons do not even have a prison doctor.4

The regime’s treatment of political prisoners directly contravenes the 1957 UN standard

minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners. The International Committee of the Red

Cross (ICRC) carried out its last prison visit in Burma in November 2005. In January

2006 the ICRC suspended prison visits in the country, as it was not allowed to fulfil its

independent, impartial mandate.

Since 1988 at least 139 political prisoners have died in detention, as a direct result of

severe torture, denial of medical treatment, and inadequate medical care. Many, like Htay

Lwin Oo, were suffering from curable diseases such as tuberculosis. He died inMandalay Prison in December 2008. He had been due for release in December this year.

1. Political Prisoners In Poor Health

There are currently at least 127 political prisoners known to be in poor health.5

The health of the following political prisoners is of particular concern. They are in urgent

need of proper ongoing medical treatment. Many of them are being held in remote

prisons, far from their families.

Case: Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the National League for Democracy and 1991

Nobel Peace Prize winner, held under house arrest for 13 of the past 19 years.

On Friday 8 May 2009 Aung San Suu Kyi was placed on a drip

by her doctor’s assistant because she has low blood pressure,

and is dehydrated and unable to eat. The authorities have so far

refused to allow the assistant access to her home for follow-up

treatment. On Thursday 7 May, her family doctor Tin Myo Win

had been denied permission to enter the house after waiting several hours to carry

out a regular medical check- up. He was arrested later that evening, and his

whereabouts are currently unknown.6

3 The number of active labour camps fluctuates according to the regime’s current infrastructure projects,which prisoners held in labour camps are forced to work on without compensation.4 AAPP, 30 April 2009.5 AAPP, 30 April 2009.6 The Irrawaddy, 9 May 2009.




3

Case: Min Ko Naing, leader of the 88 Generation Students group and former

political prisoner. Currently held in Kengtung Prison, Shan State

Min Ko Naing suffers from a deteriorating eye condition, high

blood pressure and numbness in his hands. He is currently held

in solitary confinement and is not allowed to exercise. He is

suffering from a medical condition which means he is unable to

sweat, and is in pain. There is no regular doctor in the prison.7

Case: Htay Kywe, leader of the 88 Generation Students group and former political

prisoner. Currently held in Buthidaung Prison, Arakan State

Htay Kywe has been tortured in Buthidaung Prison. He has also

been denied food and the right to exercise. He has not been

allowed to bathe regularly and has developed scabies as a result.

He suffers from high blood pressure. He is currently held insolitary confinement. There is no doctor at the prison, which is

over 700 miles from his family in Rangoon.8

Case: Hla Myo Naung, leading member of the 88 Generation Students group and

former political prisoner. Currently held in Myitkyina Prison, Kachin State

Hla Myo Naung is already blind in one eye. He is now

experiencing similar symptoms in his good eye to those he

experienced before he lost the sight in his other eye, and is at

serious risk of going blind. He urgently needs specialist

treatment. Myitkyina Prison is over 900 miles from Rangoon

where his family lives, and there is no prison doctor there.9

Case: Ko Ko Gyi, leader of the 88 Generation Students group and former political

prisoner. Currently held in Monghsat Prison, Shan State10

Ko Ko Gyi has recently been suffering from a weak digestive

system. In the past he has also suffered from liver stones and

hepatitis B. After he was released in 2005, he received some

treatment for his liver problems.11

7 AAPP, April 2009.8 AAPP, 30 April 2009.9 AAPP, 30 April 2009.10 This is a very isolated prison in North-eastern Burma, also in an active conflict zone.11 AAPP, 30 April 2009.




4

Case: Su Su Nway, National League for Democracy youth member, labour activist

and former political prisoner. Currently held in Kale Prison, Sagaing

Division

Su Su Nway suffers from a congenital heart condition. She was

recently admitted to the general hospital in Kale. She has now

been transferred back to prison. She is very weak and is unable

to walk unaided. In the past, Su Su Nway has been moved to

solitary confinement as a punishment for asking prison

authorities for better medical care. There is no prison doctor in the prison, which

is 680 miles from Rangoon.12

Case: Win Mya Mya, National League for Democracy Division Organiser.

Currently held in Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State

Win Mya Mya suffers from low blood pressure. She also has a

nerve condition, caused by injuries she sustained during the May

2003 Depayin massacre. There is no doctor in Puta-O Prison,

which is over 500 miles from Mandalay, her home town.13

Case: Pyae Phyo Hlaing, student activist, currently held in Buthidaung Prison in

Arakan State

Pyae Phyo Hlaing is currently unable to eat, because of stomach

pain. There is no doctor at Buthidaung prison, which is over 700

miles from Rangoon.14

Case: Thu Rein Aung, labour activist, currently held in Kyaukpyu Prison in

Arakan State

Thu Rein Aung is suffering from an eye condition, and has

recently lost a lot of weight due to a gastric problem.15

12 AAPP, April 2009.13 AAPP, April 2009.14 AAPP, April 2009.15 AAPP, April 2009.




5

Case: Wai Lin, labour activist, currently held in Myitkyina Prison in Kachin State.

Wai Lin is suffering from tuberculosis and his health is rapidly

deteriorating. There is no prison doctor at the prison, which is over 900

miles from Rangoon.16

Case: Tun Tun Oo, National League for Democracy youth member, member of the

Human Rights Defenders and Promoters Network, currently held in Meiktila

Prison, Mandalay Division

Tun Tun Oo is currently experiencing pain in his body, due to

muscular tension. The prison is over 300 miles from Rangoon,

where his family live.17

Case: Myint Naing, member of the Human Rights Defenders and Promoters

Network, currently held in Kale Prison in Sagaing Division.

Myint Naing is suffering from a hernia and persistent headaches.

There is no doctor at the prison, which is 680 miles from

Rangoon.18

Case: Aung Thu, member of the 88 Generation Students group and former

political prisoner. Currently held in Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin

State.

The muscles in one of Aung Thu’s legs have seized, and he cannot

stand up or move properly. His tongue is retracted, and he is

showing signs of nerve damage, which could lead to paralysis.

He has not received the specialist medical treatment he needs.19

16 AAPP, April 2009.17 AAPP, April 2009.18 AAPP, April 2009.19 AAPP, April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma, 20 April 2009.




6

Case: Myo Yan Naung Thein, member of the 88 Generation Students group and a

former political prisoner. Currently held in Thandwe Prison, Arakan State

He was badly tortured under interrogation following his arrest in

December 2007. He is now suffering from paralysis and cannot

walk unaided. He has not received proper medical treatment,

and is currently held in Thandwe Prison in Arakan State, where

there are no neural medical specialists.20

Case: U Thura aka Zarganar, comedian, film-maker, and former political prisoner.

Currently held in Myitkyina Prison, Northern Kachin State, over 900 miles

from Rangoon

Zarganar has been suffering from liver problems, spondylitis

[inflammation of a vertebra], hypertension and heart disease.

After losing consciousness for several hours on 16 April, he was finally allowed hospital treatment eleven days later on 27 April.

According to ECG test results, his heart is swelling. He needs

proper ongoing medical care.21

Case: Than Naing, National League for Democracy Youth member, currently held

in Maubin Prison.

Than Naing has HIV and requires proper ongoing medical

treatment.22

Case: Kyaw Kyaw Thant, Weekly Eleven journal editor and Cyclone Nargis

volunteer, currently held in Insein Prison.

Kyaw Kyaw Thant is currently in poor health, and has been

denied adequate treatment. In March this year he reported

having breathing difficulties, after being kept in a small cell and

denied regular exercise, according to family members. On 24

April 2009 he reported experiencing chest pains, but his family

have not been given permission to take him to a specialist.23

20 AAPP September 2008 and Radio Free Asia, 5 January 2009.21 AAPP, 30 April 2009. Mizzima 28 April 200922 AAPP, 30 April 2009. Radio Free Asia, 4 December 2008.23 AAPP, 30 April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma, April 24 2009.




7

Case: U Than Lwin, National League for Democracy MP, currently held in Loikaw

Prison, Kayah State.

U Than Lwin is over 70 years old and suffers from cataracts. He is blind

in one eye and needs ongoing medical treatment.24

Case: Khun Tun Oo, Shan National League for Democracy MP, currently held in

Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State.

66 year-old Khun Tun Oo is suffering from hypertension and his

diabetes is getting worse. He has not received proper treatment

since his arrest and imprisonment in 2005.

25

The main health problems experienced by political prisoners are:

• Dysentery – bacterial or viral infection, from unhygienic conditions and over-

crowding

• Scabies – from unhygienic conditions

• Cholera – from contaminated water

• Malaria – no mosquito nets, no medication

• Piles / Haemorrhoids – cold hard surfaces

• Anaemia – lack of nutrients

• Hypertension – sometimes stress-induced

• Heart disease – sometimes stress-induced

• Stroke – sometimes stress-induced

• Paralysis – from injuries received during torture

• Eye problems – prolonged periods in poorly lit, damp conditions

• Tuberculosis – damp, bad ventilation and over-crowding26

24 AAPP, 30 April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma 20 January 2008.25 AAPP, 30 April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma, 7 April 2009.26 The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centres and Prisons, AAPP 2006.




8

Map of prisons in Burma

2. Prison transfers

One of the major concerns for Burma’s political

prisoners right now is the impact of prison

transfers. The medium to long-term effect of prison

transfers on political prisoners’ health is likely to

be very serious, and may directly result in more

deaths in prisons.

Since October 2008, at least 228 political prisoners

have been transferred to remote jails, far from their

families. Prison transfers have a direct impact on

healthcare for prisoners. Within the prison system,

there is no reliable way for political prisoners to

obtain the correct medicines they need from prisonauthorities. Medical supplies are wholly

inadequate, and often only obtained through bribes

to prison officials.

Families are therefore the main provider of

medicines and food, and when a prisoner is

transferred to a remote area it is very difficult for

the family to provide medicine when it is needed.

Pro-democracy activists are usually the main

breadwinners for their families, so when they arearrested, the family’s income is drastically reduced.

Travel and accommodation costs for prison visits are often prohibitive. In many cases,

prisons are hundreds of miles from the political prisoner’s hometown, and the

infrastructure and public transport system are poor.27

27 Only close family members in possession of their ‘family registration’ document provided by local

authorities are allowed to visit political prisoners in prison. This document is an official record of family

members resident at the same address. This means that others – for example friends or extended family

members based in the areas closer to the prison - are not allowed to visit.




9

Case: Shwe Maung, National League for Democracy member. Currently held in

Pyapon Prison, Irrawaddy Division.

"I gave him some medicines, but we are living in constant fear for

his health. When he was in Insein jail, I was able to see him once

a month. Now I can't even do it one in two months." Than Than

Win, Shwe Maung’s wife. He is suffering from gastric illness.28

In addition, in January 2009 many family members reported that there was a ban on visits

to political prisoners for the whole month. In some cases family members were only

informed of the ban after they had travelled hundreds of miles to see their loved ones.

This increases the suffering for political prisoners and their families, and also impacts on

healthcare. This type of ban is another form of punishment for prisoners and their

families.

Case: Nilar Thein, leading member of 88 Generation Students group and formerpolitical prisoner. Currently held in Thayet Prison, Magwe Division, 340

miles from Rangoon.

"We could not meet her for nearly two months and don't know

about her health condition. Now we are worried about her health

after hearing she is vomiting almost daily. She is said to have a

peptic ulcer and is being kept in solitary confinement.” Mother-

in-law of Nilar Thein.29

Case: Thin Thin Aye aka Mie Mie, leading member of 88 Generation Students

group and a former political prisoner. Currently held in Bassein Prison,

Irrawaddy Division, 140 miles from Rangoon.

“I wanted to see her and ask her about her health situation face

to face. The prison authorities said she is in good health. But I’m

really worried because she has been suffering from gout.

Anyway, I will keep coming back to visit her with my daughter,

even if they say they won’t allow visits.” Hla Moe, Mie Mie’s

husband.30

28 Democratic Voice of Burma, 4 March 2009.29 Mizzima, 20 January 200930 Democratic Voice of Burma, 18 January 2009.




10

Case: U Thura aka Zarganar, comedian, film-maker, and former political prisoner.

Currently held in Myitkyina Prison, Northern Kachin State, over 900 miles

from Rangoon

"Myitkyina prison jailor U Hla Shwe had promised me that I

could see Ko Zargana one day before my departure from

Rangoon. But he didn't let me meet him when I arrived there. I

requested them to let me meet him but they refused. So I did not

leave the food parcels and other packages that I brought from

Rangoon with the jailors as I was not certain it would reach Ko

Zargana," Ma Nyein, Zarganar’s sister-in-law. Zarganar has been suffering from

liver problems, spondilytis, hypertension and heart disease.31

High-profile political prisoners are more likely to be sent to the most remote prisons,

where the weather is harsh. In some cases the weather is very cold for long periods.

Prisoners are then more susceptible to illness.

In other cases the weather is very hot and humid, and mosquitoes are prevalent. No

measures are taken to prevent malaria spreading through mosquito bites. Political

prisoners are not allowed mosquito coils or mosquito nets, nor are they given any

preventative medicine. Thus, they easily contract malaria. The rainy season is fast

approaching and malaria is a major health concern for many of Burma’s political

prisoners.

Malaria, HIV and tuberculosis (including drug-resistant strains of TB) are all prevalent in

Burma. Prison populations are particularly vulnerable to these three diseases, due toovercrowding and lack of adequate medical care.

According to the World Health Organisation, morbidity rates for malaria in Burma are

highest in Arakan, Kachin, Karen, and Kayah states, and Sagaing and Tenasserim

Divisions.32 All are border areas in Burma. During the recent prison transfers, high-

profile political prisoners have been moved to prisons in these areas.

31 Mizzima, 8 April 2009, and AAPP 30 April 2009.32 World Health Organisation, Regional Office for South East Asia. Figures from 2006




11

Prison Division or State No. of political

prisoners held

there

High-profile political prisoners

held there

Khamti Sagaing Division At least 15 U Gambira, leader of the All

Burma Monks’ Alliance

De Nyein Lin, leader of the All

Burma Federation of Student

Unions

General Soe Ten, Chairman of

the Shan State Peace Council

Htin Kyaw, solo protestor and

founder of the Myanmar

Development Committee

Kale Sagaing Division At least 44 U Ohn Than, solo protestor

Su Su Nway, labour activistButhidaung Arakan State At least 25 Htay Kywe, leader of the 88

Generation Students group

Sithu Maung, leader of the All

Burma Federation of Student

Unions

Kyaukpyu Arakan State At least 17 Sai Hla Aung, Shan National

League for Democracy

Sittwe Arakan State At least 31 Than Tin aka Kyi Than, 88

Generation Students group

member

Thu Rein Aung, labour activist

Kawthaung Tenasserim

Division

At least 14 Htay Win Aung aka Pyone Cho,

88 Generation Students leader

Kyaw Kyaw aka Zayar Thaw,

rapper and leader of Generation

Wave

Tavoy Tenasserim

Division

At least 8 Zaya aka Kalama, 88 Generation

Students group

Mergui TenasserimDivision

At least 17 Kyaw Kyaw Htwe aka Marky, 88Generation Students group

Puta-O Northern Kachin

State

At least 12 Khun Tun Oo, elected MP from

the Shan National League for

Democracy




12

Prison Division or State No. of political

prisoners held

there

High-profile political prisoners

held there

Myitkyina Kachin State At least 2633

U Thura aka Zarganar, comedian

and film-maker

Hla Myo Naung, 88 Generation

Students group

In the past, political prisoners have died as a direct result of being moved to a prison with

high rates of malaria infection, and subsequently being denied adequate treatment.

Case: Thet Win Aung, leading member of the Basic Education Students’ Union,

who died in Mandalay Prison in October 2006

Thet Win Aung was sentenced to a total of 60 years. He was verybadly tortured under interrogation. He was first held in Kale

Prison, Sagaing Division, where he took part in a hunger strike

calling for political prisoners’ rights. He was then transferred to

Khamti prison, where he contracted cerebral malaria. He was

denied medical treatment for a long time. Eventually, he was transferred to

Mandalay Prison for treatment, but it was too late. He died there in October

2006.34

Prisoner transfers are decided by three groups of people; the Judiciary, Ministry of Home

Affairs and Prisons Department. Doctors or medics will have little or no say in thedecision to move a prisoner. Therefore a prisoner may be moved while they are very ill or

in the middle of treatment.

Prisoners may be transferred to prisons where there is no healthcare, or transferred when

they have been given permission to have medical treatment. Thus prison transfers are also

used as a way to stop political prisoners getting the medical treatment they need.

Case: Hla Myo Naung, leading member of the 88 Generation Students group and

former political prisoner. Currently held in Myitkyina Prison, Kachin State

Hla Myo Naung has been blind in one eye since October 2007.

He is currently experiencing similar symptoms in his good eye to

those he experienced before he lost the sight in his other eye, and

33 All figures from AAPP, 30 April 200934 AAPP, October 2006.




13

is at serious risk of going blind. He urgently needs specialist treatment, but he is

in Myitkyina Prison, over 900 miles from Rangoon where his family lives, and

there is no prison doctor there. "The people there don’t know much. Even in

Rangoon there are only two eye specialists who can treat this kind of ailment.

There are no proper medical instruments there [in prison] either. They just looked

at his eye and prescribed eye drops," Aye Aye Mar, Hla Myo Naung’s wife.35

In remote areas, prisons are less likely to have a hospital ward or a doctor in regular

attendance.

Case: Min Ko Naing, leader of the 88 Generation Students group and former

political prisoner. Currently held in solitary confinement, Kengtung Prison,

Shan State.

“I am mainly concerned that he might have a stroke due to the

high blood pressure. I left with him some medicines. It would be better if there is a regular doctor at the prison.” Kyi Kyi

Nyunt, Min Ko Naing’s sister. She was allowed only 20

minutes to talk with her brother, having travelled hundreds of miles from

Rangoon to reach Kengtung in eastern Burma.36

Case: Thein Than Tun, member of the 88 Generation Students group. Currently

held in Thandwe Prison, Arakan State.

“I am worried about his health because there are no medics or

doctors in Thandwe prison in Arakan State. It is very difficult to

get here because the roads are so bad.” Wife of Thein Than

Tun.37

2.1. Current Situation in Myitkyina Prison, Kachin State (over 900 miles from

Rangoon)

There are currently at least 26 political prisoners held in Myitkyina Prison, one of the

most remote prisons in Burma. 13 of them are unable to receive visits from family

members, due to the prohibitive costs and distances involved.38

A round trip from

Rangoon to Myitkyina costs approximately 48,000 kyats ($48) per person. This does not

35 AAPP, 30 April 2009. Radio Free Asia 18 March 200936 Democratic Voice of Burma, 4 March 2009.37 Radio Free Asia, 19 February 200938 AAPP, February 2009.




14

include accommodation, food or local transportation costs. In many cases this exceeds a

family’s monthly income, as the average worker in Burma earns a little over a $1 a day.

There are serious concerns for the health and well-being of those 13 political prisoners.

As they are unable to receive family visits, they will not get supplementary food or

medicines. And their mental health is likely to suffer due to the lack of contact and moral

support from their families.

2.2. Current Situation in Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State (over 1,100 miles

from Rangoon)

There are currently at least 12 political prisoners in Puta-O Prison, one of the most

remote prisons in Burma. 11 of them are unable to receive family visits; there are serious

concerns for their health and well-being.39 A round trip by public transport to Puta-O

Prison can take up to 14 days, due to the poor infrastructure. It is extremely difficult for

family members to visit.

Case: Aung Thu, member of the 88 Generation Students group and former political

prisoner. Currently held in Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State.

The muscles in one of Aung Thu’s legs have seized, and he cannot

stand up or move properly. One of the reasons for his condition is

that during his prison transfer, he was held in iron shackles.40

“His tongue is retracted, his nerves are damaged, and his leg

muscles are wasting away. I’m really worried that these are all

symptoms leading to paralysis. A doctor visits him every two

weeks, but there is no specialist there. I worry that the doctor will not understand

his symptoms, and misdiagnose him.”Myat Myat Tun, Aung Thu’s wife.41

3. Brutal torture at interrogation centres and prisons

Torture is state policy in Burma, and common practice at interrogation centres and

prisons. Common forms of torture include sleep deprivation, beatings and stress

positions. Prisoner punishments - such as solitary confinement and placing prisoners in

punishment cells - exacerbate existing injuries and creates additional health problems.

Solitary confinement cells are worse than a regular cell. They are smaller in size and the

prisoner is placed in shackles. They must sleep on a cold concrete floor without any

blanket or mat, which can lead to tuberculosis, and makes existing injuries more painful.

39 AAPP, February 2009.40 Source: AAPP, February 2009.41 Democratic Voice of Burma, 20 April 2009.




15

Prisoners are not allowed to shower and the small pots used as toilets are not emptied, as

a result excrement remains uncovered and gives rise to maggots and a foul stench.

Many 88 Generation Students group members currently in prison are former political

prisoners who have already spent long periods in solitary confinement. Some of them are

being held in solitary confinement now, along with monk leader U Gambira.

When political activists are first detained, they are often subjected to brutal torture during

the interrogation period that can result in their death or leave them with permanent

injuries. After they have been tortured they are denied medical assistance and treatment

for the injuries they have received.

Case: Myo Yan Naung Thein, member of the 88 Generation Students group and a

former political prisoner. Currently held in Thandwe Prison, Arakan State

He was badly tortured under interrogation following his arrest in December 2007. He is now suffering from paralysis and cannot

walk unaided. He has not received proper medical treatment,

and is currently held in Thandwe Prison in Arakan State, where

there are no neural medical specialists.42

Torture often continues in prison. Sometimes after a prisoner has been tortured the

authorities try to hide the injuries by denying family visits.

Case: Aung Kyaw Oo, National League for Democracy member. Currently held in

Puta-O Prison, Northern Kachin State

He was beaten by five wardens, the prison chief and the prison

administrator. His wife went to visit but was unable to see him. "When I

went to the prison on 3 January, the prison authorities did not allow me to

see him as he was in bad shape. His face was black and blue and he had

some minor damage to his ribs. The prison officials told me to come back

on 13 [January]”.43

Many injuries sustained as a result of torture then become permanent and political

prisoners carry the injuries their whole life.

42 AAPP September 2008 and Radio Free Asia, 5 January 2009.43 Democratic Voice of Burma, 8 January 2009.




16

Case: Aung Kyaw Oo, former political prisoner, held in Insein & Tharawaddy

Prisons from 1991 – 2005

“When I was in Insein Prison, I wanted to stand up for prisoners’

rights. I defied the prison jailer’s orders to do ‘poun-zan’

[assume a stress position with the head bowed down] in front of

the jailer and prison authorities. The jailer beat me. I saw about

ten other guards watching what was happening. Then the jailer

put iron shackles on my feet and placed a hood over my head. After that I don’t

know how many guards beat me. The next day the jailer and guards tried to make

me do poun-zan again. I refused, and the same thing happened again. After those

beatings, my left ear was bleeding. Now I cannot hear properly in that ear.”44

4. Long-term imprisonment and prolonged detention

Prolonged detention means that a political prisoner’s health deteriorates over time ands/he becomes more and more susceptible to illness. In Burma’s prisons, a long jail term

sentence is like a drawn out death sentence. The combination of torture, harsh prison

conditions, lack of healthcare, and poor hygiene has a severely detrimental impact on the

physical and mental health of the prisoner. This increases the likelihood that a prisoner

will contract a serious illness such as tuberculosis or malaria, from which they will be

unable to recover or suffer from permanent health problems.

Of the activists sentenced since October last year, over 30% were handed down sentences

of 10 years or more.45 Twenty-three members of the 88 Generation Students group were

sentenced to at least 65 years in prison. Of those twenty-three members, twenty of themhave already spent time in prison due to their political activism. There are serious

concerns for the health of at least four of them, Min Ko Naing, Htay Kywe, Hla Myo

Naung, and Ko Ko Gyi. All suffer from chronic health problems caused by prolonged

periods in detention.

Case: Htay Aung, former political prisoner, held in Insein & Bassein Prisons from

1996 – 2002

“I contracted tuberculosis in Bassein Prison. At the time I

couldn’t tell the prison guards about my condition, because I had

already lost my voice after several years of exposure to the cold

concrete floor I slept on. So, I coughed up enough blood to fill a

small cup. When the superintendent came around for his weekly

44 From an interview conducted at AAPP, April 2009.45 AAPP, 30 April 2009.




17

inspection I showed him. They just transferred me to the leprosy ward. I didn’t

get any proper treatment from the authorities. My mother visited me in prison

every two weeks, and brought me tuberculosis medicine. If she hadn’t done that, I

don’t think I would be alive today.”46

Prison authorities and/or military intelligence often keep political prisoners in jail beyond

the date they should have been released, even if they are in poor health. This can cause

severe mental suffering. There have been cases where political prisoners have been kept

in prison after completing their original sentence and denied medical treatment, and have

died as a result.

Case: National League for Democracy Minhla Branch Chairperson Aung May

Thu, who died in Tharawaddy Prison in September 2002

Although Aung May Thu completed his 10 year prison term in

November 1999, he continued to be detained under Section 10(A)of the State Protection Law. He suffered from a persistent fever

for two weeks in September 2002, and was eventually

hospitalized in Tharawaddy Prison. He died two days later.47

Currently, at least 19 political prisoners are known to be held in labour camps.48

Imprisonment in labour camps is tantamount to a death sentence. Conditions in labour

camps are particularly harsh. Prisoners are forced to do heavy work and given very little

food. 49

5. Denial of medical treatment

When high profile political prisoners are imprisoned, Burmese Intelligence (Military

Intelligence, Special Branch Police, the Office of Military Affairs Security (OMAS)) will

receive daily reports from prison authorities. The reports include health concerns. Thus, if

the prisoner requests medical help the Intelligence personnel will be informed. Ultimately

the Intelligence personnel will decide if the political prisoner can receive medical care.

46

Extract from interview on file at AAPP. Former political prisoner detained in Insein Prison 1996-1997,Bassein Prison 1997 – 2002. See also extract from Thomas Fuller’s New York Times article 47 Eight Seconds of Silence: The Death of Democracy Activists Behind Bars, AAPP, May 2006.48 They are: Bo Bo Zaw aka Chit Chit Zaw, Han Thaw Min Aung, Khin Oo, Kyaw Hlaing aka Japan Gyi,Kyaw Thu, Kyaw Thura Aung, Kyaw Zaw, Maung Khaing aka Maung Maung Naing, Myo Aung Swe,Myo Thant aka Iqsamein, Myo Win aka Sling, Nay Lin Soe, Nyi Nyi Zaw aka Islam, Pho Phyu, Soe Winaka Nyunt Aye, Tin Htoo, U Pyanyar Thiha aka Myint Oo, Win Myint, and Zaw Lin aka Zaw Lwin.49 AAPP, April 2009. In October 1990, many monks participated in the boycott, pattam nikkujjana kammaor “overturning the bowl”, refusing to accept alms from members of the armed forces and their families.As punishment some were transferred to labour camps, and 19 monks died there.




18

Case: Kyaw Kyaw Thant, Weekly Eleven journal editor and Cyclone Nargis

volunteer, currently held in Insein Prison.

Kyaw Kyaw Thant is currently in poor health, and has been

denied adequate treatment. In March this year he reported

having breathing difficulties, after being kept in a small cell and

denied regular exercise, according to family members. On 24

April 2009 he reported experiencing chest pains, but his family

have not been given permission to take him to a specialist.50

Military Intelligence have denied requests for medical care to seriously unwell prisoners,

made by prison doctors or prison authorities. As a result, political prisoners have died.

Case: Khin Maung Lwin, member of the Green Stars Youth Front and the

Democratic Party and Patriotic Youth Organisation, who died in Puta-OPrison in January 2006.

He suffered from hypertension, heart disease, malaria, urinary

tract problems, and haemorrhoids. He and his family repeatedly

requested the prison authorities, the International Committee of

the Red Cross, and intelligence personnel to allow for treatment

in a township hospital. The prison Chief Warden also reported

his case to the Prison Department five times. The prison doctor

recommended that he needed to have proper treatment. However, he was not

allowed to go to the hospital.51

6. Inadequate medical care

There are 44 prisons across Burma, and at least 50 labour camps. Some of them do not

have a prison hospital, and at least 12 of the prisons do not even have a prison doctor.52

Even the prisons which have a hospital have an insufficient number of skilled medical

staff in relation to the number of prisoners. For example, Insein prison holds up to 10,000

prisoners, yet there are a maximum of three doctors to look after many prisoners with

serious health problems.53

50 AAPP, 30 April 2009. Democratic Voice of Burma, April 24 2009.51 Eight Seconds of Silence: The Death of Democracy Activists Behind Bars, AAPP, May 2006.52 AAPP, 30 April 200953 AAPP, 30 April 2009




19

In some cases, instead of qualified medical doctors, the prisons have medical “staff”. But

they have had minimal training. A former political prisoner related the situation in

Shwebo prison.

“There is no hospital in Shwebo prison, Sagaing division. There are only

three medics who had medical training for just three months. When

prisoners need hospital treatment, they are transferred to Shwebo

Township hospital, but only if they have money to pay for treatment. The

worst thing is that there is no guard ward in the hospital. The police

aren’t able to take care of security for prisoners, so instead prisoners

have to be handcuffed to their bed by the hand and/or legs until they left

hospital.”54

Prisons with no hospital will also use criminal prisoners trained by medics, or political

prisoners with limited medical knowledge. They do not have sufficient training to

properly diagnose illness.

Case: Kay Thi Aung, student activist, currently held in Tavoy Prison, Tenasserim

Division

In January 2009, 23 year-old Kay Thi Aung suffered a

miscarriage in prison, due to lack of adequate medical care. She

was pregnant at the time of her arrest in September 2008. In

March 2009 she was transferred to Tavoy Prison in Tenasserim

Division, almost 400 miles from her family in Rangoon.55

Case: Than Naing, National League for Democracy Youth member, currently held

in Maubin Prison, Irrawaddy Division.

In December 2008, his wife reported that Than Naing has HIV

and his health is deteriorating. She stated that prison authorities

haven’t given him proper treatment.56

Prison hospitals have very limited supplies of medicine. Even when proper medication is

provided, it is rarely provided in sufficient amounts. Medications have a set dosage that

must be taken for a certain number of days in order to have any effect. Frequently,

54 Former political prisoner released from Shwebo Prison in June 2007. AAPP interview conductedDecember 2008.55 AAPP, 23 January 2009.56 Radio Free Asia, 4 December 2008.




20

prisoners will have their receipt of medications ended far short of the required time,

leaving the condition unimproved.

Before January 2006, when the International Committee of the Red Cross was still able to

visit prisons in Burma, it donated medicine in an effort to improve prison conditions.

However ICRC donated medicine was confiscated by prison authorities and sold back to

the prisoners.

“ The ICRC visited Mandalay prison three times while I was there. During

these times, conditions did improve to a certain extent. However, we found

out that though the ICRC had donated much medicine to the prisons, the

authorities kept it to themselves to sell, while giving the prisoners poorer

quality medicine.”57

“Though the ICRC provided the prisons with the appropriate medicine, all

these medicines were kept by the authorities and then sold. Prisoners had to pay for the medicines they received, or rely on families for the proper

medicine.”58

7. Poor nutrition

Prison officials do not comply with the regime’s own jail manual regulations on ‘daily

allowances of articles of diet, per head, for the various classes of C class prisoners’ (C

class prisoners are the lowest class of prisoner)59. According to prisoner testimonies

political prisoners receive very low quality food from prison authorities. The rice is often

over or undercooked so as to lose any nutritional value. The fish paste is of the lowestquality, and the curries are little more than water with a few pieces of unwashed

vegetables. Insects, stones and sand are often mixed into the curries. Despite a weekly

ration of meat, it is usually only about a one inch cube and is only served boiled. The lack

of sufficient nutritious food in the prisons contributes to a weakened immune system,

leaving a prisoner susceptible to illness and disease.

It is left to the families of political prisoners to provide the essential food items. However,

they do not always reach prisoners.

57 The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centers and Prisons, AAPP, 2006.58 The Darkness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centers and Prisons, AAPP, 2006.59 Jail Manual, Chapter 17, Clause 1077, P447.




21

Case: Tun Tun Naing, National League for Democracy member, currently held in

Meiktila Prison, Mandalay Division.

"I brought some fish sauce and vegetables like cabbage to him as he had

asked for them before in a letter he sent me. But the prison officials

refused to accept those items for him; they said cabbage was prohibited

as it might damage the inmates' health because a lot of insecticides were

used in growing them. They said instant noodles were also prohibited as

the prison had no hot water to give the inmates to prepare them. Instant

coffee mix packs bought from outside were not allowed either – only

those sold by prison officials were allowed." Wife of Tun Tun Naing. 60

Many prisoners in Insein prison suffered from additional health problems after Cyclone

Nargis struck on 2 and 3 May last year. The cyclone ripped the roof off the food

warehouse, and rice stores were soaked. Although the International Committee of the

Red Cross replaced the rice as soon as they found out about the situation, prisoners wereonly fed the new rice for three days. Authorities then fed prisoners mouldy, inedible rice.

As a result many prisoners suffered from diarrhoea, dysentery, vomiting, dizziness, skin

allergies and typhoid. Female prisoners in the women’s compound of the prison are

known to have suffered more than others. The prison authorities did provide adequate

medical care to those who fell ill as a direct result of their neglect.61

Conclusion & Recommendations

The regime’s policies and practices of torture; harsh sentences handed down by kangaroo

courts; systematic transfers to remote prisons; and systematic denial of healthcare are alldesigned to ensure that political prisoners never leave prison. The regime’s policies and

practices have already resulted in the needless deaths of at least 139 political prisoners in

Burma’s interrogation centres, jails and labour camps since 1988.

Overcrowding in prisons exacerbates the spread of communicable diseases like malaria,

tuberculosis and HIV. Together with corruption within the prison system, the lack of

proper medical care (when it is granted) and poor nutrition, these factors are contributing

to a growing health crisis for Burma’s current political prisoners and the prison

population as a whole.

60 Democratic Voice of Burma, 8 January 200961 AAPP, May 2008.




22

Recommendations

1. The UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights situation in Myanmar must carry out

an independent investigation into the systematic denial of healthcare for political

prisoners.

2. The UN Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest

attainable standard of physical and mental health should carry out an independent

investigation into the health conditions in Burma’s prisons and labour camps.

3. Any organisation working on the three diseases of HIV, tuberculosis and malaria in

Burma should not ignore the situation in prisons and labour camps.

4. The UN Security Council should exert pressure on the military regime to grant the

International Committee of the Red Cross full and unrestricted access to fulfil its

independent, impartial mandate to inspect prisons.




January 7, 2009

options Search

Burma's G

S

Report of Hu

Myan

Rebel army bla

Rebels da

Myanmar t

Forcing a chan

Top UN righ

Korea , Turkm

COMMISSION

ON SITUATIO

MY

Apparel Grou

<

UN criticises Bu

Burma Regi

on Hu

Critics Welco

Im

Bumper produ

Burma, across

Burma produc

Burma, across

Myanmar junta

Suu K

FRIENDS OF

Myanmar junta

BAT hit by Clar

Myanmar junta

Suu

US manufacture

EU strengthe

Myanmar junta

EU imposes

Burma Welcom

to Tra

UK warns

Burma denie

Burmese milit

Page 1 of 2March to the Victory ( Tin Moe ) September 16, 2002

1/7/2009http://burmatoday.net/archives/020917_u_tin_moe_ny_poem_2.html




European Unio

©2001-2003 Burma Today All Right Reserved Graphic Design : [email protected]

Page 2 of 2March to the Victory ( Tin Moe ) September 16, 2002

1/7/2009http://burmatoday.net/archives/020917_u_tin_moe_ny_poem_2.html




Eight Seconds of Silence: The Death of Democracy Activists Behind Bars

1




Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma)

2





3





4

Publishing and Distribution

Assistance Association for Political Prisoners

(Burma)

May 2006

Copy

1500

AddressAAPP

P.O Box 93

Mae Sot

Tak Province 63110

THAILAND

[email protected]

Website

www.aappb.org





5

Acknowledgements

In writing this report, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners(AAPP) seeks to honor the democracy activists who died while behind

bars. They are modern day martyrs in the struggle to free Burma.

We also commend the bravery of the families of deceased democracy

activists for their willingness to share information regarding their loved

ones, and for their courage in calling on the authorities to reveal the

true circumstances surrounding their loved one’s death.

We would like to thank all the former political prisoners, democracy

and human rights activists who provided information to us. We likewise

appreciate the efforts of the staff and members of the AAPP to

compile information, provide translations, write the report and assist

with editing.

We further thank the staff and members of Burma Action Ireland and

the US Campaign for Burma for their editorial comments which helped

us to improve on the content of the report. We also wish to thank

them, and Burma Campaign UK, for helping our report reach the

international community.

We appreciate the time taken by Ye Tun Oo to complete the layout of

the report.

The AAPP is grateful to the National Endowment for Democracy for

providing the facilities used to research and write this report.

We are further grateful to Development Coorporation Ireland forgenerously providing the funding which made this report possible.





6

The publication of this report has been funded by

Development Cooperation Ireland.




“I grieved so much as if my heart was brok en. I still feel hurt and very upset when I see his

picture. I still burst into tears when I look at his picture. I tell myself that it would have been

better if I could replace him because I am over 60 years old now. I cried in front of them (the

authorities), saying my son shouldn’t be dead yet. A nd I prayed for others not to face a similar

tragedy to mine…

I wouldn’t be that sad if my son was a criminal. Obviously, he was not. H e died for his country

and that’s why I can’t feel anymore.

I don’t want to blame them [authorities] further since they are absolutely out of control. My son

died because they closed their ears and didn’t want to listen to us. I would feel less hurt if he had

died in my hands.

I just pray that there will be no more deaths lik e my son’s in the future. A nd if I ever offended them [authorities] in my previous life, I hope I gain release from my sufferings in this life.”

-Daw Than A ye speak ing about her son, Ko Khin M aung L win

“I am not look ing to accuse a person for my father’s death by saying “W hy did he die and who

made him die?” I understand clearly who is responsible. It is not a person; it is the bad politicalsystem. Of course, the military dictatorship is responsible. That is why I don’t have any personal

feelings of hate or bitterness. T here have been too many lives lost and blood sacrificed under the

military dictatorship. T here have been too many lives damaged. I am trying to console myself as

this has not just happened to my father.”

-Ko Kyaw Zaw speak ing about his father, U Kyi T in Oo (Poet)

“I will never forget that my father introduced my siblings and I to the history of Burma, especially

the student movement. Our country is very beautiful. There are many rivers, mountains and delightful

natural scenes, but there has also been many sounds of crying, moaning and anger. M issing fathers

and sons, mothers and daughters, husbands and wives, brothers and sisters...they scream while searching,

crying from the torture. W henever political activists die in prison or the interrogation center, their

families have no right to bury the bodies of their loved ones. Our nation is overwhelmed with grief.

M any activists have been k illed by the junta. I want peace and stability for my country. I pray that those who sacrificed their life for democracy and human rights, including my father, can find rest.”

-Ko Salai Yaw A ung speak ing about his father, U Saw W in (MP)





8





9

Contents

Foreword

Executive Summary 17

Recommendations 19

I. Introduction 22

II. Interrogation Centers 22

III. Prisons 24

IV. Labor Camps 26

V. Disappearances 27

VI. After Release 27

VII. Death 28

VIII. Conclusion 29

Appendix A (i): List of Interrogation Deaths 30

Appendix A (ii): Biographies of Interrogation Deaths 31

Appendix B (i): List of Prison Deaths 39

Appendix B (ii): Biographies of Prison Deaths 45

Appendix C (i): List of Labor Camp Deaths 122

Appendix C (ii): Biographies of Labor Camp Deaths 123

Appendix D (i): List of the Disappeared 126

Appendix D (ii): Biographies of the Disappeared 128

Appendix E (i): List of Deaths after Release 133Appendix E (ii): Biographies of Deaths after Release 134

Appendix F (i): Map of Burma’s Prisons and Labor Camps 144

Appendix F (ii): List of Burma’s Interrogation Centers 145





10





11

Foreword

Nothing is more revealing about the situation of human rights in a country than

the existence of political prisoners. They embody the denial of the most basic

freedoms essential to humankind, such as freedom of opinion and assembly.

Moreover, the very manner in which such persons are treated further reflectsupon the level of esteem in which a Government holds its own people. At least

1,156 of Myanmar’s citizens are behind bars, without access to the guarantees of

due process, for the exercise of their political rights. The judicial system, far from

affording individuals basic standards of justice, is employed by the Government

as an instrument of repression to silence dissent.

From the outset of my work on Myanmar, I made a point of visiting and reporting

regularly on the plight of political prisoners. Aside from my own appraisal of the

conditions of detention, I have always counted on the credible information

provided by the Assistance Association of Political Prisoners.

The following report unveils the tragic deaths of democracy advocates and human

rights defenders in Myanmar’s detention sites or shortly after their release. As I

write, news has emerged that yet another political prisoner has died in custody.

The death of U Ko Oo brings to nine, the total number of political prisonersknown to have died since early 2005 alone.

The deplorable conditions of places of detention in Myanmar are well-documented.

Allegations of incommunicado detention, torture, ill-treatment, poor diet,

substandard hygiene levels, absence and denial of adequate medical attention, are

all too commonplace. Such conditions and treatment are generating and

exacerbating the serious health problems of prisoners. It is of deep concern that

since January 2006, the International Committee of the Red Cross which was

carrying out formidable work in Myanmar is no longer free to make independent

and confidential visits to places of detention.

As I have proposed in the past in connection with other heinous violations of

human rights, I believe that it is now time for the international community to urge

the Government to establish an independent enquiry into the rapidly mounting

deaths of political prisoners in Myanmar. Such an investigation should seek theaccountability of those responsible and compensation for the victim’s families. It

should also include the cases of disappearances.





12

This report further serves to vividly highlight the urgency for the Government to

accede to core international human rights instruments so as to prevent the death

of another Myanmar citizen.

In recognition and fulfillment of its pledge first made fifteen years ago and

repeatedly since, to honor the political will of the people of Myanmar, the release

of all remaining political prisoners will signal the preparedness of the Government

to now rise to its outstanding responsibility. Once freed, they could have a decisive

role in Myanmar’s long-anticipated transition to democracy. The postponement

of democratic reform can be justified no longer.

I applaud the remarkable group of committed advocates who comprise theAAPPB, for their steadfast dedication to bringing to light the hidden world of

Myanmar’s prisons. They truly merit the encouragement and support of the

international community. I also commend Development Cooperation Ireland and

the other organizations which supported the publication of this report.

The lives of those whose names are inscribed upon these pages are powerful

symbols of the tenacity and courage of the people of Myanmar to resolutelystrive for the realization of democracy and the exercise and enjoyment of

fundamental rights and freedoms.

Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro

United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar





13

Foreword

The Burmese government, like most dictatorships, does its best to hide

the crimes it commits against its people. Perhaps on some level it knows

that what it does is shameful. But more likely, it views secrecy as another

means to torment its persecuted opponents. It tells them: “Not only willwe harm you physically, but no one in the world will know we did this to

you. No one will know that you suffered. No one will know that you

even existed. And if they do not know, they will not care.”

By documenting the scourge of torture in Burma’s prisons, the AAPP shines

a light on the government’s cruelty, and restores to its victims some of the

dignity that their government tries to deny them. The report catalogues inmeticulous detail the names, the stories, and the fate of political prisoners

who were tortured, in many cases to death, simply because of their peaceful

pursuit of human rights. It will help ensure that these good people are

remembered and honored, and that the officials who persecuted them are

one day held accountable for their crimes.

The report also reminds us of the horrors the Burmese democracy movementmust endure to pursue its aims, and its remarkable moral courage in staying

the course. Its efforts have repeatedly been met with violence, yet it has

never fought fire with fire — it has stuck steadfastly to a non-violent path.

Its members have been ruthlessly persecuted, many killed, others

imprisoned or forced into exile, yet still it preaches reconciliation with the

military government of Burma. All it truly demands is dialogue — a

solution to Burma’s problems that is negotiated calmly between itsgovernment and its people.

As the report shows, many courageous Burmese have been willing to risk

torture and death rather than renounce their beliefs or give up their non-

violent struggle. Those around the world who have supported the cause

of human rights in Burma, and who face comparatively little risk, also

must not give up or let up. The report rightly urges the U.N. Security

Council to become engaged on Burma, including by appointing a

commission to investigate the commission of human rights crimes there.





14

The Burmese government’s policies clearly threaten the Burmese people;

they also threaten the stability of Burma’s neighbors and thus merit Security

Council action. All nations should support this effort.

Tom Malinowski

Washington Advocacy DirectorHuman Rights Watch





15

In May 2005, a young man in Burma sat down in a local restaurant to eat his

dinner. While eating, he was suddenly accosted by several men and taken to an

unknown location. Seven days later, he was dead.

Aung Hlaing Win was tortured to death in one of Burma’s many interrogation

centers. His only crime was being a member of the National League for

Democracy (NLD), a political party in opposition to the brutal rule of Burma’s

military regime. Three days after his death, the authorities finally informed Aung

Hlaing Win’s family of his fate, claiming his death was a result of a heart attack,

not torture. They further tried to bribe his family into keeping silent, and cremated

the body of Aung Hlaing Win without the family’s consent. The authorities

responsible for Aung Hlaing Win’s death have been identified, yet no action hasbeen taken to hold those responsible accountable.

Such has been the all too common fate of several political activists detained since

1988. Since the democracy uprising in Burma in 1988, the military regime has

brutally suppressed all opposition through the use of arbitrary detention, torture

and ill-treatment. Torture and ill-treatment has subsequently been the cause of

death for many democracy activists in Burma.

Torture in Burma’s interrogation centers and prisons is brutal and systematic.

Political prisoners are subject to extreme physical assaults resulting in internal

bleeding and unconsciousness. Those who survive the beatings are left with physical

pain for the remainder of their lives.

In Burma, torture is not limited to physical assaults, but extends to the authorities

maintenance of general prison conditions and the ineptness of the prison healthcare system. Prison authorities routinely and deliberately aggravate prison conditions

and deny medical care to political prisoners, causing a level of suffering tantamount

to torture.

Some political prisoners have been forced to work in Burma’s gulags, labor camps

spread through out the country where prisoners are made to do back-breaking

work on starvation rations. Political prisoners have died in the labor camps.

A number of political prisoners have disappeared. For these prisoners, their fate

is a mystery, and their families must endure the agony of not knowing where their

loved ones are, whether they are alive or dead.

ForewordPolaris Burmese Library ( Singapore )




16

For those who survive prison, life afterwards is extremely difficult. The inability

to afford proper medical care has led to the deaths of many political prisoners

shortly after their release. Additionally, the mental anguish that political prisoners

have had to endure often proves too much, and a few political prisoners have

consequently committed suicide.

Burma’s interrogation centers and prisons are reflective of the broader political

situation in the country. The conditions and treatment endured in these locations

reveal the intention and policies of the military regime. Torture is state policy in

Burma. It is condoned by the ruling regime with the expressed purpose of

eliminating any opposition to their continued rule. When torture or ill-treatment

results in death, the authorities use the deceased person as an example. Fear of a

similar fate to their dead colleagues, friends and family members silences many inBurma.

The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP) has compiled information

for all known cases of death in custody since 1988. However, it is not possible to

know all cases of death in custody, or even to have complete information for all

the known cases. Additionally, since the military coup in 1962, democracy activists

in Burma have faced arbitrary detention, torture, ill-treatment, and even death.

The full truth of these cases remains unknown as well. Only when Burma is a freeand democratic society will the true extent of the military regime’s crimes be

known.

Within Burma’s prisons, a parallel struggle to that outside the prisons has been

taking place. It is a struggle against the injustice and brutality of the authorities. It

is a struggle for democracy and human rights. Though this report exposes the

brutality that has led to the deaths of democracy activists, it also shows the courageof these fallen men and women. While they did not live to see the realization of

their dream, their memory is carried in the hearts of those who continue to struggle

for the realization of a free Burma.

Tate NaingSecretary






17

Executive Summary

After the 1988 people’s uprising in Burma, thousands of people were

arrested and imprisoned. Nearly all have faced torture or ill-treatment atthe hands of the authorities. Such torture and ill-treatment has resulted in

death for many.

The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners has documented the

cases of 127 democracy activists who died after enduring torture or ill-

treatment in custody. Due to the political situation in Burma, all cases of

death in custody are not known. Further, many details of the known cases

cannot be collected.

Information in this report concerning the political background and the

circumstances of death for each democracy activist was taken from their

families, the former political prisoners who met the deceased in prison,

publications of political parties, human rights organizations and even the

SPDC, and documents from the prison and medical staff of the prisons.

Over the course of a year, all relevant information was gathered and verified.

Of the at least 127 deaths, 90 have died in prison, 8 in the interrogation

centers, 4 in the labor camps, and 10 shortly after being released from

prison. 15 activists have disappeared from the prisons, and their

whereabouts remain unknown to date.

Since early 2005 alone, 9 democracy activists have died behind bars. The

increased number of deaths in the past year is reflective of the rise in

torture and ill-treatment. It is also indicative of the State Peace and

Development Council’s (SPDC) policy. The SPDC is attempting to

systematically silence political dissent in Burma. Torture and ill-treatment

of political prisoners is one means by which they implement their policy.





18

This report looks at Burma’s interrogation centers, prisons and labor camps

to explain the cause of death for those who have passed away while detained

by the military regime. Torture and ill-treatment are endemic in these

locations. The general prison conditions and prison healthcare system areaggravated and cause a level of suffering equivalent to torture in the majority

of political prisoners’ cases.

The disappearance of political prisoners has occurred in fifteen documented

cases, though there are likely several undocumented cases. A section of

the report details the known cases of disappearance, and explains the

regime’s frequent withholding of information on a political prisoners’location in order to terrorize their families.

After release from prison, several political prisoners face physical and mental

illnesses for which they are unable to receive treatment. The lack of

treatment is due to varying factors, but primary among them is the lack of

money and general knowledge about the health concerns of political

prisoners. Several political prisoners have died from the inability to treat abasic illness. Further, the mental health care system in Burma is virtually

non-existent, leaving former political prisoners with no means of relieving

their mental suffering. Some political prisoners have committed suicide as

a result. This report looks at the circumstances surrounding the deaths of

those political prisoners who died shortly after release.

When political prisoners die, their families face many problems. The families

of deceased political prisoners have often been informed of their loved

ones death only after the authorities have cremated the body, so that any

evidence of torture or ill treatment is destroyed. Additionally, the authorities

are known to have pressured doctors into falsifying the results of their

autopsy. Though most do not, if a family attempts to challenge the

authorities’ explanation for their loved ones death, they have no

independent witnesses to verify their claims one way or the other.





19

The families of political prisoners have on some occasions been offered

bribes to remain silent as to the cause of their loved ones death. Most

reject the bribe, and a few have defiantly spoken about the real cause of

their loved one’s death. Further, families of deceased political prisonersoften must bury their loved ones according to the direction of the

authorities. Intelligence personnel often infiltrate funerals, noting which

people attend so that they can later be detained and interrogated. The

aftermath of political prisoners’ deaths is explained in this report.

Finally, this report provides detailed information on the political background

and death of nearly all documented cases of death in custody. These brief biographies are meant to demonstrate the brutality of the authorities and

the innocence of the victims.

Though in a number of the cases of death in custody, the authorities

responsible for the individuals’ death are known, no action has ever been

taken to hold them accountable. 127 democracy activists have been killed

with complete impunity.

Currently, there are at least 1,156 political prisoners in Burma. Several are

in poor and rapidly deteriorating health, and many are at risk for torture. If

they are not released immediately, they will face the same fate as those

who have died in custody.

Recommendations

The Assistance Association for Political Prisoners recommends that:

The United Nations (UN)

The UN Security Council adopt a binding resolution to empower the

Secretary-General in his efforts to facilitate national reconciliation

and democratization in Burma;





21

Burma, and to commit to taking the necessary action against those

accountable for such violations;

Governments call on the UN Security Council to adopt a binding

resolution to empower the Secretary General in his effort to facilitatenational reconciliation and democratization in Burma;

Governments increase pressure on the SPDC economically, politically

and diplomatically until it agrees to enter into dialogue with the

National League for Democracy and ethnic representatives to make

the necessary changes in Burma.

NGOs and International Organizations Organizations join the international campaign to stop arbitrary

detention, torture and ill-treatment in Burma through advocacy and

public statements;

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) work to build the

capacity of former political prisoners to document human rights

violations in the interrogation centers and prisons;

NGOs seek to assist former political prisoners inside Burma withphysical rehabilitation and psychological counseling for trauma;

NGOs look to provide assistance to the families of political

prisoners so that they are able to visit their loved ones in prison,

assist their loved ones with health care needs, and address their own

educational and professional needs.





22

I. Introduction

The cause of death for one hundred and twenty-seven democracy activists

in custody since 1988 has been torture and ill-treatment.

In Burma’s interrogation centers, prisons and labor camps, torture is

widespread and systematic. The authorities deliberately inflict physical,

psychological and sexual abuse to a degree causing severe and unrelenting

suffering. Though one hundred and twenty-seven individuals have died

from such torture, several more have been tortured to the point of death,

only to somehow survive.

Several political prisoners have died only days or weeks after their release.

This is the result of the inability of political prisoners to afford proper

health care. Easily treatable diseases turn deadly, and many have then died

needlessly.

There are fifteen known cases of disappearances after being taken into

custody. These disappearances are likely a fraction of the actual number.Disappearance of a loved one is particularly cruel, as family members and

colleagues are left to wonder whether their loved ones are alive or dead.

The difficulties that the families of deceased political prisoners must face

shows the full scale of the military regime’s cruelty. Often, the body of the

political prisoner will be cremated before the family can view it, a false

autopsy will be filed and the family will be offered a bribe to keep silent

about the circumstances of their loved ones death. Families are made to

adhere to the authorities’ orders regarding funerals and intelligence personnel

watch over the funerals, taking note of who comes. No one is allowed to

rest in peace.

II. Interrogation Centers

Political prisoners are generally arrested at nighttime. They are taken from

their homes without warrant, hooded and handcuffed, and made to lay

down in a van. They are then brought to one of the country’s interrogation

centers where they are interrogated and most often tortured.





23

The torture in the interrogation centers is usually the most brutal. Political

prisoners are denied food, water, sleep and the use of the toilet. They are

questioned and threatened when they fail to give the answer the authoritieswant. The threats include threats of torture, rape, and death, not only of

the political prisoner, but his colleagues and family members as well.

Among the physical torture endured,brutal beatings are the most common.

These beatings frequently last until the prisoner falls unconscious. In many

cases, the prisoner is forcibly woken from his or her unconsciousness to be

tortured and abused again. Other physical torture includes: rolling an ironbar up and down the shins until the flesh is ripped; forcing political prisoners

to hold unnatural positions for extended periods of time; forcing political

prisoners to assume positions of an ‘airplane,’ ‘motorbike,’ ‘semigwa dance,’

or ‘crocodile;’ tying political prisoners down for an extended period of

time with ropes or chains; water torture; beating a single spot on a prisoner’s

body for hours on end; burning with cigarettes, hot wax, lighters or electric

rods; and electric shocks.

Among the mental torture inflicted is the use of incommunicado detention.

When a political prisoner is arrested, neither their families nor a lawyer is

informed of where they are being taken. It often takes weeks, months and

even years to learn of a loved ones location. Incommunicado detention is

a noted precursor to torture, as no one can be held accountable. It also

causes untold mental suffering for the individual detained. Other mental

torture includes: blindfolding and hooding a prisoner; blaming the prisoner

for the torture; witnessing other prisoners being tortured; no legal recourse

to defend oneself; false releases; lack of family visits; isolation and solitary

confinement; playing on phobias; and using inappropriate titles of address.

Sexual abuse also occurs during interrogation, including: threats of rape;

harassment; molestation; beating or electrically shocking an individual’s





24

genitals; and one documented attemped rape of a male political prisoner

with a dog.

At least eight people have died since 1988 while being interrogated.

After the authorities are satisfied with their interrogation of an individual,

the political prisoner is then brought to one of the country’s prisons. There

they face not only the above described torture, but also the harshness of

the general prison conditions and the deadly incompetence of the prison

health care system, both of which often amount to torture.

III. Prisons

The conditions in Burma’s prisons are among the worst the world over.

Prisons are overcrowded and unsanitary. A variety of animals and insects

inhabit the prison cells. Political prisoners are made to sleep on cold,

concrete floors in thin, cotton uniforms. A chamber pot acts as a toilet, but

is only allowed to be emptied once a day, giving rise to a horrible smell and

maggots.

Political prisoners must stay with several other prisoners which facilitates

the spread of disease. The showers of political prisoners are restricted to

once a week, sometimes once a month. Prisoners are not given a proper

amount of soap to clean themselves, and are made to use only around 7 to

8 plates of water when showering. Uniforms are soiled, but only allowed

to be washed once a week. Female political prisoners face many problemsduring menstruation.

The food rations provided to political prisoners are of the poorest quality

and of an insufficient amount. Political prisoners are generally given under

or over cooked rice, watery curry, and a small amount of fish paste. Once

a week they are allowed a small portion of meat, though it is often of the

worst quality. The food given is dirty or contaminated by other objects. As

a result, political prisoners are reliant on their families to receive sufficient,

quality food. The authorities’ decision to limit family visits has a real impact

on the ability of political prisoners to remain nourished.





25

Families are also the main source of proper medical care for political prisons.

The health care system in Burma’s prisons is nearly non-existent. Patients

must pay bribes to be allowed to stay in the hospital and receive care.Those unable or unwilling to pay bribes face numerous difficulties to stay

healthy while in prison.

Political prisoners are rarely allowed to see the prison doctor, and often are

instead examined by a medic. The medics frequently fail to conduct a proper

examination, and many basic and easily curable diseases become deadly as

a result. When a political prisoner is prescribed medication, they then facethe challenge of being given the proper medicine.

Despite the fact that the International Committee of the Red Cross has

donated numerous, high quality medicines to the prisons, political prisoners

rarely ever benefit. These medicines are sold on the market, and prisoners

are then given lower quality medicine. Many political prisoners have received

fake medicine and even the wrong medicine. When injections are required,a single needle is often used on many patients without any attempt at

sterilization. This has spread disease among prisoners; most notably it has

led to some political prisoners contracting HIV/ AIDS.

Prison hospitals are overcrowded, unsanitary and lacking a sufficient number

of trained medical staff. Prisoners often decline to go to the hospital as

they are afraid of catching diseases there. When a political prisoner is allowed

to go to a hospital outside the prison, they are shackled and taken to a

special ‘guard ward.’ Despite the weakness of the political prisoners, some

have died with shackles still on their feet.

Another factor leading to the death of some political prisoners is the level

of violence and abuse in the prisons not only from the authorities, but

from the criminal prisoners as well. Political prisoners are kept in cells with

criminal prisoners who have been given weapons and been encouraged by

the authorities to abuse political prisoners. The criminals develop a

hierarchical system by which they gain favor with the authorities and





26

intimidate political prisoners. Some political prisoners have died after

beatings they received at the hands of criminals.

Section 10(A) of the State Protection Law allows for detention withoutcharge or trial for up to five years and is often used to extend the already

arbitrary and unjust prison sentences of the most active politicians. Keeping

political prisoners in the described conditions for long periods of time

results in permanent physical and mental problems, but has also led to the

deaths of a number of political prisoners.

At least ninety political prisoners have died while in prison.

IV. Labor Camps

At least four political prisoners have died after being assigned to work in

one of the country’s many labor camps.

When political prisoners are sentenced, many are given a prison term with

hard labor. In Burma, the use of forced labor for many of the regimes’development projects is rampant. The political prisoners forced to work in

the camps are chosen in a lottery-like system without regard for their age

or health condition. Those with money are able to bribe the authorities out

of going to the camps.

Those taken to the labor camps face torture. They are made to carry out

exhausting physical labor in the burning sun without adequate water ornutrition. The denial of sufficient nutritional intake in relation to the work

being done is perhaps the primary factor behind the illnesses and death of

many labor camp workers.

Those running the camps offer no sympathy, forcing individuals to work

when they are clearly ill. Additionally, on site accidents are common due

to the nature of the work being done (building roads, breaking rock,

portering). Many have been left to die without any effort made to inform

that individual’s family.





27

V. Disappearances

The cases of disappearance after a person is detained are extremely difficult

to document. As a result, only fifteen cases have been documented at this

time. Disappearing people has been prohibited under international law,and in some cases has been classified as torture. In many cases, the likely

fate of the disappeared is torture and death, but the lack of information

creates uncertainty and false hope in the families of the disappeared.

The extent of the problem of disappearances in Burma remains to be

investigated.

VI. After Release

When political prisoners are released, they face numerous hardships. One

such hardship is the inability to find proper medical treatment for the physical

ailments which they suffer. Former political prisoners are unable to pay for

the extensive treatment and medications they need. Further, the health

care system in Burma as a whole lacks the resources to properly address

the physical suffering that results from torture and ill-treatment.

Political prisoners have also faced psychological torture while in prison.

When released, they must attempt to rebuild their identity. They are often

turned away from universities and jobs. If they do find work, they remain

under the constant watch of the Military Intelligence. Their family and

friends are watched as well, leading to an end to many relationships. The

difficulty of reintegrating into society has further exacerbated mental

suffering. In Burma, rehabilitation and counseling services are not offered,

and there is a stigma attached to those with mental illnesses. As a result,

former political prisoners do not address their psychological problems, and

a few have subsequently committed suicide.

At least ten political prisoners have died shortly after their release from

prison.





28

VII. Death

Political prisoners are often the main income earner in their family. Their

death, in addition to the emotional suffering, places an enormous financial

burden on those they leave behind. Family members are left to sell off possessions and seek work in order to manage their day to day survival.

When a political prisoner dies, their family is rarely informed immediately.

In some cases, the authorities will order an autopsy and bury the body

without consulting the family. Autopsies are a key way in which the true

circumstances of a political prisoners’ death are hidden. The military

intelligence intimidates doctors into writing autopsies which falsify the

reasons for death. If the family wants to contest the authorities’ explanationfor their loved ones death, they are unable to call independent witnesses.

As families rarely challenge the authorities, autopsy reports are not made

public.

The authorities are known to have cremated the bodies of deceased political

prisoners so that the scars of torture and ill-treatment can not be seen. The

family is not given a choice in the decision to cremate the body. Occasionally,the cremated remains are buried in the prison compound or in a graveyard

without informing the family. When a family asks to be given the remains,

they are denied.

Bribes have been offered to the families of deceased political prisoners in

an effort to silence them. They are told not to speak about the true

circumstances of their loved one’s death, and threatened with harm if

they do. Few families though have accepted the bribes of the authorities.

When a family is given the body of a deceased political prisoner, they must

arrange for a funeral. Yet even funerals are controlled by the authorities.

The authorities will tell a family that they are only allowed to hold the

funeral at a randomly chosen time, which has resulted in family members

missing their loved one’s funeral. Furthermore, Military Intelligence officers

attend the funerals of political prisoners to note who attends. These

individuals can be detained and interrogated later for their political

affiliations.





29

The oppression of the military regime extends even into death.

ConclusionThis report exposes the circumstances surrounding the deaths of one

hundred and twenty-seven democracy activists. The cause of death in these

cases was torture and ill-treatment. The torture is physical, psychological

and sexual. Torture is also seen in the general prison conditions and the

health care system, which brings about untold suffering which has resulted

in death.

When political prisoners die, their families face additional hardships due

to the cruelty of the authorities. False autopsy reports hide the true cause

of death, while the authorities ensure that no action is taken to question

their explanation regarding the death. The families’ efforts to honor their

dead are restricted and even prohibited by the authorities.

Impunity for the deaths in custody of political detainees has been complete.Though the names of those responsible for the deaths of several political

prisoners is known, no action has been taken to hold them accountable.

They are shuffled within the prison system, able to torture and ill-treat

anyone in their charge. The investigation into and prosecution of those

responsible for the one hundred and twenty-seven cases of death in custody

of democracy activists is necessary for Burma to move toward a just system

that respects the human rights of all its citizens.





30

A u n g H l a i n g W i n 1 M a y 2 0 0 5

7 M a y 2 0 0 5

N L D

3 0

I n t e r r o g a t i o n C e n t e r M a y a n g o n e ,

R a n g o o n

A u n g M i n

6 S e p 1 9 9 8

2 1 O c t 1 9 9 8

N L D

5 3

M i l i t a r y C

a m p ,

M a n d a l a y

M a n d a l a y

H t a y L w i n

3 O c t 2 0 0 5

3 O c t 2 0 0 5

N L D

P o l i c e S t a t i o n

A u n g m y a e

T h a z a n ,

M a n d a l a y

M a u n g K

o @

M a u n g L

a y

1 0 D e c 1 9 9 0

1 1 D e c 1 9 9 0

N L D

6 4

I n t e r r o g a t i o n C e n t e r

N a t o g y i , M

a n d a l a y

M a u n g K

o @

M i n T h i t

2 3 O c t 1 9 9 0

9 N o v 1 9 9 0

N L D

5 4 I n t e r r o g a t i o n C e n t e r

P a k o k k u , M a g w e

M o h a m a d E l i a s 1 3 J u n e 1 9 9 2

1 9 J u n e 1 9 9 2

N L D

6 8 I n t e r r o g a t i o n C e n t e r

M a u n g d a w

, A r a k a n

S a w S t a n

d F o r d 7 J u l y 2 0 0 5

J u l y 2 0 0 5


E i m m e , I r r a w a d d y

S o e H t a y

1 2 A p r 1 9 9 1

1 6 A p r 1 9 9 1

N L D

1 9


R a n g o o n

N a m e

D a t e o f

D a t e o f

O r g a n i z a t i o n

A g e

L o c a t i o n

o f

A d d r e s s

A r r e s t

D e a t h

D e a t h

A p p e n

d i x A

( i ) : L i s t o

f I n t e r r o g a t i o n D

e a t h s





31

Appendix A (ii): Biographies of Interrogation Deaths

Name: (Ko) Aung Hlaing Win

Date of Arrest: 1 May 2005Date of Death: 7 May 2005

Age at Death: 30

Aung Hlaing Win, son of U Maung Maung, lived in Mayangone Township,

Rangoon Division and was a member of the National League for

Democracy (NLD). He worked with his father-in-law on politics and

organizing for the NLD.

On 1 May 2005, he was accosted at Lucky restaurant in downtown

Rangoon by an unknown group of men, assumed to be soldiers. No one

knew where he was taken.

On 10 May 2005 the commander of an interrogation center, Lt. Col. Min

Hlaing, came to his family and informed them that Aung Hlaing Win died

on 7 May 2005 from a heart attack while at the interrogation center.

According to the autopsy, confirmed by four medical specialists from North

Oakkalapa Hospital, Aung Hlaing Win died before he got to the hospital

and was sent to the hospital as a corpse. Dr. Zaw Zaw Oo and three other

medical specialists found 24 external wounds on the body; 3 ribs were

fractured, and a fourth rib was broken in two causing bruising to his heart.

Bruising was also found around his throat and trachea, and his stomach

and colon were found to be decaying.

When his family learned that their loved one had passed away, they released

a statement. In this statement, the family said, “Ko Aung Hlaing Win

passed away unexpectedly, or because of an unknown reason.” But, the





32

Name: (U) Aung Min

Date of Arrest: 6 September 1998Date of Death: 21 October 1998

Age at Death: 53

Aung Min was the office manager of the National League for Democracy

(NLD) Divisional Office (Mandalay Division), the joint secretary of North

Eastern Township (Mandalay) and the chairperson of the NLD (MawragiwaQuarter). He actively and loyally participated in the political activities of

the NLD. He was arbitrarily arrested on 6 September 1998 by MI staff

even though he had not committed any crime.

While in interrogation, Aung Min became ill due to the conditions in the

detention center, but did not receive any medical attention. He died on 21

October 1998 while in interrogation.

According to his family, Aung Min did not have any health problems prior

to his arrest.

authorities forced them to change the words to “Ko Aung Hlaing Win

passed away because of general diseases.”

Aung Hlaing Win was arrested without warrant and the authorities did notinform his family of his location or reason for arrest. He was subsequently

tortured to death while being interrogated. The authorities then destroyed

the body of Aung Hlaing Win without informing his family, and tried to

intimidate his family into not speaking out by offering them money, which

they refused to accept. The authorities not only tortured Aung Hlaing Win

to death, but they concealed all information regarding the circumstances

of his death. Lt Col Min Hlaing, Capt Sai Aung Win and Capt Zaw MinKyaw were responsible for Aung Hlaing Win’s death, yet no one has been

held accountable.





33

His funeral was on 23 October 1998 at Kyarnikan cemetery and was

attended by over 100 NLD members in uniform. The NLD then issued a

statement, No. 96 (10/ 98), which called into question Aung Min’s sudden

death during interrogation.

Name: (Ko) Htay Lwin

Date of Arrest: 3 October 2005

Date of Death: 3 October 2005

Age at Death: 30

Htay Lwin was a supporter of NLD and was arrested at 4pm on 3 October

2005 by local authorities, including chairman Ba Tint, and members of

the Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA). He was beaten

brutally by Ba Tint and Tun Min Latt, a USDA member, as well as other

unidentified police, during interrogation.

At 10pm the same day, he was taken to No. 4 Police Station. When his

wife tried to visit him, she was not allowed to see him or provide him with

dinner. Around midnight, a car belonging to the USDA came to the police

station to retrieve the corpse of Htay Lwin and send it to Mandalay General

Hospital.

The next morning, Htay Lwin’s wife was called to the hospital and informed

of her husband’s death. She was told to bury her husband immediately,

with the expenses being paid by the USDA and police. Though she initially

refused, demanding the corpse be returned to her, eventually the police

intimidated her into burying him right away. She was informed that shewould receive 300,000 kyat (USD 300) as compensation.





34

The case was reported to the Chief of Police, as well as the Ministry of

Home Affairs.

Htay Lwin: Mourners View Htay Lwin’s Body

Htay Lwin: Corpse





35

Name: (U) Maung Ko

(alias) Min Thit


Date of Death: 9 November 1990Age at Death: 54

Maung Ko was born in Pakokku Township, Magwe Division in 1936. His

parents were U Tin and Daw Saw Yin. In 1968, he earned a BA degree

from the Workers’ College (Rangoon). He then worked as a manager for

the Port Authority Department until 1986. He also studied in England,

Germany, Norway and Sweden.

During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he actively participated in the

demonstration as the general secretary of the All Burma Port Workers’

Union.

He then became a member of the National League for Democracy (NLD)

when the party was formed. Later, he performed his political duties as a

member of the NLD’s Social Supporting Committee and the Organizing

Committee, Tenasserim Division branch.

He was arrested on 23 October 1990 for attending the “Parallel Government

Establishing Meeting” convened in Mandalay on 29 September 1990.

Maung Ko was detained and interrogated at the Yay Kyi Ai interrogation

center. He died on 9 November 1990 as a result of torture he endured

during interrogation.

His body was sent to Rangoon General Hospital. The medical staff identified

the body as Maung Ko’s and informed his family. There were many wounds

on his neck and the lower part of one of his legs was completely shattered.





36

When Maung Ko died, Ms. Sadako Ogata, a representative of the United

Nations Commission on Human Rights, was in Rangoon. General Saw

Maung, Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council at the

time, said while in Mandalay:

“We have no torturous means to interrogate anyone. That guy confessed

to what he did and to his future plans, and soon after he hung himself with

a blanket. We are not responsible for his death.”

Maung Ko: Corpse

Maung Ko: Left Leg. The wounds on his legs are believed to be the result

of torture by electric shock.





37

Name: (U) Mohammad Elias

Date of Arrest: 13 June 1992

Date of Death: 19 June 1992

Age at Death: 68

Mohammad Elias from Maungdaw Township, Arakan State was the

secretary of the NLD branch in his native town. In June 1992, a bomb

exploded in his township, and the authorities soon accused him of planting

this bomb. He was arrested on 13 June 1992.

During interrogation, Mohammad Elias was brutally tortured. The

authorities, knowing he was a Muslim, forcibly poured pig fat into his

mouth.

As a result of the torture he endured, he was sent to Maungdaw township

hospital on 9 June 1992. He died there on 19 June 1992. The authorities

claimed that he died of a stomach ailment. However, he had been in good

health before he was arrested.

Name: Saw Stand Ford

Date of Arrest: July 2005

Date of Death: July 2005

Age at Death: 40

Saw Stand Ford, of Karen ethnicity, was a middle school teacher. On 7July 2005, over thirty local people in Ah Thoke Township and Ta Gu Seik

Village of Einme Township were arrested, including Saw Stand Ford.





38

Light Infantry Battalion 93, based in Myaungmya Township, carried out

the arrests. They thoroughly searched for weapons they believed the villagers

were holding for the Karen National Union (KNU) in the church in Ta Gu

Seik village, the village cemetery and residents houses. The soldiers didnot find any weapons.

During the interrogation period, the soldiers used torture, including electric

shocks. As a result, Saw Stand Ford died.

Among the detainees, sixteen villagers were sent to Rangoon. The

interrogation period in Rangoon lasted more than one month. Eventually,all were freed on 12 August after receiving severe torture.

Before they were freed, the authorities asked the villagers not to talk about

the interrogation to anyone, especially foreign media. The authorities also

said that the government would sponsor development projects in the village

and give 300,000 Kyats (about USD 300) as compensation for Saw Stand

Ford if they did not speak about how he died.

However, Saw Stand Ford’s family refused the compensation. They instead

asked the authorities to punish the persons responsible for his death.

Name: (Ko) Soe Htay

Date of Arrest: 12 April 1991

Date of Death: 16 April 1991

Age at Death: 19

Soe Htay was a member of the National League for Democracy (NLD).

On 12 April 1991, he was arrested and sent to Military Intelligence Unit

12 (MI-12).

Four days after he was arrested, he died. His death is believed to be the

result of torture.





39 A i k K o

3 1

5 - j , 1 7 / 1

O c t 1 9 9 0

1 3 O c t 1 9 9 3 8

Y e a r s

T h a y e t

S t u d e n t H l a i n g , R a n g o

o n

A r s a r a , V e n

3 5

5 - j , 1 7 / 1

J a n 1 9 9 1 1 5 M a r 1 9 9 6 1 0 Y e a r s

T h a y e t

M o n k

L a m a d a w , R a n

g o o n

A u n g K y a w

M o e

3 8

5 - j , 1 7 / 1

2 0 J u l y 1 9 8 9 1 3 M a y 1 9 9 8 2 0 Y e a r

T h a r a w a d d y

B C P

K a m a y u t , R a n

g o o n

A u n g M a y

T h u

6 1

5 - j , 1 0 ( A )

A u g

1 9 8 9

1 7 S e p 2 0 0 2 2 0 Y e a r s

R G H

N L D

T h a r a w a d d y , P e g u

A u n g M y i n t

T h e i n

3 7

5 - j , 1 7 / 1

J u l y

2 0 0 5

5 N o v 2 0 0 5 D

e t a i n e d

I n s e i n

D P P

S h w e P a u k a n , R a n g o o n

A u n g N a i n g

1 9 9 8

J u n 2 0 0 5 7

Y e a r s

K a l e

S t u d e n t

R a n g o o n

A y e L w i n

3 8

1 2 2 / 1 ,

O c t

1 9 8 8

D e c 1 9 9 2 L i f e

I n s e i n

T h i n g a n g y u n ,

R a n g o o n

3 0 2 / 2 , 1 4 9

S e n t e n c e

A y e M u ( M a )

2 1

1 7 / 1

1 6 S e p

1 9 9 7

M a y 1 9 9 8 5

Y e a r s

T a v o y

M D U F T h a y e t c h a u n g , T e n a s s e r i m

M a u n g T h a w

K a @ B a T h a w

6 5

5 / A , 5 / B

5 O c t 1 9 8 9

1 1 J u n 1 9 9 1 2 0 Y e a r s

R G H

N L D

K y a u k t a d a , R a n g o o n

B o

1 9 9 9

1 9 9 9

I n s e i n

C i v i l i a n

B o T h a n

7 0

1 2 2 / 1

1 9 8 3

M a r 1 9 9 7 D

e a t h

I n s e i n

K N U

N y a u n g l e b i n , P e g u

D o n e

S e n t e n c e

B o T h a K h u

1 2 2 / 1

1 9 8 2

1 9 9 8 D

e a t h

I n s e i n

K N U

S e n t e n c e

C h i t H t a u n g

5 0

1 9 8 9 1 9 D e c 1 9 9 0

M y i n g y a n

N L D

P h a s a w n g , K a

y a h

C h o G y i

3 8

1 7 / 1

J u l y

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 3

M a n d a l a y

N P F

M a n d a l a y

G a u n g S h a y

2 0

1 7 / 1

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2 3

Y e a r s

M e r g u i

K N U

M e r g u i , T e n a s s e r i m

N a m e

A g e

P r e v i o u s

D a t e

o f

D a t e o f

P r i s o n

P r i s o n

O r g

A d d r

e s s

L a w

A r r e s t

D e a t h

T e r m

A p p e n d i x B

( i ) : L i s t o f P r i s o n D

e a t h s





40

H a m i t

2 1

1 7 / 1

1 9 8 8

1 9 8 8

D e a t h

I n s e i n

S t u d e n t

S e n t e n c e

H l a K h i n

4 3

A u

g 1 9 9 8

3 1 M a y 1 9 9 9

D e t a i n e d

I n s e i n

N L D

S h w e p y i t h a , R a n g o o n

H l a S h w e

1 7 / 1

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 6

1 0 Y e a r s M y i n g y a n

B o g a l e , I r r a w a d d y

H l a T h a n

4 9

1 2 2 / 1

2 3 O

c t 1 9 9 0 2 A u g 1 9 9 6

2 5 Y e a r s

R G H

N L D M P

K e m m e n d i n

e , R a n g o o n

H s e S h i

2 3

1 7 / 1

1 9 8 9

1 8 O c t 1 9 9 0

7 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

K I A

K a c h i n S t a t e

H t a y A u n g

3 7

5 - j

1 9 9 5

7 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

L a w y e r

K h i n M g A y

e 5 7

5 - j

M a y 1 9 9 6

2 0 0 2

7 Y e a r s

M a n d a l a y

M a n d a l a y

K h i n M g

1 2 4 ( A )

L w i n

3 8

1 7 / 2 0

5 J a

n 1 9 9 8

1 1 J a n 2 0 0 6

1 0 Y e a r s

P u t a o

D a w b o n , R a n g o o n

K h i n M g

M y i n t

4 2

1 7 / 1

2 8 O

c t 1 9 9 7 2 1 J u l y 2 0 0 4

8 Y e a r s

K a l e

N L D

L a t h a , R a n g o o n

K h i n M g

L i f e

M y i n t

1 7 / 1 , 1 2 2

1 9 9 1

2 0 0 1

S e n t e n c e M y i n g y a n

K N U


K h i n M g

M y i n t

6 3

1 7 / 1

6 N o v 1 9 8 9

1 6 F e b 1 9 9 3

2 0 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

P P P

D e d a y e , I r r a w a d d y

K h i n M g @

B o S e t Y a u n g 6 8

1 7 / 1 - 2

2 N o v 1 9 8 9 7 M a r 1 9 9 0

2 0 Y e a r s I n s e i n

B C P

B a h a n , R a n g o o n

K i n n S e i n

5 3

1 7 / 1

J a n 1 9 9 9 1 6 J a n 1 9 9 5

8 Y e a r s

R G H

P P P

P r o m e , P e g u

K o L a y

5 0

5 - j

M

a r 1 9 9 0

1 9 9 2

7 Y e a r s

M a n d a l a y

N L D

B a m a w , K a c h i n

K y a r G y i

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 2

1 0 Y e a r s

M y i n g y a n

K y a w D i n

5 8

5 0 5 / B

2 0 O

c t 1 9 9 7 2 4 J u l 1 9 9 9

2 Y e a r s W a k e m a

N L D

W a k e m a , I r

r a w a d d y

N a m e

A g e

P r e v i o u s

D a

t e o f

D a t e o f

P r i s o n

P r i s o n

O r g

A d

d r e s s

L a w

A r

r e s t

D e a t h

T e r m





41

K y a w M y o

1 8

T h a n t

2 7

5 - j

J u l 1

9 8 9

2 0 M a y 1 9 9 0

M o n t h s

M a u b i n

D P N S

B o g a l e , I r r a w

a d d y

K y a w S o e

2 2

1 7 / 1

J a n 1 9 8 8

F e b 1 9 8 9

I n s e i n

S t u d e n t

I n s e i n , R a n g o o n

K y i

1 7 / 2 0

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 4

6 Y e a r s

T h a r a w a d d y

T h a r a w a d d y

, P e g u

K y i S a u n g

6 0

5 - j

2 1 D

e c 1 9 9 5 M a y 1 9 9 6

D e t a i n e d M y a u n g m y a

N L D

M y a u n g m y a

, I r r a w a d d y

L a K h o n g

L a y @ T i n

M a u n g M y i n t

5 - j

2 0 J u n e 2 0 0 1

M a n d a l a y

N L D

M a d a y a , M a n d a l a y

L e o N i c h o l s

6 5

1 7 / 2 0

A p r i l 1 9 9 6

2 2 J u n e 1 9 9 6

3 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

D i p l o m a t N o r w a y

M a h n D a v i d

5 8

1 7 / 1

1 9 8 9

1 2 J u l y 1 9 9 2

8 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

A B K O

W a k e m a , I r r a w a d d y

M a i A i k P a n

4 0

1 7 / 1

2 O c t 2 0 0 1

3 1 J u l y 2 0 0 2

7 Y e a r s

M o u l m e i n

P S L F

N a m s a s n g , S h a n S t a t e

M a u n g K o

5 8

5 - j , 1 7 / 1

1 9

9 6

1 5 N o v 2 0 0 2


C P B

K y a u k p a d a u

n g ,

H o s p i t a l

M a n d a l a y

M a u n g

M a u n g A y e

2 4

5 - j

4 A u

g 1 9 8 9

5 J u l y 1 9 9 1

5 Y e a r s

T h a r a w a d d y

N L D

K a m a y u t , R a

n g o o n

M a u n g

M a u n g A y e

5 9

5 0 5 / B

S e p 1 9 9 9

2 1 J u n e 2 0 0 2

4 Y e a r s

B a s s e i n

N L D

L a b u t t a , I r r a w a d d y

M i n T h u

5 0

5 - j

2 8 A p r 1 9 9 8 1 3 J u n e 2 0 0 4

7 Y e a r s

I n s e i n H o s p i t a l

N L D

R a n g o o n

M i n T u n W a i 4 2

2 6 M a y 2 0 0 5 2 9 M a y 2 0 0 5

5 D a y s M o u l m e i n

N L D

K y a i k m a y a w

, M o n S t a t e

M y a S h w e

5 4

5 - j

D e c

1 9 9 6 2 7 A p r 1 9 9 9

7 Y e a r s

T h a r a w a d d y

N L D

S a n c h a u n g , R

a n g o o n

M y a t T h u

4 8

3 3 3

F e b 1 9 9 7

M a y 1 9 9 7

2 m o n t h s T a u n g o o

N L D

T a u n g o o , P e g u

M y i n t M a u n g

6 5

5 - j

2 4 A u g 1 9 9 1 N o v 1 9 9 5

5 Y e a r s

P e g u

N L D

K y a u k t a g a , P

e g u

N a m e

A g e

P r e v i o u s

D a

t e o f

D a t e o f

P r i s o n

P r i s o n

O r g

A d d

r e s s

L a w

A r r e s t

D e a t h

T e r m





42

MyintSwe

32

122/1

24O

ct19888June1996

20Years

Thayet

Dala,Ran goon

MyoWin

17/1-2

1990

Pegu

Dawbon,Rangoon

NaiAungLun45

1 22/0,

Ju

ly2003

28Sep2005

Life

RGH

NMLP

MonState

386/1

Sentence

NyoWin

59

10/A

18Ju

ne1989

8Mar1991

10(A)

Insein

PPP

ShweKyin,Pegu

Hospital

NyuntZaw

35

17/1,5-E

A

ug1991

1Jan2000

7+7YearsTharawaddy

ABSDF

Henzada,Irrawaddy

OoThaTun

82

5-j

7M

ar199014Aug1990

3MonthsSittwe

ALD

MyaukU,A

rakan

S aiPhaThan

64

11Sep2002

11Oct2002

DetainedKengtung

NLD

ShanState

SawDavid

58

5-j

Jun1989

2Au g1992

4Years

Karen

SawDoSaw

@SawThan

5 0

17/1-2

Mar1997

10Oct2003

20Years

RGH

KNU

KarenState

SawElThar

122/1

Oct1991

May1998

10Year sMyingyan

Bogale,Irrawaddy

SawHaryay

56

17/1

2000

2001

10YearsMyaungmya

Lattputa,Irrawaddy

SawHlaChit57

17/1

31M

ar199113Mar1997

8Years

Insein

Bogale,Irrawaddy

SawKyaw

Lwin

50

17/1

Oct1991

Aug1992

10Years

Myingyan

Ngapudaw,Irrawaddy

SawPow

June1989

1994

Death

Insein

KNU

Htay

Sentence

SawSaDo

Death

Saw

53

122/1

1982

12Dec2003

Sentence

Insein

KNU

LepaDan,Irrawaddy

SawTin

Death

Myint

48

122

1982

1Aug2001

SentenceThayet

KNU

LepaDan,Irrawaddy

Name

Age

Previous

Da

teof

Dateof

Prison

Prison

Org

Ad

dress

Law

Arrest

Death

Term





43

S a w W i n @

T h a r a w a d d y

K y a w Z a w L i n 6 1

5 - j , 6 - 1

2 3 A

p r 1 9 9 1 7 A u g 1 9 9 8

1 1 Y e a r s

H o s p i t a l

N L D ( M P ) H t i l i n , M a g w e

S a w Y i n T h i t 3 5

1 2 2 / 1

O c t 1 9 9 1

J a n 1 9 9 6

2 0 Y e a r s

M y i n g y a n


S e i n H l a

7 5

1 7 / 1

N o

v 1 9 9 0

1 9 9 2


C P B

Y a n k i n , R a n g o o n

S e i n W i n

5 4

1 0 / A

O c

t 1 9 8 8

8 J a n 1 9 9 1

1 0 / A

I n s e i n H o s p i t a l

T h o n g w a , R

a n g o o n

S h e i n T i n

6 8

5 - j , 1 7 / 1

F e b 1 9 9 4

2 8 J a n 2 0 0 4

7 + 3

T a u n g o o

P P P

R a n g o o n

Y e a r s

H o s p i t a l

S i T h u @ Y e

1 0 Y e a r s

N a i n g

3 5

5 - j , 1 0 / A

J u n e 1 9 9 1

1 2 J u l y 2 0 0 1

+ 1 0 / A

T h a r a w a d d y

S t u d e n t S a n c h a u n g , R a n g o o n

S o e W i n

7 4

1 7 / 1 - 2

J u l y 1 9 9 0

3 M a y 1 9 9 2

2 0 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

P V O

M a y a n g o n e

, R a n g o o n

S o t p a t a r

1 2 2 / 1 ,

M a n n e

3 0

2 1 / A

J u n e 1 9 8 9

1 9 9 2

1 4 Y e a r s T a u n g o o

N / O k k a l a ,

R a n g o o n

T h a T u n

8 2

5 - j

M a y 1 9 9 0

1 9 A u g 1 9 9 0

3 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

A N L D

A r a k a n

T h a n H t w e @

T a v o y

A B F S U

B a B a

2 5

1 7 / 1

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 0

D e t a i n e d H o s p i t a l

( T a v o y ) T a v o y , T e n a s s e r i m

T h a n T u n

2 7

1 2 2 / 1

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 7

1 0 Y e a r s T a u n g o o

T h i n g a n g y u n , R a n g o o n

T h a n W i n

I n s e i n

N L D

M a u b i n , I r r a w a d d y

T h e i n T i n

5 6

1 0 / A

1 8 M

a r 1 9 9 6

F e b 1 9 9 8

1 0 / A

I n s e i n

N L D

N / O k k a l a p a , R a n g o o n

T i n A u n g

5 0

5 - j

1 9 9 8

B a s s e i n

W a k h e m a ,

I r r a w a d d y

T i n H l a i n g @

T i n H a u n g

5 - j

D e c

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 4

I n s e i n

N L D

N / O k k a l a p a , R a n g o o n

N a m e

A g e

P r e v i o u s

D a t e o f

D a t e o f

P r i s o n

P r i s o n

O r g

A d

d r e s s

L a w

A r

r e s t

D e a t h

T e r m





44

T i n M a u n g

W i n

5 1

2 3 O

c t 1 9 9 0

1 8 J a n 1 9 9 1

2 5 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

N L D

K h a y a n , R a n g o o n

T i n S h w e

( M o n y w a )

6 7

5 / A , B , J

N o v 1 9 9 0

8 J u n e 1 9 9 7

1 8 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

N L D

M o n y w a , S a g a i n g

T u n A u n g

K y a w

5 2

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 3

H e l d

N L D

M a n d a l a y

T u n S e i n

5 8

5 / j

J u n

e , 1 9 9 2

1 9 F e b 1 9 9 6

1 0 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

K e m m e n d i n

e , R a n g o o n

W i n B o

3 9

5 / j

1 9 9 7

2 6 A u g 2 0 0 0

2 1 Y e a r s

M o u l m e i n

M a w l a m y i n e G y u n n ,

I r r a w a d d y

Z a w M y o H t e t

1 2 2 / 1 ,

@ Z a w Z a w

2 8

3 8 6 / 1

1 6 J u l y 2 0 0 3 1 9 O c t 2 0 0 4

2 Y e a r s

R G H

M i n H l a , M

a n d a l a y

Z a w t i k a , V e n . 6 0

5 / j

2 2 O

c t 1 9 9 0

D e c 1 9 9 2

3 Y e a r s

I n s e i n

M o n k

P u z u n d a u n g , R a n g o o n

N a m e

A g e

P r e v i o u s

D a

t e o f

D a t e o f

P r i s o n

P r i s o n

O r g

A d

d r e s s

L a w

A r

r e s t

D e a t h

T e r m





45

Appendix B (ii): Biographies of Prison Deaths

Name: (Ko) Aik Ko

Date of Arrest: October 1990


Age at Death: 31

In 1988, Ai Ko was a student at the Workers’ College, as well as a service

man. During the 1988 popular democracy uprising, he provided supplies

for the demonstrators. Later, he served as an organizer for the Workers’

College Union. In addition, he worked at the Mingaladon Workers’ Union

in the Mingaladon Tatmadaw (Army) Garment Factory.

Ai Ko was arrested in October 1990 and was accused of havingconnections with an unlawful organization. On this charge, he was given

7 years imprisonment with hard labor. He was then transferred from Insein

to Thayet prison on 23 November 1991.

At beginning of 1993, Ai Ko became ill. His body temperature was

fluctuating between extremes. Therefore, he requested the prison authorities

allow him to seek treatment at the prison hospital. His request was denied.

In October 1993, he was again suffering from a serious fever. When other

political prisoners complained to the prison authorities that he should have

proper treatment, he was brought to the prison hospital. In the prison

hospital, the medic, Sergeant Kyaw Myint, injected him with Vitamin B

and glucose without conducting a proper examination. As a result of this

neglect, a few hours after the injection, Ai Ko died at Thayet prisonhospital. After his death, an autopsy revealed that he was suffering from

malaria and typhoid. He was 31 years old when he died.





46

Even though Ai Ko died of malaria, a common disease contracted by

political prisoners, the prison hospital failed to test for malaria prior to his

death.

Name: Rev. Arsara

Date of Arrest: 23 January 1991

Date of Death: 25 March 1996

Age at Death: 35

Rev. Arsara lived in Thayet Taw Monastery, Rangoon. He actively

participated in the Young Monks Union during the 1988 people’s uprising.

After the military coup in 1988, he fled to the Thai-Burma border as the

authorities wanted to arrest him.

In May 1989, he went back to Rangoon. On 3 October 1990, several

monks, including Rev. Asara, marched from Ngar Htat Gyi Monastery to

Shwe Dagon Pagoda.

On 23 January 1991, the Military Intelligence arrested him and sentenced

him to ten years imprisonment under Section 5 (J) of the 1950 Emergency

Provisions Act. In November 1991, he was transferred from Insein prison

to Thayet prison.

In January 1996, Rev. Arsara became very ill and suffered from jaundice.

However, initially, he was not allowed to go to the hospital. On 12 January

1996, he was allowed to go to the hospital in Thayet prison. At that time,

his health condition was rapidly deteriorating. On 14 March 1996, the

authorities sent Rev. Arsara to Thayet Township hospital. He passed away

the next day.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ba Shin and Jailer

Khin Maung Swe.





47

Name: (U) Aung Kyaw Moe

Date of Arrest: 20 July 1989

Date of Death: 13 May 1998

Age at Death: 38

Aung Kyaw Moe actively participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising

and eventually joined the United National Democracy Party (UNDP) where

he continued advocating for democracy and human rights.

On 20 July 1989, he was arrested by the Military Intelligence and accused

of contacting the Communist Party Burma (CPB). For this, he was

sentenced to 20 years imprisonment with hard labor.

He was then sent to Insein prison, and in 1996 transferred to Tharawaddy.During his prison life, he was well-respected because of his honesty and

sacrifice. He treated all his fellow prisoners with respect and compassion.

After his sentence was reduced to 10 years, due to the 1993 amnesty, he

was set to be released in 1997. However, the authorities continued to

detain him without offering a reason.

At this time, several political prisoners were being detained past the expiry

of their prison sentences, under section 10(A) of the State Protection Law.

Feeling this to be unjust, several prisoners decided, on 8 May 1998, to

demand that the authorities release those who had completed their

sentences. Aung Kyaw Moe joined U Kyi, Ko Thein Htoo, Ko Myint Yee,

Ko Kyaw Oo Nyo, Ko Thein Zaw and U Aung Than in making this

demand.





48

On the Superintendent’s weekly inspection, they threatened to go on a

hunger strike if the authorities did not meet their demand. When the

authorities failed to comply, the seven began their hunger strike.

The authorities responded by shackling the prisoners and placing them in

solitary confinement. Further, they were denied any drinking water. All

this was meant to break the spirit of the hunger strikers, but they persisted

in their strike.

While the other prisoners were transferred to different prisons, Aung Kyaw

Moe remained alone in Tharawaddy, forced to assume poun-zan positionsand threatened with severe action if he did not end his strike.

On 12 May 1998, the authorities entered Aung Kyaw Moe’s cell a final

time, warning him of impending torture if he did not end his hunger strike.

Aung Kyaw Moe replied that he would stay on his hunger strike until he

died. Angered by this response, the authorities took him out of his cell and

beat him unconscious. They then took him back to his cell, denying him

any medical treatment. The next day, 13 May 1998, Aung Kyaw Moe died

from the torture he received at the hands of the prison authorities.

The authorities did not inform Aung Kyaw Moe’s family about his death.

When his family heard from other people that he had died, they questioned

the prison authorities as to the cause of his death. They were told that he

died of sudden illness and that it was necessary to bury him at once.

However, the authorities did show the family a picture of Aung Kyaw

Moe’s corpse, which was clearly covered with scars from the torture he

had received.





49

Name: (U) Aung May Thu

Date of Arrest: 24 August 1989

Date of Death: 17 September 2002

Age at Death: 61

As a student, Aung May Thu joined the All Burma Federation of Student

Unions (ABFSU) and became chairman of the ABFSU Oakpo TownshipBranch. He was in charge of the organizing committee of the Rangoon

District Student Union (Tharawaddy Branch) from 1960-62.

In 1963, during the internal peace movements, he led the Four District

Demonstration, marching from Minhla to Kantawmin Garden in Rangoon.

He also demonstrated against fraud in the Southeast Asia Games Festival.

He was arrested in the union building compound on 30 November 1963and sent to the notorious Coco Island prison in 1965.

He participated in the hunger strike in Coco Island in 1968 and, as the

strike was successful, was taken back to Insein prison. He was released

from Insein prison on 12 April 1972, but was later rearrested and detained

in August 1976. He was then detained a third time on 6 April 1984.

In October 1988, he joined the National League for Democracy (NLD)

and later became the chairperson of the NLD (Minhla Branch). He was

arrested for a fourth time on 24 August 1989 and sentenced to 10 years

imprisonment under the Emergency Provisions Act, Section 5 (J), by a

Military Tribunal held in Insein prison on 6 November 1989.

Although he completed his 10 year prison term on 6 November 1999, hecontinued to be detained under section 10 (A) of the State Protection

Law.





50

Aung May Thu suffered from a persistent fever for 15 days in September

2002, and was hospitalized in Tharawaddy prison. He died two days later

on 17 September 2002.

Aung May Thu: Corpse

Aung May Thu sacrificed his life for his country, serving nearly 25 years in

prison for his efforts to bring democracy and human rights to Burma. He

ultimately died from the neglect of the authorities for the well-being of

political prisoners.

At the Cemetery: Aung San Suu Kyi and Aung May Thu’s family





51

Name: (U) Aung Myint Thein


Date of Death: 5 November 2005

Age at Death: 37

Aung Myint Thein lived in No. 12 quarter, Shwe Pauk Kan Township,

Rangoon. He joined the Democracy and Peace Party after the 1988 people’suprising.

Later, he became a human rights activist and collected information on the

human rights situation in Burma. He did so at great risk to his personal

safety, and with the knowledge that his actions could lead to his arrest.

On 28 August 2005, the authorities held a press conference in which they

announced that ten people had been arrested, including Aung Myint Thein.

They reported that Aung Myint Thein was ‘given training on the world’s

labor disputes, employer-employee issues and participated in a mass

organizational course for three days.’ These activities were deemed a threat

to the rule of the SPDC.

After he was sent to Insein prison, he was charged under Section 16 (3),

Section 17 (1) of Unlawful Association Act and Section 5 (e) and (j) of

the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act.

In prison, Aung Myint Thein suffered from severe lung disease. His suffering

was compounded by the lack of health care in the prison. He was also

reportedly tortured during the interrogation period. Four months after beingsent to Insein prison, he died at 2:00 pm on 5 November 2005. At 6:00

pm, officers of the local police department went to his residence. They

told his family members that he died in prison from diarrhea.





52

The next morning at 5:00 am, his five siblings went to Insein prison. The

authorities allowed three of them to view the corpse. They told the

authorities that they wanted to cremate the corpse the next day. The

authorities refused and urgently arranged to have the cremation at 11:30am that day in Yay Way cemetery.

Name: (U) Aye Lwin


Date of Death: December 1992Age at Death: 38

Aye Lwin lived in Thingangyun Township. He actively participated in the

1988 people’s uprising. After the military coup in late 1988, he was arrested.

He was accused of raiding the Thingangyun Township Police Department

during the uprising.

On 19 November 1989, he was sentenced to death under Section 122 (1),

302 (2) and 149 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The authorities gave

amnesty to prisoners in 1989. As a result, his death sentence was changed

to twenty years imprisonment.

Aye Lwin took part in a hunger strike with other political prisoners in

Insein prison in 1990. He was subsequently severely tortured.

In 1992, after an argument with a warden, he was beaten and put in solitary

confinement. He was seriously injured and vomited blood. He did not

receive any medical treatment and later died in solitary confinement in

1992 December.

Two political prisoners complained to the authorities when Aye Lwin was

tortured and put in solitary confinement. The authorities responded by

torturing both of them.





53

Name: (Ma) Aye Mu

Date of Arrest: 16 September 1997

Date of Death: May 1998

Age at Death: 21

Ma Aye Mu was born in Byat Wi Tha village, Theyetchaung township,

Tennasserim Division. Her parents were U Maung Sein and Daw Aye Tin.

She belonged to Mergui/ Tavoy United Front (MTUF) based in Tennasserim

Division.

On 16 September 1997 around 6:00 am, she and three other women ran

into soldiers in Yay Pu village, Theyetchaung Township. The soldiers were

led by Captain Kyaw Thu and belonged to Unit No. 2 of No. 267 Light

Infantry Battalion (LIB). The women were arrested.

In the evening around 4:00 pm, the troops left for Kyel Chan Village.

Captain Kyaw Thu stayed in the house of U Maung Lwin, the chairman of

Village Law and Order Restoration Council (VLORC). The soldiers stayed

in seven houses in the village. The detainees were put in the residency of

U Ohn Nyunt.

At around 9:00 pm, Captain Kyaw Thu took Aye Mu to the house where

he was staying for interrogation. She was raped once. About 10:00 pm,she was sent back.

On 17 September, at about 9:00 pm, she was taken away again. She was

raped and sent back at about 10:00.

Finally, she was sent to Tavoy prison and received five years imprisonment.

Aye Mu was raped and tortured during interrogation and while in prison.

Her health deteriorated, but Tavoy Prison had almost no medical treatment

for the prisoners. Authorities finally sent her to a hospital outside the prison.





54

However, Aye Mu died in prison in the second week of May. The prison

authorities did not inform her family about her death. Captain Kyaw Thu

(now Lieutenant Colonel Kyaw Thu) is currently based in Division No. 44.

Name: (U) Ba Thaw

(alias) Maung Thaw Ka


Date of Death: June 1991

Age at Death: 65

Ba Thaw was a major in the Burmese Navy. After he retired from the

Navy, he became a writer. His pen name was Maung Thaw Ka, and he wasan expert at writing satire. He blatantly criticized the political system and

policy of the Burmese Socialist Programme Party (1962-1988). He

translated several poems and writings into Burmese. His famous book

“Battle Ship 103” is based on his experience in the Navy.

Ba Thaw actively participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, joining

with other writers to petition the military to stop shooting demonstrators.He also appealed to his fellow navy men to stand on the side of the people.

He served as chairperson of the Journalists Union.

After the military coup, political parties and organizations were allowed to

form. He co-founded the National League for Democracy (NLD) and

became in charge of the Sagaing Division branch.

Because of his appeals to the Navy, he was sentenced to 20 years

imprisonment when he was arrested in 1989. He was accused of trying to

factionalize the Navy.





55

His books were banned at this time. Long after his death, in 1998, one of

his books, “Guru of Poetry” was allowed to be published.

Ba Thaw suffered from paralysis before he was arrested. In prison, hesuffered from a stroke as a result of the torture he received after he

participated in the September 1990 Hunger Strike in Insein prison. He

received little medical treatment. He requested the authorities to give him

specialized treatment. He was repeatedly denied.

After suffering from a severe heart attack in June 1991, he was sent to

Rangoon General Hospital. He died three days after being hospitalized.His death appears to be directly linked to the torture and ill-treatment he

received while in prison.

The prison authorities at the time were Jailer Pyone Cho and Prison

Doctor Soe Kyi.

Name: (U) Bo Than Done

Date of Arrest: 1982

Date of Death: March 1997

Age at Death: 70

Bo Than Done was born in Nyaung Lay Bin district. He was a platoon

leader of the Karen National Liberation Army, Karen National Union. He

was arrested on duty in 1982 during the Pegu Mountains Recapturing

Operation. He was sentenced to death in 1983 under Section 122 (1) of

the High Treason Act.

His sentence was reduced from death to life imprisonment under the regime’s

General Asylum 4/ 89 on 21 January 1989.





56

Due to aging and malnutrition, he suffered from several different diseases.

In January 1997, Bo Than Done was transferred from Insein Prison Hospital

to Rangoon General Hospital, where he was held in the guard ward, as hiskidney disease worsened. When he was in Rangoon General Hospital, he

suffered from memory loss, failing nerves and had great difficulty talking.

He died in the guard ward on the third week of March 1997.

Many of the Karen prisoners have died in prison due to malnutrition, as

they are unable to contact or receive support from their families living in

remote areas.

Name: (U) Chit Htaung


Date of Death: 19 December 1990

Chit Htaung served as a Sergeant in the Meiktila Artillery while Burma

was under Japanese control during the World War II. After the war, Burma

briefly became a democratic country and he became an assistant to the

Minister for Kayah State Affairs.

In the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he led the people from Phasawng inKayah state. After the 1988 military coup, he became a member of the

National League for Democracy (NLD) Phasawng Township branch. After

he was chosen as the NLD nominee for Phasawng constituency during the

run-up to the 1990 election, he was arrested.

Chit Htaung is remembered as saying, during his time in Myingyan prison:

“They (military leaders) were shamed in front of the international community because

of the 1988 pro-democracy uprising. Therefore, they are trying to k ill us one by one





57

and systematically. W e think we will win if we survive this k illing and get out of

prison alive.”

Chit Htaung was transferred back and forth from Loikaw prison toMeikhtila prison to Myingyan prison. While in Myingyan prison, he noticed

that he had asthma, which required medicine that the prison could not

provide. As his family could only visit him once every three months, he

was unable to get the proper medicine. On 18 December 1990, after repeated

requests by Chit Htaung and his fellow political prisoners, the prison

authorities finally took him to the hospital. He died in the hospital on 19

December 1990 as a result of the wilful neglect of the authorities.

Name: (Ko) Gaung Shay


Date of Death: 1991

Age at Death: 20

Gaung Shay lived in Ka Byin Village, Mergui Township, Tenasserim

Division. He was a Karen ethnic and an activist in the underground

movement. In 1991, he was arrested in a house in Wa Kone Village. The

house owner and a member of the Karen National Union were also arrestedat this time.

Gaung Shay received three years imprisonment with hard labor under section

17 (1) of the Unlawful Association Act. He was sent to Mergui prison.

In Mergui prison, prisoners were not given enough rice, and they never

received the required weekly ration of meat. They were denied drinkingwater, and only allowed to shower twice a month at which time they had

to line up in the hot sun. The prison was very crowded as the authorities





58

put about a hundred prisoners in a hall suitable for not more than fifty

prisoners. Gaung Shay became weak as a result. Later, he died of diarrhea.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Aung San andWardens Bin Sai, Win San and Nyunt Han.

Name: (U) Hla Khin

Date of Arrest: 26 August 1997Date of Death: 31 May 1999

Age at Death: 43

Hla Khin was a member of the National League for Democracy (NLD)

Shwe Pyi Tha Township branch.

While Aung San Suu Kyi was planning a campaign trip to Anyarsu, Hla

Khin was arrested on 26 August 1998.

On 6 September 1998, while initially detained at Riot Police Battalion (9),

he was later taken to Light Infantry Battalion (219) in Ye Mon Military

Town where he continued to quarrel with the Military Intelligence (MI)

personnel.

After his interrogation at Ye Mon, Hla Khin was transferred to Insein prison.

The authorities claimed that he hanged himself in the prison cell.

In an NLD statement on 8 June 1999, the NLD noted the following:

“The authorities in announcing his death alleged that he indulged in alcohol whichresulted in brain damage and suicide. T his is questionable. H e had been imprisoned

for nine months. H ow was it possible for him to have access to liquor? If he had that





59

affliction, did the authorities tak e any remedial steps? It is not impossible for this

disease to be cured.

H is family members are in great shock and were not able to give any ex planation

whatsoever to the members of the L eague when inquiries were made. It is very lik ely

that they had been threatened and intimidated by some person or organization. N o

response was obtained to questions about whether the family was given permission to

view the corpse or to bury it. H owever on the 7th day after his death, in accordance

with Buddhist beliefs and custom, the L eague offered prayers and food to Buddhist

monk s on his behalf.”

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Lu Hla and Prison

Doctor Soe Khaing.

Name: (U) Hla Than


Date of Death: 2 August 1996

Age at Death: 49

After retiring from the army after serving as a Sergeant between 1965 and

1967, Hla Than became a lawyer. During the 1988 democracy movement,

he joined the Rangoon Lawyers’ Council. When the National League forDemocracy (NLD) was founded, he became the chairperson of the NLD’s

Kyemmendine Township branch, Rangoon Division.





60

He was elected as a Member of Parliament from the Coco Island

constituency. He was imprisoned in Insein prison for working to form a

parallel government. He was given 25 years imprisonment.

He was given an additional 7 years imprisonment after he worked with

other political prisoners to send a letter to Yozo Yokota, UN Special

Rapporteur for Burma.

After suffering from a dangerously high fever, Hla Than was taken to the

guard ward at Rangoon General Hospital. He died there on 2 August 1996.

According to his medical record, he was HIV positive. It is possible that he

contracted HIV while in Insein, as doctors and medics often fail to sterilize

syringes used on political prisoners. Several former political prisoners have

noted the lack of proper care in administering injections, and the general

lack of proper health care while in the prison, all of which likely led to Hla

Than’s death.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Shwe Kyaw, Warden

Saw Zin Mya and Prison Doctor Thin Phay.

Name: (Ko) Hsi Shi

Date of Arrest: 1989Date of Death: 18 October 1990

Age at Death: 23

Hsi Shi lived in Kachin State. He was a part-time soldier in the Kachin

Independence Army (KIA). He and some KIA soldiers were arrested in

1989 in Kachin State. They received seven years imprisonment each. They

were moved from Myitkyina prison to Insein prison. They were not allowedprison visits, as they did not have contact with their families.





61

In early October 1990, Hsi Shi became seriously ill with malaria. He

repeatedly requested that the authorities send him to the prison hospital.

The prison doctor went around the prison once a week. On 16 October1990, Hsi Shi waited for him to come.

In the morning at 9:00 am, he was moved to another location in the prison

as the Director General of Prison Department was to visit Insein Prison

on that day. When the Director General went back at noon, Hsi Shi was

taken back to his cell. He almost passed out, but was not sent to the hospital.

Some time after 9:00 pm, he passed out and the authorities sent him to thehospital ward in prison. Two days later, he died.

The prison authorities at the time were Jailer Tun Soe and Prison Doctor

Soe Kyi.

Name: (U) Khin Maung Aye

Date of Arrest: May 1996

Date of Death: 2002

Age at Death: 57

Khin Maung Aye was born in Mandalay, central Burma. He was arrested in

May 1996. It was learned that he had a book entitled “From Dictatorship

to Democracy” written by Gene Sharp. He was given seven years

imprisonment under the Section 5 (j) of the Emergency Provisions Act.

He suffered from gastric ailments in Mandalay prison. As a result, he stayed

in the hospital ward in prison for about two years. In 2002, his stomach

problem worsened. One day after he vomited blood, he died.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) met with him about

four times while visiting the prisons. The ICRC reportedly encouraged the





62

authorities to free Khin Maung Aye due to his health condition, but the

authorities refused.

Khin Maung Aye died a few months before his prison term was completed.

The prison authorities were Chief Warden Aung Zin and Jailer Zaw Win.

Name: (U) Khin Maung Lwin(alias) Nay Min Aung

Date of Arrest: 5 January 1998

Date of Death: 11 January 2006

Age at Death: 38

Khin Maung Lwin was born in Dawbon Township, Rangoon. He was the

son of U Aung Kyi and Daw Than Aye. His participated in the 1988 nation

wide democracy movement as part of the Green Stars Youth Front.

After the demonstration, he worked for the Democracy Party and Patriotic

Youth Organization. In 1995, Khin Maung Lwin was a witness in a rape

trial. The authorities claimed he gave false testimony, and he was sentenced

to 18 months imprisonment. In 1996, he was released.

On 5 January 1998, he sent 38 copies of a letter entitled “Help” to the

State Buddhist Monk Council, military leaders and Aung San Suu Kyi. The

letter said:





63

“People are in a dilemma. The state leaders should show understanding of the problem.

The monk s in the past requested the leaders to understand for the sak e of the nation.

It is time for the monk s to request once again.”

Khin Maung Lwin was arrested for this letter. On 4 March 1998, he was

sentenced to 10 years imprisonment for sedition under Section 17 (20) of

the Printers and Publishers Act (1962) and Section 124 (a) of the Criminal

Procedure Code.

On 17 May 1998, he was moved from Insein prison to Kale prison. On 5May 2002, he was moved to Loikaw prison. On 29 December 2002, he

was moved to Putao prison.

In Putao prison, he suffered from hypertension, heart disease, malaria,

urinary tract problems and hemorrhoids. He and his family repeatedly

requested the prison authorities, the International Committee of the Red

Cross and intelligence personnel to allow for treatment in a townshiphospital. The prison Chief Warden also reported his case to the Prison

Department five times. The prison doctor recommended that he needed

to have proper treatment. However, he was not allowed to go to the

hospital.

On 10 January 2006, he passed out and died in Putao prison at 9:30 am.

The prison authorities at the time were Jailer Tun Myint Thein.





64

Name: (U) Khin Maung Myint


Date of Death: 21 July 2001

Age at Death: 42

Khin Maung Myint was the son of U Khin Maung Toe and Daw Myint

Myint. He was an activist during the 1988 people’s uprising. He became a

member of National League for Democracy (NLD) after it was founded inlate 1988. NLD’s Latha Township branch was based in his house.

In 1995, he became a member of a working committee in Rangoon Division.

The committee was responsible for the founding of the NLD’s Rangoon

Division Youth Wing. He was also a member in the Supporting Committee

for the Central Youth Wing.

Khin Maung Myint was arrested on 28 October 1997 following an attempt

by the NLD to hold a meeting with Aung San Suu Kyi and NLD youth in

Mayangone Township in Rangoon. On that day, the military authorities

blocked a delegation of NLD members from holding the meeting. Many

NLD members were forced into waiting vehicles and dumped near townships

outside Rangoon.

On December 1997, he was imprisoned under Article 5(j) of the 1950

Emergency Provision Act and under the Gambling Act. He was sentenced

to one extra year imprisonment under the Gambling Act because when the

Military Intelligence (MI) personnel searched his house, they found the

corner piece of an illegal lottery ticket.

Khin Maung Myint’s elderly mother and family members had a difficult

time trying to visit him in prison, as the authorities moved him from Insein

prison to Kale prison. Like other prisons around the country, Kale prison,





65

located in northeastern Burma, is notorious for poor accommodation and

insufficient food.

Khin Maung Myint was infected with malaria in Kale prison. He wasrepeatedly denied medical treatment outside prison.

On the afternoon of 21 July 2001, authorities finally sent him to the hospital

outside prison. He died at 4pm that day in the hospital.

Name: (U) Khin Maung Myint

Date of Arrest: June 1989

Date of Death: 16 February 1993

Age at Death: 63

Khin Maung Myint served as a liaison between Thakin Soe and Bo Ne

Win during the Japanese occupation of Burma. At that time, he was only

fourteen.

Khin Maung Myint was a well-known student leader in Burma. As an

executive committee member of the All Burma Federation of Student

Unions (ABFSU) in 1953, he fought for student rights and for democracy

for the whole country.

When the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) emerged in 1959, he became a

member of the central committee and eventually became the generalsecretary. When the Union National United Front (UNUF) was set up by

merging progressive political parties, he served in the chairman’s committee.

Calling for an end to the civil war and for internal peace, Khin Maung





66

Myint actively led Pegu Township during the Internal Peace 6 Districts

Demonstration.

In 1965, all the leaders of the People’s Progressive Party were arrestedafter refusing to disband, as the military regime had outlawed all political

parties. Khin Maung Myint was sent to Coco Island in 1969 where he refused

to participate in the so-called “self-reliance” program. He also refused to

accept the “Honorary Citizen” award given by the Burmese Socialist

Programme Party (BSPP).

As a former student leader, Khin Maung Myint advised demonstratorsduring the 1988 pro-democracy uprising. After the military coup, he became

chairperson of the People’s Progressive Party when it was reestablished.

He then set out to make anti-regime speeches around the upper Burma

region.

He was arrested in June 1989 and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment on

6 November 1989 under the Unlawful Associations Act.

Khin Maung Myint sacrificed himself for his country, as is seen in his

multiple detentions under various un-democratic and brutal regimes.

At the end of 1991, Khin Maung Myint began to suffer from dysentery. He

was hospitalized in Insein prison in 1992. After suffering from chronicdysentery for over a year, he died in Insein prison on 16 February 1993

from the authorities and doctors ineptitude in treating his illness.

The prison authorities at this time were Prison Doctor Soe Kyi.





67

Name: (U) Kinn Sein

Date of Arrest: January 1991


Age at Death: 53

Kinn Sein was born in Prome City, Pegu Division. His father was U Ngwe

San. He was active in the underground movement for the Burma

Communist Party (BCP), while earning his living as a dentist. He joined

the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) when political parties were allowed

to form after 1988. He became the vice chairman of PPP (Prome District).

He was arrested by the Military Intelligence in January 1991. He was

sentenced to 8 years imprisonment under the Unlawful Association Act,

Article 17 (1), for his contacting the BCP on 30 May 1991.

Kinn Sein suffered from a chronic fever and fainted in October 1994.

Because he fainted frequently and was so weak, he was sent to Insein

Prison Hospital. When the prison doctors were no longer willing to treat

him, he was sent to the guard ward of Rangoon General Hospital. Two

days before his death, he was transferred from the guard ward to another

ward on the first floor of Rangoon General Hospital. He died on 16 January1995.

Although the Military Intelligence (MI) informed his family that he had

died of TB, it was reported that a doctor had confirmed that Kinn Sein

died from AIDS.

The prison authorities at this time were Chief Warden Tha Oo, Jailer SoeMyint, Prison Doctor Thinn Phay.





68

Name: (U) Khin Maung

(alias)Bo Set Yaung


Date of Death: March 1992Age at Death: 68

Bo Set Yaung was from Zigon Township, Pegu Division. He graduatedfrom Military Academy Class 3 when Burma was under Japanese rule. He

was a military officer in the revolution against Japanese rule.

General Ne Win’s repressive military government (1962-1988) awardedhim for his activities in the revolution. He refused to accept the award.

In 1989, he was arrested and accused of being in contact with theCommunist Party of Burma. He received harsh torture during a longinterrogation period in Yay-Kyi-Ai, a notorious MI center. On 2 November1989, he was sent to No. 5 Special Military Tribunal in the Insein prisoncompound. He received five years imprisonment under Section 5 (J) of the1950 Emergency Provisions Act.

Bo Set Yaung’s wife received five years imprisonment and his eldestdaughter received twenty years imprisonment.

Bo Set Yaung’s health worsened as a result of torture during interrogation.He was also getting old. He was made to stay on the cold concrete floor of a tiny cell for over two years. He received poor medical treatment in prisonhospital when his health condition deteriorated. He died in the prisonhospital.

Authorities claimed that Bo Set Yaung’s death was related to heart problems

which even he did not know about.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ohn Phay and Prison

Doctor Soe Kyi.





69

Name: (U) Ko LayDate of Arrest: March 1990Date of Death: 1992Age at Death: 50

Ko Lay was from Bamaw township, Kachin State. He was a member of the National League for Democracy. There was a ceremony held on thetwo year anniversary of Phone Maw’s (a student activist) death on 13 March1990. Ko Lay was arrested for his participation in the ceremony.

He was charged under Section 5 (j) of the Emergency Provisions Act and

sentenced to seven years imprisonment. The authorities sent him to Bamawprison. In April, he was moved to Mandalay prison, middle Burma.

He had heart disease before his arrest and had already had two operations.When he was about to be arrested, the doctor had already planned for athird operation.

In Mandalay prison, Ko Lay informed the Chief Warden about thetreatment he should have, but he was refused proper treatment.

Eventually, he was sent to Mandalay hospital when his health conditionworsened. A few days after arriving to the hospital, he died.

The prison authorities at this time were Chief Warden Tun Aung Kyaw,Jailer Chit, and Prison Doctor Aye Cho.

Name (U) Ko OoDate of Arrest: April 2000Date of Death: 23 March 2006Age at Death: 64

Since the NLD’s founding, Ko Oo was an active member. He became thesecretary of Thayet Township, and made his residence the party’s office.After the Committee Representing People’s Parliament (CRPP) was formedin 1998, he was detained for a short period of time after refusing to remove





70

the party signpost from his house. He further refused to resign from theparty despite pressure from the Military Intelligence (MI). His son was also

arrested, falsely charged and imprisoned.

Ko Oo was arrested by the MI in April 2000 and given two years

imprisonment under Articles 363 and 505 (b) of the Criminal Procedure

Code. Seven years were later added to his sentence, making a total of nine

years imprisonment.

While in prison, Ko Oo suffered from serious arthritis and gastritis, yet the

authorities did not provide adequate medical treatment. Moreover, he was

referred to the hospital only at the last minute. His liver problems developed

as a result of poor nutrition and insufficient medical care. He died from

complications with his liver at Thayet Hospital on 23 March 2006.

Name: (U) Kyaw Din



Age at Death: 58

Kyaw Din was chairman of the National League for Democracy, Wakema

Township branch, Irrawaddy Division. The Military Intelligence personnel

arrested him on 24 July 1997 and accused him of spreading rumors and

committing an offence against the public order. He was sentenced to 2

years imprisonment under section 505 (b) of the Criminal Procedure Code

for spreading rumors.

Kyaw Din suffered from pneumonia, kidney problems and hypertension

while he was in prison. The authorities sent him to Myaungmya hospital

on 19 October 1997. He died in the hospital at 5:30 pm the next day.





71

On 26 December 1997, the NLD noted his death in a paper entitled

“Cracking down on the legally registered NLD:”

“(Kyaw Din) was reportedly ill for unk nown period and sent to Myaung Mya hospital

on 19 October 1997. A t that time, there was no chance for him to live. H e reportedly

died on 20 October 1997 because he had diarrhea as a result of improper meals. H is

family ask ed the authorities not to cremate the dead body within three days according to

the tradition. T he M yaungmya prison authorities did not listen to the family and

cremated the body on 21 October 1997. T hen, his family requested to collect the

remaining bones and ashes. T he authorities denied their request. They sent the familyback to Wak ema Township as soon as they cremated the body.”

Name: (Ko) Kyaw Myo Thant (alias) Japan Gyi


Date of Death: 20 May 1990Age at Death: 27

Kyw Myo Thant was born in Bogale township, Irrawaddy Division. He

was a final year university student specializing in history when he took

part in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising. He became the secretary of

DPNS’s Bogalay township branch. In his capacity as secretary, he wrote a

letter to the Chairman of the then Township Law and Order Restoration

Council inquiring about the arrest of party members in his township. He

was then arrested under the Act 2/ 88 and accused of breaking marshal

law. He was sentenced to 18 months.

In prison, Kyaw Myo Thant insisted that he was arrested unlawfully without

reason and demanded to be treated as a political prisoner. The prison

authorities responded to his demand by severely beating and torturing him.

Due to the harsh torture and beatings, Kyaw Myo Thant was unable to eat

well or digest food properly. His health then began to deteriorate. As he

did not receive appropriate medication or treatment, his health situation





72

Kyaw Myo Thant’s Funeral:

Funeral Procession Led by DPNS Members

worsened day by day. In May 1990, he became unconscious and was

hospitalized. The doctors found that his digestive system had broken down

completely. Though the doctor tried to treat him, he eventually died on 20

May 1990.

The prison authorities at this time were Chief Warden Tin Win, Jailer Myint

Htoo and Medical Staff Tin Win.





73

Kyaw Myo Thant’s Funeral: Cremation

Name: (U) Kyi



Kyi actively participated in National League for Democracy. In 1992, some

former political prisoners from the Democratic Party for A New Society

wrote a report based on their prison experiences. The report was entitled

“Hell in Tharawaddy Prison.”

Kyi was arrested after he helped distribute this report. He received six

years imprisonment and died while in Tharawaddy prison.

The prison authorities Chief Warden Myint Thein, Jailer Tin Tun and

Prison Doctor Phyo Wai Aung.





74

Name: (U) Kyi Saung

Date of Arrest: 21 December 1995


Age at Death: 60

Kyi Saung was from Irrawaddy Division. He took part in the 1988 people’s

uprising and became a member of the National League for Democracy

(NLD). His position in the NLD was Joint Secretary of the Myaungmya

Township branch.

Kyi Saung joined the Karen New Year ceremony in Warpya Village,

Myaungmya Township. He read the NLD’s Karen New Years message

during the ceremony.

The authorities arrested him without giving any reason and sent him to

Myaungmya prison. Later, he was charged under Section 5 (J) of the

Emergency Provisions Act.

Kyi Saung was getting old, and his health had worsened from the

interrogation period. Five months after arriving in prison, he died in May

1996.

Name: (Mr.) Leo NicholsDate of Arrest: 5 April 1996


Age at Death: 65

Leo Nichols was an Australian citizen who worked as honorary consul to

Burma for Norway (1969) and Denmark (1978).

In 1993, he was appointed as honorary consul for Norway, Denmark, Finland

and Switzerland. During his time in Burma, he became close friends with





75

Aung San Suu Kyi. As a result, the junta intensely disliked him.

On 5 April 1996, he was arrested in Rangoon. He was accused of illegal

possession of fax machine and telephone switchboard. On 20 May 1996,he was sentenced to three years imprisonment and made to pay a USD

5,000 fine. He was sent to Insein prison.

The authorities interrogated Leo Nichols almost every night in the first

days of his arrest. His health condition was worse each time he returned

from the interrogation room, according to political prisoners in Insein prison

who shared a cell with him. Further, he suffered from hypertension anddiabetes.

On 22 June 1996, he died in Insein prison.

Ohn Gyaw, then Foreign Minister, claimed that Leo Nichols died in

Rangoon General Hospital (RGH) while he was having a meal. However,

eyewitnesses said that he was sent to RGH after his death.

His family members were not able to take part in his funeral. The diplomatic

community sought answers from the regime regarding Leo Nichols death,

but a truthful explanation has yet to be given.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Shwe Kyaw and

Warden Thin Phay.

Name: Mahn Da Weik



Age at Death: 58

Mahn Da Weik was born in Wakema Township, Irrawaddy Division. In

1950, his village was attacked by government troops. Soldiers burnt the





76

village to the ground, and raped or killed the villagers. Two of Mahn Da

Weik’s sisters were killed.

Mahn Da Weik later participated in political movements. On 6 November1963, there was a six province demonstration for peace building in Burma.

Mahn Da Weik acted as a committee member for the demonstration. At

that time, he was also Chairperson of the Karen National Union.

In 1963, the military government stopped the ongoing peace talks with

armed groups. Student leaders and dissidents were arrested. Mahn Da

Weik was one of them. He was put in prison for seven years without trial.After his release, he secretly worked for the Karen ethnic people against

the military dictatorship.

In 1978, he was sentenced to death for high treason. In 1980, the government

announced a general amnesty on prisoners around the country, and he was

released.

In 1988, Mahn Da Weik participated in the people’s uprising. In 1989, he

was arrested after he secretly contacted the Karen National Union on the

Thai-Burma border. He received eight years imprisonment.

While in prison, Mahn Da Weik had to sleep on the cold concrete floor. As

a result, he suffered from a paralyzing stroke in 1992. The authorities did

not give him proper medical care. He was left in his cell for weeks.

On 29 June 1992, he was sent to Rangoon General Hospital. Thirteen

days later, he died. Authorities claimed that he died from lung cancer.

Before he died, his hands and legs were put in handcuffs and stocks.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ohn Phay and Prison

Doctor Soe Kyi.





77

Name: Mai Aik Pan



Age at Death: 40

Mai Aik Pan was born in Namsang, Northern Shan State and the son of

Aik Heang and Ei Yueal. He became a member of the Palaung State

Liberation Party (PSLP) in 1984, a party which would later refuse to sign a

ceasefire agreement with the regime. He was sent to the National

Democratic Front (NDF) headquarters as the representative of the PSLP

in 1986.

He was one of the founders of the Palaung State Liberation Front (PSLF)

on 12 January 1992 and was assigned to the Central Executive Committee.

At the first convention of the PSLF held in July 2000, he was elected as

joint secretary. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Paloung

Youth Cooperative Working Committee and the Palaung Women’s

Organization based on the Thai-Burma border.

He was arrested by the Military Intelligence near the Thai-Burma borderon 2 October 2000 while he was in the underground movement. He was

sent to Moulmein prison and put on trial where he was sentenced to 7

years imprisonment under Articles 17 (1) and 13 (1) of the Unlawful

Association Act. When he was arrested, his health was good.

Mai Aik Pan was hospitalized at Moulmein General Hospital due to his

deteriorating health on 22 July 2002. On 26 July, the prison doctor submittedan official letter about Mai Aik Pan’s health to the Superintendent of the

prison, asking for Mai Aik Pan to be allowed to go to a hospital outside the

prison. He was sent to a general hospital outside the prison around 1:30 in





78

the afternoon of 31 July, 2002. He died of dropsy at about 3:15 the same

day. Prison authorities then informed his family about his death.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Thet Shay, JailerKyaw Than Myint and Prison Doctor Soe Win.

Name: (U) Maung Ko

Date of Arrest: 10 December 1990


Age at Death: 64

Maung Ko was born in Mandalay City in 1926. His parents were U Thein

and Daw Ngwe Thae. He went underground in 1949 and became a member

of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB). When the CPB formed a Special

Provision consisting of Kyaukse, Tada-U, Myingyan, and Natogyi

townships in 1955, he became a political organizer for the Special

Provisional Army. In 1959, he was arrested for the first time in Myinmu

Township and sentenced to two years imprisonment.

In 1976, some young people in Mandalay went underground to join the

CPB. Military Intelligence personnel arrested and interrogated Maung Ko

to get information about them.

In 1987, while implementing the underground activities of the CPB, Military

Intelligence chased after him. He then went to Mong Koe CPB headquarters.

In September 1988, he became the secretary of the 4828 Committee of

the CPB and sneaked back inside the country to continue underground

activities. Military Intelligence arrested him in December 1990.





79

Maung Ko was interrogated at Military Intelligence Unit 1 (MI-1) in

Mandalay. He died from the brutal torture he received there.

Name: (U) Maung KoDate of Arrest: 1996Date of Death: 15 November 2002

Age at Death: 58

Maung Ko was born in Kyauk Padaung Township, Mandalay Division. Hewas first arrested by then General Ne Win’s Burma Socialist ProgrammeParty (BSPP) government in 1979. He was accused of forming a left-wingliterature study group. In 1980, he was released from Mandalay prison underthe general amnesty decree 2/ 80.

In 1988, he joined National League for Democracy (NLD). He became amember in NLD’s election committee, Kyauk Padown Township branch,before the 1990 multi-party general election.

While living in Kyaukbadown Township, Maung Ko was arrested in 1996.He was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment under the 1950 EmergencyProvisions Act 5 (J) and Article 17(1) of the Unlawful Association Act.He was accused of having contact with the Communist Party of Burma.

Maung Ko was transferred from Insein prison to Tharawaddy prison in1997. He was routinely tortured while in prison.

His health condition worsened in Tharawaddy prison beginning in 2002.Because he did not receive treatment, though his condition was obvious,his heart disease rapidly worsened. The authorities shuffled him from the

Tharawaddy prison hospital to the Insein prison hospital and back whenhis condition seemed to improve.

He was sent to Insein Township hospital when his condition later againworsened. Eventually, on 15 November 2002, he died of a heart attack in

the hospital.





80

Name: (U) Maung Maung Aye

Date of Arrest: September 1999

Date of Death: 21 June, 2002

Age at Death: 59

Maung Maung Aye was born in Labutta Township. His parents were U

Kyaw Sein and Daw Ohn Shin. He graduated from Government

Technological Institute and also received a law degree.

During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he took a leadership role in his

township’s general strike. He joined the NLD when it was founded in late1988.

In September 1999, Military Intelligence arrested him because of his

involvement in the 9999 movement. He was sentenced to 4 years under

Act 505 (b) of the Criminal Procedure Code, for disseminating rumors.

Maung Maung Aye first became ill at Myaungmya prison and was transferredto Pathein prison on 4 June 2002. As the doctor in the prison hospital was

not able to treat him, he was then hospitalized at Bassein Hospital on June

21. He died at 2:15 pm on 25 June 2002 while in the hospital.

Name: (Ko) Maung Maung Aye



Age at Death: 24

Maung Maung Aye was born in Kamaryut Township, Rangoon. He was a

member of National Democracy Party (NDP).





81

Name: (U) Min Thu

Date of Arrest: 28 April 1998Date of Death: 13 June 2004

Age at Death: 50

Min Thu was born in Rangoon. His father was U Kyaw Shein. He was a

lawyer and member of National League for Democracy.

In 1998, a book entitled “Burma’s Student Movement” was published.

The authorities arrested the politicians, student activists and former student

leaders believed to be involved in writing the book. Min Thu was arrested

on 28 April 1998. Later, he was sent to Insein prison and sentenced toseven years imprisonment under Section 5 (j) of the Emergency Provisions

Act.

He was arrested in July 1989, and accused of distributing pamphlets which

threatened state security. He was charged under Section 5 (J) of the

Emergency Provisions Act and sent to Insein prison. On 4 August 1989,

he was given five years imprisonment.

In November 1989, he was moved to Tharawaddy prison.

Maung Maung Aye was seriously ill in July 1993. He was sent to the prison

hospital ward on 23 July and died the same day. The prison authorities said

that his death was related to a lung problem.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Myint Thein and

Prison Doctor Khin Maung Thein.





82

Name: (U) Min Tun Wai

Date of Arrest: May 2005


Age at Death: 42

Min Tun Wai lived in Khaing Sabel Street, Kyaikmayaw Township, Mon

State He belonged to the National League for Democracy, Kyaikmayaw

Township branch.

On 26 May 2005, the Kyaikmayaw Township Court sentenced him to five

days imprisonment for drunkenness and starting fights in the street. After

being sentenced, he was sent to Moulmein prison right away.

On May 28, 2005 (at about 8:10 pm), Min Tun Wai became delirious. He

was then made to lie face down as a rope was tied around his arms and

legs. As he struggled violently, several criminal prisoners, assigned by the

prison authorities as prisoners in charge or night watchmen, beat and kickedhim severely. He was repeatedly punched in the face and about the head

by these prisoners. His lips were badly bruised from the beating, and he

called out his daughter’s name incessantly all night.

Min Thu suffered from hypertension, heart disease and a bulbous growth

on his bones. Therefore, he had to go to the prison hospital in Insein. In the

first week of June 2004, the authorities sent him to the Insein Townshiphospital. A few days later, he died.

According to his family, the state run newspapers did not accept his obituary

notice.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Hla Kyi, Jailer of

Hospital Ward, San Win and Prison Doctor Soe Khaing.





83

This incident took place at Ward 1 on the ground floor at the right side of

the main entrance.

There was a lackey named Myo Win (prison number 8342/ C, C stands forConvicted) in that ward. He governed the ward on behalf of the jailer, and

gave the night watchmen bludgeons and clubs. He allowed them to beat

other prisoners. The warden also allowed them to beat and strike the other

prisoners. The worst of the night watchmen was Nyan Tun Aung (prison

number 8962/ C, sentenced to one year imprisonment for defecting from

the army) and Tun Ko (prison number 8952/ C, a child soldier, 17, who

also defected from the army). Nyan Tun Aung and Tun Aung (sentencedto one month imprisonment) punched and beat Min Tun Wai’s body, face,

back and chest repeatedly. When Min Tun Wai lost consciousness, they

rested for a while. And then they beat him again and again. Whenever Min

Tun Wai regained consciousness, he murmured his daughter’s name.

As a result of this torture, on 29 May 2005 (at about 4:00am) Min Tun Wai

died.

Min Tun Wai’s body was given to the prison doctor by the Superintendent

of Moulmein prison. The doctor did not accept his corpse. Therefore, his

corpse was sent to an outside hospital for an autopsy. The autopsy revealed

that he had bruises and wounds all over his body, as well as a broken hand.

Though his sentence was only to last five days, he was in fact tortured to

death.

The prison authorities ordered the prisoners in charge and the night

watchmen not to discuss this case. U Tin Maung Ohn, a jailer who served

as a duty officer that night, claimed that Min Tun Wai tried to climb the

rafters in the ward and had fallen on his face which caused the wounds and

bruises on his corpse. However, the reality is that U Tun Tun, the senior

jailer, and U Tin Maung Ohn allowed the beating to take place, and actually

encouraged those prisoners in charge or night watchmen to beat and punch

other prisoners.





84

Name: (U) Mya Shwe

Date of Arrest: December 1996

Date of Death: 27 April 1999Age at Death: 54

Mya Shwe lived in Sanchaung Township, Rangoon. He actively took part

in the National League for Democracy (NLD) since it was founded in

1988.

He regularly attended the public gatherings in front of Daw Aung San Suu

Kyi’s residence after her release in 1995. Even after the authorities restricted

those gatherings, he routinely attended.

Mya Shwe also actively helped and supported the December 1996 student

movement. After that movement, Military Intelligence arrested several NLD

members, including Mya Shwe.

The Northern Insein Provincial Court sentenced him to seven years

imprisonment. He was then transferred to Tharawaddy prison on 15November 1997.

Because the ICRC had requested the prison authorities not to deal with

bludgeons and clubs, they found a way around this restriction by allowing

the prisoners in charge and the night watchmen the right to hold bludgeons

and clubs.

The prison authorities at that time were Tun Tun and Tin Maung Ohn.





85

In late 1998, Mya Shwe was suffering a severe toothache when the Chief

Warder was doing a routine prison inspection. The prison authorities accused

him of showing disrespect, and then beat him. They then shackled him and

put him in a solitary confinement cell.

Even when his punishment period was over, he was not sent back to his

original cell block, but rather placed in a cell with other criminal prisoners.

At the time, his health condition worsened.

Mya Shwe also suffered from diarrhea. He often went to the prison hospital

for weight loss, low blood pressure, and malnutrition. As the authoritiesdid not take effective action or administer proper treatment, he was in a

critical, life-threatening condition in 1999. In April, he was moved to

Tharawaddy Township hospital where he died a few days later on 27 April

1999.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Win Myint, Jailer

Aung Maw Oo and Prison Doctor Aung Than.

Name: (U) Myat Thu

Date of Arrest: 21 February 1997


Age at Death: 48

Myat Thu was born in Nyuan Sa Khan village, Taungoo township. His

parents were U Phoe Phuu and Daw Kyi. While he was at Moulmein

University in 1970, he participated in the student movement. As a result,

he was expelled. In 1973, he was allowed to again attend university where

he received his Bachelors of Science.

During the nationwide people’s uprising in 1988, he was among the first

people in Taungoo township to participate in the strike against the military

government. He was detained for one day.





86

After the military coup in September 1988, he and some activists set up a

local branch of the National League for Democracy (NLD). He was the

chairperson of NLD Executive Committee (EC), Taungoo Township.

He was detained when the political parties were about to nominate their

representatives for the 1990 election. He was freed after the process was

finished. As a result, he was not allowed to participate in the election.

In October 1991, Military Intelligence Unit 3 (MI-3) arrested him and

interrogated him for a few days.

On the evening of 21 February 1997, all EC members were arrested. Policeofficers, soldiers and intelligence personnel arrested them. They were

detained in the compound of No. 39 Light Infantry Battalion.

Later, they were used as porters when the SPDC troops began military

operations against the Karen National Union. Myat Thu was eventually

freed from being a porter in the military operation. His health condition

had deteriorated.

Soon after being released from being porter, the local authorities went

around town with loudspeakers to collect the “porter fee.” They claimed

that those who did not pay would be arrested and forced to become porters.

Myat Thu was angry as he was just freed from being a porter. He then

destroyed their loudspeakers and amplifier. As a result, he was arrested

and charged with showing defiance to the authorities. He was sentencedto two years imprisonment.

His health condition had deteriorated as a result of working as a porter for

six months. In prison, he had to sleep on the concrete floor, and there was

a lack of medical treatment. He was sent to Taungoo Township Hospital,

but it was too late for treatment. He died in May 1997.





87

Name: (Ko) Myint Swe



Age at Death: 32

Myint Swe was from Dala Township, Rangoon. He enthusiastically

participated in the 1988 people’s uprising. On 24 October 1988, he was

arrested while raiding a local police department during the uprising. He

was moved from Insein to Thayet prison.

In June 1996, there was a dispute between him and Khin Maung Swe, aprison official in Thayet prison. As a result, he was sent to a cell in which

a mentally-ill prisoner was kept. He repeatedly reported to the prison

authorities that it was dangerous for him to stay with such a person. The

authorities neglected him. A few days later, the mentally-ill prisoner beat

Myint Swe to death using a yoke.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ba Shin and JailerKhin Maung Swe.

Name: Naing Aung Lun



Age at Death: 45

Naing Aung Lun is the son of U Bo Gyi. He worked in New Mon State

Party (NMSP), which signed a ceasefire agreement with the military

government in 1995.

In July 2003, nine activists, including Naing Aung Lun, were arrested in

Rangoon. Some of them had been collecting information about forced





88

labor. They were accused of high treason and starting riots. They were

taken to Insein prison.

On 28 November 2003 they were sentenced to death under Section 122(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code.

After their lawyers appealed, their death sentences were changed to life

imprisonment on 12 May 2004.

In prison, Naing Aung Lun’s health condition deteriorated. He was sent to

the hospital ward and then the Insein Township hospital. Early in September2005, he was moved to Rangoon General Hospital.

On 14 September, Norway-based Democratic Voice of Burma claimed

that he was infected the HIV virus. At about 9:00 am on 28 September, he

died.

The authorities informed the NMSP about his death.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Soe Tin.

Name: Naw Thin Su



Age at Death: 27

Naw Thin Su was a Karen ethnic woman. She was born in Taung Pyauk

village, Thayetchaung Township, Tennasserim Division. Her parents were





89

Saw Thee Swe and Naw Tin Si. She belonged to the Mergui/ Tavoy United

Front (MTUF) based in Tennasserim Division.

On 16 September 1997, around 6:00 am, Naw Thin Su and three otherwomen ran into soldiers in Yay Pu village, Thayetchaung Township. The

soldiers were led by Captain Kyaw Thu and belonged to Unit No. 2 of No.

267 Light Infantry Battalion (LIB). The women were arrested.

In the evening around 4:00 pm, the troops left for Kyel Chan Village. When

they arrived, Captain Kyaw Thu stayed in the house of Maung Lwin, the

chairman of Village Law and Order Restoration Council (VLORC). The

soldiers stayed in seven houses in the village. The detainees were put in

the residency of U Ohn Nyunt.

At around 9:00 pm, Second Lieutenant Khin Maung Zaw took Naw Thin

Su for interrogation. She was put in the house of U Thein Shwe, a member

of the VLORC. She was raped twice. The next day, she was sent back

around 3:00 am.

On September 17, at about 10:00 pm, she was taken away again. She was

raped and sent back at about 11:00.

Finally, Naw Thin Su was sent to Tavoy prison and sentenced to five years

imprisonment. Naw Thin Su was brutally raped and tortured duringinterrogation and while in prison. As a result, she died in Tavoy prison on

10 February 1998.

The prison authorities claimed that her death was related to a health

condition. They did not inform her family about her death. Captain Kyaw

Thu (now Lieutenant Colonel Kyaw Thu) is now in Division No. 44.

Second Lieutenant Khin Maung Zaw (now Major Khin Maung Zaw) isnow in No. 104 Light Infantry Battalion.





90

Name: (U) Nyo Win

Date of Arrest: 18 June 1989

Date of Death: 8 March 1991

Age at Death: 59

Nyo Win was born in 1932 in Shwekyin Township, Pegu Township. His

parents were U Kyin Swam and Daw San Yin.

While he was at Rangoon University, he was one of the committee members

in the “Friendship Reading Club,” which students used to read and discuss

literature.

He had a leading role in the student movement calling for the establishment

of a national education system, ending the civil war and finding peace.

From 1954 to 1960, he was an executive committee member of the All

Burma Federation of Student Unions (ABFSU). He also was general

secretary of the University Student Union and chairperson of the Student

United Front.

In 1963, he was arrested for his involvement in the armed struggle and

imprisoned for nearly two years. He was arrested again in 1968 and served

over a year in prison.

He participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising in the Post-War and

Independence Era Old Students Association. He made anti-dictatorship

speeches around the country.

When political parties and organizations were allowed to form, he became

the joint-secretary of the People’s Progressive Party and the general

secretary of the League of Democratic Alliances.





91

He was arrested on 18 June 1989 and detained under section 10 (A) of the

State Protection Law.

While in Insein prison near the end of February 1991, Nyo Win began tosuffer from a sore throat in addition to tumors and boils which were

beginning to cover his body. He was not provided the proper amount of

water to drink or shower, causing his disease to worsen. Only when he

could not eat or drink did the authorities take him to Insein General

Hospital. By then, his disease had spread and was untreatable. He died on

8 March 1991 as a result of the prison’s inadequate health care.

Nyo Win was known to have endured much torture, along with other

members of the People’s Progressive Party,

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Ohn Phay, Jailer

Pyone Cho and Prison Doctor Soe Kyi.

Name: (U) Nyunt Zaw

Date of Arrest: August 1991


Age at Death: 35

Nyunt Zaw was born to U Lay Nyunt and Daw Tin Kyi in Ruby quarter,

Henzada Township, Irrawaddy Division in 1965. He received his degree in

mathematics from Bassein College in 1987.

He was in charge of the organizing committee of the All Burma Federation

of Student Unions (ABFSU, Henzada District).





92

Nyunt Zaw fled to the Thai-Burma border after the military coup in August

1988 and joined the All Burma Student Democratic Front (ABSDF). He

slipped back into Burma in 1990 to carry out some of his work, and was

eventually arrested by the Military Intelligence (MI) in August 1991. Hewas sentenced to seven years imprisonment for his contact with anti-regime

groups.

While in Insein prison, he, along with twenty-two other political prisoners,

attempted to contact the United Nations about the inhumane prison

conditions and to publish a journal commemorating the Diamond Jubilee

of the University of Rangoon. As a result, they were sentenced to an

additional seven years imprisonment under section 5(e) of the Emergency

Provisions Act.

He was transferred from Insein to Tharawaddy prison on 15 November

1997.

Nyunt Zaw suffered from dysentery in July 1999 which progressively

worsened. However, the doctor mistakenly diagnosed his illness as

tuberculosis and he was thus given TB medicine, not the medicine that he

needed. In September 1999, he was suffering from a stomach ache and his

belly became swollen. The doctor, again mistakenly, determined that he

was suffering from cancer and so treated Nyunt Zaw for such. Two months

later, on 1 January 2000, Nyunt Zaw died.

An autopsy later revealed that he had in fact died from liver cirrhosis.


Tin Tun and Prison Doctor Aung Than.





93

Name: (U) Oo Tha Tun

Date of Arrest: 7 March 1990

Date of Death: 14 August 1990Age at Death: 82

Oo Tha Tun was born on 23 November 1917 in Mrauk-U Township,Arakan (Rakhine) State. He was an Arakanese scholar and distinguished

historian. He also studied Buddhism.

When political parties were allowed to form in late 1988, he join the Arakan

League for Democracy (ALD). In the 1990 general election, he was a

candidate in Kyauktaw Township, Constituency 2.

After the election campaign in Pyar Chaung village, Minbya Township, the

authorities arrested Oo Tha Tun. As a result, he was not able to take part

in the election in May 1990, and U San Tha Aung of the “Mro (or) Khami

National Solidarity Organization” was then elected for the constituency.

The authorities charged Oo Tha Tun under Section 5 (J) of the Emergency

Provisions Act and sentenced him to three years imprisonment. He was

sent to Sittwe prison.

In prison, U Oo Tha Tun’s health condition deteriorated as he was getting

old. He did not receive enough food or health care. On 14 August 1990,

he died in prison.

The Thailand-based Irrawaddy Publishing Group’s “Death in Custody”

report (Second Edition, 1999) noted that his death was due to “lack of

sufficient medicine and proper health care.”





94

Name: Sai Pha Than


Date of Death: October 2002

Age at Death: 64

Sai Phat Than played a leading role in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising.

He participated in the movement to form the National League for

Democracy, Shan State branch.

Sai Pha Than went to farmers around Kengtung Township and collected

information about selling rice. The Burmese authorities often force farmers

to sell their paddy at a low price. Farmers have to sell a set amount of

paddy in paddy buying centers. The authorities also instruct the farmers to

grow certain qualities of paddy. If any farmers fail to do so, she or he will

be punished.

Military Intelligence personnel frequently threatened Sai Pha Than to stop

his activities, but he ignored them.

The junta responded to this in a statement entitled “The Truth” as follows:

“U Tha Tun was 75 years old and a Pyi Thu H luttaw representative for Kyauk tawTownship Constituency-2 and a patron of the Rak hine L eague for Democracy of

M rauk U Township, Rak hine State. H e made instigative speeches with the intent to

break up national unity, and his speeches were recorded and distributed. H ence, he

was sentenced on 22-5-90 to three years’ imprisonment under Section 5(j) of the

E mergency Provisions A ct.

W hile serving his sentence in Sittway Prison, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage in the prison hospital on 14-8-90. To say that he died due to the lack of sufficient medicines

and care is a false accusation because he was being given medical treatment at the

prison hospital. H owever, cerebral hemorrhage causes sudden death.”





95

Sai Pha Than was arrested on 11 September 2002 by Captain Min Thu

Aung and Sergeant Maung Kyaw of Military Intelligence Unit 22 (MI-22),

the Special Branch, Policemen and members of the Ward Peace and

Development Council. At the same time, Saw Nandi, the chairperson of Kengtung Township NLD branch was arrested.

They were interrogated at MI- 22.

On 25 September, Sai Pha Than’s mother died. He was allowed to mourn

at his mother’s funeral. After this, however, he was sent to prison. He was

in good health at this time. Later, he was sent to Kengtung prison.

A few days after arriving in Kengtung prison, Sai Pha Than’s health began

to deteriorate.

When he was sent to the hospital on October 10, he had to be placed on a

stretcher, as he was unable to walk. At 5pm the same day, his family was

allowed to visit him in the hospital, but he was unable to speak. While his

family provided him with all the medicine he needed, carefully attending

to him all night long, Sai Pha Than died at 7:38 am on 11 October 2002.

An autopsy revealed that Sai Pha Than had a wound on his right side when

he died, as well as fluid in his brain, liver cirrhosis, yellowed skin and

intestines. The doctor concluded that he suffered from malaria in the brain

and jaundice. The doctor, however, was watched by the authorities, which

likely means that, as with most doctors in Burma’s prisons, he felt pressure

to write what the authorities wanted with out regard for medical ethics.

When Sai Pha Than’s friend, Saw Nandi was released on 6 July 2005, he

stated to the Democratic Voice of Burma that he believed the authorities

had poisoned Sai Pha Than:

“There (at the interrogation center), they fed us well. In the morning, they gave us tea

and fried rice and for lunch, rice and curries. On the day they were going to send us to





96

prison, they didn’t give us the lunch we usually had, but a cup of tea. A s it was

unusual and rather strange, I didn’t drink the tea and threw it away. T hen, I became

very worried for Sai Phat straight away. W e were reunited at the prison. I asked him

if he drank the tea and he told me that he drank it as he was very hungry. Only thendid I k now that he was poisoned by the military intelligence. Sai Phat became ill after

a week and the people concerned gave him injections and medicines. I had to look after

him for awhile. A week later, his condition was so bad that he could not speak . W hen

I ask ed prison authorities to send him to hospital, they told me that they were only

responsible for his detention and that only the intelligence people could tak e him away.

Then, the intelligence took him away and I only heard later with sadness that he died

in the hospital.”

Name: Saw El Thar



Age at Death: 38

Saw El Thar was arrested on October 1991 in Bogalay. He was charged

under the Unlawful Associations Act, Article 17 (1), and sentenced to 10

years imprisonment.

Saw El Thar was weak and his health deteriorated because his family could

not visit and support him. He died due to lack of nutrition and the lack of

proper healthcare in Myingyan prison.

Saw El Thar was an ordinary civilian. He was unjustly arrested. Some

prisoners in Myingyin have estimated that around 60 Karen ethnic prisoners,

who were also arrested unjustly, have died in Myingyan prison. But,

communication among prisoners is not allowed, and so the names of the

dead and the circumstances of their death cannot be recorded.

The prison authority at the time was Chief Warden Lu Hla.





97

Name: Saw Sar Do Saw



Age at Death: 52

Saw Sar Do Saw was born in Thayetchaung village, Letpadan Township,

Pegu Division. He once worked as a school teacher, and was a member of

the Karen National Union (KNU).

In 1982, under the KNU’s Pegu Mountains Restoration Operation,

Sardusaw was located in the Pegu Mountains and was arrested by theBurmese Socialist Programme Party troops. He was sentenced to death on

24 February 1983.

Although the regime has made several general amnesty announcements (in

1989, 1992, 1993 and 1997), Saw Sar Do Saw’s sentence was only reduced

from death to life imprisonment in 1989, reflecting the Military Intelligence’s

(MI) decision to detain political prisoners, especially ethnic minorities, forextended periods of time without respect for their own declarations of

amnesty.

Due to his detention of more than twenty years, and the possibility that he

would be held under inhuman conditions indefinitely, Saw Sar Do Saw’s

mental and physical health began to deteriorate. On 24 November 2003,

he was hospitalized in the guard ward of Rangoon General Hospital. He

died at 11:30pm on 12 December 2003, and was buried the next day at

Yay Way cemetery.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Hla Kyi and Prison

Doctor Soe Khaing.





98

Name: Saw Win

Date of Arrest: 23 April 1991


Age at Death: 61

Saw Win was born on 14 May 1938. His parents were U Kyaw Nyunt and

Daw Aye Hla. He lived in Htilin Township, Magwe Division.

While he was in university, Saw Win participated in the Student Front,

University Student Union, and Friendship Reading Club.

After graduating, he worked for the Botataung Newspaper as a sports

reporter and assistant editor. He wrote various commentaries and feature

articles in the Botataung Newspaper, Ngwetaryee Magazine and ForwardJournal. His pen name was Kyaw Zaw Lin.

Several of his feature articles, particularly “Time” and “Chin-Burmese

Friendship,” were well known.

Eventually, he stopped writing to run his own business, as his family needed

the income. During this time, he was frequently taken and questioned by

the authorities.

In the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he supported and gave guidance to

the young students. In the 1990 Election, he was elected as a Member of

Parliament (MP) from Htilin constituency, Magwe Division, representing

the National League for Democracy.

He was arrested on 23 April 1991 and imprisoned for eleven years under

Section 5 (J) of the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act and Article 6 (1)





99

(abusing public property), wrongly accused of running an unlawful wood

business.

The authorities told Saw Win (once in 1992 and again in 1995) that hewould be released, but he remained in prison until his death.

Saw Win suffered from chronic asthma while in Tharawaddy prison, and

was hospitalized at Tharawaddy District Hospital due to his worsening

asthma and hypertension on 5 August 1998. Two days later, on 7 August,

he died. The authorities had not provided him with the proper medical

care.


Tin Tun and Prison Doctor Aung Than.

Name: Saw Yin Thit


Date of Death: January 1996

In 1991, the SPDC troops raided the Karen soldiers’ hidden arsenal in

Bogalay Township, Irrawaddy division. As a result, there was shooting

between the SPDC troops and Karen soldiers. Later, SPDC troops, using

heavy weapons and helicopters, raided several villages around U Ni Su

village. The troops burned down buildings and killed the villagers they

suspected of helping the Karen soldiers.

The villagers still alive were arrested and interrogated. Hundreds of the

villagers died during the interrogation period. The rest were sent to the

prisons around Burma after receiving ten years to life imprisonment. One

of the villagers arrested was Saw Yin Thit, who received ten years

imprisonment under the Unlawful Association Act, Section 17/ 1.





100

Though Saw Yin Thit was strong and healthy when he first entered Myingyin

prison, he died in January 1996 from lack of nutrition and proper medical

care.

At that time, political prisoners in Myingyin were not allowed to share

their food. When the authorities noticed that food had been shared, they

would torture and place those prisoners in solitary confinement.

Name: Saw Hla Chit

Date of Arrest: 1992Date of Death: 13 March 1997

Age at Death: 57

Saw Hla Chit was born in Bogale Township, Irrawaddy Division. He was a

Karen ethnic and a Christian priest. He was arrested for having contact

with the Karen National Union and sentenced to eight years imprisonment.

In Insein prison, he became ill several times. In March 1997, the authorities

sent him to Rangoon General Hospital. A few days later, he died.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Shwe Kyaw, Jailer

Saw Zin Mya and Prison Doctor Soe Naing.

Name: Saw Do Saw (alias) Saw Than

Date of Arrest: March 1997


Age at Death: 50

Saw Do Saw belonged to the Karen National Union (KNU). In combat

between the SPDC troops and KNU soldiers on 10 October 1996, he was

captured after he was wounded in the right leg by a bullet.





101

In March 1997, a Military Tribunal in Moulmein Township sentenced him

to twenty years imprisonment under Sections 17 (1) and (2) of the Unlawful

Associations Act.

The authorities sent him to Insein prison on 23 April 1997.

On 20 April 2003, he was sent to Rangoon General Hospital to receive

treatment for lung cancer.

In June and July 2003, he received radiotherapy treatment. He agreed to a

surgical operation in August. The International Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC) donated medicine to him.

On 2 October, Father Bruno of Rangoon’s St. Paul’s Church went to the

guard ward of the hospital and encouraged Saw Do Saw, praying for him.

On 8 October, he was removed from the guard ward for an operation.

On 9 October, between 9:00 am and noon, he was operated on and was

unable to sleep that night.

On 10 October, Father Bruno went to visit him again for encouragement

and ran into Cap. Myo Tun Tint of Military Intelligence Unit 14 (MI-14),

who treated Father Bruno impolitely.

At 3:27 pm, Saw Do Saw passed away.

His funeral was attended by one family member, four persons from the

church, three hospital workers, three police officers and one intelligence

personnel.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Hla Kyi and Prison

Doctor Soe Khaing.





102

Name: Saw Kyaw Lwin (alias) Kyaw Lwin


Date of Death: August 1993

Age at Death: Over 50

Saw Kyaw Lwin was from the Karen ethnic group. He was born in

Ngapudaw Township, Irrawaddy Division, and was a member of the Karen

National Union (KNU).

In October 1991, the SPDC troops attacked the villages around Bogalay

Township. Saw Kyaw Lin and many Karen villagers were arrested.

Saw Kyaw Lin was sentenced to ten years imprisonment under Section 17

(1) of the Unlawful Association Act.

Early in 1993, he and the other Karen prisoners arrested at the same time

were moved from Insein prison to Myinggyan prison.

When they reached the gate of Myinggyan prison, the prison authorities

wrapped them in blankets and beat them brutally. Later, they were all

placed in solitary confinement.

The prisoners were not allowed enough food to eat, and gradually Saw

Kyaw Lwin’s health deteriorated.

In August 1993, he asked the authorities to give him more to eat, shouting

out that he was hungry. The authorities did not give him the meal he

requested, and instead harshly beat him until he passed out. They

immediately sent him to the Myinggyan Township hospital, but he died a

few hours after reaching the hospital.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Lu Hla.





103

Name: Saw Tin Myint



Age at Death: 62

Saw Tin Myint was born in Irrawaddy Division. He belonged to the Karen

National Union (KNU).

In 1982, KNU attempted to seize the Pegu Mountains they once occupied.

They had several battles with the junta’s troops.

Saw Tin Myint was arrested in one of these battles. On 24 February 1983,

he was sentenced to death under Section 122 (1) of the Criminal Procedure

Code for high treason.

In 1989, the military government announced a general amnesty. Some

prisoners were freed under this amnesty, while others had their prison

sentences commuted. Saw Tin Myint’s death sentence was commuted to

life imprisonment. However, he was unclear as to how long he had to stay

in prison.

Saw Tin Myint’s health condition worsened due to malnutrition, lack of

family visits and support and the nearly 20 years spent in prison. When he

fell ill, he became extremely weak due to the lack of nutrition. On 1 August

2001, he died in Thayet prison.





104

Name: (U) Sein Hla (alias) Iron Sein Hla

Date of Arrest: November 1990

Date of Death: 1992

Age at Death: 75

Sein Hla joined the Burmese Communist Party (Red Flag BCP) when the

party was formed in 1946. He led the police protest during the 1946 general

protest. He became a member of the central committee after the BCP

party had become an underground party. In 1972, he supported the policy

of the BCP party “to discuss peace despite the possibility of being arrested.

He was subsequently arrested, but released a couple of years later. He was

involved in the “Political Theory Study Group” convened at Thakin Soe’s

house after Thakin Soe’s release in 1980.

Sein Hla was arrested in 1990 for associating with a student who had secretly

entered Burma to complete work for the All Burma Student Democratic

Front (ABSDF). He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.

Sein Hla died at the Insein Prison Hospital at the beginning of 1992 due

lack of nutrition and the poor prison health care system.

Name: (U) Sein Win



Age at Death: 54

Sein Win, nicknamed Yangyi Aung, was born in Yangyi Aung village,

Thongwa Township, Rangoon division.

He was an executive committee member of the University Student Union

in 1959-60 and later became the deputy chairperson.





105

As a student, he led many demonstrations and other activities. Students

relied on him for his bravery, activeness and dedication. While participating

in an anti-imperialist demonstration in 1961, he was beaten repeatedly on

his back by the Union Government’s police causing him to become disabled.

During the events of 7 July 1962 he led many students. Also, during 1963,

he became a member of what was known as the “peace troops” at the

“international peace meetings.” Because of this, he was sent to Coco Island

by the Burmese Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) where he participated

in a hunger strike demanding an end to the BSPP using the island to confine

prisoners sentenced to life.

A ceremony for political prisoners due to be released was convened in the

hall of Insein Prison in 1972. During the ceremony, Sein Win refused to

shake hands with prison authorities saying “I never shake hands with

enemies.”

When the 1988 democracy uprising began, he was an influential teacherin the area, and led the joint strike committee comprised of three

townships (Kyauktan, Thongwa, Kayan). When the police decided to

surrender their weapons during the uprising, they gave them to Sein Win.

As a result, Sein Win was arrested under the Weapons Act, but received

no formal sentencing.

Because of the low quality of prison food and inhumane prison conditions,

he began to contract diseases in his liver and colon. His abdomen became

swollen, but still he received no treatment. He was then unable to eat.

Eventually, he was sent to Insein General Hospital for surgery. He

underwent surgery with the iron-shackles still around his ankles. The

operation was not a success and he died around 8 pm that evening.





106

Name: (U) Shein Tin

Date of Arrest: February 1994


Age at Death: 68

Shein Tin served in the Inndine COD battalion during the Anti Fascist

People Freedom League (AFPFL) era until 1967. He was arrested for his

connections with the Burma Communist Party (BCP) in 1967. He was

released from Insein prison in 1970. He then became a member of the

People’s Progressive Party (PPP) in 1988. When the PPP was declared

illegal in 1989, he continued his party duties underground.

He was arrested by the Military Intelligence (MI) again in 1994 for contacting

the BCP. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment with hard labor under

the Emergency Provisions Act, section 5 (J), and the Unlawful Associations

Act, Article 17 (1), in February 1994.

Shein Tin was transferred from Insein to Taungoo prison in November

1997. He was hospitalized at Taungoo General Hospital as his health began

to deteriorate in January 2004.

Despite being diagnosed with lung cancer and being in such pain that he

was moaning incessantly, the prison authorities still brought him back to

Taungoo prison. Days later, as he clearly was dying, the prison authorities

had no choice but to send him to Taungoo General Hospital. He died of

lung cancer on 28 January 2004 while being prepared for transfer to Insein

General Hospital.

When Shein Tin died, he was only a couple days away from completing his

ten-year sentence. Still, he was not allowed to die peacefully in his home,

as the MI refused to allow him, or other political prisoners, remission days.





107

Name: (U) Sithu (alias) Ye Naing

Date of Arrest: June 1991


Age at Death: 35

While Sithu was a second year botany student at the University of Rangoon

(Kemmendine Campus), he participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising.

Prior to August, he was involved in several demonstrations demanding

democracy and human rights, including the Red Bridge Movement (March

16) and the Rangoon University Student Demonstration (March 17). Along

with 116 other members of various organizations, he was actively involved

in petitioning the military regime to form a National Interim Government.

After the military coup on 18 September 1988, he assisted the All Burma

Student Democratic Front (ABSDF).

When explosions rocked the Mandalay Electrical Power Corporation and

Sanchaung Township, Sithu was arrested and sentenced to 12 years

imprisonment by a Special Military Tribunal on 30 December 1991.

When asked by the judge during his trial whether he was guilty or not, he

replied, “Don’t ask me if I am guilty or not. I don’t recognize your right to

judge me. Charge me as you like. But, this is unjust.”

In August 1995, he was transferred from Insein to Tharawaddy prison.

Even though he completed his prison term on April 2, 2001, he continued

to be detained under section 10 (A) of the State Protection Law. TheMinister of Home Affairs, Tin Hlaing, remarked at this time that “his rebel

mind is still strong.”





109

Name: (U) Soe Win



Age at Death: 74

Soe Win was born in Rangoon. His father was U Chit Maung and his mother

was Daw Sein Daing. He was a younger brother of Bo Zeya, a member of

Thirty Comrades. He himself was a member of the People’s Comrades led

by General Aung San.

In 1956, he worked at the Rangoon Ten Mile Chicken farm as a manager.

He later resigned from the job and joined the People’s Comrades party.

After the 1963 peace talks between the Communist Party of Burma (CPB),

led by Thakhin Than Tun, and the Revolutionary Council, led by General

Ne Win, failed, Soe Win was arrested, and later released in 1970.

In January 1987, he contacted the CPB and participated in underground

activities.

When the State Peace and Development Council allowed political parties

to form, he founded People’s Comrades, and became its General Secretary.

He was arrested in July 1990 and accused of having contacts with illegal

organizations. He was charged under sections 17/ 1 and 17/ 2 of the

Unlawful Associations Act and was sentenced to 20 years.

In the beginning of 1992, he was taken to Insein prison hospital as he was

suffering from dysentery and diarrhea. He died on 3 May 1992.





110

Name: (Ko) Than Htway (alias) Ba Ba


Date of Death: 1990

Age at Death: 25

Than Htway was born in Myaung Palel Quarter, Tavoy Township, Tenasserim

Division. He studied at State High School No. (1), Tavoy Township. He took

a leading role in the 1988 people’s uprising in Tavoy. He also worked for the

Tavoy District Student Union. The day after the military coup in September

1988, he and all members of the Student Union went to the No. 10 Battalion

of the Karen National Union.

In early 1989, he went back Tavoy Township to participate in the underground

movement, but he was arrested. After being tortured in an interrogation center,

he was sent to Tavoy prison.

Than Htway died while in prison, charged under section 17 (1) of the Unlawful

Associations Act. At that time, there was a soldier who was imprisoned for

murder. The prison authorities appointed him as the prisoner-in-charge, and

he and the authorities cracked down on the political prisoners.

In early 1990, Than Htway was put in solitary confinement because he

complained about the oppression of prisoners. He told the authorities that he

was suffering from a stomach disease. The prisoner-in-charge, Tin Shwe, andother prison staff attacked him repeatedly using batons. He was seriously

injured and vomited blood. Five days later, the authorities sent him to the

Tavoy Township hospital for medical treatment. The next day he died in the

hospital’s guard ward.

The prison authorities at this time were Chief Warden San Thein, Jailer Tin

Shwe (alias) Michael, Maung Aye and Tun Win.





111

Name: (U) Thein Tin



Age at Death: 56

Thein Tin was a student leader in the early 1960s. He was a columnist for

several monthly magazines. His pen names were Tin Thein Maung and Pa-

Hta-We Maung Tin. He lived in Innwa Street, South Okkalapa Township,

Rangoon.

He actively participated in the 1988 pro-democracy uprising. Later, he

became a member of the Township Organizing Committee for the National

League for Democracy.

He became an assistant at the Rangoon Divisional Organizing Committee

for the NLD in 1989. He worked with Tin Maung Win, an elected MP

from Kayan constituency, who also died in prison.

Thein Tin was arrested and detained under section 10(A) of the State

Protection Law on 18 March 1996 as the regime was attempting to oppress

the NLD, by arresting its most active members, after the release of AungSan Suu Kyi from house arrest.

Thein Tin was well-known for meticulously taking care of his health, and

actually ran a pharmacy, making him knowledgeable about the various

medicines available in Burma. He was even licensed to practice

acupuncture.

When he was detained, he was unable to receive visits from his family, and

only allowed to receive one package from them. His family was entirely





112

unaware of his health condition.

He was rushed to the emergency room of Rangoon General Hospital on 3

December 1997. His wife was allowed to see him the next day. He told hiswife that he had suffered from severe dysentery for four months in prison.

He could not get boiled rice regularly, and so was malnourished. Lacking

any medication, his health was deteriorating. As Thein Tin was a pharmacist,

he was well aware of the medication he needed (for his liver), but he was

denied the proper medicine by the authorities and instead given medication

for gastric illnesses.

While his family desperately tried to help him for over two months, they

were unable to properly do so due to the indifference of the authorities.

He was given over 20 injections, and even had a blood transfusion. It was

too late, though, and Dr. Khin Maung Win of the liver ward at Rangoon

General Hospital informed his family on 15 February 1998 that he would

only live for a few more days.

Only when he was surely going to die did the Minister of Home Affairs

decide he could be released. Upon his release on 15 February, however, he

was immediately taken to the hospital. He died on 18 February 1998.

The prison authorities were Chief Warden Shwe Kyaw, Jailer Chit Maung

and Prison Doctor Soe Khaing.





113

Name: (U) Tin Maung Win



Age at Death: 51

Tin Maung Win was born on 20 November 1939. His parents were U Myo

and Daw Than Shin.

While he was in high school and university, he participated in various

associations related to student affairs, literature, and sports.

He was arrested and detained by the Burmese Socialist Programme Party

(BSPP) from December 1963 to September 1970.

During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he participated in the uprising

as a member of the post-WWII Old Student Leaders Organization.

When the National League for Democracy (NLD) was formed, he was

part of the Divisional Organizing Committee and chief of the Rangoon

Division Organization Committe

Tin Maung Win was elected in the Khayan (2) constituency in the 1990

general election.

He worked to organize the Gandhi Hall Conference of the Members of

Parliament, and was thus arrested in October 1990.

From his arrest to his death, Tin Maung Win was not allowed visits fromhis family or colleagues. Only through the family visits of other political

prisoners did his family learn that he had chronic dysentery. Although his





115

During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he participated actively in the

uprising. He was the Vice-Chairman of the Burma Lawyers’ Union and

the Chairperson of the Insein Township Strike Committee.

Tin Shwe was one of the founders of the National League for Democracy

(NLD).

After Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest, he tried to perform

his duties while evading arrest in Mandalay Division. When the regime did

not hand over power after the 1990 elections, he secretly worked to form

a parallel government and was subsequently arrested.

The unsanitary and inhumane prison conditions made Tin Shwe’s health

steadily decline. After two heart attacks, he was hospitalized at Rangoon

General Hospital twice in April 1997. The regime denied his family’s request

that he be allowed to see a heart specialist.

Tin Shwe died from a heart attack, and the regime’s purposeful negligence,

in Insein prison on June 8, 1997. He is survived by his wife Daw Myat Thu

and three sons.

Name: (U) Tun Sein

Date of Arrest: June, 1992


Age at Death: 58

Tun Sein was born in Rangoon. He studied politics while working at Hlaing

Gunny Factory, Rangoon. He was a true follower of Thakhin Lay Maung,

a well known politician. He was also a member of the Labor Union of theUnited National Unity Front.





116

When the peace talks failed in 1963, many politicians, including Tun Sein,

were arrested. He was sent to Coco Island prison. Following a hunger strike

at the island demanding that political prisoners in bad health be sent back

to the mainland, Tun Sein was taken back.

He was released and hired at a jute factory in 1973. He participated in the

Labor Strike in 1974 and was arrested and imprisoned a second time. He

was released under the general amnesty in 1980.

During the 1988 pro-democracy uprising, he set up the “Union of Prisoners

in 1970s” and participated in the uprising. After the military coup, he helped

his colleagues who formed political parties. Due to his activities, he was

arrested by the Military Intelligence and sentenced to 10 years in prison.

On 19 February 1996, Tun Sein died at the Insein prison hospital from

general deficiency due to lack of family support, and malnutrition due to

poor prison food.

Name: (U) Tun Aung Kyaw

(alias) Thakhin Mipwar


Date of Death: 2003

Age at Death: 52

In 1990, Tun Aung Kyaw was arrested and sentenced to five years

imprisonment with hard labor. During that time, he suffered from

tuberculosis, and therefore had to visit the jail hospital many times. He

was released at the end of 1994.

After being released, Tun Aung Kyaw treated his disease, but lacked the

money for proper care. As a result, his health worsened. However, he still





117

continued to be involved in political movements for democracy and human

rights. In 1997, while in the hospital, Military Intelligence raided the hospital

and arrested Tun Aung Kyaw. He was sentenced to seven years

imprisonment with hard labor.

After Tun Aung Kyaw was released from prison, he was involved in the

2003 Depayin Massacre in which Aung San Suu Kyi and members of the

NLD were attacked. As he tried to escape from the authorities, he was

caught and beaten to death.

Name: (U) Win Bo



Age at Death: 39

Win Bo, a former army captain, was arrested on the way back from the

Venerable Thu Mingalar Linkarra of Kabaaye Maha Gandharyone

Monastery. He went there to deliver a petition from the Head Monk of the

Shwe Kyin Sect, which included one thousand monks’ signatures and was

intended for Senior General Than Shwe, former dictator U Ne Win and

Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.

The Shwe Kyin Sect is the strictest religious organization. It teaches and

disciplines the monks to obey all the rules of Buddha (vinaya patimokkha).

Normally, monks from this sect were not involved in politics, even during

the 1988 people’s uprising.

The SPDC was worried about the sect’s participation in politics as it would

encourage other monks from the whole country to participate.Consequently, the SPDC asked the head monk of the Shwe Kyin Sect to

stop their activities. However, Win Bo was arrested for his role as messenger.





118

He was sentenced to twenty one years imprisonment under Article 5 (J) of

the Emergency Provisions Act and Article 17 (20) of the Printers and

Publishers Act.

On 6 July 2000, he was moved to Moulmein prison together with some

other prisoners from Insein prison.

In Moulmein prison, he was killed by twenty three prison employees for

defending prisoners’ rights.

These are the events leading up to his murder:

(1) He quarreled with Sergeant Chit Kyaw, who was the assigned prison

guard, during jail closing time, at about 5:30 pm on August 15, 2000.

Coincidentally, in the same evening, two convicts escaped from the prison.

(2) There was a rape case in Moulmein prison on August 18, 2000. Maung

Aye, a prisoner who was the disciplinary in-charge, raped a prisoner who

was a deserter. Win Bo was informed about this by the victim. Once he

became aware of this case, he requested Sergeant Chit Kyaw to let him see

the warden of the jail. One member of the Military Intelligence (5) listened

while he was met and complained to the prison authorities, including

Sergeant Chit Kyaw, on behalf of the rape victim. Maung Aye was thensent to a punishment cell for the rape he committed.

(3) Maung Aye shouted abuse the whole night, but no guard stopped him.

Win Bo complained to the assigned Sergeant Chit Kyaw and denounced

their inability to follow rules and regulations. The junior warden, Chit

Maung, and Sergeant Chit Kyaw framed Win Bo in the case of the two

criminal prisoners who escaped on August 15, 2000.





119

Win Bo and his two friends and fellow political prisoners, Moe Kyaw Thu

and Zaw Min Min Latt, were accused of having contact with the two

escapees and of organizing strikes in the prison. They were then reported

to the senior warden of the jail.

Win Bo, Moe Kyaw Thu and Zaw Min Min Latt were brought to punishment

cells with their hands cuffed behind their backs. They were placed in the

cells so four empty cells lay between them. They were then stripped naked

and flogged with one inch diameter wooden sticks by twenty three prison

guards until the guards were satisfied. Win Bo’s ribs were broken duringthe beating because he was hit harder than others.

One of his ribs punctured his liver. He demanded to see a doctor for

treatment, but no one listened to him. He died an hour after the flogging.

The prison authorities at the time were Chief Warden Htay Win, Warden

Chit Maung and Jailer Tin Maung Cho.





120

Name: (Ko) Zaw Myo Htet

(alias) Zaw Zaw


Date of Death: 19 October 2004Age at Death: 28

Zaw Myo Htet, a university student, was arrested with other eight activists

on 16 July 2003. He was given the death penalty under Section 122 (1) and

386 (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code. He was accused of trying toassassinate military leaders and trying to destroy the country’s peace and

stability.

Zaw Myo Htet’s lawyer asked that his client be released without charge, but

the authorities would not relent, as Zaw Myo Htet was known to support

insurrection against the state. Eventually, the death sentence was commuted

to 3 years imprisonment. The Supreme Court of Burma on 14 October 2004further reduced the sentence to a 2 year prison term.

As he was suffering from jaundice, he was sent to Insein Prison Hospital.

However, as his health situation worsened, he was transferred from the prison

hospital to the emergency ward of Rangoon General Hospital for better

treatment on 5 October 2005.

Because Rangoon General Hospital was unable to provide medicine in a timely

manner, his family provided him with the needed medicine. Although he was

given an intravenous glucose drip, it was too late for him. While he was given

treatment, his liver was damaged such that it was not functioning properly.

The prison authorities never provided him with the needed medicine. As a

result, he died on 19 October 2004 at 3pm in the emergency ward of Rangoon

General Hospital. He was 28 years old.





121

Name: Rev. Zawtika


Date of Death: December 1991

Age at Death: 60

Rev. Zawtika was one of the famous Sayadaws of the renowned Shwe

Phone Pwint monastery in Rangoon. He was one of six Sayadaws from the

monastery who participated in the pattan nikkujjana kamma (Religious

Strike) in October 1990. He was later arrested by the Military Intelligence

(MI) along with other five monks. He was derobed by force, and sentenced

to 3 years imprisonment. Though he was derobed by force, he continued

to observe the precepts of monk hood until his death.

Rev. Zawtika’s health condition worsened during December 1992 and he

was taken to Insein prison hospital. After a few days, he was transferred to

the ‘guard ward’ of Rangoon General Hospital. Within a few days, he passed

away. Though Rev. Zawtika’s legs were disabled, he was in iron shackles

at the time of his death.

When his family asked a charitable organization in Rangoon to arrange a

public funeral for their loved one, their request was denied and they were

told that only the prison authorities were allowed to bury him.





122

C h o G y i

J u l y 1 9 9 0

1 9 9 3

N P F

3 8 L a b o r C a m

p

M a n d a l a y

K o L a y

M a r 1 9 9 0

1 9 9 2

N L D

5 0 L a b o r C a m

p

M a n d a l a y

M a u n g M a u n g

S a n

2 1 F e b 1 9 9 8

1 9 9 8

N L D

5 9 L a b o r C a m

p

M i n T h u

A p r i l 1 9 9 7

N L D

P o r t e r


S a w T u n N

w e

2 1 F e b 1 9 9 8

F e b 1 9 9 8

N L D

7 5 P o r t e r


N a m e

D a t e o f

D a t e o f

O r g a n i z a

t i o n

A g e

L o c a t i o n o f

A d d r e s s

A r r e s t

D e a t h

D e a t h

A p p e n d i x C

( i ) : L i s t o f

L a b o r C a m p s D

e a t h





123

Appendix C (ii): Biographies of Labor Camps Deaths

Name: (U) Cho Gyi

Date of Arrest: July 1990Date of Death: 1993

Age at Death: 38

Cho Gyi actively took part as a leader of a Nan Shay marching column in

Mandalay during 1988 pro-democracy uprising. He became a central

executive committee member of the National Political Alliance.

He was also an artist. He drew a portrait of Thakhin Ko Daw Hmaing, a

well-known writer and peace builder of Burma, to raise funds for the

Alliance. He took part in the NISC after the Alliance was annulled by the

military authorities. While he was performing his duties with NISC, he

had to evade arrest by Military Intelligence. Eventually, he was arrested in

July 1990.

Cho Gyi was transferred from Mandalay prison to Myikyina prison in Kachin

State. He was sent to Sunprabon labor camp. In 1993, as his health

condition had deteriorated, he was sent to Myitkyina prison hospital. He

died two days later while in the hospital.

The authorities claimed that he had escaped from the labour camp and

died from diarrhoea in Mandalay General Hospital on 7 August 1990.





124

Name: (U) Min Thu (aka) U Maung Gyi

Date of Arrest: 21 Feb 1997

Date of Death: 1997

Age at Death: 55

U Min Thu (aka) U Maung Gyi received his primary school education from

Taungoo convent mission school, and received his middle and high school

education from Mandalay No. (2) State High School. He graduated from

university in Mandalay with a degree in psychology.

During the 1988 uprising, he was involved in the Taungoo Shwe San Daw

people’s movement. He served as a treasurer in the NLD Taungoo branch

after the military coup in 1988. He was arrested in October 1991 for his

connections with the PLF (People Liberation Front). He was 51 years old

at that time.

He was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment with hard labor on March 13,

1992. He spent over 2 years in prison before being released in 1994.

He was later arrested again, and sent to the frontier area as a porter. He

could not walk because he had to carry a heavy bag on the rough road, and

he was not provided enough food. Old age and bad weather further

exacerbated his condition. Those people unable to walk and carry were

beaten by the soldiers.

Finally, Min Thu died in jungle because of ill treatment. His dead body

was thrown into a hole in the jungle, along with that of another political

detainee and porter, Saw Tun Nwe.

U Min Thu left behind his wife and two children.





125

Name: Saw Tun Nwe

Date of Arrest: 21 February 1997

Date of Death: February 1997

Age at Death: 75

Saw Tun Nwe was born in Taungoo Township, Pegu Division. He belonged

to the National League for Democracy (NLD), and was the vice chairperson

of NLD Executive Committee (EC), Taungoo Township.

In the evening of 21 February 1997, all EC members were arrested. Police

officers, soldiers and intelligence personnel arrested them. They were

detained in the compound of No. 39 Light Infantry Battalion.

The detainees were kept in the military barracks. Later, they were used as

porters during SPDC troops’ military operations against the Karen National

Union.

For several days, they had to walk for miles in the jungle while being forced

to carry heavy weapons until they reached the battle area. The weather in

the area was bad.

Saw Tun Nwe, 75, died on the way. Before he died, he received beatings

and little food. The porters later said that they left the dead body of Saw

Tun Nwe in the jungle because they did not have any opportunity to bury

him.





126

K h i n M a u n

g

K a H t e e V i l l a g e , T h

a y e t c h a u n g

C h o

3 9

N o v 1 9 9 2

2 5 M a r 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

M e r g u i

T o w n s h i p , T e n a s s e r i m

D i v i s i o n

S h w e B a w

3 5

N o v 1 9 9 2

2 5 M a r 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

M e r g u i

K i n s h a e y a r t , T a v o y

T e n a s s e r i m

T i n S a n

3 0

N o v 1 9 9 2

2 5 M a r 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

M e r g u i

C h a u n g w a P y i n V i l l a g e ,

T a v o y T o w n s h i p , T e

n a s s e r i m

N a i n g O o

@

T a u n g P y a n t V i l l a g e , T h a y e t

A u n g N a i n g

3 1

N o v 1 9 9 2

2 5 M a r 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

M e r g u i

C h a u n g T o w n s h i p , T

e n a s s e r i m

K y a w N a i n g @

P e i n n a l t a w V i l l a g e , T a v o y

K y a w L w i n

3 2

N o v 1 9 9 2

2 5 M a r 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

M e r g u i


T h a n Z a w

3 1

N o v 1 9 9 2

2 5 M a r 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

M e r g u i

G o n N y i n S e i k V i l l a

g e , T h a y e t

C h a u n g T o w n s h i p , T

e n a s s e r i m

O h n L w i n

4 1

N o v 1 9 9 2

2 5 M a r 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

M e r g u i

W i n k a b a w V i l l a g e , T

e n a s s e r i m

C h o L w i n @

H s i d e k V i l l a g e , T h a y e t c h a u n g

M a L w i n ( F )

3 0

F e b 2 0 0 2

J u l y 2 0 0 2

N

L D

K a w t h a u n g


K y a w A y e

2 1

F e b 2 0 0 2

J u l y 2 0 0 2

N

L D

K a w t h a u n g

T h a k y e n t a w V i l l a g e ,

L o n g l o n


K y a w N a i n g

S o e

2 6

2 0 0 2

1 7 S e p t 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

K a w t h a u n g

K y w e c h a n V i l l a g e , T

a v o y


T i n T u n

2 0 0 2

1 7 S e p t 2 0 0 2

A B S D F

K a w t h a u n g

T a v o y T o w n s h i p , T e n a s s e r i m

N a m e

A g e

D a t e o f

D a t e o f


P r i s o n

A d d r e s s

A r r e s t

D i s a p p e a r a n c e

A p p e n d i

x D

( i ) : L i s t o f T h e D i s a p p e a r e d





127

M a u n g S h w

e @

B i k e P u

2 0 0 2

1 7 S e p t 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

K a w t h a u n g


n a s s e r i m

K y a w M y i n

t

2 0 0 2

1 7 S e p t 2 0 0 2

M

D U F

K a w t h a u n g


n a s s e r i m

T h i n n P e

3 0

5 S e p 2 0 0 2

5 S e p t 2 0 0 2

M I - 1 9

W i n K a p a w , M e r g u i

T o w n s h i p ,

T e n a s s e r i m

B a S e i n

2 7

M a y 2 0 0 2

2 0 0 2

M I - 1 9

S a w P h y a r V i l l a g e ,

M e r g u i T o w n s h i p , T

e n a s s e r i m

N a m e

A g e

D a t e o f

D a t e o f


P r i s o n

A d d r e s s

A r r e s t

D i s p p e a r a n c e





128

Appendix D (ii): Biographies of the Disappeared

Seven Political Prisoners D isappear

In November 1992, nine members of the Myeik-Dawei United Front, an

opposition group based on the Thai/ Burma border, were arrested when

they attempted to re-enter Southern Burma to collect information and

organize residents in the area. The nine opposition members were arrested

in Kyeini Taung village, Bokepyin Township, Tenasserim Division, by Major

Tun Aung Kyaw and other members of the Burma Army Light Infantry

Division (LID) 432. After their arrest the prisoners were taken to the LID432 military base where they were subjected to interrogation and torture.

From the military base, the detainees were sent to Mergui Prison, in

Tenasserim Division. Here they were subjected to further torture and

mistreatment, including being forced to stand for long periods of time with

an iron rod placed horizontally between their shackled legs, and being kept

in cells measuring only 8 x 12 ft, for two years. At no time during the

almost 8 years that they spent in detention, were any of these individualsformally charged with any crime, or given a trial. In addition, those detained

were also denied any contact with their families or with representatives

from the International Committee of the Red Cross.

In April 2001, two of the original nine detainees were released. On 25

March 2002, at 8pm the remaining seven prisoners were removed from

Mergui Prison by Major Soe Hlaing of LID 265. Inside sources report thatthe prisoners were taken to an undisclosed location on Done Kyun Island,

located in Kyunsu Township, Tenasserim Division. At present the

whereabouts and condition of these seven political prisoners remains

unknown. Before they were taken from Mergui Prison the detainees were

reported to be in poor health as a result of the physical and psychological

torture that they had been subjected to, and the poor living conditions in

the prison. AAPP has received unconfirmed reports that these seven

prisoners were executed upon arrival to the island.





129

The seven political prisoners who have disappeared from Mergui prison

include:

1) Name: (U) Khin Maung Cho

2) Name: (U) Shwe Baw

3) Name: (Ko) Tin San

4) Name: (Ko) Naing Oo (alias) Aung Naing

5) Name: (Ko) Kyaw Naing (alias) Kyaw Lwin

6) Name: (Ko) Than Zaw

7) Name: (Ko) Onh Lwin





130

Two Political Prisoners D isappear from Kawthaung Prison

In February 2002, seven members of the Thayetchaung branch of the

National League for Democracy (NLD) were arrested as a result of theirpolitical activities. The arrests took place in Ngapyaw Or village, in the

western part of Zar Dead Gyi Island, Tenasserim Division. The NLD

members were reportedly subjected to severe torture in detention before

being sent to Kawthaung prison. In the first weeks of July 2002, two of

the seven prisoners, Cho Lwin (alias Ma Lwin) and Kyaw Aye were taken

from Kawthaung prison by soldiers from LIF 262 and LIF 267 led by Captain

Tin Maung Win. Cho Lwin and Kyaw Aye were reportedly taken to NgapyawOr Village, Zar Dead Gyi Island, but there has been no confirmation of

their location since they left Kawthaung prison.

1) Name: (Ma) Cho Lwin (alias) Ma Lwin (Female)

2) Name: (Ko)Kyaw Aye

Four Political Prisoners Disappear from Kawthaung Prison

On 17 September 2002, Sergeant Thein Myint, the commander of LIF

224 and LIF 262, took four other political prisoners from Kawthaung Prison

and reportedly brought them to Makyonkalit Village, Lam Pake Island,

Tenasserim Division.





131

Three of these prisoners, Tin Tun, Kyaw Lwin and Maung Swe (alias Bike

Pu), had previously been arrested in Thailand by Thai police while traveling

by boat to Ranong. After their arrest, Thai authorities deported them directly

back to the military authorities of LIF 262. As all three were members of political opposition groups, they were arrested and sent to Kawthaung

Prison.

Two other opposition group members, San Lwin and Kyaw Naing Soe

were picked up separately by Thai police in Ranong. After being detained

for six days at the Ranong police station, Thai authorities handed San

Lwin and Kyaw Naing Soe directly over to Sergeant Tin Saw from LIF262. Both men were then sent to Kawthaung Prison. Later in 2002, San

Naing (alias) San Lwin was transferred to Insein prison.

The fate of the four prisoners who were taken from Kawthaung Prison to

Makyonkalit Village, Lam Pake Island is unknown. Family members of

the prisoners have confirmed that they have had no access to their relatives

since they were taken from Kawthaung Prison.

Prisoners missing from Kawthaung Prison include:

1) Name: (Ko) Kyaw Naing Soe

2) Name: (Ko) Tin Tun





132

3) Name: (Ko) Maung Shwe (alias) Bike Pu

4) Name: (Ko) Kyaw Myint

Two Men Disappear Following A rrest by Military Intelligence

On September 9, 2002, a farmer, Thinn Pe, was arrested by members of

Military Intelligence Unit 19 (MI-19) in Kangal Ward, Mergui, Tenasserim

Division. Despite the fact that Thinn Pe was not known to have anypolitical affiliations, he was charged with having contacted members of

political opposition groups. Since the time he was taken into custody by

members of MI-19, Thinn Pe’s whereabouts remain unknown. Another

farmer, Ba Sein, was arrested at the same time, and has likewise

disappeared.

1) Name: (Ko) Thinn Pe

2) Name: (Ko) Ba Sein





133

B o N i A u n

g

4 2

1 9

9 1

1 2 J u n 2 0 0 1

L i f e

A B S D F

1

7 / 1

T a m w e , R a n g

o o n

T w i n Z a r O

o @

K a u k K y a y

2 5

J u l y 1 9 9 1

1 9 9 5

4 Y

e a r s

A B B E F U

5

- j

M a n d a l a y

K y a w M i n

6 6

2 0 M a y 1 9 9 6 1 M a y 1 9 9 9

N L D ( M P ) 5

- j

P a z u n d a u n g , R a n g o o n

K y i T i n O o

6 0

1 M a r 1 9

9 4

2 4 J u l y 2 0 0 4

1 4 Y

e a r s

C P B

5

- j , 1 7 / 1

H l a i n g , R a n g

o o n

T h u t a A u n

g

3 1

3 1 D e c 1 9

9 1

A u g 1 9 9 7

6 Y

e a r s

1

7 / 2 0

K e m m e n d i n e , R a n g o o n

W a n a y S o e

@

N a y W i n

4 5

1 9

9 8 2 0 J u l y 2 0 0 4

1 0 Y

e a r s

N L D

5

- j , 1 7 / 1

Y e , M o n S t a t

e

Y a w a d a , V e

n

5 2

A u g 1 9 9 0 2 9 J a n 1 9 9 9

1 2 Y

e a r s

M o n k ’ s U n i o n

M a n d a l a y

Z a w W i n T

u n

2 4

2 1 O c t 1 9

8 8 3 0 D e c 1 9 8 8

S t u d e n t

T h a r k a y t a , R a n g o o n

K h i n M a u n

g G y i

2 0

0 1

F e b 2 0 0 5

3 Y e a r s

A L D

1

7 / 1

M y r a u k U , A

r a k a n S t a t e

N a y W i n A

u n g

2 2

D e c 1 9 8 8

D e c 1 9 8 8

S t u d e n t

1

7 / 1

H m a w b e , R a n g o o n

N a m e

A g e

D a t e o f

D a t e o f

P r i s o n


P r e v i o u s

A d d r e s s

A r r e s t

D e a t h

T e r m

L a w

A p p e n d

i x E

( i ) : L i s t o f D e a t h s a f t e r R e l e a s e





134

Appendix E (ii): Biographies of Deaths after Release

Name: (U) Bo Ni Aung

Date of Arrest: 1991Date of Death: 6 June 2001

Age at Death: 42

After the 1988 democracy uprising, Bo Ni Aung joined the All BurmaStudents’ Democratic Front (ABSDF) on the Thai-Burma border. He

eventually returned secretly to the country, but was arrested for his

involvement with the ABSDF in 1991. He was brutally tortured by the

MI. During this time, he was injected with a drug which made him reveal

information unconsciously, and subsequently he became paranoid as to

what might happen to him. Further, he suffered from various diseases

throughout his prison term.

Bo Ni Aung was sentenced to life imprisonment, which was later reduced

to 10 years under a general amnesty. At this time, his health started to

deteriorate rapidly. Though he was transferred to Thayet prison, he was

soon sent back to Insein Special Prison for medical treatment. He was

suffering from problems such as a weak heart, hypertension and mental

illness, but he was not allowed to see a doctor. He also often had seizures,

for which he was injected with a sedative at least two or three times a

week.

When receiving these injections, used and dirty needles were used on the

patients. A sign in the hospital would inform the patient of the number of

needles available for that day. The MI informed him that if he wanted to

be treated at an outside hospital he was have to sign a statement agreeing

not to discuss the torture he had endured while in interrogation. A former

political prisoner who was with Bo Ni Aung at the time recalled him saying,





135

“I couldn’t promise not to say anything about MI’s brutal torture in order

to get treatment because they are trying to cover up the truth.”

Bo Ni Aung still managed to survive his prison term, but died shortly afterrelease due to HIV/ AIDS contracted in prison.

Name: (U) Khin Maung Gyi


Date of Death: February 2005

Khin Maung Gyi, a member of the Arakan League for Democracy, from

Myauk U township, Arakan State was arrested in 2001. Under Section 17

(1) of the Unlawful Association Act, he was sentenced to three years

imprisonment. He was held in Sittwe prison, Arakan State.

Though Khin Maung Gyi was released at the end of 2004, his health

condition quickly deteriorated as a consequence of ill-treatment in prison.He died in February 2005.

Name: (U) Kyaw Min

Date of Arrest: 21 May 1996


Age at Death: 66

Kyaw Min was born on 9 November 1933. He lived in Pazundaung

Township, Rangoon. His parents were U Ba Kyaw and Daw Aye Kyi. In

the Rangoon University community, he was well known as Architect U





136

Kyaw Min. He went to the United States when he was a third year student

in Rangoon University. In 1957, he graduated. From 1958 to 1960, he

taught at Rangoon University.

When the National League for Democracy (NLD) was founded in 1988,

he was appointed to the Central Executive Committee.

In the 1990 general elections, he was elected from the West Bassein

Constituency 2, Irrawaddy Division.

He was arrested in 1991 and charged under Sections 5 (a), (b) and (j) of the Emergency Provisions Act. He was released on May 20, 1992.

He was detained again between 21 May 1996 and May 1998 in Insein

prison. At that time, he was infected with jaundice. He died after his release

on 1 May 1999.

Name: (U) Kyi Tin Oo



Age at Death: 60

Kyi Tin Oo was born in Sakargyi Township, Irrawaddy Division in 1944.

U Tun Kyi and Daw Tin Sar were his parents.

He was imprisoned twice under the Burmese Socialist Programme Party(1962-1988) for his political activities. His first period of imprisonment

lasted three years, and his second period lasted four years.





138

In March 1991, the junta reopened the universities, which had been closed

since 1988. Thu Tha distributed pamphlets in Rangoon University. The

pamphlets were about freedom of education. Military Intelligence Unit 14

(MI-14) subsequently arrested him.

On 21 December 1991, he was tried by a Military Tribunal in the Insein

prison compound and given six years imprisonment.

In Insein prison, his health condition deteriorated and he was sent to the

prison hospital ward. In the prison, the prison doctors usually use only one

needle when they give treatment to the prisoners. As a result, diseases are

easily spread among the prisoners.

Thuta requested the doctor use a disposable needle for treatment, but the

doctor neglected his request, and he did not receive any treatment. A week

later, Thuta’s health deteriorated and he requested medical treatment. The

doctor gave him treatment using what he said was a disposable needle.

On 9 April 1993, Thuta was released under a general amnesty. He received

a medical check-up in a local clinic, and was informed that he was infected

with HIV. After becoming sick several times in July 1996, he finally went

to Rangoon General Hospital (RGH). The doctor at RGH informed him

that he had AIDS. He was sent to the hospital for communicable disease in

Rangoon. One month later, he left the hospital though his health was gettingworse. He died in August 1997.

Thuta was a second year student studying for a Master of Science, majoring

in physics before he was arrested. He also taught private tuition classes in

mathematics and physics. He is known to have remained celibate and stayed

away from drug use.

The invitation letter for his funeral noted that he died from a communicable

disease he was infected with in prison.





139

Name: (Ko) Thwin Zar Oo

(alias) Kauk KwayDate of Arrest: July 1991

Date of Death: 1995

Thwin Zar Oo studied at No. 11 State High School of Mandalay and

participated in the High School Student Union during the 1988 democracy

movement.

In 1989, he joined the High School Student Union in Mandalay Division,

and contributed satires to underground publications such as the Ottamma

Journal and the Yoma Journal. He wrote satires against the military

government under the title of “Let me tell what I know.”

In July 1991, he was arrested while he was ill and having medical treatment.

Aung Aung, Nyi Nyi Win (alias) J Gyi, Kyaw Thin Aung and Nyein Chan

were arrested at the same time.

Thwin Zar Oo became thin and had jaundice. He asked the authorities to

contact his family to obtain the medicine he needed, but they refused.

Later, all those arrested received three years imprisonment each. The health

care situation in Mandalay was poor, and as a result Thwin Zar Oo’s health

condition deteriorated. 1994, he was released from Mandalay prison.

Thwin Zar Oo’s health condition continued to worsen, but his family could

not afford the proper health care. Finally, he was not able to walk. In 1995,

he died.





140

Name: (U) Wanay Soe

(alias) Nay Win

Date of Arrest: April 1999

Date of Death: 20 July 2004Age at Death: 45

Wanay Soe was born in Ye Township, Mon State. He graduated from

Rangoon Painting and Carving School. Between 1975 and 1988, he

published two books of poems in the Rangoon University compound. He

served as editor of Pyit Hmu Magazine for a period of time. His real name

was Nay Win, though he preferred to use his pen name.

In 1984, he volunteered in the “Reading and Writing for All” campaign in

his township. Later, he became a teacher at the Ah Sin Village Monastery

School.

During the 1988 uprising, he was the strike leader in the village. After the

National League for Democracy (NLD) was formed in late 1988, he became

the secretary of the NLD branch in his village. In 1989, he was arrested

and charged under Section 5 (j) of the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act

and sentenced to two years imprisonment. He was freed in 1991.

In 1996, he joined the Ye Township NLD branch. At the end of 1998, he

was re-arrested and charged under Section 5 (J) of the 1950 Emergency

Provisions Act and under Section 17 (1) of the Unlawful Associations

Act. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. Although he was released

from Moulmein Prison on 24 June 2004, he was still suffering from liver

problems.

Wanay Soe suffered from liver cancer and dropsy in prison at the beginning

of June 2004. His health situation became life threatening within a month

because the prison authorities did not provide him any medical treatment.





141

When he was released, his health situation was beyond treatment. Less

than one month after his release, on 20 July 2004, Wanay Soe passed away

due to liver cancer at Moulmein General Hospital.

Name: Rev. Yawada

Date of Arrest: August 1990


Age at Death: 52

Venerable Sayadaw Yawada was the Chairman of the Mandalay Division

Sangha Thamaggi (Mandalay Monks’ Union). He led the Aindawyar column

during 1988 pro-democracy uprising.

Sangha Thamaggi published the Ottama monthly journal which featured

anti-military dictatorship poems, articles, and cartoons.

After the junta de-legitimized the National Political Alliance, Ever Green

Youths, and the People’s Progressive Party, Rev. Yawada participated in

the NISC, which was an umbrella organization of Mandalay-based political

forces from 1989 to 1990. He was the No. (1) spokesperson among four of

the organizations.

He had once sent letters of objection to the Sangha Nayaka and Department

of Religion regarding the selection of representatives to the whole Burma

Sangha representatives’ meeting held in Rangoon in 1990.

NISC published the Ahlinyaung journal which explained human rights

violations in prison, as well as other human rights violations. The military





142

regime’s actions were compared to the Universal Declaration of Human

Rights.

Rev. Yawada led the annual commemorative movement on 8 August 1990and the Pattan nikkujjana kamma (Religious Strike) in October.

In October 1990, he was arrested and de-robed by force by the Military

Intelligence. During interrogation, he was electrically shocked and beaten

severely until he vomited blood. He was then sentenced to 12 years

imprisonment and sent to Mandalay prison. He was later transferred to

Ohbo prison (new Mandalay prison).

Ohbo prison was newly built at that time. Therefore, the cement floors

were still wet, and the location was in a wide, barren plain. Rev. Yawada’s

health condition subsequently worsened day by day. Under the

circumstances, the authorities did not provide efficient medical treatment.

Though monks must have all their meals before noon, Rev. Yawada was

provided daily offerings late in the afternoon. His mental and physical

conditions deteriorated.

He was released in August 1998.

Though he received the proper medical treatments after his release, he

passed away on 29 January 1999 from the illnesses he contracted in prison.

Name: (Ko) Zaw Win Tun



Age at Death: 24

Zaw Win Tun was a third year student at Rangoon University, majoring in

physics, when the 1988 people’s uprising occurred. He was a student leader

during the uprising, and was subsequently targeted by the authorities for





143

arrest. On 21 October 1988, Zaw Win Tun was finally arrested with his

father.

Both were brutally tortured at an interrogation center. As a result, ZawWin Tun was seriously injured, and was unable to stand.

On 16 November 1988, the authorities released Zaw Win Tun, but he was

unable to move from his bed for a month. On 30 December 1988, he died.

Though unable to confirm, Zaw Win Tun’s death is believed to be the first

death from torture in the interrogation centers or prisons after the 1988uprising.





144

Appendix F (i): Map of Burma’s Prisons and Labor Camps

Prison

Labor Camp





145

Appendix F(ii): List of Burma’s Interrogation Centers*

Location

Central Military

Intelligence, RangoonMandalay

Taungyi

Pegu

Irrawaddy

Moulmein

Mayangone

Dagon

Myitkyina

Lashio

Sittwe

Prome

Burma Rifle Regiment-4

-

Botahtaung

Meiktila

Mandalay

Kale

Buthi Daung

Mergui

MonywaBamaw

Kengtung

Kunheng

Tachilek

Pa-an

Dagon Myo Thit

Loikaw

Mawlaik

Langhko

Concerned Area

All Burma

Mandalay Division

Taungyi

Pegu Division

Irrawaddy Division

Mon State

Rangoon

Hlaing, Kamayut, Bahan,

Dagon, Alon SanChaung, Kemmendine

Myitkyina

Lashio

Sittwe, Rakhine

Pandaung, Pegu Division

Thingangyun, Tamwe,

Mingalar Taung Nyunt,

Bahan

-

Kyauktada, Pabedan,

Latha, Lanmadaw

Meiktila

Mandalay

Kale

Buthi Daung

Tenasserim Division

MonywaBamaw

Kentung, Shan State

Kunheng, Shan State

Tachilek

Pa-an, Myawaddy,

Kawkarik

Dagon Myo Thit,

RangoonKayah State

Mawlaik, Sagaing

Division

Langkho, Shan State

Name

Ye Kyi Ai

MI-1

MI-2

MI-3

MI-4

MI-5

MI-6

MI-7

MI-8

MI-9

MI-10

MI-11

MI-12

MI-13

MI-14

MI-15

MI-16

MI-17

MI-18

MI-19

MI-20MI-21

MI-22

MI-23

MI-24

MI-25

MI-26

MI-27

MI-28

MI-29





146

Name

MI-30

MI-31

Airforce MI-1

Navy MI-1

Navy MI-2

Navy MI-3

Defense Services

Military Security-1

Special Branch(Headquarters)

Police Intelligence

(Headquarters)

Location

-

Yuzana Garden City

Mingaladon

Irrawaddy Navy Base

Irrawaddy Navy Base

Irrawaddy Navy Base

Highland, Prome Road

Aungthabyai, Mayangone

Kyauktada

Concerned Area

-

Rangoon

Insein, Mingaladon

Botahtaung, Puzuntaung,

Tanyin


Tanyin


Tanyin

All Burma

All Burma

All Burma

*There are several unknown and inaccessable locations where political prisoners have been

interrogated. Political prisoners are sometimes interrogated in government ‘guest houses’

and on military bases which prohibit civilian access.





147

References

N ews Sources

British Broadcasting Corporation

Democratic Voice of Burma

Irrawaddy

Khit Pyaing

Radio Free Asia

The Voice of Arakan

Voice of America

Organizations

Amnesty International

Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Documentation Unit

Reporters Without Borders

US State Department

Publications

A Star Falls Behind Bars. Win Tint Tun. August 2001.

Burma: A L and W here Buddhist Monk s are Disrobed and Placed in Dungeons.

Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. November 2004.

Burma’s Democratic Movement. Ven. Khay Mar Sara. All Burma Young

Monks Union. December 2002.

D eath in Custody. Irrawaddy Publishing Group. Second Edition. 1999.

Forever a Revolutionary. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners.

October 2002.

L etters from Burma. Aung San Suu Kyi. Penguin Books. January 1997.





148

M issing L etters, Missing Poems. Nyan Zan. Series of 11 articles published

in Moe Gyo and Khit Pyaing. 2003-2005

Spirit for Survival. Assistance Association for Political Prisoners.September 2001.

Stories from the Cemetery of the L iving. Nay Linn. March 2000.

The Dark ness We See: Torture in Burma’s Interrogation Centers and Prisons.

Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. December 2005.

State Peace and Development Council

The Communist Party’s Movements for State Power. August 5, 1989

The Conspiracy of those who are Reliant on E x ternal E lements A cting as Stooges,

and Foreign N ations Interfering in the Internal A ffairs of the State. September

9, 1989.

The CPB, KN U and Sein W in’s Destruction of the Country. 15 December

1990.

Web of Conspiracy, Complicated Stories of Treacherous Machinations and

Intrigues of BCP U G , DA B and some N L D leaders to Seize State Power. 12

July 1990

*The title for this report is in reference to the eight seconds of silence

generally observed at the funerals for those democracy activists whohave died since the democracy uprising in 1988.





149

About the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners-Burma(AAPP)

The campaign to improve prison conditions is part of the human rights struggle.

What is the AAPP?

Since the 1988 popular democracy movement was crushed in a ruthlesscrackdown by the military regime, thousands of people have been arrested,tortured and given long prison sentences for their beliefs and politicalactivities. Moreover, even after political prisoners are released, they

continue to face horrible treatment. The military uses all available meansto intimidate and harass former political prisoners in order to preventthem from conducting political activities. When extraordinarily sensitiveoccasions take place in the country-such as the anniversary of the 1988pro-democracy uprising- former political prisoners are usually re-arrested,interrogated and detained for an unlimited amount of time without reason.The military regime also uses many different tactics to attempt to isolate

former political prisoners from society. The main weapon of the junta inmarginalizing former political prisoners is denying them economic andeducational opportunities. For these reasons, many former politicalprisoners are forced to live in exile. Many former political prisoners whopreviously gave assistance to their fellow political prisoners wanted tocontinue these activities. In order to be effective and efficient in performingthese activities, and to honor student leader Min Ko Naing, arrested bythe regime in March 23,1989 and only recently released after 16 years in

prison, a group of former political prisoners established the AAPP on the11th anniversary of Min Ko Naing’s arrest.

What We Do:

1. Assist families of political prisoners to visit their loved ones.

2. Support political prisoners by providing necessities, such as food

and medicine.

3. Monitor prison conditions.


029. polaris burmese library - singapore - collection - volume 29

Documents