zaryab ayub, alex ge, josh herl, jack eckhardt. introduction in the 1500s, the land from western...
TRANSCRIPT
IntroductionIn the 1500s, the land from western Africa to
Southeast Asia was Muslim territory
There were three Muslim empires:The Ottomans in the Middle EastThe Safavids in PersiaThe Mughals in India
In the 1700s, Muslim empires were in decline, and European powers would soon invade these areas
Problems in Muslim RegionsWhy was there decay in Muslim areas?
Central government powers lost control of powerful groups urban guilds, military elites, and nobles
Corruption In some areas, scholars and religious leaders were against the
government; in others, they were friends with the state
European ImperialismEuropean countries gained the advantage over Muslim areas
through military threats and diplomacy Signed trading treaties that gave them the advantage Demanded special rights for Europeans living in Muslim areas
Attempted Reform Muslim Reform Movements:
1700s and 1800s Popped up in Muslim regions in Africa and Asia
Most reforms stressed: Religious piety Strict rules for behavior
Usman dan Fodio Led reform in northern Africa
Muhammad Ahmad Led reform in Sudan Announced he was the Mahdi, which was the savoir of
the faith Resisted British forces
WahhabiIslamic reform movementArabiaRejected the schools of theology and lawWanted to capture the essence of Muhammad’s original
teachingsRevolt was put down, but the Wahhabi still exists today.
The Ottoman EmpireProblems
1800s Pashas (provincial rules) had increased their power. Economic problems and corruption
Led to the decay of the empireRevolts
Nationalism ideas spread Led to internal revolts Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians gained their
independence Egypt slipped out of their control Revolts in Arabia, Lebanon, and Armenia
The Ottoman EmpireEuropean countries
Wanted to benefit from the Ottoman Empire France
Seized Algeria Hoped to get more territory
Russia Wanted to control Bosporus and the Dardanelles Would give them access to the Mediterranean
Britain Tried to stop Russia
Germany Wanted to create a Berlin-to-Baghdad railway
The Ottoman EmpireReforms:
Late 1700s Reorganized bureaucracy Reorganized tax collection Built railroads Improved education Trained an army Men were sent to the West to learn
Results: Improved medical care and farming Population explosion Increased tension
The Ottoman EmpireYoung Turks
1890sReform movement made from liberalsOverthrew the sultan in 1908Couldn’t reform due to WWI
GenocideMuslim Turks accused Christians of plotting against the
empireKilled over 600,000 Armenian Christians
EgyptEarly 1800s
Semi-independent province of the Ottoman empire
Muhammad AliOften called the “father of modern Egypt”Made successful reformsAmbitious soldier appointed by the governorSeized power in 1805Died in 1849
Muhammad’s successorsLacked skillsEgypt slowly came into foreign control
Reforms of Muhammad AliPolitical and economic reforms:
Improved tax collectionReorganized land owning systemLarge irrigation systems
Helped farmersExpanded cotton production and encouraged the
development of local industries Involved Egypt in world trade
Military reforms:Bought western military experts
Built a well-trained armyConquered Sudan, Syria, and Arabia.
Suez CanalFerdinand de Lesseps
French entrepreneurOrganized company to build Suez Canal in 1858
Borrowed money from European countriesEuropean countries charged large interest rates to take
advantage of the Ottoman Empire1875: Egypt was unable to pay back loans
To pay debts they sold shares of the canal Britain bought shares; controlled part of the canal
Suez Canal
More than 100 miles long
Connects Mediterranean and Red Seas
Reduced trip from London, England to Bombay, India by 5,150 miles
At first, only a few ships would travel through the canal per day. The travel time through the canal averaged 40 hours.
Today, oil tankers and cargo ships make up most of the canals traffic with a travel time of about 14 hours.
Egypt Becomes a ProtectorateProtectorate – A country with its own government
controlled by an outside country
1882Egyptian nationalists revolted against foreign influencesBritain turned Egypt into a protectorateGovernment was still an Ottoman government
Followed British policies Egypt continued to modernize
Nationalist discontent causes more protests and riots
PersiaThe Qajar shahs
Ruled Persia from 1794 to 1925Ruled with absolute powerAttempted to reform Persia
Built telegraph lines and railroads Experimented with a liberal constitution
Both Britain and Russia wanted Persia:Russia wanted to expand into Central AsiaBritain wanted to protect its interests in India.
European Rule over PersiaDiscovery of oil in 1900s
Both Britain and Russia wanted control of oilPersuaded Persia to give them concessions
Special rights give to foreign powers.
Both countries sent troops the PersiaOutraged nationalists
Two groups of nationalists: One that wanted to adapt to western traditions One that hated the western government and traditions