G E N E RA L OV E RV I E W

SPAIN IN THE 1500S

HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE 1500S1501-041503-06151015171519-211530153115351537-41154315651566/68156815711582158815961597

David created by MichelangeloMona Lisa painted by LeonardoPocket watch inventedProtestant Reformation: Martin Luther’s 95 ThesisCortés defeats the Aztec empire End of persecution of conversos by the Spanish InquisitionApparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe in MexicoHenry VIII declares himself head of the Church of EnglandSistine Chapel: The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)Copernicus publishes his heliocentric modelGraphite pencil inventedStart of the Dutch Revolt (end: 1581 de facto; 1648 de jure)Bottled beer invented in LondonBattle of Lepanto: the Spanish Armada defeats the OtomansGregorian calendar adoptedDefeat of the Spanish Armada by the EnglishFirst flush toilet designed by J. Harrington; Elizabeth I is 1st clientShakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is published

PEOPLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY (EUROPE)

Rulers and Religious FiguresHenry VIII (England)Catharine of AragonAnne BoleynElizabeth I (England)Charles V (Spain and Holy Roman Empire)Phillip II (Spain)Ivan the Terrible (Russia)Boris Godunov (Russia)Martin LutherJohn CalvinErasmus of RotterdamIgnatius of LoyolaTeresa of Ávila

Artists, Philosophers, Scientists, Adventurers

Thomas More Francis BaconMachiavelli CopernicusGalileo Galilei Tycho Brahe Michelangelo Kepler Titian Benvenuto CelliniEl Greco Leonardo Da VinciCortés PizarroFrancis Drake MagellanVasco Da GamaRabelais Giordano BrunoLope de Vega CervantesMarlowe Shakespeare

THE RISE OF MONARCHIAL STATES

The idea of unified nation-states began to develop during the Early Modern period in Northern and Western Europe. These nation states were monarchial: governed by a king. They began to replace the feudal kingships of the Middle Ages.

Prior to the 1500's the King was not an absolute ruler, but rather governed with the consent of his nobles.

However, the notion that the King's rule is by Divine Rights was taken to a new height, and the power of the monarch now became absolute.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ABSOLUTIST MONARCHIES

• Growing Bureaucratization: More and more is the need to have a centralized state.

• Growing need to tax: Antagonisms based on nationalist agendas add new reasons for war. In order to pay for the armies and for the wars, monarchy needs taxes.

• Existence of a Permanent Mercenary Army: Due to wars, there’s a need for armies

ABSOLUTIST REGIMES AND PIRACY

The effects can be contradictory:

• Bureaucratization and taxation underlined the decision to outlaw international trade in China, and engendered piracy on the East coast

• The need for mercenary soldiers/armies can lead to an increase in privateering (this happened)

• The need for control over resources, commercial flow, and social organization usually leads to a need for greater regulation. As a result, a concentrated effort would be made to eliminate the “disrupting factors” (this also happened)

EXAMPLE OF ABSOLUTISM: SPAIN

Phillip II was a classic example:• Used the profit from the new world

colonies to grow his wealth and consolidate his power

• Expanded the Spanish empire• Justified expansion with the spread

Catholicism: allied with the pope• Attacked England to get rid of

protestant Queen Elizabeth• Spain was weakened after his rule –

too much spent on wars

CONSEQUENCES OF ABSOLUTISMIntellectual, social, and demographic challenges set the stage for uprisings, revolts, wars and revolutions in Europe and its colonies

SPAIN: HIGHLIGHTS

1492-1506 Columbus voyages; death of Columbus1508 Ponce de León in Puerto Rico1511 King Ferdinand of Spain said: "Get gold, humanely if possible, but at all hazards – get gold."1510-1550 Gold shipments from the New world 3,000 pounds a year.1513 Ponce de León in Florida1514 Conquering of Cuba; settling in Panama1515 Fray Bartolomé de las Casas pleads for the Indians1517 Francisco Fernández de Cordoba discovers the Mayans of the Yucatán

SPAIN: HIGHLIGHTS

1521 War with France. Spain prevails1527 German and Spanish troops under Charles V sack Rome; end of the Renaissance1540 Cabeza de Vaca in of Rio de la Plata: governor and advocate for Indian rights1541 Founding of Santiago de Chile; Ignatius of Loyola 1st superior general of the Jesuits; Pizarro murdered in Perú1551 Philip II appointed by Charles V as heir to the throne1555 English Parliament refuses to recognize Philip of Spain as king1557 World’s first sovereign bankruptcy following the indulgence of Genoese Lenders for Philip II

SPAIN: HIGHLIGHTS

1567 Duke of Alba and the riots in the Netherlands1569 Pilip II ordered the Inquisition in America1571 Battle of Lepanto1580 Duke of Alba invades Portugal, Portugal submits in 15811581 Death of Bernal Díaz del Castillo, author of the True History of the Conauqest of New Spain1588 Spanish Armada defeated by England1598 Philip II dies

CLASSICS