the reformation & counter-reformation (1500s europe)

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The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

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Page 1: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

The Reformation & Counter-Reformation

(1500s Europe)

Page 2: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

How did the Renaissance lead to the Protestant Reformation?

(Class document handouts)

Page 3: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Document 1 The Medieval R.C. Church

Describe the role of the RCC in the Middle Ages.

Page 4: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Document 2The Renaissance

How did the introduction of new trade around 1300 change Europe?

Page 5: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Document 3Humanism

How did the ideas of the Humanists differ from those of people during the Middle Ages?

Page 6: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Document 4The Renaissance Church

How did the Church pay for the religious masterpieces of art created during the

Renaissance such as DaVinci’s Last Supper?

Page 7: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Document 5The Printing Press

What were Gutenberg’s first projects for reproduction?

What effect would the availability of books have on society?

Page 8: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Document 6Johann Tetzel

What is an indulgence?Why would an everyday person in the early 1500s

buy an indulgence from Tetzel?

Page 9: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Document 7Martin Luther

Why would Martin Luther give credibility to the protest against the abuses of the RCC?

How do you think the pope will react to Luther’s actions?

Page 10: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

John Calvin (1509-1564)French Priest

• 1536 published The Institutes of the Christian Religion– Christians could only reach heaven through faith alone– Predestination – the belief that God had determined before

the beginning of time who would gain salvation– Church is led by local council of ministers– Followed strict code of conduct (no fighting, swearing,

drunkenness, gambling, card playing or dancing)

• Set-up a model community in Geneva, Switzerland

Page 11: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Henry VIII (1491-1547)King of England

• After 18 years of marriage, Henry & his wife, Catherine of Aragon (Spain), had only one child, a daughter named Mary

• He asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine in an effort to remarry and obtain a male heir (common practice during the time since the Catholic Church does not allow divorce)

• The pope refused Henry’s request since the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, was Catherine’s nephew

Why does Henry want a male heir?Predict how Henry will react to the pope’s refusal.

Page 12: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Henry’s Supremacy

• 1534 Act of Supremacy– Created the Church of England– Made Henry head of the Church

(not the pope)– Kept Catholic doctrines & forms of

worship

• Reaction in England– Devout Catholics opposed– 1535 Thomas More (Utopia)

beheaded for treason– 1536-1540 Henry closed

monasteries & convents and seized Church land

What was Henry’s goal for all of these changes?Should Henry be considered part of the Reformation?

Page 13: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Henry’s WivesArchbishop Thomas Cranmer annulled Henry’s

marriage to Catherine in 1532. Catherine is separated from Mary, banished from court

& 4 years later, died of a broken heart.

Henry marries Anne Boleyn (Catherine’s ladyin waiting) in 1533 & they have a daughter,

Elizabeth. Anne falls out of Henry’s favor after a still-born son. She is executed on false

evidence for treason in 1536.

Eleven days after Anne’s execution, he marriedher lady in waiting, Jane Seymour. Jane

gave birth to a boy, Edward, but died after complications 12 days later.

Catherine of Aragonm. 1509 - 1532

Anne Boleynm. 1533 - 1536

Jane Seymourm. 1536 - 1537

Page 14: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

Henry’s Wives (cont.)Thomas Cromwell, his Chief Minister,

persuaded Henry to marry Anne for an alliancewith Germany, as Anne's father was the Duke.

However, Henry didn’t find her attractive & they divorced amicably.

Kathryn was a cousin of Anne Boleyn. She was19 when she married Henry (he was 50). She

was accused of having lovers & wasbeheaded in 1542 (with the lovers).

Katherine became a companion and nurse for Henry in old age. She reunited him with

his children, who all came back to court beforehis death in 1547.

Anne of Clevesm. 1540 Jan. - July

Kathryn Howardm. 1540 - 1542

Katherine Parrm. 1543 - 1547

Page 15: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

What became of the Church of England after Henry’s death?

• Henry VIII’s will gave the throne to his children: Edward (if no male heirs) Mary (if no male heirs) Elizabeth (if no male heirs) Henry’s younger sister & her family (they were Protestant)

• 1547 – Edward succeeded Henry at 9 years old to become Edward VI.

• The young king was surrounded by Protestant officials who pushed for Calvinist reforms.

• Thomas Cranmer drew up the Book of Common Prayer– Imposed moderate form of Protestant service

Why did these reforms spark violence in England?

Page 16: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

What became of the Church of England after Henry’s death? (cont.)

• Edward VI died of tuberculosis in 1553 (at 15) w/o an heir he gave the throne to his cousin Jane Grey (bypassing his sisters)

• Jane was queen for 9 days until one-by-one, the counties proclaimed Mary queen.

• Mary became queen in 1553 (at 37) & married her cousin, Philip II of Spain (at 27), the son & heir of Charles V (HRE)

• Many English were unhappy w/ a Catholic monarch & plots against the queen began Mary responded w/ executing 300 people & earning her nickname “Bloody Mary”)

Why didn’t Edward want his sisters to become queen?

Page 17: The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (1500s Europe)

What became of the Church of England after Henry’s death? (cont.)

• Mary fell ill in the spring of 1558 & died that fall w/o an heir the crown passed to Elizabeth

• Avoiding religious tension – she adopted the Act of Uniformity (a religious compromise of Protestant belief and Catholic practice that became known as Anglican– Book of Common Prayer reestablished– The monarch headed of the Church– Latin was the language of the Church– Catholic hierarchy was kept– England was firmly a Protestant nation

Why did Elizabeth adopt the Act of Uniformity?