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SUBJECT: HISTORY

CLASS : XII

HIGH ORDER THINKING SKILLS QUESTIONS

2008-09

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHANJAIPUR REGION

CHIEF PATRON* SH K P CHAMOLAAsstt commissionerKVS (RO) JAIPUR

PATRON * 1. Mrs. S. Mirdha, E.O.2. Sh. H.C. Chawla, E.O.3. Sh. N.K. Bharadwaj, E.O

CONVENER * Smt Raj AggarwalPrincipalK.V. No.1 Jaipur

RESOURCE PERSONS1. Sh. Prahalad Singh

PGT (History) K V Churu

2. Sh. D.C. Srivastava PGT (History) K V No.2 Jaipur

3. Sh. H H LallPGT (History) K V 1 AFS Jodhpur

4. Sh. Dileep SrivastavaPGT (History) K V Bharatpur

5. Sh. D K SharmaPGT (History) K V 1 AFS Suratgarh

6. Sh. Raghavendra LalsantaniaPGT (History) K V 1 Jaipur

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan enjoys enviable reputation

among all educational institutions in India. It has become the torch-

bearer in the field of education. As a giant step towards greater

excellence, the Honorable Assistant Commissioner KVS Jaipur

region Dr. K.P. Chamola has taken it as a challenge to improve the

results of CBSE Class-XII examinations in History. The task of

preparing and developing a High Order Skills Questions' as a

powerful tool to materialise the dream was assigned to me as a

convenor along with a team of highly experienced and talented

teachers of History.

I wish to extend my heart-felt thanks to our Honorable Assistant

Commissioner Dr. K.P. Chamola for magnificent faith and trust he

posed in me while assigning the task and for his encouragement and

constant guidance throughout the great endeavour. It is a pleasure to

record my gratitude to our esteemed Education Officers Mrs. S.

Mirdha, Sh. H.C. Chawla, Sh. N.K. Bharadwaj for their valuable

support, suggestions and motivation provided to me from time to

time. I wish to offer my thanks to P.G.Ts Sh. Prahalad Singh KV Churu,

Sh. D.C. Srivastava KV No.2 Jaipur, Sh. H.H. Lal KV No.1 AFS Jodhpur,

Sh. Dileep Srivastava KV Bharatpur Sh. D.K. Sharma KV 1 AFS Suratgarh

& Sh. R.L. Santania KV 1 Jaipur for their concerted hard-work and

diligence in the production of this High Order Skills Questions.

Smt. Raj AggarwalConvenor & Principal

K.V. No. 1 Jaipur

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INDEX

S No. Topic Page

1. Bricks, Beads and Bones, The Harappan Civilisation 5-92. Kings, Farmers and Town- Early states and economics 10-153. Kinship, Caste and Class- Early Societies 16-254. Thinkers, Beliefs and buildings- Cultural Development 26-365. Theough the eyes of travelers, perceptions of society 37-466. Bhakti-Sufi traditions- Changes in religious beliefs. 47-557. An imperial capital- Vijaynagar 55-628. Peasants, Zamindaras and the state 63-729. Kings and chronicles- The Mughal courts 73-7910. Colonialism and the country side- Exploring official archives 80-85 11. Rebels and the Raj- Revolt of 1857 and its representations 86-9312. Colonial cities – Urbanisation, Planning and architecture 94-103 13. Mahatma Gandhi & the nationalist movement 104-110 14. Understanding partitions- Politics, memories experiences 111-116 15. Framing the constitution- The beginning of a new era. 117-121

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CHAPTER 1BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES

(The Harappan Civilisations)Q1. How can you say that the Harappan culture was an urban one.

Ans. The following examples show that the Harappan culture was an urban

one:

a) The cities were well planned and thickly populated.

b) The road were straight and wide.

c) The houses were made of burnt bricks and contained more than

one storey.

d) Every house had a well and a bathroom.

e) The drainage system was excellent with house drains emptying

into street drains.

f) The citadel of Harappa had public buildings.

g) Lothal had a dockyard and was an important trading centre.

h) After the decline of the Harappan culture, town planning was

forgotten and there was absence of city life for about a thousand

years.

Q2. “Our knowledge about the Indus Valley Civilization is poorer than

that of the other Civilizations”. Explain it by your arguments?

Ans.i)The major reason behind our poorer knowledge about the Indus

Valley Civilization than that of the other Civilizations is that the script

of that age has hitherto not been deciphered. Hence, we have only

know about the period and development of this Civilization on the

basis of more speculation.

ii) The easy method behind seeking knowledge about other Civilizations

such as that of Egypt, Mesopatamia, China etc. was the deciphering of

their scripts. Scripts is that sole basis through which we can gather

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through knowledge about the art, literature, customs, dresses, function

and religion etc. of any Civilizations

Q3. Discuss the functions that may have been performed by rulers in

Harappan society

Ans. Some archaeologists are of the opinion that Harappan society had no

rulers and that everybody enjoyed equal status. Others feel there was

no single ruler but several that Mohenjodaro had a separate ruler,

Harappa another and so forth yet others argue that there was a single

state given the similarity in artefacts, the evidence for planned

settlements the standardized ratio of brick size and the establishments

of settlements near sources of raw material. As of now, the last theory

seems the most plausible as it is unlikely that entire communities

could have collectively made and implemented such complex

decisions.

i) There are indications of complex decisions being taken and

implemented in Harappan society. Take for instance the extraordinary

uniformity of Harappan artefacts as evident in pottery seals weights

and bricks.

ii) Notably bricks though obviously not produced in any single centre,

were of a uniform ratio throughout the region, from Jammu to

Gujarat. We have also seen that settlements were strategically set up

in specific locations for various reasons.

iii) Besides, labour was mobilised for making bricks and for the

construction of massive walls and platforms.

Who organized these activities ? I think the rulers might have

performed all these works.

Under the guidance and supervision of the rulers plans and layouts of

the city were prepared. Big buildings palaces forts, tanks wells, 6

canals, Granaries were constructed. Roads lanes and drains were also

constructed and cleanliness was maintained under the over all

supervision of the ruler.

The ruler might have taken interest in economy of the state or city

states. He use to inspire the farmer to increase agricultural production.

He use to motivate the craftman to promote different handicrafts.

Internal as well as external trade was promoted by the ruler. He use to

issue common exceptable coins or seals, weights and measurements.

During the natural calamity such as flood earthquake, epidemic etc.

the ruler use to provide grains and other eatables to the affected

people. He use to play active role to defend cities or state from foreign

attack.

ikB&1bZV] euds rFkk vfLFk;ka ¼gM+Iik

lH;rk½

iz01-vki ;g dSls dg ldrs gS fd gM+Iik laLd`fr ,d ukxjh; lH;rk Fkh \

m0 fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k ml ckr dks n’kkZrs gS fd gM+Iik laLd`fr ,d ukxjh; lH;Rkk FkhA

1- uxj lqfu;ksftr vkSj ?kuh vkcknh okys FksA 2- lM+ds lh/kh vkSj pkSM+h FkhA 3- ?kj iDdh yky bZaVksa ds cus Fks vkSj ,d ls vf/kd

eaftyk esa FksA 4- izR;sd ?kj esa dqavk o Luku?kj FksA

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5- ty fudklh dh mRre O;oLFkk Fkh tks eq[; ty fudklh ls tqM+h FkhA

6- gM+Iik uxj esa lkoZtfud Hkou ns[kus dks feys gSA 7- yksFky esa Mksd;kMZ feys gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd eq[;

O;kikfjd dsUnz jgs FksA 8- gM+Iik laLd`fr ds iru ds ckn uxj fu;kstu yxHkx Hkwy

x;s vkSj uxj thou yxHkx gtkj o"kZ rd ns[kus dks ugha feykA

iz02-vU; lH;rkvksa dh vis{kk flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk ds fo"k; esa gekjh tkudkjh de D;ksa gS \ vius rdZ ls O;k[;k djasA

m0 ¼1½ ml dky dh fyfi vkt rd Ik<+h ugha tk ldh gSA ¼2½ dsoy iqjkrkfRod vo’ks"kksa dk v/;;u djrs gq,

vuqeku ds vk/kkj ij gh flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds fo"k; esa ¼lH;rk dk le; o fodkl vkfn dk½ Kku izkIr dj ik, gS tcfd vU; lH;rkvksa ds lEcU/k esas tkudkjh dk eq[; vk/kkj mudh fyfi dk Ik<+k tkuk gSA

iz03-gM+IikbZ lekt esa 'kkldksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys laHkkfor dk;ksZ dh ppkZ dhft,A m0 fo}kuksa dh jk; gS &¼1½ gM+IikbZ lekt esa 'kkldksa }kjk tfVy QSlys ysus

vkSj mUgsa dk;kZfUor djus tSls egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;s tkrs FksA os blds fy, ,d lk{; izLrqr djrs gq, dgrs gS fd gM+IikbZ iqjkOkLrqvksa esa vlk/kkj.k ,d:irk dks gh ys]

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tSlk fd e`nekaMksa] eqgjksa] ckaVksa rFkk bZaVksa ls Li"V gSA

¼2½ cfLr;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysuk cM+h la[;k esa bZaVksa dks cukuk] 'kgjks esa fo’kky nhokjsa] lkoZtfud bekjrsa] muds fu;kstu djus dk dk;Z] nqxZ ds fuekZ.k ls igys pcwrjksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysuk] yk[kks dh la[;k esa fofHkUu dk;ksZ ds fy, Jfedksa dh O;oLFkk djuk tSls egRoiw.kZ vksj dfBu dk;Z laHkor% 'kkld gh djrk FkkA

¼3½ dqN iqjkrRofon ;g ekurs gS fd flU/kq ?kkVh dh ledkyhu lH;rk eSlksiksVkfe;k ds leku gM+IikbZ yksxksa esa Hkh ,d iqjksfgr jktk gksrk Fkk tks izklkn ¼egy½ esa jgrk FkkA yksx mls iRFkj dh ewfrZ;ks esa vkdkj nsdj lEeku djrs FksA laHkor% /kkfeZd vuq"Bku mUgha ds }kjk fd;k ;k djk;k tkrk FkkAgka ;s lR; gS fd gM+Iik lH;rk dh vkuq"Bkfud izFkk,a vHkh rd Bhd izdkj ls le>h ugha tk ldh gS vkSj u gh ;g tkuus ds lk/ku miyC/k gS fd D;k tks yksx bu vuq"Bkuksa dk fu"iknu djrs Fks mUgha ds ikl jktuSfrd lRrk gksrh FkhA

¼4½ dqN iqjkrRofon bl er ds gS fd gM+IikbZ lekt esa 'kkld ugah Fks rFkk lHkh dh lkekftd fLFkfr leku FkhA nwljs iqjkrRofon ;g ekurs gS fd ;gka dksbZ ,d ugh cfYd dbZ 'kkld Fks tSls eksgutksnMksa] gM+Iik vkfn ds vius

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vyx&vyx jktk gksrs FksA dqN vkSj ;g rdZ nsrs Fks fd ;g ,d gh jkT; Fkk tSlk fd iqjkoLrqvks esa lekukvksa] fu;ksftr cfLr;ksa ds dPps eky] bZaVksa ds vkdkj fu’fpr vuqikr rFkk cfLr;ksa ds dPps eky ds L=ksrksa ds lehi laLFkkfir gksus ls Li"V gSA vHkh rd dh fLFkfr esa vafre ifjdYiuk lcls ;qfDrlaxr izrhr gksrh gS D;ksafd ;g dnkfpr laHko ugha yxrk fd iwjs ds iwjs leqnk;ksa }kjk bdVB~s ,sls tfVy fu.kZ; fy;s rFkk dk;kZfUor fd;s tkrs gksaxsA

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CHAPTER 2

KINGS, FARMERS AND TOWNS

Early States and Economics (About 600 BCE-600 CE)

jktk] fdlku vkSj uxj vkjfEHkd jkT; vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk,a

¼yxHkx 600 bZ- iwoZ ls 600 bZ- rd½Q4. Discuss the evidence for craft production in early historic cities. In

what ways is this different from the evidence from Harappan cities ?

Ans. Excavation have been conducted at a number of early historic cities.

We have got several evidences for craft production in these cities.

i) People make bowls and dishes of every fine type of pottery

with a glossy finish. These pottery is know as the northern

black Polished ware (NBPW).

ii) The fine earthern pottery was probably used by rich people in

towns.

iii) In early cities ornaments, tools, weapons, vessels, figurines,

made a wide range of materials such as gold, silver, copper,

bronze, irory, glass, shell and terracotta.

Differences :

i) Traces of houses and different structures have also been

recovered in early historic cities. However they are unlike the

Harappan cities.

ii) The Harappan did not know the used of iron. Therefore we can

say they did not make different tools and implements of iron.

On the other hand we get sufficient evidences that iron was

used by the early historic cities people.11

Q5. Examine the sources of knowledge with us to know about India of the

Maurya Age ?

Ans. 1. Indica of Magasthenese : Indica is an important text by

Magasthenese which serve as the source of information about

Mauryan India. It depicts the contemporary administration, society,

political and economic condition of India in the most significant way.

2. Kautilya’s Arthashastra: Kautilya’s Arthashastra too throws

light on the various phases of contemporary India.

3. Vishakh Dutta’s Mudrarakshas : This significant text

delineates the destruction of Nanda dynasty at the hands of

Chandragupta Mayurya.

4. Jain and Buddha Literature : The literature of both of these

religious bears information regarding the contemporary Indian society

along with it politics etc.

5. Inscriptions of Asoka. The Inscriptions of Asoka located at

several places also throw light on the administration, religion, society,

caste system etc. of the Mauryan age.

Q6. This is a statement made by one of the best known epigraphists of the

twentieth century, D.C. Sircar: There is no aspect of life, culture and

activities of the Indians that is not reflected in inscriptions. Discuss.

Ans.

I. Introduction : Inscriptions are very important as a source of history

reconstruction. D.C. Sircar has correctly urged that there is no aspect

of life, culture and activities of the Indians that is not reflected in

inscriptions. Generally , inscriptions were commissioned by those

whose achievements / activities / ideas were recorded in them.

Inscriptions are virtually permanent records. Some inscriptions

carry dates. Others are dated on the basis of paleography or styles of 12

writing with a fair amount of precision. For instance the letter was

written like this c.250 BCE by C. 500 CE it was written like 500 A.D.

II. Description of gifts made to religious institution and description given

by inscriptions.

Votive inscriptions give us descriptions about gifts made to religious

institutions. These mention the name of the donor, and sometimes

specify his/her occupation as well.

III. Information about people of the Mauryan age and inscriptions: They

tell us about people who lived in towns: washing folk, weavers,

scribes, carpenters, potters, smiths, including goldsmiths and

blacksmiths, officials, religious teachers, merchants and kings.

Sometimes organizations of craft producers guilds or srenis are

mentioned in inscriptions and texts. These probably procured raw

materials regulated production and marketed the finished produce.

IV. Information about trade and inscriptions: Around the same time there

is evidence for long distance trade, historians combine evidence from

a variety of sources to reconstruct and understand this process.

iz04-vkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjks esa f’kYidyk ds mRiknu dh ppkZ dhft;sA gM+Iik ds uxjksa dh rqyuk esa ;g fdruk fHkUu gS \

m0 vkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld 'kgjksa dk vusd LFkkuksa ij mR[kuu fd;k x;k gSA bu 'kgjks esa gesa vusd LFkkuksa ij f’kYi mRiknu ds izek.k feys gSA

¼1½ yksx mRd`"V Js.kh ds dVkjs vkSj Fkkfy;ka cukrs Fks ftu ij fpduh dybZ p<+h gksrh FkhA mUgsa mRrjh v’osr ikWfy’k e`rHkkan ls tkuk tkrk gSA

13

¼2½ e`rHkkan ds lkFk&lkFk bu uxjks esa xgus] midj.k] gfFk;kj] crZu vkSj lksus pkanh] dkaL;] rkacs] gkFkh nkar] 'kh’ks] 'kq} vkSj iDdh feV~Vh dh ewfRkZ;ka Hkh cukbZ tkrh FkhA

¼3½ bu uxjks esa oL= cquus dk dk;Z] c<+bZfxjh e`nHkkaM cukus dk dk;Z] vkHkw"k.k cukus dk dk;Z] yksgs ds vkStkj] midj.k oLrq,a vkfn rS;kj djus dk dk;Z Hkh gksrk FkkaA laHkor% lqUnj feVVh ds crZu dsoy /kuh yksxksa ds }kjk iz;ksx eas yk;s tkrs FksA

¼4½ vusd ckj f’kYidkj vkSj mRiknd oxZ viuh Jsf.k;ka cukrs Fks tks f’kYidkjksa ds fy;s igys rks dPps eky dks [kjhnrh Fkh fQj muds }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s eky dks cktkj esa csprh FkhA f’kYidkj uxjks esa jgus okys laHkzkr yksxksa dh c<+rh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy;s vusd izdkj ds midj.kksa dk bLrseky djrs FksA

Hksn

¼1½ ;|fi edkuksa vkSj Hkouksa ds vo’ks"k ns’k esa bu vkjafHkd 'kgjks esa Hkh <wa<s x;s gS ysfdu ;s 'kgj dbZ ekeyks esa gM+IikbZ 'kgjks ls fHkUu gSA

¼2½ gM+Iik ds yksx bu izkjafHkd 'kgjks ds yksxksa ds leku yksgs ds iz;ksx dks ugh tkurs FksaA blfy;s ge ;g dg ldrs gS fd izkjafHkd 'kgjks ds f’kYidkj yksgs ls fofHkUu izdkj ds vkStkj vkSj midj.k ugha cukrs Fks ysfdu gesa ;g

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izek.k feyrk gS fd izkjafHkd 'kgjks ds yksx cM+h ek=k esa yksgs ds vkStkj] midj.k vkSj oLrq,a cukrs FksA

iz05-ekS;ksZ ds jktuSfrd bfrgkl ds eq[; L=ksr D;k gS \m0¼1½ eSxLFkuht dh bafMdk & ekS;Zdkyhu Hkkjr ds

fo"k; esa Kku izkIr djus ds fy;s eSxLFkuht }kjk jfpr ^bf.Mdk^ egRoiw.kZ xzaFk gS ftlesa rRdkyhu 'kklu O;oLFkk] lekt] jktuSfrd o vkfFkZd voLFkk ij egRoiw.kZ fooj.k feyrk gSA

¼2½ dkSfVY; dk vFkZ’kkL=& dkSfVY; dk vFkZ’kkL= Hkh rRdkyhu Hkkjr ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij izdk’k Mkyrk gS ftlls ekS;ksZ ds ckjs esa irk pyrk gSA

¼3½ fo’kk[kknRr eqnzkjk{kl & bl izeq[k xzaFk esa uan oa’k dk pUnzxqIr }kjk uk’k dk o.kZu gSA

¼4½ tSu vkSj ckS} lkfgR; & tSu vkSj ckS} nksuks /keksZ ds lkfgR; esa rRdkyhu lekt] jktuhfr vkfn dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

¼5½ v’kksd ds vfHkys[k & LFkku&LFkku ij yxs v’kksd ds vfHkys[kks ls Hkh ekS;Zdkyhu iz’kklu] /keZ] lekt vFkZO;oLFkk vkfn ij izdk’k iM+rk gSA

iz06- ;g chloh 'krkCnh ds ,d lqfo[;kr vfHkys[k 'kkL=h Mh lh fljdkj dk dFku gS %Hkkjrh;ks ds thou] laLd`fr vkSj fØ;kvksa dk ,slk dksbZ vax ugh gS ftudk izfrfcac vfHkys[kks esa ugh gSA ppkZ dhft;sA

15

m0¼1½ izLrkouk & bfrgkl dh jpuk dh n`f"V ls vfHkys[k

cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ L=ksr gSA vfHkys[k fo’ks"kK Mh lh fljdkj us Bhd gh dgk gS fd Hkkjrh; ds thou laLd`fr] vkSj fdz;kvksa dk dksbZ vax ugh gS ftudk izfrfcac vfHkys[kks esa Hkh gqvk gsA lkekU;r% vfHkys[kks esa mUgh yksxksa dh miyfC/k;ksa@xfrfof/k;ksa vksj fopkjksa dks fyfic} fd;k tkrk Fkk tks mUgsa fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij LFkkfir djus ds fo"k; esa fu.kZ; ysrs FksA

vfHkys[kks esa efgykvksa vkSj iq:"kksa }kjk /kkfeZd laLFkkvks dks fn;s x;s nku dk fooj.k gksrk gSA vfHkys[k ,d rjg ls LFkk;h lk{; gksrs gSA vusd vfHkys[kksa esa buds fuekZ.k dh frfFk [kqnh gksrh gS] dqN dh frfFk dk fu/kkZj.k ij mu ij fy[kh xbZ fyfi dh cukoV ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, yxHkx 350 bZ0 iwoZ0 esa o.kZ vA bl izdkj fy[kk tkrk FkkA 500 bZ0 esa ;g ds :Ik esa fy[kk tkus yxkA

2- /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa }kjk vU; nku izkIr djus okys

fo"k;ks esa vfHkys[kksa }kjk fn;k x;k fooj.k & fofHkUu vfHkys[kks esa jktkvksa ;k laLFkkvksa ;k O;fDr;ksa }kjk eafnjksa] fogkjksa ;k Lrwiks vkfn dks fn;s x;s Hkw nkuksa vFkok nku jkf’k;ksa dk mYys[k izkIr

16

gksrk gA buesa nku nsus okys uke ds lkFk&lkFk mlds O;olk; dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSA

3- ekS;Z ;qx ds fo"k; ls lwpuk,a vkSj vfHkys[k &

vfHkys[kksa ls gesa uxjks eas jgus okys] /kksch] cqudj] fyfid] c<+kbZ] dqEgkj] Lo.kZdkj] ykSgdkj] vf/kdkjh] /kkfeZd xq: O;kikjh vkSj jktkvksa ds ckjs esa fooj.k fy[ks gksrs gSA dHkh&dHkh mRikndska vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ds la?kksa ;k Js.kh dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSA ;g Jsf.k;ka laHkor% igys dPPks eky dks [kjhnrh Fkh fQj muls lkeku rS;kj dj cktkj esa csp nsrs FksA

4- O;kikj ds ckjs esa lwpuk vkSj vfHkys[k & yxHkx blh le; ds nkSjku gesa vfHkys[kks ls ls nwj&nwj ns’kksa ds lkFk Hkkjrh; O;kikfjd lEcU/k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA tks Hkh gks gesa ;g ekuuk iM+sxk fd bfrgkldkj] bfrgkl ds iw.kZ fuekZ.k vkSj mls le>us ds fy;s vfHkys[kksa dk lgkjk gh ugh ysrs cfYd fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld L=ksrksa ij tksj nsrs gSA

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CHAPTER 3

KINSHIP, CASTE AND CLASS EARLY SOCIETIES

(C 600 BCE-600 CE)ca/kqRo] tkfr rFkk oxZ vkjfEHkd lekt ¼yxHkx 600

bZ- iwoZ ls 600 bZ-rd½

Q7. How the Manusmriti has define the features and functions of

chandalas? What some Chinese travelers have written about them ?

18

Ans. (i) The Manusmriti (compiled c. 2nd century (CE) laid down what it

described as the duties of the chandalas. They were expected to live

outside the village use discarded bowls with dogs and donkeys as their

wealth. They were to wear the clothes of the dead and eat out of

broken dishes wear ornaments of black iron and wander constantly.

They were not to walk about in villages and cities at night. They had

to handle the bodies of those who had no relatives and act as

executioners.

(ii) Much later in the account of his travels the Chinese Buddhish

monk Fa Xian (5th century CE) wrote that the untouchables had to

sound a clapper in the streets of the town to warn the people of their

presence. Another Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang (7th century CE)

observed that executioners and scavengers were forced to live outside

the city and their houses were marked.

Q8. Textual traditions are one of the major sources for understanding the

process of changes. Explain the statement in about 100 words.

Ans. Textual traditions are of the major sources for understanding changes

in the economy and polity. Some texts laid down norms of social

behaviour. Others described and occasionally commented on a wide

range of social situation and practices. And we can catch a glimpse of

some social actors from inscriptions. Each of these sources is written

from the perspective of some social categories. So we need to keep in

mind who composed it and for whom. We also need to consider the

language of the text, and ways in which it circulated.

Q9. The following is an excerpt from the Mahabarta in which Yudishtra,

the eldest Pandava speaks to Sanjaya a messenger :

Sanjaya convey my respectful greetings to all the Brahmanas and the

chief priest of the house of Dhritarashtra. I bow respectfully to teacher 19

Drona……I hold the feet of our preceptor Kripa…. (and) the chief of

the Kurus, the great Bhishma. I bow respectfully to the old king

(Dhritarashtra). I greet and ask after the health of his son Dhritarashtra

and his younger brother……. Also greet all the young Kuruwarriors

who are our brothers sons and grandsons….. Greet above all him who

is to us like father and mother, the wise Vidura (born of a slave

woman)…. I bow to the elderly ladies who are known as our mother.

To those who are our wives you say this, “I hope they are well

protected… Our daughters in law born of good families and mothers

of children greet on my behalf. Embrace for me those who are our

daughters…… The beautiful fragrant well dressed courtesans of ours

you should also greet. Greet the slave women and their children greet

the aged the maimed (and) the helpless.

Try and identify the criteria used to make this list in terms of

age, gender kinship ties. Are there any other criteria ? For each

category explain why are placed in a particular position in the list.

Ans. The criteria had been used to make this list the terms of age gender

and kinship ties in brief ca be mention in this way :

i) First of all respect should be paid to all the Brahamans and the chief

priest of the ruler.

ii) Secondly Guru Dronacharya should be honoured.

iii) The great old man Bhismpitama was given place of honour at third

position.

iv) After that Yudhisthira bow respectfully to old king and his young

brother to all these people he considered like his father and then he

should respect to female members of Kuru family as his mothers –

Kinship were honoured.

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v) At next place Yudhisthira showed honoured to Vidhura born of a

slave women. After that the elderly ladies and daughters and mother

of children were given respect.

vi) There is other criteria also respect should be shown equally to all elder

persons whether they are from royal families or they are Brahamans

or from any other Varnas because age should be given first of all

regard without considering gender and blood relation.

vii) Yudhisthira put his list of honour keeping of view the old traditions of

Brahamans text (books) and maintaining the old social order generally

followed during the epic age.

Q10. This is what a famous historian of Indian literature Maurice

Winternitz, wrote about the Mahabarata: “just because Mahabarata

represents more of an entire literature….. and contains so much and so

many kinds of things….. (it) gives (s) us an insight into the most

profound depths of the sold of the Indian folk”….Discuss.

Ans. There are several literary sources to reconstruct ancient Indian history.

Mahabarata is one of them. This is a famous historical source. Its

importance has been recognized in not by Indian historian but also by

foreign and western historian for example Maurice Winternitz wrote

about great epic just because the Mahabarata represents more of an

entire literature. It contains to so many kinds of hints related with

different aspects of the Indian lives. It we study this vast book it gives

us and inside into the most perfound depth of the soul of the Indian

people. For example Mahabarata was written in Sanskrit, a language

meant also exclusively for priests and elites. However the Sanskrit

used in simpler than that of the Vedas. Therefore it was probably

widely understood.

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Historians usually classify the contents of the present text under

two broad heads sections that contain stories designated as the

narrative and section that contain prescriptions about social norms

designated as didactic. This division is by no means watertight – the

didactic sections include stories and the narrative often contains a

social message. However generally historians agree that the

Mahabarata was meant to be dramatic moving story and that the

didactic portions were probably added later.

Interestingly the text is described as an itihasa within early

Sanskrit tradition. The literal meaning of the term is thus it was which

is why it is generally translated as history. Was there a real war that

was remembered in the epic ? We are not sure. Some historians think

that the memory of an actual conflict amongst kinfolk was preserved

in the narrative others pint out that there is no other corroborative

evidence of the battle.

Who wrote the Mahabarata. This is a question to which there

are several answers. The original story was probably composed by

charioteer bards known as sutas who generally accompanied

Kshatriya warriors to the beattlefiled and composed poems celebrating

their victories and other achievements. These compositions circulated

orally. Then, from the fifth century BCE, Brahmanas took over the

story and began to commit it to writing. This was the time when

chiefdoms such as those of the Kurus and Panchalas around whom the

story of the epic revolves, were gradually becoming kingdoms. Did

the new things want their itihasa to be recorded and preserved more

systematically ? It is also possible that the unpheavals that often

accompanied the establishment of these states, where old social values

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were often replaced by new norms, are reflected in some parts of the

story.

The Mahabarata, like any other major epic, contains vivid

descriptions of battles, forests palaces and settlements. This book

described not only Kinship, political life of that period but also social

priority based on caste, sex and social classes. We can find about

some major feature of family life such as ideal of patriliny, different

forms of marriage and rules related with marriage system the social

position of women however mothers important in the society. Social

differences prevailed in the social system of India. Some thrones were

occupied even by known Kshtriya kings. The epic also deals about jati

and social mability etc.

iz07-euqLe`fr esa paMkyksa dh fo’ks"krk,a vkSj dk;Z dks fdl izdkj mYysf[kr fd;k x;k gS \ dqN phuh ;kf=;kas us muds ckjs es D;k fy[kk gS \

m01 euqLe`fr esa p.Mkyksa ds drZO;ksa dh lwph feyrh gSA

mUgsa xkao ds ckgj jguk gksrk FkkA os Qsasds gq, crZuksa dk bLrseky djrs Fks ejs gq, yksxksa ds oL= rFkk yksgsa ds vkHkw"k.k igurs FksA jkf= esa os xkao vkSj uxjks esa py&fQj ugha ldrs FksA lEcfU/k;ksa ls foghu e`rdksa dh mUgsa vaR;sf"V djuh iM+rh Fkh rFkk of/kd ds :Ik esa Hkh dk;Z djuk gksrk FkkA

23

2- phu ls vk;s ckS} fHk{kq Qk&f’k,u ¼yxHkx ikapoh 'krkCnh bZLoh½ dk dguk gS fd vLi`’;ksa dks lM+d ij pyrs gq, djrky ctkdj vius gksus dh lwpuk nsuh iM+rh Fkh ftlls vU; tu mUgsa ns[kus ds nks"k ls cp tk;ssA ,d vkSj phuh rhFkZ;k=h 'oSu&Rlkax ¼yxHkx lkroh 'krkCnh bZLoh½ dgrk gS fd of/kd vkSj lQkbZ djus okyksa dks uxj ls ckgj jguk iM+rk FkkA

iz08- lkfgfR;d ijaijk,a ifjorZu izfØ;kvksa dks le>us ds fy;s izeq[k L=ksrks esa ls ,d gSA yxHkx 100 'kCnks esa bl dFku dh O;k[;k dhft;sA

m0 ca/kqRo tkfr izFkk rFkk oxZ ;k o.kZ O;oLFkk vkfn vkjafHkd lekkftd izfdz;kvksa dks le>us ds fy;s bfrgkldkj lkfgR;d ijEijkvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSA dqN xzaFk lkekftd O;ogkj ds ekunaM r; djrs FksA vU; xzaFk lekt dk fp=.k djrs Fks vkSj dHkh dHkh lekt es ekStwn fofHkUu fjoktksa ij viuh fVIi.kh Hkh izLrqr djrs FksA vfHkys[kksa ls gesa lekt ds dqN ,sfrgkfld vfHkuk;dksa dh >yd feyrh gSAge ns[ksaxs fd izR;sd xzaFk ¼vkSj vfHkys[k½ ,d leqnk; fo’ks"k ds n`f"Vdks.k ls fy[kk tkrk Fkk]vr% ;g ;kn j[kuk t:jh gks tkrk gS fd ;s xzaFk fdlus fy[ks] D;k fy[kk x;k vkSj fduds fy;s budh jpuk gqbZA bl ckr ij Hkh /;ku nsuk t:jh gS fd bu xazFkksa dh jpuk esa fdl Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gqvk rFkk budk izpkj izlkj fdl rjg gqvkA ;fn ge bu xzaFkksa dk

24

iz;ksx lko/kkuh ls djs rks lekt esa izpfyr vkpkj O;ogkj vkSj fjoktksa dk bfrgkl fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

iz09- fuEufyf[kr vorj.k egkHkkjr ls gS ftlesa T;s"B ikaMo ;qf/kf"Bj nwr lat; dks lEcksf/kr dj jgs gSA lat; /k`rjk"Vª x`g ds lHkh czkge.kksa vkSj eq[; iqjksfgr dks esjk fofur vfHkoknu nhft,xkA eSa xq: nzks.k ds lkeus ureLrd gksrk gwaA eSa d`ikpk;Z dk pj.k Li’kZ djrk gwa ¼vksj½ dq: oa’k ds iz/kku Hkh"e dsA eSa o`} jktk ¼/k`rjk"Vª½ dks ueu djrk gwaA eS amuds iq= nq;ksZ/ku vkSj muds vuqtksa ds LokLF; ds ckjs esa iwNrk gwa rFkk mudks 'kqHkdkeuka, nsrk gwa eSa mu lc ;qok dq: ;ks}kvksa dk vfHkuanu djrk gwa tks gekjs Hkkbz] iq= vksj ikS= gSA loksZifj eSa mu egkefr fonqj dks ¼ftudk tUe nklh ls gqvk gS½ ueLdkj djrk gwa tks gekjs firk vkSj ekrk ds ln`’k gS----- eSa mu lHkh o`}k fL=;ksa dks iz.kke djrk gwa tks gekjh ekrkvksa ds :Ik esa tkuh tkrh gSA tks gekjh ifRu;k gS muls ;g dfg,xk fd ^^eSa vk’kk djrk gwa fd os lqjf{kr gS^^------ esjh vksj ls mu dqyo/kwvksa dk tks mRre ifjokjks esa tUeh gS vkSj cPpksa dh ekrka, gS vfHkuanu dhft,xk rFkk gekjh iqf=;ksa dk vkfyaxu dhft,xk^^ lqUnj lqxaf/kr] lqosf’kr xf.kdkvksa dks 'kqHkdkeuk,a nhft,xkA nkfl;ksa vkSj

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mudh larkuksa rFkk o`} fodykax vkSj vlgk; tuksa dks Hkh esjh vksj ls ueLdkj dfj,xk^^A

bl lwph dks cukus ds vk/kkjksa dh igpku dhft,&mez] fyax Hksn] o ca/kqRo ds lanHkZ esa \ D;k dksbZ vU; vk/kkj Hkh gS \ izR;sd Js.kh ds fy, Li"V dhft, fd lwph esa mUgsa ,d fo’ks"k LFkku ij D;ksa j[kk x;k gS \

m0 bl lwph esa ftu vk/kkjksa dks blds fuekZ.k gsrq ekU;rk nh xbZ gS mudh igpku djrs gq, ge ;g dg ldrs gS fd mezz] fyax] cU/kqRo ds lanHkZ esa lkFk&lkFk xq: f’k"; ds lEcU/k] jktk ds izfr lEeku] ekrkvksa ds izfr vfHkuanu fo’ks"k :Ik ls /;ku esa j[ks x;s gSA

1- bl lwph esa loZizFke lcls cM+s ikaMo ;qf/kf"Bj us dkSjoksa ds nwr lat; dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq, vius jkT; vFkok {ks= ds lHkh czkge.kksa vkSj eq[; iqjksfgr dks viuk ouhr vfHkokn izLrqr fd;kA oLrqr% egkdkO; dky esa lHkh {kf=; iwjs czkge.k o.kZ dk vfHkUkUnu lEeku djrs Fks D;ksafd mUgsa lekt esa mudh fo}rk] Kku vkfn ds fy;s loksZPp LFkku lkekftd <kaps esa dsoy fn[kkus ds fy;s ugh cfYd O;ogkfjd <kaps esa Hkh izkIr FkkA

2- czkge.kksa ds mijkar ;qf/kf"Bj us xq: nzks.k ds izfr g`n; ls ureLrd gkssj vius lEeku dh vfHkO;fDr dhA os nzks.k dh rjg d`ikpk;Z dks Hkh lEekuuh; ds fy;s xq: ekurs FksA

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3- mUgksus dq:vksa ds iz/kku vkSj lcls mez esa cM+s Hkh"e firkeg dks lEeku fn;k D;ksafd os viuh ;ksX;rk ds lkFk&lkFk mez vkSj vuqHko dh n`f"V ls Hkh lEekuuh; Fksa

4- ;|fi /k`rjk"Vª dksjoksa ds firk Fks ysfdu mUgsa Hkh ;qf/kf"Bj us lEeku fn;k D;ksafd os o` vksj ikaMo ca/kq ds lkFk jDr ds }kjk lEcfU/kr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk gfLrukiqj ds ujs’k Hkh FksA

5- ;qf/kf"Bj e;kZnk iq:"kksRreksa esa ls ,d FksA os egkHkkjr ds ;q} 'kq: gksus ls iwoZ bl dky dk vPNk izek.k nsrs gSA balkfu;r muds O;ogkj vkSj fopkjksa ls vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSA ;|fi lkfgR;dkjksa us nq;ksZ/ku dks ,d vPNs ik= ds :Ik esa mifLFkr ugh fd;k gS ysfdu T;s"B ikaMo ;qf/kf"Bj us 'kgtknksa esa ls Js"B nq;ksZ/ku vkSj mlds vusd NksVs HkkbZ;ksa ds ckjs esa jktnwr lat; ls iwNdj f’k"Vkpkj dk fuokZg fd;k vkSj viuh 'kqHkdkeuk,a mls izLrqr dhA fulansg ;g f’k"Vkpkj dk rdktk gSA

6- ,d u;s lEcU/k ds :Ik esa ge vuqPNsn ;k mi;qZDr vorj.k dh vxyh iafDr ls ;g tkurs gS fd ml dky esa ,d ohj nwljs ohj ;k ;ks}k dk lEeku djrk FkkA lat; ls ;qf/kf"Bj us dgk] ^^eSa mu lc ;qok dq: ;ks}kvksa dk vfHkoknu djrk gwa tks gekjs HkkbZ] iq= vkSj ikS= gSA^^

27

7- ;qf/kf"Bj vxyk vk/kkj lEeku dk ckSf}d Lrj dks cukrs gSA fonqj egkerh oDrk FkkA og fo}kuks esa loksZifj FkkA fulansg mudk tUe ,d nklh dh dks[k ls gqvk Fkk ysfdu ;qf/kf"Bj tUe ds vk/kkj ij vk/kkfjr o.kZ O;oLFkk esa ;dhu ugha j[krk FkkA mlus ckSf}d Lrj ds vk/kkj ij fonqj dks ueu fd;k vksj mUgsa vius firk vkSj ekrk ds lg`n; crk;kA

8- ;qf/kf"Bj us fL=;ksa] fo’ks"kdj o`}k fL=;ksa vksj mldh ekrk dh mezz ds ukfj;ksa ds izfr viuk ueLdkj] lEeku lat; dks nsus ds fy;s dgkA ;g bl ckr dk izrhd gS fd dqyhu oxZ ds yksx Hkh bl ns’k esa ukfj;ksa dk cgqr lEeku djrs FksA mUgksus 'kh?kz gh vius NksVs HkkbZ;ksa] iq=ks] ikS=ksa vkfn dh ifRu;ksa ds fy;s mEehn trkbZ gS fd og iw.kZr;k lqjf{kr gksaxsA mlus dqy o/kqvksa dks tks mRre ifjokjksa esa tUeh gS vkSj cPpks dh ekrk,a gS mudk vfHkuanu ds fy;s lat; dks dgk A

iz010- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds izfl} bfrgkldkj ekSfjl foaVjfoV~t us egkHkkjr ds ckjs esa fy[kk Fkk fd ^^pwafd egkHkkjr lEiw.kZ lkfgR; dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS cgqr lkjh vkSj vusd izdkj dh phts blesa fufgr gS ¼og½ Hkkjrh;ksa dh vkRek dh vxk/k xgjkbZ dks ,d varn`f"V iznku djrk gSA^^ ppkZ dhft;sA

28

m0 izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl fuekZ.k gsrq vusd ,sfrgkfld L=ksr miyC/k gSA muesa ls egkHkkjr Hkh ,d gSA ;g ,d izfl} ,sfrgkfld L=ksr gSA blds egRo dks u dsoy Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkjksa us cfYd if’pe bfrgkldkjksa us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa bfrgkldkj ekSfjl foaVjfoV~t us bls ,d egku dkO; dgk gSA muds vuqlkj ;g ,d lkfgfR;d d`fr ds :Ik esa lEiw.kZ izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA bldk vkdkj cM+k fo’kky gS D;ksafd bldh fo"k; lkexzh cgqr foLr`r gSA blesa cgqr lkjh vkSj fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrqa, fufgr gSA tgka rd bldk lkekftd egRo gS ;g yksxksa ds thou ds vusd Ikgyqvksa] o.kZ O;oLFkk] tkfr O;oLFkk fL=;ksa dks lkekftd lEeku] fofHkUu izdkj ds fookg] lkekftd euksjatu ds lk/ku] /kuqfoZ/kk ikfjokfjd lEcU/k] jktuhfr esa dqyhu efgykvksa dh :fp vkfn dks Nwrk gSA fo}ku bfrgkldkj Bhd gh fy[krs gS fd og ¼vFkkZr egkHkkjr½ Hkkjrh;ksa dh vkRek dh vkxk/k xgjkbZ dks ,d varjn`f"V iznku djrk gSA egkHkkjr dh jpuk laLd`r Hkk"kk esas gqbZA fulansg ,d lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk dh vksj bldks Ik<+us fy[kus esa izk;% bldk iz;ksx czkge.k] iqtkjh vksj fof’k"V ifjokjksa ds yksx gh djrs Fks tks Hkh gks EkgkHkkjr esa ftl laLd`r dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS og osnksa ds fy;s iz;ksx dh xbZ laLd`r ls

29

vf/kd ljy gS blhfy, bls vf/kd T;knk la[;k esa yksxksa }kjk laHkor% le>k tk ldk A

bfrgkldkj bl xazaFk dh fo"k;oLrq dks nks eq[; 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr j[krs gS vk[;ku rFkk mins’kkRed&vk[;ku esa dgkfu;ksa dk laxzg gS vkSj mins’kkRed Hkkx esa lkekftd vkpkj&fopkj ds ekunaMksa dk fp=.k gS fdUrq ;g foHkktu iwjh rjg vius esa ,dkadh ugh gS mins’kkRed va’kks esa Hkh dgkfu;k gksrh gS vkSj cgq/kk vk[;kuks esa lekt ds fy, ,d lcd fufgr jgrk gSA vf/kdrj bfrgkldkj bl ckr ij ,der gS fd egkHkkjr oLrqr% ,d mins’kkRed Hkkx esa ukVdh; dFkkud Fkk ftlesa mins’kkRed va’k ckn esa tksM+s x;sA

vkjafHkd laLd`r ijEijk esa egkHkkjr dks ^bfrgkl^ dh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA bl 'kCn dk vFkZ gS & ,slk gh FkkA D;k egkHkkjr esa lpeqp esas gq, fdlh ;q} dk Lej.k fd;k tk jgk Fkk \ bl ckjs esa ge fuf’pr :Ik ls dqN ugha dg ldrsA dqN bfrgkldkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd Lotuksa ds chp gq, ;q} dh Le`fr gh egkHkkjr dk eq[; dFkkud gSA vU; bl ckr dh vksj bafxr djrs gS fd ges ;q} dh iqf"V fdlh vkSj lk{; ls ugh gksrhA

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ikB&4fopkjd] fo'okl vkSj bekjrsa] lkaLÑfrd

fodkl bZlk iwoZ 600 ls bZlk laor~ 600 rd

Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings, Cultural Developments

(600 BCE to 600 CE)Q.1 Why had Magadha become the centre of the new

religious movement?

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Ans. (i) The people of Magadha responded readily to the Budhism because they were looked down upon the orthodox Brahmanas.(ii) The role of the rulers of the Magadha. They took

keen interest on spreading the religion in India as well in other countries.

(iii) The wealth of Magadha also helped in spreading new religious movements.

Q.2 How far the Indian Rulers were responsible for the preservation of the Stupa of Sanchi?

Ans. The role played by Rulers of India special the rulers of Bhopal could protect the many monuments. The role of the kings of Bhopal for protection of Sanchi monuments is as under.(i) In nineteenth century Europeans were very much

interested in structure at Sanchi. In fact, the French requested Shahjehan Begum for permission to take away eastern gateway, which was the best preserved, to be displayed in a Museum in French. For a while some Englishmen also wished to do the same but fortunately both the French and the English were satisfied with carefully prepared plaster cast copies and the original remained at the site, part of the Bhopal state.

(ii) The ruler of Bhopal, Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum provided money for preservation of the ancient site. She funded the Museum that was built there as well as the guest

32

house where she lived. She funded the publication of the volumes as well.

(iii) So if the Stupa complex has survived, it is in no small measure due to wise decisions of Begums and to good luck in escaping from the eyes of railway and to carry away to the Museums of Europe.

Q.3 Why do you think the Budha advised his followers to be lamps unto yourselves?

Ans. We think the Budha advised his followers to be lamps unto yourselves because he regarded the social world as the creation of human according to him is has no divine origin. Therefore he advised rulers and chief of the families to be human and athetical according to him. Only individual efforts were expected to transformed social relation. It was also expected to lead to self realisation and nirbhan, literally the blowing out of the ego and desire, and thus and the cycle of suffering for those who renounced the world. According to Budhist tradition, his last words to his followers were "I am reaching the end to my life."

Q.4 Why do you think men and women joined the Sangha?Ans. We think men and women joined the Sangha to study

Budhism and its texts more systematically and regularly. They wanted to become the teachers of the dharma. These Sangha were good place to lead to simple life in required environment. They desired to process only essential requisites for survival, such as a robe and bowl to receive food colleted once a day from the liaty, to whom they taught the dharma.

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Q.5 Evaluate the circumstances which were responsible for the spread of Buddhism?

Ans. (i) Appropriate atmosphere in 600 BC as many bad evils were practiced in the society.(ii) Effect of royal family, people also followed the

king.(iii) Use of simple Pali language of common people.(iv) The teachings of Lord Buddha were usual(v) Kept away this religion from unnecessary expenditure (vi) Away from casteism (vii) Ideal preacher of this dhurma(viii) Patronage by the state.(ix) Boddh monasteries (x) Acceptability of change.

Q.6 Explain the differences between the Hinyana and Mahayana sets of Buddhism on the basis of the concept of Bodhisata?

Ans. By the first century CE, there is evidence of changes in Buddhist ideas and practices. Early Buddhist teaching head given importance to self efforts in achieving nibbana. Besides, the Buddha was regarded as a human being who attained enlightenment and nibbana through his own efforts. Gradually the idea of a saviour emerged. It was believed that he was the one who could ensure salvation. Simulanetously the concept of the Bodhisata was also developed. Bodhisata were perceived as deeply compassionate being who accumulated merit through their efforts but used this not to attain nibbana and thereby abandon the world,

34

but to help others. The worship of images of t he Buddha and Bodhisattas became an important part of this tradition.

This new way of thinking was called Mahayana. Literally the ‘Great vehicle’. Those who adopted these beliefs described the older tradition as Hinayana or “the lesser vehicle”

Boddha dharm was divided into two different sects named Hinayana and Mahayana. The differences between them were the following :

Mahayana Hinayana1. They treated Lord

Buddha as deity and worshipped his idol.

They treated the Lord Buddha as a symbol of idealism and purity.

2. They over stressed belief and devotion.

They believed the religious teachings only after getting it confirmed on the basis of debate.

3. They used Sanskrit. Their entire literature was in Pali language.

4. They thought it essential to follow the religious rules to attain the objective of life.

They stressed pure and good conduct to attain the objective of live.

5. The word meaning of Mahayana is the greater yana (or bigger ship). The sect believes that every body should care for his own 'nirvana' as well as for the salvation of others.

The word meaning of Hinayana is the lesser yaan (or shorter ship). The followers of this sect believes that everybody should care only for his own 'nirvana' or salvation

35

because this philosophical thought is concerned to every person individually.

Q.7 Assess the importance of Budhism for the enrichment of Indian culture.

Ans. The contribution of Buddhism to the enrichment of Indian culture was as below :

(i) Buddhism created and developed a new awareness in the field of intellect and culture. It taught the people not to take things for granted but to argue and judge them on merits. To certain extent the place of superstition was taken by logic.

(ii) In order to preach the doctrines of the new religion the Buddhists compiled a new type of literature. They enormously enriched Pali by their writings.

(iii) The Buddhist monasteries developed as great centres of learning and can be called residential universities. Mention may be made of Nalanda and Vikramshila in Bihar, and Valabhi in Gujarat.

(iv) The first human statues worshipped in India were probably those of the Buddha. The panels found at Gaya in Bihar and at Sanchi and Bharhut in Madhya Pradesh are illuminating examples of artistic activity.

(v) The Gandhara and Mathura Schools of sculptures were purely based on the Bodh subjects and its culminated the art of Indian Sculptures.

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Q.8 Read this short inscription and answer :

In the year 33 of the Maharaja Huvishka (a Kushana ruler), in the first month of the hot season on the eighth day, a Bodhisatta was set up at Madhuvanaka by the bhikkhuni Dhanavati, the sister is daughter of the bikkhsi Buddha Mitra, who known the Tipitaka, the female pupil of the bhikkhu Bala, who known the Tipitika, together with her father and Mother.

(i) How did Dhanvanti date her inscription?

Ans. The first month of the hot season (i.e. summer) on the eighth day and in the year 33 of the Maharaja (i.e. the emperor) named Huvishkas

(ii) Why do you think she installed an image of the Bodhisatta?

Ans. To show that Mahayana sect of Budhism was becoming popular day by day and Bodhisatta were considered impresent and great personality in Buddhism during the reign of the Kushana rulers.

(iii) Who were the relatives she mentioned?Ans. She had mentioned her own mother's sister named Buddhamita.

(iv) What Budhist text did she know?Ans. She knew the Tipitaka, the Buddhist text.

(v) From whom did she learn this text?Ans. She learnt this text from bhikkhuni Buddhmita.

Q.9 On an outline world map, mark five countries to which Buddhism spread.

37

Q.1 ex/k u;s&u;s /kkfeZd vkanksyuksa dk dsUæ D;ksa cuk\

(i) D;ksafd ex/k dh turk iqjkus fopkjksa dks R;kxus esa ges'kk rS;kj jgrh Fkh vkSj u;s /kkfeZd fopkjksa dks viukus o QSykus esa viuk iwjk lg;ksx nsrh FkhA

(ii) ex/k ds 'kkldksa dk buesa ;ksxnku jgkA os ges'kk /kkfeZd fo'oklksa dks vius ns'k o ckgj QSykus esa lgk;rk o lg;ksx nsrs Fks tSls v'kksd us ckS) /keZ ds çpkj gsrq viuh iq=kh o iq=k dks fons'kksa esa HkstkA

(iii) ex/k dh vkfFkZd le`f) dk Hkh u;s /kkfeZd fopkjksa ds QSykus esa ;ksxnku jgkA

Q.2 lkaph ds Lrwi ds laj{k.k esa Hkkjrh; 'kkldks dh csxeksa dh Hkwfedk dk ewY;kkdu dhft,AHkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxks es QSys gq;s fofHkUu Lekjdks

es ls vxzsth dky es vusd dky ds xrZ es lek x;sA ysfdu dqN 'kkldks us vius ;ksxnkuks ls fo’ks"k :i ls Hkksiky ds 'kkldks us lkWph tSls Lekjdks dks cpk fy;kAbuds }kjk Lekjdks cpkus ds fy;s fn;k x;k ;ksxnku fuEu izdkj ls gSA

(i) mUuhloha lnh ds ;wjksih;ksa esa lkaph ds Lrwi dks ysdj dkQh fnypLih FkhA Ýkalhfl;ksa us lcls vPNh gkyr esa cps lkaph ds iwohZ rksj.k }kj dks Ýkal ds laxzgky; esa çnf'kZr djus ds fy, 'kgtgka csxe ls Ýkal ys tkus dh btktr ekaxhA dqN le; ds fy, vaxzstksa us Hkh ,slh gh dksf'k'k dh lkSHkX;o'k Ýkalhlh vkSj vaxzst nksuksa gh cM+h lko/kkuh ls cukbZ IykLVj çfrÑfr;ksa ls larq"V gks x;sA bl çdkj ewy Ñfr Hkksiky jkT; esa viuh txg ij gh jghA

(ii) Hkksiky ds 'kkldksa 'kkgtgka csxe vkSj mudh mÙkjkf/kdkjh lqYrku tgka csxe us bl çkphu LFkku ds j[kj[kko ds fy, /ku dk vuqnku fn;kA mlus

38

/keZ'kkyk fuekZ.k] iqLrdky; O;oLFkk o xzaFkksa dh jpuk ds fy, lgk;rk çnku dhA

(iii) csxeksa ds le>nkjhiw.kZ fu.kZ; dk gh ifj.kke gS fd lkaph ds Lrwi dks jsyos foHkkx o ;wjksfi;ksa }kjk vU;= ystkus ls mls cpk;k tk ldkA

Q.3 vki ds }kjk ;g lkspus dk D;k dkj.k gS fd cq) us vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks ;g ijke'kZ fn;k fd os Lo;a vius fy, T;ksfr cusa\ge lksprs gSa fd cq) us vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks ;g f'k{kk nh fd os Lo;a vius fy, T;ksfr cusa D;ksafd os ekurs Fks fd lekt dk fuekZ.k balku us fd;k Fkk u fd bZ'oj usA blfy, mUgksaus jktkvksa vkSj x`gifr;ksa dks n;koku vkSj vkpkjoku gksus dh lykg nhA ,slk ekuk tkrk Fkk fd O;ÆDrxr ç;kl ls lkekftd ifjos'k cnyk tk ldrk gSA cq) us tUe e`R;q ds pØ ls eqÆDr] vkReKku vkSj fuokZ.k ds fy, O;fDr dsfUær gLr{ksi vkSj lE;d~ deZ dh dYiuk dhA fuokZ.k dk eryc Fkk vga vkSj bPNk dk [kRe gks tkuk ftlls x`gR;kx djus okyksa ds nq%[k ds pØ dk var gks ldrk FkkA ckS) ijEijk ds vuqlkj vius f'k";ksa dk vafre funsZ'k Fkk] ^^rqe lc vius fy, [kqn gh T;ksfr cuks D;ksafd rqEgsa [kqn gh viuh eqfDr jkLrk <wa<uk gSA

Q.4 vkids vuqlkj L=h&iq#"k la?k esa fdl ç;kstu ls tkrs Fks\ge lksprs gSa fd iq#"k vkSj efgykvksa us ckS) la?k esa blfy, ços'k fd;k D;ksafd ogka os /keZ dk vf/kd fu;fer vkSj O;oÆLFkr <ax ls v/;;u] euu] mikluk] /kkfeZd fo"k;ksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ dj ldsaA os ogka /keZ dh lEiw.kZ f'k{kk çkIr dj ml Kku o n'kZu dks O;ogkj esa yk ldsaA gj ckS) fHk{kqd ogka jgdj fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk] lk/kkj.k thou O;rhr djuk] vuq'kklu esa jguk] mfpr <ax ls vius fopkjksa dh vfHkO;ÆDr djuk vkSj fHk{kk ekaxdj vius Lo;a dk Hkkstu vkfn tqVkuk lh[k ldsA

39

la?k esa jgrs gq, ckS)&fHk{kqd v/;;u] v/;kiu dj ldrs Fks vkSj fuokZ.k ds fy, crk;s x;s ekxZ fl)karksa vkSj f'k{kkvksa dk vuqlj.k djds eks{k çkIr dj ldrs FksA

Q.5 mu ifjfLFkfr;ks dk ewY;kdu dhft;s tks ckS) /keZ ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy;s mRrjnk;h cuhA (i) Hkkjr esa ckS) /keZ ,sls le; esa o ,sls okrkoj.k esa

QSyk tc czkge.kh; lekt es vusd çdkj dh tVhyrk;s O;kIr FkhA

(ii) egkRek cq) Lo;a ,d jktdqekj Fks] muds R;kx] vfgalk] lR;] ca/kqRo vkfn Hkkoukvksa ls yksxksa esa muds çfr J)k tkx mBhA

(iii) ikyh tSlh ljy Hkk"kk ds ç;ksx ls turk dks le>us esa dfBukbZ ugha gqbZA

(iv) ckS) /keZ ds mins'k lR; o vfgalk ij vk/kkfjr Fks tks O;kogkfjd Hkh Fks ftUgsa vklkuh ls viuk;k tk ldrk FkkA

(v) ckS) /keZ ;K] gou vkSj i'kq cfy tSls O;; ls nwj FkkA(vi) ckS) /keZ esa lHkh tkfr;ksa dk Lokxr FkkA(vii) ckS) /keZ ds çpkjd vkn'kZ vkpj.k okys FksA vr%

yksxksa us mudk vuqlj.k fd;kA(viii) v'kksd] dfu"d o g"kZ tSls jktkvksa }kjk laj{k.k

feyus ls bldk çpkj gqvkA(ix) ckS) eBksa ls fHk{kqvksa o fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks

vkn'kZ o R;kxiw.kZ thou O;rhr djus dk okrkoj.k feyukA

(x) ckS) /keZ esa le; ds lkFk egk;ku 'kk[kk ds :i esa ifjorZu ls yksxksa dks vlqfo/kk ugha gqbZ vkSj cq) dh ewfrZ iwtk djus dh vuqefr ls bl /keZ dk vkSj foLrkj gqvkA

Q.6 cksf/klrk dh vo/kkj.kk dks vk/kkj ekurs gq;s ghu;ku o egk;ku lEiznk;ks ds e/; vUrjks dks Li"V dhft;sA

40

Ekwy ckS) /keZ es fuokZ.k izkIr djus ds fy, O;fDrxr iz;klks ij T;knk tksj fn;k tkrk FkkA Loa; cq) dks Hkh ,d euq"; ekuk tkrk Fkk ysfdu izFke lnh ds vkl&ikl ,d eqfDrnkrk dh dYiuk mHkjus yxh ftls ckf/klrk dgk tkrk FkkA cksf/klrksa dks ije d:.kke; tho ekuk x;k tks vius lRdk;ksZ ls iq.; dekrsa FksA ysfdu os bl iq.; dk iz;ksx nqfu;k dks nq%[kks esa NksM nsus ds fy;s vkSj fuCcku izkfIr ds fy;s ugh djrs FksaAcfYd os nwljksa dh lgk;rk djrs FksaA cq) vkSj ckSf/klrks dh ewfrZ;ks dh iwtk bl ijEijk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax cu x;hA fparu dh bl u;h ijEijk dks egk;ku ds uke ls tkuk x;k rFkk iqjkuh ijEijk dks ghu;ku ds uke ls lacksf/kr fd;kA

bues ewyr% fuEufyf[kr vUrj FkkA

egk;ku ghu;ku

1-

egk;ku er ds ekuus okys xkSre cq) dks nsork ekudj mudh ewfrZ dh iwtk djrs gSaA

ghu;ku okys xkSre cq) dks vkn'kZ vkSj ifo=krk dk çrhd iq#"k ekurs gSaA

2-

;g fo'okl vkSj J)k ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSaA

;s fdlh Hkh ckr dks rdZ dh dlkSVh ij dl dj fo'okl djrs gSaA

3-

buds }kjk laLÑr Hkk"kk ij tksj fn;k x;kA

budk iwjk lkfgR; ikyh Hkk"kk esa FkkA

4-

budk fo'okl Fkk fd thou dk y{; çkIr djus ds fy, /kkfeZd fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk vko';d gSA

budk fo'okl Fkk fd thou dk y{; çkIr djus ds fy, 'kq) rFkk vPNs deks± ij cy nsuk pkfg,A

41

5-

budk lkspuk Fkk fd vius eks{k ds lkFk nwljksa ds fuokZ.k ij /;ku nsuk pkfg,A vFkkZr ckSf/klRo in izkIr djuk mudk y{; FkkA

ghu;ku dk vFkZ NksVk ;ku gSA budk lkspuk Fkk fd eks{k dh çkÆIr ds fy, tho dks Lo;a dks fpark o ç;Ru djuk pkfg,A

Q.7 Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks le`) cukus esa ckS) /keZ ds ;ksxnku dk ewY;kdu dhft;saA

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks le`) cukus esa ckS) /keZ dk fuEu ;ksxnku jgk &(i) ckS) /keZ us f'k{kk o laLÑfr ds {ks=k esa ;g Hkko

iSnk fd;k fd fdlh ckr ij rdZ ds vk/kkj ij lgh mrjus ij gh fo'okl djuk pkfg,A blls va/kfo'oklksa ij çfrca/k yxkA

(ii) xkSre cq) ds mins'kksa ds ladyu ls gekjh laLÑfr esa ikyh Hkk"kk ds lkfgR; esa fodkl o o`f) gqbZA

(iii) ukyUnk] foØe'khyk o cYyHkh tSls fo'ofo|ky; ckS) /keZ dh gh nsu gS ftuds dkj.k bu dsUæksa ls Kku dh xaxk iwjs Hkkjr o fo'o esa QSyhA

(iv) ckS)x;k] lkaph o Hkjgwr dh ewfrZ;ka bl ckr ds mnkgj.k gS fd ckS) /keZ us ewfrZdyk dks egku~ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

(v) ewfrZdyk dh xa/kkj o eFkqjk 'kSfy;k fo’kq) :i ls ckS) fo"k;ks ij vk/kkfjr FkhA ftlus Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dks ,d u;h ijkdk"Bk ij igqWpk;k A

42

Q.8 egkjkt gqfo"d ¼,d dq"kk.k 'kkld½ ds rSarhlosa lky esa xeZ ekSle ds igys eghus ds vkBosa fnu f=kfiVd tkuus okys fHkD[kq cy dh f'k";k] f=kfiVd tkuus okyh cq)ferk ds cgu dh csVh fHkD[kquh /kuorh us vius ekrk&firk ds lkFk e/kqoud esa cksf/klRo dh ewfrZ LFkkfir dhA

(i) /kuorh us vius vfHkys[k dh rkjh[k dSls fuÆ'pr dh\

rSarhlosa lky esa xeZ ekSle ds igys eghus ds vkBosa fnuA

(ii) vius vuqlkj mUgksaus ckSf/klRo dh ewfrZ D;ksa LFkkfir dh\

rkfd /khjs&/khjs ckS) /keZ esa efgyk fHk{kqvksa dk çHkko vkSj ewfrZ iwtk c<+sA cksf/klRo fuokZ.k çkIr O;fDr gksrs FksA

(iii) os vius fdu fj'rsnkjksa dk uke ysrh gS\viuh eka dh cfgu ¼ekSlh½ cq)ferk dkA

(iv) os dkSu&ls ckS) xzaFkksa dks tkurh Fkh\ckS) xzaFk f=kfiVd dksA

(v) mUgksaus ;s ikB fdlls lh[ks Fks\viuh ekSlh cq)ferk lsA

fo'o ds js[kk ekufp= esa fdUgha ,sls ikap jk"Vªksa dks n'kkZvks tgka ckS) /keZ QSykA

43

Lesson-5

Through the Eyes of Travellers

High order Thinking Skill Question and Answers :

Q.1 What are the comparisons that Ibn Battula makes to give his

readers an idea about what coconuts looked like?

Ans The following is how Ibn Battuta described the coconut :

(i) These trees are among the most peculiar trees in kind and most

astonishing in habit. They look exactly like date palms, without any

difference between them except that the one produces nuts as its fruits and

the other produces dates.

44

(ii) The nut of a coconut tree resembles a man's head, for in it are what

look like two eyes and a mouth, and the inside of it when it is green looks

like the brain and attached to it is a fibre which looks like hair. They make

from this cards with which they sew up ships instead of (using) iron nails,

and they (also) make from it cables for vessels.

Q.2 What, according to Bernier, were the problems faced by peasants in

the subcontinent ? Do you think his description would have served to

strengthen his case ?

Ans Yes, I think his description would have served to

strengthen his case. Following problems were faced by peasants in the

subcontinent :

(i) Owing to crown ownership of land, landholders could not pass on

their land to their children. So they were averse to any long, term investment

in the sustainance and expansion of production.

(ii) It had led to the uniform ruination of agriculture excessive appression

of the peasantly and a continuous decline in the living standards of all

sections of society.

(iii) Of the vast tracts of country constituting the empire of Hindustan,

many are little more than sand, or barren mountains.

45

(iv) Even a considerable portion of the good land remains untilled for

want of labourers.

(v) Many of whom perish in consequence of the bad treatment they

experience from Governors.

(vi) The poor people, when they become incapable of discharging the

demands of their rapacious lords, are not only often deprived of the means of

subsistence, but are also made to lose their children, who are carried away as

slaves. Thus, it happens that the peasantly, driven to despair by 50 excessive

a tyranny, abandon the country.

Q.3Do you think Al-Biruni depended only on Sanskrit texts for

his information and understanding of Indian Society ?

Ans. No, Al-Biruni did not depend only on Sanksrit texts for his

information and understanding of Indian history for it be mention following

facts.

(i) Travellers often compared what they saw in the subcontinent with

practices with which they were familiar.

46

(ii) Each traveller adopted distinct strategies to understand what they

observed. Al-Biruni for instance, was aware of the problems inherent in the

task he had set himself.

(iii) According to him, Sanskrit was so different from Arabic and persian

that ideas and concepts could not be easily translated from one language into

another.

(iv) In spite of his acceptance of the Brahmanical description of the caste

system. Al-Biruni disapproved of the notion of pollution.

(v) Al-Biruni's description of the caste system was deeply influenced by

his study of normative Sanskrit texts which laid down the rules governing

the system from the point of view of the Brahmanas.

q 4- Do you think Ibn-Battuta's account is useful in arriving at an

understanding of life in contemporary urban centres ? Give reasons for your

answer.

Ans. Yes, it explain in following points :-

I. Description - Ibn-Battuta's description about Indian cities is more

useful to know about their population, roads, markets and other properious

facilities.

47

II. Delhi - When Ibn-Battuta reached in Delhi in 14th Century. He

found such type of Delhi.

(i) The city of Delhi covers a wide area and has a large population.

The rampart round the city is without parellel.

(ii) Inside the ramparts, there are store-houses for storing edibles,

magazines, ammunition, ballistas and siege machines.

(iii) There are twenty eight gates of this city which are called darwaza,

and of these, the Budaun darwaza is the greatest.

III. Ibn Battuta and Indian Cities - Ibn-Bututa found cities in the

subcontinent full of exciting opportunities for those who had the necessary

drive, resources and skills. They were densely populated and prosperious. It

appears from Ibn-Battuta's account that most cities had crowded streets and

bright and colourful markets that were stacked with a wide variety of goods.

Ibn Battuta described Delhi as a vast city with a great population, the largest

in India.

IV. Markets - The bazaars were not only places of economic

transactions but also the hub of social and cultural activities. Most bazaars

had a mosque and a temple and in some of them at least spaces were marked

for public performances by dancers, musicians and singers.

48

Write in your own words the summary of description of India given

by Al Beruni.

Ans. Summary of description of India given by Alberuni.

(1) Social condition

(2) Religious condition

(3) Political condition

(4) Judiciary

(5) Indian Philosophy

(6) Historical knowledge

(7) General Nature

;kf=;ksa ds utfj,

iz'u 1- ukfj;y dSls gksrs gSa vius ikBdksa dks ;g le>kus ds fy, bCucrqrk fdl izdkj dh rqyuk,¡ izLrqr djrk gS \

mRrj & ukfj;y dh lajpuk dks le>us ds fy, bCucrqrk fuEu izdkj

dh rqyuk,¡ izLrqr djrk gS &

¼1½ ;s o`{kLo:i ls lcls vuks[ks rFkk izÑfr esa lcls

foLe;dkjh o`{kksa esa ls ,d gSaA ;s gw&cgw [ktwj ds o`{k

49

tSls fn[krs gSaA buesa dksbZ varj ugha gS flok; ,d viokn ds &

,d ls dk"BQy izkIr gksrk gS vkSj nwljs ls [ktwjA

¼2½ ukfj;y ds o`{k dk Qy ekuo flj ls esy [kkrk gS

D;ksafd blesa Hkh ekuks nks vka[ksa rFkk ,d eq[k gS vkSj

vanj dk Hkkx gjk gksus ij efLr"d tSlk fn[krk gS vkSj blls tqM+k

js'kk ckyksa tSlk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA os blls jLlh cukrs gSaA

yksgs dh dhyksa ds iz;ksx ds ctk; buls tgkt dks flyrs gSaA os

blls crZuksa ds fy, jLlh Hkh cukrs gSaA

iz'Uk 2- cfuZ;j ds vuqlkj miegk}hi esa fdlkuksa dks fdu&fdu

leL;kvksa ls tw>uk iM+rk Fkk \ D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd mldk

fooj.k mlds i{k dks lqn`<+ djus esa lgk;d gksrk gS \

mRrj & gk¡] eq>s yxrk gS fd mldk fooj.k mlds i{k dks l`n`<+

djus esa lgk;d gksrkA miegk}hi esa fdlkuksa dks fuEufyf[kr

leL;kvksa ls tw>uk iM+rk Fkk&

¼1½ jktdh; HkwLokfeRo ds dkj.k] Hkw/kkjd vius cPpksa

dks Hkwfe ugha ns ldrs FksA blfy, os mRiknu ds Lrj dks cuk,

j[kus vkSj mlesa c<+ksrjh ds fy, nwjxkeh fuos'k ds izfr

mnklhu FksA

50

¼2½ blh ds pyrs Ñf"k dk leku :i ls fouk'k] fdlkuksa dk

vlhe mRihM+u rFkk lekt ds lHkh oxks± ds thou Lrj esa vuojr

iru dh fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZA

¼3½ fgUnqLrku ds lkezkT; ds fo'kky xzkeh.k vapyksas

esa jsrhyh Hkwfe;k¡ ;k catj ioZr gh gSaA

¼4½ ;gk¡ rd fd Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dk ,d cM+k fgLlk Hkh

Jfedksa ds vHkko esa Ñf"k foghu jg tkrk gSA

¼5½ buesa ls dbZ Jfed xouZjksa }kjk fd, x, cqjs O;ogkj

ds QykLo:i ej tkrs gSaA

¼6½ xjhc yksx tc vius yksHkh Lokfe;ksa dh ekaxksa dks

iwjk djus esa vleFkZ gks tkrs gSa rks mUgsa u dsoy

thou&fuoZgu ds lk/kuksa ls oafpr dj fn;k tkrk gS] cfYd mUgsa

vius cPpksa ls Hkh gkFk /kksuk iM+rk gS] ftUgsa nkl cukdj ys

tk;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ,slk gksrk gS fd bl vR;ar fujadq'krk ls

grk'k gks fdlku xkao NksM+dj pys tkrs gSaA

iz'Uk 3- D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd vyfc:uh Hkkjrh; lekt ds fo"k;

esa viuh tkudkjh vkSj le> ds fy, dsoy laLÑr xzaFkksa ij vkfJr

jgk \

51

mRrj & ugha] vyfc:uh Hkkjrh; lekt ds fo"k; esa viuh tkudkjh

vkSj le> ds fy, dsoy laLÑr xzaFkksa ij vkfJr ugha jgkA blds fy,

og fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa dk mYys[k djrk gS &

¼1½ ;kf=;ksa us miegk}hi esa tks Hkh ns[kk lkekU;r%

mldh rqyuk mUgksaus mu izFkkvksa ls dh ftuls os ifjfpr FksA

¼2½ izR;sd ;k=h us tks ns[kk mls le>us ds fy, ,d vyx

fof/k viukbZA vy&fc:uh vius fy, fu/kkZfjr mís'; esa fufgr

leL;kvksa ls ifjfpr FkkA

¼3½ mlds vuqlkj laLÑr] vjch vkSj Qkjlh ls bruh fHkUu

Fkh fd fopkjksa vkSj fl)kUrksa dks ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh esa

vuqokfnr djuk vklku ugha FkkA

¼4½ tkfr O;oLFkk ds laca/k esa czkã.koknh O;k[;k dks

ekuus ds ckotwn vy&fc:uh us vifo=rk dh ekU;rk dks vLohdkj

fd;kA

¼5½ tkfr O;oLFkk ds fo"k; esa] vy&fc:uh dk fooj.k mlds

fu;ked laLÑr xazFkksa ds v/;;u ls iwjh rjg ls xgurk ls izHkkfor

FkkA bu xzaFkksa esa czkã.kksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls tkfr O;oLFkk

dks lapkfyr djus okys fu;eksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k Fkk ysfdu

okLrfod thou esa ;g O;oLFkk bruh Hkh dM+h ugha FkhA

52

iz'Uk 4- D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd ledkyhu 'kgjh dsUæksa esa

thou 'kSyh dks lgh tkudkjh izkIr djus esa bCucrwrk dk o`rkar

lgk;d gS \ vius mÙkj ds i{k esa rdZ nhft,A

mRrj & gk¡] fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa esa Li"V fd;k x;k gS &

¼1½ o.kZu (Description) & bCucrwrk dk o.kZu vusd

n`f"V;ksa ls mi;ksxh ekuk tkrk gSA mlus Hkkjr ds vusd

'kgjksa fnYyh lfgr dbZ 'kgjksa ds yksxksa dh vkcknh]

lM+dksa] cktkj vkSj 'kgj dh pdkpkSa/k ped vkfn ds ckjs esa

mi;ksxh fooj.k fn;k gSA

¼2½ fnYyh (Delhi) & tc pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa bCucrwrk

fnYyh vk;k Fkk ml le; rd iwjk miegk}hi ,d ,sls oSf'od lapkj ra=

dk fgLlk cu pqdk Fkk tks iwoZ esa phu ls ysdj if'pe esa

mRrj&if'peh vÝhdk rFkk ;wjksi rd QSyk gqvk FkkA

1- fnYyh cM+s {ks= esa QSyk ?kuh tula[;k okyk 'kgj gS

& 'kgj ds pkjksa vksj cuh izkphu ¼nhokj½ vrqyuh; gSA

izkphjksa ds vanj [kk| lkexzh] gfFk;kj] ck:n] iz{ksikL= rFkk ?

ksjscanh esa dke vkus okyh e'khuksa ds laxzg ds fy,

HkaMkjx`g cus gq, FksA

2- bl 'kgj ds 28 }kj gSa ftUgsa njoktk dgk tkrk gS vkSj

buesa ls cnk;w¡ njoktk lcls fo'kky gSA53

¼3½ bCucrwrk vkSj Hkkjrh; 'kgj (Ibn Battuta and Indian

Cities) & bCucrwrk us miegk}hi ds 'kgjksa dks mu yksxksa ds

fy, O;kid voljksa ls Hkjiwj ik;k ftuds ikl vko';d bPNk] lk/ku rFkk

dkS'ky FkkA ;s 'kgj ?kuh vkcknh okys rFkk le`) FksA bCucrwrk

ds o`rkar ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd vf/kdka'k 'kgjksa esa

HkhM+HkkM+ okyh lM+ds rFkk ped&ned okys vkSj jaxhu

cktkj Fks tks fofo/k izdkj dh oLrqvksa ls Hkjs jgrs FksA

bCucrwrk fnYyh dks ,d cM+k 'kgj] fo'kky vkcknh okyk rFkk

Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k crkrk gSA

¼4½ cktkj (Markets) & cktkj ek= vkfFkZd fofue; ds LFkku

gh ugha Fks cfYd ;s lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa ds

dsUæ Hkh FksA vf/kdka'k cktkjksa esa ,d efLtn rFkk ,d eafnj

gksrk Fkk vkSj muesa ls de ls de dqN esa rks urZdksa]

laxhrdkjksa rFkk xk;dksa ds lkoZtfud izn'kZu ds fy, LFkku Hkh

fpfUgr FksA

iz'Uk 5- vy fc:uh }kjk fn, x, mlds rRdkyhu Hkkjr ds fooj.k dks

vius 'kCnksa esa la{ksi esa nhft,A

mRrj& vy&fc:uh }kjk fn, x, Hkkjr ds ckjs esa fooj.k dk lkjka'k

&

54

1- lkekftd fLFkfr & vy cS:uh ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; lekt tkfr

izFkk ds dM+s ca/kuksa ls tdM+k gqvk FkkA ml le;

cky&fookg vkSj lrh izFkk tSlh dqizFkk,a ekStwn FkhA

2- /kkfeZd fLFkfr & mlds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ewfrZiwtk

izpfyr FkhA eafnjksa esa cgqr lk /ku tek FkkA lk/kkj.k turk

vusd nsoh&nsorkvksa esa fo'okl j[krh FkhA

3- jktuhfrd n'kk & lkjk ns'k NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa esa

caVk gqvk FkkA buesa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dh deh Fkh ;s vkil esa

bZ";kZ ds dkj.k lnSo yM+rs jgrs FksA

4- U;k; O;oLFkk & QkStnkjh dkuwu uje FksA czkã.kksa

dks e`R;qn.M ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA dsoy ckj&ckj vijk/k djus

okys ds gh gkFk&iSj dkV fn, tkrs FksA

5- Hkkjrh; n'kZu & Hkkjrh; n'kZu ls vyfc:uh cgqr izHkkfor

gqvkA mlus Hkxon~xhrk vkSj mifu"knksa ds Å¡ps nk'kZfud

fopkjksa dh eqfDr d.B ls ljkguk dh gSA

6- ,sfrgkfld Kku & Hkkjrh;ksa dks ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa

dks frfFk vuqlkj fy[kus ds ckjs esa cgqr de Kku gSA

7- lkekU; LoHkko & Hkkjrh; >wBk vfHkeku djrs gSa rFkk

viuk Kku nwljksa dks nsus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gksrs gSaA fgUnw

55

;g le>rs gSa fd mlds tSlk ns'k ugha gS] muds tSlk lalkj esa

dksbZ /keZ ugha gS muds tSlk fdlh ds ikl Kku ugha gSA

56

Lesson-6

HkfDr vkSj lwQh ijEijk

Bhakti and Sufi Tradition

Q1:-Discuss the ways in which the Alwars, Nayanars and Virashaivas

expressed critiques of the caste systems.

Ans:- Some historians suggest that the Alvars and Nayanars initiated a

movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of

Brahmanas or at least attempted to reform the system. To some extent this is

corroborated by the fact that bhaktas hailed from diverse social backgrounds

ranging from Brahmanas to artisans and cultivators and even from castes

considered "untouchable".

* The twelfth century witnessed the emergence of a new movement in

Karnataka, led by a Brahmana named Basavanna (1106-08). His followers

were known as Virashaivas or Lingayats (Wearers of the linga).

* The Lingayats challenged the idea of caste and the pollution attributed

to certain groups by Brahmanas. They also questioned the theory of rebirth.

These won them followers amongst those who were marginalised within the

Brahmanical social order.57

* The Lingayats also encouraged certain practices disapproved in the

Dharmashastras, such as postpuberty marriage and the remarriage of

widows.

Q2:- Analyse, with illustrations, why bhakti and sufi thinkers adopted a

variety of languages in which to express their opinions.

Ans:- Bhakti thinkers and different languages which were adopted by them

to express their opinion.

(i) Early Bhakti Saints Pali, Prakarat Tamil and Malyalam etc.

languages.

(ii) The Brahmans of South Indian put his views and ideas in Sanskrit

and local languages.

(iii) Kabir's poems have survived in several languages and dialects,

and some are composed the special languages of nirguna poets.

(iv) Baba Guru Nanak, Ravidas etc. composed their hymns in various

languages such as Punjabi and Hindi etc.

(v) Mirabai compose her Bhajans in Rajsthani and Hindi.

(vi) Some saint of Maharastra and Gujarati uses Marathi and Gujarati

language.

According to Sufi thinkers -

58

(i) Sufi thinkers also live with peoples. They uses serveral languages.

They uses Hindvi or persian language.

(ii) Baba Farid used local language. Hindvi persian, Panjabi, Urdu and

some other form of languages are also seen.

(iii) A different genre of Sufi poetry was composed in an around the

town of Bijapur, Karnataka. These were short poems in Dakhani (a variant

of Urdu) attributed to Chisthi Sufis who lived in this region during the 17th

and 18th centuries.

(iv) Some Sufi saints give their pledge in Telgu, Malayalam

languages.

Q3:- "Kabir was a famous saint of Bhakti period". Examin that statement.

Ans. Kabir was a famous saint of Bhakti period. That facts is examine by the

following points :

Kabir's Teachings :

(i) Kabir did not accept the caste distinction. He believed that none

could be high or low on the score of caste.

(ii) Kabir was opposed to customs and rituals. He has opposed

worship, roja-namaj, pilgrimage and haj etc.

59

(iii) Kabir believed in the unity of all religions according to him, there

is no distinction between Hindu-Muslim. The destination of both is the same

only the paths are different.

(iv) His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of

both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam the pre-eminence of the priestly

classes and the caste system.

(v) Kabir opposed caste distincition, condemned bad company,

stressed upon - meditation and love. He identified the teacher with God.

Q4:- Explain with examples what historians mean by the integration of cults.

Ans:- From tenth to 17th century the most striking religious features is the

increasing visibility of a wide range god and goddes in sculpture as well as

in religious books at one level, this indicates the continued and extended

worship major dieties Vishnu, Shiva and goodness like Durga, Laxmi -

- Historians who have tried to understand these developments suggest

that there were at least two processes at work. One was a process of

disseminating Brahmanical ideas.

- This is examplified by the composition, compilation and preservation

of puranic texts in simple Sanskrit verse, explicity meant to be accessible to

women and Shudras, who were generally excluded from Vedic learning.

60

- At the same time there was a second process at work that of the

Brahmanans accepting and reworking the beliefs and practices of these and

other social categories.

Example - Through an instance we can say that a local diety whose

image was and continues to be made of wood by local tribal specialists, was

recognised as a form of Vishnu.

These local deities were often incorporated within the Puranic

framework by providing them with an identity as a wife of the principal

male deities - sometimes they were equated with Lakshmi, the wife of

Vishnu.

iz'u 1- ppkZ dhft, fd vyokj] u;ukj vkSj ohj 'kSoksa us fdl izdkj

tkfr izFkk dh vkykspuk izLrqr dh \

mRrj & dqN bfrgkldkjksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd vyokj vkSj u;ukj

larksa us tkfr izFkk o czkã.kksa dh izHkqrk ds fojks/k esa

vkokt mBkbZA dqN gn rd ;g ckr lR; izrhr gksrh gS D;ksafd

HkfDr lar fofo/k leqnk;ksa ls Fks tSls czkã.k] f'kYidkj] fdlku

vkSj dqN rks mu tkfr;ksa ls vk, Fks ftUgsa *vLi`';* ekuk tkrk

FkkA

61

ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa dukZVd esa ,d uohu vkanksyu dk

mn~Hko buds vuq;k;h ohj 'kSo o fyaxk;r ¼fyax /kkj.k djus

okys½ dgyk,A

vkt Hkh fyaxk;r leqnk; dk bl {ks= esa egÙo gSA os f'ko

dh vkjk/kuk fyax ds :i esa djrs gSaA bl leqnk; ds iq:"k oke

Lda/k ij pkanh ds ,d fiVkjs esa ,d y?kq fyax dks /kkj.k djrs

gSaA ftUgsa J)k dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gS muesa taxe

vFkkZr~ ;k;koj fHk{kq 'kkfey gSaA

/keZ'kkL= esa crk, x, Jk) laLdkj dk os ikyu ugha djrs vkSj

vius e`rdksa dks fof/kiwoZd nQukrs gSaA fyaxk;rksa us tkfr

dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj dqN leqnk;ksa ds *nwf"kr* gksus dh

czkã.kh; vo/kkj.kk dk fojks/k fd;kAiqutZUe ds fl)kUr ij

bUgksus iz’uokpd fpUg yxk;kA

iz'Uk 2- mnkgj.k lfgr fo'ys"k.k dhft, fd HkfDr vkSj lwQh

fpardksa us vius fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus ds fy, fdu

Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k \

mRrj & HkfDr larksa }kjk fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx &

¼1½ lcls izkjafHkd HkfDr larksa us laLÑr] ikyh] izkÑr]

rfey] ey;kye vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA

62

¼2½ nf{k.k Hkkjr ds czkã.kksa us LFkkuh; Hkk"kkvksa

ds lkFk&lkFk laLÑr esa Hkh vius mís';] fopkj vkSj n'kZu dks

j[kkA

¼3½ e/;dkyhu HkfDr larksa us dchj us in vkSj nksgksa

dk LFkkuh; Hkk"kk vkSj cksfy;ksa esa jpsA

¼4½ ckck xq: ukud nso] jfonkl vkfn us fgUnh vkSj iatkch

Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA

¼5½ ehjkckbZ us cztHkk"kk esa] jktLFkku esa vkSj

fgUnh esa in vkSj Hktu xk, vkSj fy[ksA

¼6½ egkjk"Vª esa dqN larksa us ejkBh vkSj xqtjkr esa

dqN HkDr larksa us xqtjkrh dk iz;ksx fd;kA

lwQh fopkjdksa }kjk &

¼1½ lwQh fopkjd Hkh turk ds e/; jgrs Fks mUgksaus

fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA mUgksaus fgUnoh ;k

tulk/kkj.k dks fgUnh ds lkFk&lkFk Qkjlh Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx

fd;kA

¼2½ ckck Qjhn us LFkkuh; Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;kA mudh

Hkk"kk esa fgUnh] Qkjlh] iatkch vkfn dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

63

¼3½ nf{k.k Hkkjr esa tks lwQh lar jgrs Fks mUgksaus

mnwZ Hkk"kk ls feyrh&tqyrh nf{k.kh tu&lk/kkj.k }kjk mi;ksx

esa yh xbZ Hkk"kk esa vius fopkj O;Dr fd,A

¼4½ dUuM+] rsyxw] ey;kye Hkk"kk esa dqN larksa us

dqN mi;ksx fn,] xhr&dfork,¡ vkSj xzaFk fy[ksA

iz'Uk 3- Þdchj HkfDrdky dk ,d izfl) lUr FkkÞ bl dFku dh leh{kk

dhft,A

mRrj & dchj HkfDrdky dk ,d izfl) lUr Fkk ftldh leh{kk

fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa }kjk dh xbZ Fkh &

dchj dh f'k{kk,¡ &

¼1½ /kkfeZd f'k{kk,¡ & /keZ ds laca/k esa dchj us vR;ar

egÙoiw.kZ fopkj fn, gSaA mUgksaus fdlh /kkfeZd fo'okl dks

blfy, Lohdkj ugha fd;k fd og /keZ dk vax cu pqdk gS vfirq

va/kfo'oklksa] ozr] czkã.kksa ds deZdkaM rFkk rhFkZ vkfn ij

dldj O;aX; fd,A

¼2½ va/kfo'oklksa dk ?kksj fojks/k & dchj us

va/kfo'oklksa dk tksjnkj fojks/k fd;kA mUgksaus

fgUnw&eqfLye nksuksa lEiznk;ksa ds va/kfo'oklksa

ewfrZiwtk] uekt] rhFkZ bR;kfn ij dldj O;aX; fd,A

64

¼3½ HkfDrekxZ ds leFkZd & HkfDr Hkkouk dk dchj us

iwjk leFkZu fd;kA mUgksaus fuxqZ.k fujkdkj HkfDr dk ekxZ

viukdj ekuo ds lEeq[k HkfDr dk ekSfyd :i j[kkA

¼4½ leUo;oknh n`f"Vdks.k & dchj us rRdkyhu fgUnw

rFkk bLyke /keks±] laLÑfr;ksa ,oa lH;rkvksa ds la?k"kZ dk

MVdj fojks/k fd;kA

¼5½ x`gLFk thou ds R;kx dk fojks/k & dchj ds

fopkjkuqlkj lkQ thou viukus ds fy, x`gLFkh dk lkekU; thou

R;kxus dh dksbZ vko';drk ughaA fuxqZ.k HkfDr /kkjk dchj

igys lars Fks tks lar gksdj Hkh var rd 'kq) x`gLFk cus jgs ,oa

'kkjhfjd Je dh izfr"Bk dks ekuo dh lQyrkvksa dk vkdkj crk;kA

iz'Uk 4- mnkgj.k lfagr Li"V dhft, fd laiznk; ds leUo; ls bfrgkldkj D;k vFkZ fudkyrs gSa \mRrj & bfrgkldkjksa ds vuqlkj laiznk;ksa ds leUo; dk vFkZ &

& iwtk iz.kkfy;ksa ds leUo; dks gh bfrgkldkj lEiznk; leUo;

ekurs gSaA blds vUrxZr og fofHkUu lEiznk; ds yksxksa ds

fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa ds feJ.k vkSj muds ihNs Nqis fufgr

leku mís';ksa dks yksxksa ds lkeus j[krs gSaA

& os /kkfeZd fodkl dh fofHkUu i)fr;ksa vkSj lEiznk;ksa ds

fodkl dks le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, os vkBoha

65

'krkCnh ds Hkkjr esa iwtk iz.kkfy;ksa ds laca/k ds ckjs esa

vius fopkj fy[krs gSaA

& bfrgkldkjksa dk lq>ko gS fd ;gk¡ de ls de nks izfØ;k,

¡ dk;Zjr FkhA ,d izfØ;k czkã.kh; fopkj/kkjk ds izpkj dh FkhA

bldk izlkj ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa dh jpuk] ladyu vkSj ifjj{k.k }kjk

gqvkA ;s xzaFk ljy laLÑr Nanksa esa Fks tks oSfnd fo|k ls

foghu fL=;ksa vkSj 'kwæksa }kjk Hkh xzká FksA

& blh dky dh ,d vU; izfØ;k Fkh L=h] 'kwæksa o vU; lkekftd

oxks± dh vkLFkkvksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dks czkã.kksa }kjk

LohÑr fd;k tkuk vkSj mls ,d u;k :i iznku djukA

mnkgj.k & mM+hlk esa fo".kq ds :i esa txUukFk dh iwtk]

fo".kq dh iRuh ds :i esa y{eh dh iwtkA

Lesson-7

fot; uxj lkezkT;

Vijayanagara Empire66

Q.1:- Evaluate the importance of Amar Nayaka System in emergence of

Vijayanagara Empire.

Ans. The amara-nayaka system was a major political innovation of the

Vijayanagara Empire. It is likely that many features of this sytem were

derived from the iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate.

There is a important role of this sytem to emerging the Vijayanagara

empire. That shows in the following points :

(i) The amara-nayakas were military commanders who were given

territories to govern by the raya. The collected taxes and other dues from

peasants.

(ii) The amar nayak retained part of the revenue for personal use and for

maintaining a stipulated contingent of horses and elephants.

(iii) These contingents provided the Vijayanagara Kings with an effective

fighting force with which they brought the entire southern peninsula under

their control. Some of the revenue was also used for the maintenance of

temples and irrigation works.

(iv) The amara-nayakas sent tribute to the King annually and personally

appeared in the royal court with gifts to express their loyalty.

(v) Kings occasionally asserted their control over them by transferring

them from one place to another.67

Q2:- What do you think were the advantages and disadvantages of enclosing

agricultural land within the fortified area of the city ?

Ans. There are many advantages and disadvantages of enclosing agricultural

land within the fortified area of the Vijayanagara empire.

1. Abdur Razzaq noted that "between the first, second and third walls

there are cultivated fields, gardens and houses.

2. The detailed statements have been corroborated by present day

archaeologists, who have also found evidence of an agricultural tract

between the sacred centre and the urban core.

3. We knew different sources that in Vijayanagara empire and other

southern kingdom agricultural tracts were incorporated within the fortified

areas. Often, the objective of medieval sieges was to strave the defenders

into submission. These sieges could last four several months and sometimes

even years.

4. Normally rulers tried to be prepared for adverse situations or

natural calamities by building large granaries within fortified areas. The

rulers of Vijayanagara adopted a more expensive and elaborate strategy of

protecting the agricultural belt itself.

68

5. Whenever, Kingdom was attacked by the enemies at the time of

heaping harvest they could easily brunt the dry crops of the farmers. But

these fields was safe in ordinary situation from wild animals.

Q3:- What do you think was the significance of the ritua's associated with

the Mahanavami dibba ?

Ans. The importance of the rituals associated with the Mahanawami dibba.

Located on one of the highest points in the city, the "Mahanawami

dibba" is a massive platform rising from a base of about 11000 sq.ft. to a

height of 40 H.

Rituals associated with the strucutre probably coincided with

Mahanawami (Literally the great ninth day) of the ten-day Hindu festival

during the autumn months of September and October, known variously as

Dushehra (northern India), Durga Puja (in Bengal) and Navaratri or

Mahanawami (in Peninsular India). The Vijayanagara kings displayed their

prestige, power and suzerainty on this occastion.

- The ceremonies performed on the occasion included worship of the

image, worship of the state hourse, and the sacrifice of buffaloes and other

animals.

- Dancer, wrestling matches, and processions of caparisoned horses,

elephants and chariots and soldiers, as well as ritual presentations before the 69

king and his guests by the chief nayakas and subordinate kings marked the

occasion.

- These ceremonies were imbued with deep symbolic meanings on the

last day of the festival the king inspected his army and the armies of the

nayakas in a grand ceremony in an open field. On this occasion the nayakas

brought rich fifts for the king as well as the stipulated tribute.

Q4:- What impression of the lives of the ordinary people of Vijayanagara

can you cull from the various descriptions in Vijayanagara empire.

Ans. Ordinary people of this empire scope different languages and followed

different religious tradition.

- There were small traders and local merchant use to live in cities, trade

cetnre, port town and villages.

- Peasants, workers, slaves etc. were including in ordinary people.

These were ordinary Brahmans, trader and women also.

- The workers were called "Vipravinodin" this class consisted of Iron

smiths, Gold smiths, carpenters, sculpture makers etc.

- In the society there were a few low class people, who were non-

influential. They were Dombar, Mana, Jogi, Paraiyan, Boi, Kallar etc. Some

low caste people were coverted to christianity due to the influence of the

70

Portugeuses. The evils of caste system and untouchability were practised in

the society.

- The ordinary people of the Vijayanagar empire lived in ordinary

houses. This is how the sixteenth century portuguese traveller Barbosa

described the houses of ordinary people existed in the society. The men were

sold and purchased. There were some special rules for the slaves.

ikB&7

iz'Uk 1- fot; uxj lkezkT; ds mRFkku esa vejuk;d iz.kkyh ds

egÙo dk ewY;kadu dhft,A

mRrj & vej uk;d iz.kkyh fot;uxj lkezkT; dh ,d izeq[k jktuhfrd

[kkst FkhA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd bl iz.kkyh ds dbZ rÙo fnYyh

lYrur dh bDrk iz.kkyh ls fy, x, FksA

bl lSfud iz.kkyh dk fot;uxj lkezkT; ds mRFkku esa

egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku Fkk ftldk ewY;kadu fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa

esa fn[kk;k x;k gS &

71

¼1½ vej uk;d lSfud dekaMj Fks ftUgsa jk; }kjk iz'kklu ds

fy, jkT; {ks= fn;s tkrs FksA os fdlkuksa] f'kYidfeZ;ksa rFkk

O;kikfj;ksa ls Hkw&jktLo rFkk vU; dj olwy djrs FksA

¼2½ vej uk;d jktLo dk dqN Hkkx O;fDrxr mi;ksx rFkk ?

kksM+ksa vkSj gkfFk;ksa ds fu/kkZfjr ny ds j[k&j[kko ds fy,

vius ikl j[k ysrs FksA

¼3½ ;s ny fot;uxj 'kkldksa dks ,d izHkkoh lSfud 'kfDr

iznku djus esa lgk;d gksrs Fks ftldh enn ls mUgksaus iwjs

nf{k.kh izk;}hi dks vius fu;a=.k esa fd;kA

¼4½ vej uk;d jktk dks o"kZ esa ,d ckj HksaV Hkstk djrs

Fks vkSj viuh LokfeHkfDr izdV djus ds fy, jktdh; njckj esa

migkjksa ds lkFk Lo;a mifLFkr gqvk djrs FksA

¼5½ ;s vej uk;d jktk ds fu;a=.k esa jgrs Fks jktk

dHkh&dHkh mUgsa ,d ls nwljs LFkku ij LFkkukarfjr dj mu ij

viuk fu;a=.k n'kkZrs FksA

iz'Uk 2- 'kgj ds fdyscan {ks= esa Ñf"k {ks= dks j[kus ds

vkids fopkj esa D;k Qk;ns vkSj uqdlku Fks \

72

mRrj & fot;uxj 'kgj ds fdyscan {ks= esa Ñf"k {ks= dks

pkjnhokjh ds vanj j[kus ls gekjs fopkj ls vusd ykHk vkSj

gkfu;k¡ FkhA bldk fooj.k bl izdkj gS&

1- Ñf"k {ks= esa [ksrksa ds vklikl lkekU;r% lk/kkj.k turk

vkSj fdlku jgrs FksA ckxksa vkSj [ksrksa dh j[kokyh djuk vklku

FkkA

2- izk;% e/;dkyhu ?ksjkcanh dk eq[; mís'; izfri{k dks [kk|

lkexzh ls oafpr dj tYnh ls tYnh vkReleiZ.k ¼gfFk;kj Mkyus ds

fy,½ ds fy, djuk gksrk FkkA

3- ;q)dky esa 'k=qvksa }kjk ?ksjkcanh dbZ eghuksa rd tkjh

j[kh tkrh Fkh ;gk¡ rd fd o"kks± rd py ldrh FkhA vkerkSj ij 'kkld

,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, fdyscan {ks=ksa ds Hkhrj gh

fo'kky vUuxkjksa dk fuekZ.k djokrs FksA fot;uxj ds 'kkldksa

us iwjs Ñf"k Hkw&Hkkx dks cpkus ds fy, ,d vf/kd egaxh rFkk

O;kid uhfr dks viuk;kA

4- fdykcan [ksrh ;ksX; Hkwfe dks pkj nhokjh ds vanj j[kus

ls uqdlku ;g Fkk fd izk;% ckgj jgus okys fdlkuksa dks vkus

tkus esa }kjikyksa ls btktr ysuh gksrh FkhA lkFk gh 'k=q }kjk

?ksjkcanh gksus ij ckgj ls Ñf"k ds fy, vko';d t:jr iM+us ij cht]

moZjd] ;a= vkfn ckgj ds cktkjksa ls ykuk izk;% dfBu FkkA73

5- ;fn 'k=q i{k ds }kjk dkVh xbZ Qly dks vkx yxkdj tyk fn;k

tkrk rks vkfFkZd gkfu cgqr O;kid gks ldrh FkhA

iz'Uk 3- vkids fopkj esa egkuoeh fMCck ls lac) vuq"Bkuksa dk

D;k egÙo Fkk \

mRrj & gekjs fopkj esa egkuoeh fMCck ls lac) vuq"Bkuksa dk

O;kid egÙo FkkA fot;uxj 'kgj ds lcls Å¡ps LFkkuksa ij egkuoeh

fMCck uked fo'kky eap gksrk Fkk bldh lajpuk ls tqM+s

vuq"Bku laHkor% flrEcj rFkk vDVwcj ds 'kjn eklksa esa euk,

tkus okys nl fnu ds fgUnw R;kSgkj] ftls n'kgjk ¼mÙkj Hkkjr½]

nqxkZiwtk ¼ia- caxky½ rFkk uojkf= ;k egkuoeh ¼izk;}hih;

Hkkjr esa½ ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gS] ds egkuoeh ds volj ij

fu"ikfnr fd, tkrs FksA bl volj ij fot;uxj 'kkld vius :rcs] rkdr vkSj

vf/kjkT; dk izn'kZu djrs FksA

& bl volj ij gksus okys /kekZuq"Bkuksa esa ewfrZ dh iwtk]

jkT; ds v'o dh iwtk rFkk HkSalksa vkSj vU; tkuojksa dh cfy

lfEefyr FkhA u`R;] dq'rh izfrLi/kkZ rFkk lkt yxs ?kksM+ksa]

gkfFk;ksa rFkk jFkksa vkSj lSfudksa dh 'kksHkk;k=k vkSj lkFk

gh izeq[k uk;dksa vkSj v/khuLFk jktkvksa }kjk jktk vkSj mlds

vfrfFk;ksa dks nh tkus okyh vkSipkfjd HksaV bl volj ds izeq[k

vkd"kZ.k FksA

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& R;kSgkj ds vfUre fnu jktk viuh rFkk vius uk;dksa dh lsuk

dk [kqys eSnku esa vk;ksftr HkO; lekjksg esa fujh{k.k djrk

FkkA bl volj ij uk;d] jktk ds fy, cM+h ek=k esa HksaV rFkk

lkFk gh fu;r dj Hkh ykrs FksA

iz'u 4- fot;uxj lkezkT; ds fofHkUu fooj.kksa ls vki fot;uxj ds

lkekU; yksxksa ds thou dh D;k Nfo ikrs gSa \

mRrj & lkekU; yksxksa ds ckjs esa cgqr T;knk fooj.k izkIr

ugha gksrs D;ksafd lkekU; yksxksa ds vkoklksa] tks vc vfLrRo

esa izkIr ugha gq, gSa &

& {ks= losZ{k.k bafxr djrs gSa fd bl iwjs {ks= esa cgqr ls

iwtk LFky vkSj NksVs eafnj Fks tks fofo/k izdkj ds laiznk;ksa

ds izpyu dh vksj ladsr djrs gSaA

& fot;uxj lkezkT; esa lk/kkj.k yksx fofHkUu lEiznk;ksa tSls

fgUnw 'kSo] oS".kksa] tSu] ckS) vkSj bLyke ds vuq;k;h jgrs

FksA og fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa tSls dUuM+] rfey] rsyxw] laLÑr

vkfn dk iz;ksx djrs FksA

& lkekU; yksxksa esa dqN NksVs O;kikjh vkSj dqN lkSnkxj

Hkh Fks tks xkaoksa] dLcksa vkSj NksVs 'kgjksa esa jgrs FksA

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buesa dqN O;kikjh canjxkg 'kgjksa esa Hkh jgrs FksA LFkkuh;

oLrqvksa tSls elkys] eksrh] panu vkfn ds lkFk&lkFk dqN

O;kikjh ?kksM+s vkSj gkfFk;ksa dk O;kikj Hkh djrs FksA

& fdlku] Jfed] nkl vkfn dks Hkh lk/kkj.k yksxksa esa 'kkfey

fd;k tk ldrk FkkA lkezkT; esa dqN lkekU; czkã.k] O;kikjh vkSj

nkl] nkfl;k¡ Hkh FksA lk/kkj.k yksx Ñf"k dk;ks± ds lkFk&lkFk

fofHkUu izdkj ds rFkkdfFkr NksVs le>s tkus okys dk;Z Hkh

fd;k djrs FksA

& fot; uxj esa Jfedksa dks foizk fouksnf/k;u Hkh dgk tkrk

gSA bl oxZ esa ykSgkj] lqukj] c<+bZ] ewfrZdkj vkfn vkrs

FksA

CHAPTER 8fdlku] tehnkj vkSj jkT;

d`f"k lekt vkSj eqxy lkezkT;¼yxHkx lksygoh vkSj l=goha lnh

rd½PEASANTS, ZAMINDARS AND THE

STATEAgrarian Society and the Mughal

Empire

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(C. Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century)

Q. 01. Discuss, with examples, the significance of monetary transactions during the period 16th

and 17th century.

Anns. The significance of monetary transactions during sixteenth and seventeenth centuries :

(i) In the early decades of sixteenth century farmers were allowed to pay land revenue in cash or kind. Due to the facility to pay land revenue in cash money, monetary transactions played vital role in Indian economy.

(ii) Village artisan (potter, blacksmith, barber, etc.) use to provide specialized services to the villagers. Though most common way of compensating them was giving them a share of the harvest but their was another system also under this system artisans and individual peasants, house hold entered into a mutually negotiated system of remuneration, most of the time goods for services. For example, eighteenth-century records tell us a zamindars in Bangal who remunerated blacksmiths, carpenters, even goldsmiths for their work by paying them “a small daily allowance and diet money”. This later came to be described as the Jajmani system, though the term was not in vogue in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Such evidence is interesting because in indicates the intricate ways in which exahnge networks operated at the micro-level of the village. Cash remuneration was not entirely unknown either.

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(iii) The seventeenth-century French traveler Jean-Baptists Tavernier found it remarkable that in “India a village must be very small indeed if it has not a money changer called a Shroff. (They) act as bankers to make remittances of money (and who) enhance the rupee as they please for paisa and the paisa for these (cowrie) shells”.

(iv) An expanding trade brought in huge amounts of silver bullion into Asia to pay for good procured from India, and a large part of that bullion gravitated towards India. This was good for India as it did not have natural resources of silver.

(v) As a result, the period between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries was also marked by a remarkable stability in the availability of metal currency, particularly the silver rupya in India.

(vi) This facilitated an unprecedented expansion of minting of coins and the circulation of money in the economy as well as the ability of the Mughal state to extract taxes and revenue in cash.

(vii) The testimony of an Italian traveler, Giovanni Careri, who passed throught India c. 1690, provides a graphic account about the way silver traveled across the globe to reach India. It also gives us an idea of the phenomenal amounts of cash and commodity transactions in seventeenth-century India.

Q. 02. To what extent do you think caste was a factor in influencing social and economic relations in agrarian society ?

Anns. Caste as a factor in influencing social and economic relations in agrarian society.

(i) Sizeable number of major (labourer). Deep ineqities on the basis of caste and other caste

78

like distinctions meant that the cultivators were a highly heterogenous group. Among those who tilled the land, there was a sizeable number who worked as menials or agricultual, labourers (major).

(ii) Despite the abundance of cultivable land, certain caste groups were assigned menial taks and thus relegated to poverty. Though there was no census at that time, the little data that we have suggest that such groups comprised a large section of the village population, had the least resources and were constrained by their position in the caste hierarchy, much like the Dalits of modern India. Such distinctions had begun permeating into other communities too.

(iii) Muslim halakhoran etc. : In muslim communities menials like the halakhoran (scavengers) were housed outside the boundaries of the village, similarly mallahzadas (literally, sons of boatmen) in Bihar were comparable to slaves.

(iv) Direct co-relation between caste and socio economic position : There was a direct correlation between caste, poverty and social status at the lower strata of society such correlations were not so mared at intermediate levels. In a manual from seventeenth century Marwar, Rajputs are mentioned as peasants, sharing the same space with Jats, who were accorded a lower status in the caste hierarchy. The Gauravas, who cultivated land around Vrindavan (Uttar Prades), sought Rajput status in the seventeenth century.

(v) Rise in hierarchy of caste : Castes such as the Ahirs, Gujars and Malis rose in the hierarchy because of the profitability of cattle rearing and horticulture. In the eastern regions, intermediate pastoral and fishing

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castes like the sadgops and Kaivartas acquired the status of peasants.

Q. 03. Discuss the ways in which panchayats and village headmen regulated rural society.

Anns. Regulation of rural society by Panchayats and headmen :

(i) Meaning of Panchayat : The village panchayat was an assembly of elders, usually important people of the village with hereditary right over their property.

(ii) General composition and importance of Panchayat decision : In mixed-caste villages, the panchayat was usually a heterogeneous body. An oligarchy, the panchayat represented various castes and communities in the village, though the village menial-cum-agricultural worker was unlikely to be represented there. The decisions made by these panchayats were binding on the members.

(iii) Selection dismissal and main function of headman or muqaddam : The panchayat was headed by a headman known as muqaddam or mandal. Some sources suggest that the headman was chosen through the consensus of the village elders, and that this choice had to be ratified by the zamindar. Headmen held office as long as they enjoyed the confidence of the village elders, failing which they could be dismissed by them. The chief function of the headman was to supervise the preparation of village accounts, assisted by the accountant or patwari of the panchayat.

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(iv) Funding of Panchayat or sources of Income Panchayat. : The panchayat derived its funds from contributions made by individuals to a common financial pool.

(v) Item of expenditure : These funds were used for defraying the costs of entertaining revenue officials who visited the village from time to time. Expenses for community welfare activities such as tiding over natural calamities (like floods), were also meet from these funds. Often these funds were also deployed in construction of a bund or digging a canal which peasants usually could not afford to do on their own.

(vi) Various function of panchayat : One important functions of the panchayat was to ensure that caste boundaries among the various communities inhabiting the village were upheld. In estern India all marriage were held in the presence of the mandal. In other words one of the duties of the village headman was to oversee the conduct of the members of the village community “chiefly to prevent any offence against their caste”.

(vii) Imposing fines and expulsion from caste and community : Panchayat also had the authority to levy fines and inflict more serious forms of punishment like expulsion from the community. The later was a drastic step and was in most cases meted out for a limited period. It meant that a person forced to leave the village became an outcaste and lost his right to practise his profession. Such a measure was intended as a deterrent to violation of caste norms.

(viii) Caste or Jati Panchayat : In addition to the village panchayat each caste or jati in

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the village had its own jati panchayat. These panchayates wielded considerable power in rural society. In Rajasthan jati panchayats arbitrated civil disputes between members of different castes. They mediated in contested claims on land, decided whether marriages were performed according to the norms laid down by a particular caste group, determined who had ritual precedence in village functions, and so on. In most cases, except in matters of criminal justice, the state respect the decisions of jati panchayats.

(ix) Petitions presented by caste panchayat and their impact : Archival records from western India-notably Rajasthan and Maharashtra-contain petitions presented to the panchayat complaining about extortionate taxation or the demand for unpaid labour (beggar) imposed by the “superior” castes or officials of the state. These petitions were usually made by villagers, from the lowest rungs of rural society. Often petitions were made collectively as well, by a caste group or a community protesting against what they considered were morally illegitimate demands on the part of elite groups. These included excessive tax demands which, especially in times of drought or other disasters, endangered the peasants subsistence. In the eys of the petitioners of right to the basic minimum for survival was sanctioned by custom. They regarded the village panchayat as the court of appeal that would ensure that the state carried out its moral obligations and guaranteed justice.

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v/;k; 8fdlku] tehnkj vkSj jkT;d`f"k lekt vkSj eqxy lkezkT;

¼yxHkx lksygoh vkSj l=goha lnh rd½

iz'u 1- fdlku] tehankj vkSj jkT; ( Peasants, Zamindars and The States)d`f"k lekt vkSj eqxy lkezkT; ¼yxHkx 16oha

vkSj 17oha lnh rd½

iz-1 fopkjk/khu dky ¼16oha vkSj 17oha lnh½ esa ekSfnzd dkjksckj dh vgfe;r dh foospuk mnkgj.k nsdj dhft,Ai) lksygoha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa fdlkuksa dks udnh vFkok thUl esa Hkw&jktLo vnk djus dh NwV nh xbZ FkhA fdlkuksa dks udnh esa HkwjktLo Hkqxrku dh lqfo/kk ds dkj.k ekSfnzd dkjksckj dks Hkkjrh; voLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuokZg djus dk volj feykAii) xzkeh.k f'kYidkj ¼dqEgkj] yksgj] ukbZ] c<+bZ] lqukj½ xzkeh.k yksxksa dks fo'ks"k izdkj dh lsok,W iznku djrs FksA Qly dVus vkSj idus ij izk;% mUgsa Qly dk ,d fgLlk fn;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu bl O;oLFkk ds lkFk&lkFk fdlku vkSj f'kYidkj ijLij ysu&nsu ds ckjs esa vkil 'krsZ r; djds izk;% yksxksa dks udnh esa Hkqxrku djrs FksAiii) xkWo esa izk;% LFkkuh; NksVs O;kikjh vkSj ljkQ ik, tkrs FksA izk;% mUgsa uxnh esa ysu nsu djus dk vf/kd 'kkSd Fkk iapk;rsa Hkh vijkf/k;ksa ij udn tqekZus yxkrh FkhA vke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa 'kgjksa

83

vkSj xkWoksa esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk fofue; gksrk FkkAvi) mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] vBkjgoha lnh ds lzksr crkrs gS fd caxky esa tehankj mudh lsokvksa ds cnys yksgkjksa] c<+bZ vkSj lqukjksa rd dks jkst dk HkRrk vkSj [kkus ds fy, udnh ykrs FksA bl O;oLFkk dks ttekuh dgrs Fks gkykafd ;g 'kCn lksygoha o l=goha lnh esa cgqr bLrseky ugha gksrk FkkA ;s lcwr etsnkj gSa D;ksfd buls irk pyrk gS fd xkWo ds NksVs Lrj ij Qsj&cny ds fj'rs fdrus isphnk FksA ,slk ugha gS fd udn vnk;xh dk pyu fcydqy gh unkjn FkkA

v) l=goha lnh esa Qzkalhlh ;k=h T;ka cSfIVLV rSofua;j dks ;g ckr mYys[kuh; yxh fd Hkkjr esa os xkWo cgqr gh NksVs dgs tk,Wxs ftuesa eqnzk dh Qsj cny djus okys] ftUgsa ljkQ dgrs gsa] u gksaA ,d cSadj dh rjQ ljkQ gokyk Hkqxrku djrs gSa ¼vkSj½ viuh ethZ ds eqrkfcd iSls ds eqdkcys iSls dhA

iz2 vkids eqrkfcd d`f"k lekt esa lkekftd o vkfFkZd laca/kksa dks izHkkfor djus esa tkfr fdl gn rd ,d dkjd Fkh\mRrj& d`f"k lekt ds fofHkUu laca/kksa dks izHkkfor djus esa ,d dkjd ds :Ik esa tkfr dh Hkwfedk%&

i) tkfr vkSj tkfr tSls vU; HksnHkkoksa dh otg ls [ksfrgj fdlku dbZ rjg ds lewgksa esa ckWVs FksA [skrksa dh tqrkbZ djus okyksa esa ,d cM+h rknkn ,sls yksxksa dh

84

Fkh tks uhp le>s tkus okys dkeksa esa yxs Fks] ;k fQj [ksrksa esa etnwjh djrs FksAii) ;|fi [ksrh yk;d tehu dh deh ugha Fkh] fQj Hkh dqN tkfr ds yksxksa dks flQZ uhps le>s tkus okys dke gh fn, tkrs Fksa bl rjg os xjhc jgus ds fy, etcwj FksA tux.kuk rks ml oDr ugha gksrh Fkh] ij tks FkksM+s cgqr vkWdM+s vkSj rF; gekjs ikl gSa muls irk pyrk gS fd xkWo dh vkcknh dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk ,sls gh lewgksa dk Fkk buds ikl lalk/ku lcls de Fks vkSj tkfr O;oLFkk dh ikcafn;ksa ls cW/ks FksA budh gkyr dekscs'k oSlh gh Fkh tSlh fd vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa nfyrksa dhAiii) nwljs laiznk;ksa esa Hkh ,sls HksnHkko QSyus yxs FksA eqlyeku leqnk;ksa esa gyky[kksjku tSls uhp dkeksa ls tqM+s lewg xkWo dh gnksa ds ckgj gh jg ldrs Fks blh rjg fcgkj esa eYykgtk+nkvksa ¼'kkfCnd vFkZ] ukfodksa ds iq=½] dh rqyuk nklks ls dh tk ldrh FkhAiv) lekt ds fupys rCkds esa tkfr] xjhch vkSj lkekftd gSfl;r ds chp lh/kk fj'rk Fkk A ,slk chp ds lewgksa esa ugha FkkA l=goha lnh esa ekjokM+ esa fy[kh xbZ ,d fdrkc jktiwrksa dh ppkZ fdlkuksa ds :Ik esa djrh gSA bl fdrkc ds eqrkfcd tkV Hkh fdlku Fks ysfdu tkfr O;oLFkk esa mudh txg jktiwrksa ds eqdkcys uhph FkhAv) l=goha lnh esa jktiwr gksus dk nkok o`ankou

¼mRrj izns'k½ ds bykds esa xkSjo leqnk; us Hkh fd;k] ckotwn blds fd os tehu dh tqrkbZ ds dke esa yxs FksA Ik'kqikyu vkSj ckxckuh esa c<+rs equkQs dh otg ls vghj] xwTtj vkSj ekyh tSlh

85

tkfr;kW lkekftd tkfr;kW] tSls lnxksi o dSorZ Hkh fdlkuksa dh lh lkekftd fLFkfr ikus yxhaA

iz3 iapk;r vkSj xkWo dk eqf[k;k fdl rjg ls xzkeh.k lekt dk fu;eu djrs Fks\ foospuk dhft;sAmRrj& xzkeh.k lekt dk iapk;r vkSj eqf[k;k }kjk fuxeu %

i) iapk;r % xkWo dh iapk;r esa cqtqxksaZ dk tekoM+k gksrk FkkA vkerkSj ij os xkWo ds egRoiw.kZ yksx gqvk djrs Fks ftuds ikl viuh laifRr ds iq'rSuh vf/kdkj gksrs FksA ftu xkWoksa esa dbZ tkfr;ksa ds yksx jgrs Fks ogkW vdlj iapk;r esa Hkh fofo/krk ikbZ tkrh FkhAii) vYira=% ;g ,d ,slk vYira= Fkk ftlea xkWo ds vyx&vyx laiznk;ksa vkSj tkfr;ksa dh uqekbanxh gksrh FkhA fQj Hkh bldh laHkkouk de gh gS fd NksVs& eksVs vkSj uhp dke djus okys [ksfrgj etnwjksa ds fy, blesa dksbZ txg gksrh gksxhA iapk;r dk QSlyk xkWo esa lcdksa ekuuk iM+rk FkkAiii) eqf[k;k ;k eqdn~ne % iapk;r dk ljnkj ,d eqf[k;k gksrk Fkk ftls eqdn~ne ;k eaMy dgrs FksA dqN lzksrks ls ,slk yxrk gS fd eqf[k;k dk pquko ds ckn mUgsa bldh eatwjh tehankj ls ysuh iM+rh FkhAiv) dk;Zdky% eqf[k;k vius vksgns ij rHkh rd cuk jgrk Fkk tc rd xkWo ds cqtqxksZa dks ml ij Hkjkslk FkkA ,slk ugha gksus ij cqtqxZ mls c[kkZLr dj ldrs FksA xkWo ds vkenuh o [kpsZ dk fglkc&fdrkc viuh fuxjkuh esa cuokuk eqf[k;k dk eq[; dke Fkk vkSj blesa iapk;r dk iVokjh mldh enn djrk FkkA

86

v) [kpkZ ¼O;;½ % iapk;r dk [kpkZ ml vke [ktkus ls pyrk Fkk ftlesa gj O;fDr viuk ;ksxnku nsrk FkkA bl [ktkus ls muds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh [kkfrjnkjh dk [kpkZ Hkh fd;k tkrk Fkk tks le;&le; ij xkWo dk nkSjk fd;k djrs FksA nwljh vksj] bl dks"k dk bLrseky ck<+ tSlh izkd`frd foinkvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, Hkh gksrk Fkk vkSj ,sls tSls fd feV~Vh ds NksVs&eksVs ckW/k cukuk ;k ugj [kksnukAvi) dk;Z rFkk mRrjnkf;Ro % iapk;r dk ,d cM+k dke ;g rlYyh djuk Fkk fd xkWo esa jgus okys vyx&vyx leqnk;ksa ds yksx viuh tkfr dh gnksa ds vanj jgsaA iwohZ Hkkjr esa lHkh 'kkfn;kW eaMy dh ekStwnxh esa gksrh FkhaA ;wW dgk tk ldrk gS fd tkfr dh vogsyuk jksdus ds fy, yksxksa ds vkpj.k ij utj j[kuk xkWo ds eqf[k;k dh ftEesnkjh esa ls ,d FkkAvii) vk; ds lzksr% iapk;rksa dks tqekZuk yxkus vkSj leqnk; ls fu"dkflr djus tSls T;knk xaHkhj naM nsus ds vf/kdkj FksA leqnk; ls ckgj fudkyuk ,d dM+k dne Fkk tks ,d lhfer le; ds fy, ykxw fd;k tkrk FkkA blds rgr nafMr O;fDr dks ¼fn, gq, le; ds fy,½ xkWo NksM+uk iM+rk FkkA bl nkSjku og viuh tkfr vkSj is'ks ls gkFk /kks cSBrk FkkA ,slh uhfr;ksa dk edln tkfrxr fjoktksa dh vogsyuk jksduk FkkAviii) tkfrxr iapk;rsa % xzke iapk;r ds vykok xkWo esa gj tkfr dh viuh iapk;r gksrh FkhA lekt esa ;s iapk;rsa vyx&vyx tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds chp nhokuh ds >xM+ksa dk fuiVkjk djrh Fkha A os tehu ls tqM+s nkosnkfj;ksa ds >xM+s lqy>krh Fkh] ;g r; djrh Fkha fd

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'kkfn;kWa tkfrxr ekunaMksa ds eqrkfcd gks jgh gSa ;k ugha vkSj ;g Hkh fd xkWo ds vk;kstu esa fdldks fdlds Åij rjthg nh tk,xhA deZdkaMh; opZLo fdl Øe esa gksxkA QkStnkjh U;k; dks NksM+ ns rks T;knkrj ekeyksa esa jkT; tkfr iapk;r ds QSlyksa dks ekurk FkkA

H O T S vH;kl ds fy, iz’u

(Exercise for Practice)

iz'u 1- eqxydky ds v/;;u ds L=ksr ds :i esa ^vkbu&,&vdcjh* ds fdUgha rhu l’kDr rFkk nks detksj igyqvksa dh foospuk dhft,A

Q.1. Describe any three strengths and two limitations of the “Ain-i-Akbari” as an important documents in the study of the mugal period.

iz'u 2- eqxy dky esa d`f"k lEcU/kksa esa tehankj dsUnz fcUnq D;ksa Fks\ O;k[;k dhft,A

Q.1. Explain why the Zamindars were central to the agrarian relation in the Mugal period.

CHAPTER-9 Kings and Chronicles

Ques. 1 Evaluate the concerns that shaped Mughal Policies and attitudes

towards Regions outside the sub continents?

The special attention was started on the North West Frontier areas from the

period of Akbar. The Political and diplomatic relations between the Mughal

Kings and the neighboring countries of Iran and Turan hinged on the control

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of the frontier defined by the Hindu Kush Mountains that separated

Afghanistan from the regions of Iran and Central Asia.

A constant Aim of Mughal Policy was to check/ prevent outside Potential

danger by controlling strategic out posts- notably Kabul and Qandhar.

The relationship between the Mughals and ottomans was marked by

the concern to ensure free movement for traders and pilgrims in the

territories under ottoman control, where the important pilgrim centres of

Mecca and Madina were located.

Qandhar was a bone of contention between safavids and the Mughals,

the fortress town has initially been in the possession of Humayun

reconquered in 1595 by Akbar, in 1622 A Persian army besieged Qandhar.

The ill prepared Mughal army was defeated and had to surrender the fortress

and the city to the safavids.

The Mughal Emperor usually combined Religion and commerce by

exporting valuable merchandise to Aden and Mokha, Both red seaports and

distributing the proceeds of the sales in charity to the keepers of shrines and

religious men there.

On the basis of above mentioned causes we can say that Mughal

emperors were very much vigilant especially to the North West frontier

areas. Strong efforts had been made to control these areas upto the period of

Sharjahan but later his successors did not pay any attention on such

important areas and this resulted invasion of Nadir Shah and Ahmad shah

Abdali.

Ques No.2 “Sher Shah Suri was the forerunner of Akbar” Prove this

Statement by giving reasonable arguments.

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Answer Shershah Suri was the great Emperor of the Medieval Era. His

works and successes of Shershah Suri were so great that these became ideal

for the forthcoming Rulers.

Shershah was a hard working and disciplined personality. He was in

favour of equal law for each and everybody and he considered Judgment as

most holy religious work.

Keeping in view, the general welfare of the people and for the

effectiveness of empire, he divided his empire into ‘Sarkars’ and the sarkar

into ‘Parganas’.

The biggest gift of Sher Shah Suri to Akbar is in the area of land

management. He divided the land and the land revenue according to the

produce of the land.

Sher Shah Suri got shady trees planted along the road sides for

convenience of the general public.

For the encouragement of the traders and convenience of general

people. He introduced Gold, Silver, and copper coins and a certain amount

of metal was kept in the coins.

Shershah was the first emperor who adopted religious liberty and

equal behavior. He separated politics to the religion.

He recruited a vast central permanent army. HE gave cash

payment to the Army, horse branded, getting the description rolls of the

soldiers recorded and their recruitment and inspection of the troop from time

to time.

He opened hospitals for the poor. He also encouraged the expansion

of Education.

He was very much interested in the construction of the buildings. The

tomb of Sahsram is an important construction which is a symbol of

coordination of Mohamadden and local architectural styles.90

By the micro analysis of the above mentioned works/ reforms of the

Shershah. It becomes clear that Akbar adopted many works/ reforms of the

Shershah as it is or by some modifications. Therefore Shershah can be

called as the forerunner of Akbar.

Ques No.3 What is Mansabdari system? Evaluate the merits and

demerits of this System.

Answer The word ‘mansab’ is derived from an Arabic word which

means ‘Fixing the place’ or rank. The mansabdars were the holders of Ranks

in the emperor’s service. Every Commander to Public servant was given a

rank of mansab. Each mansabdar was required to maintain a number of

soldiers.

All officers holding a mansab of 5000 or less were divided into three

classes.

i. If the zat and sawar figures were equal, the officers belonged

to the first class.

ii. If the sawar figure was more than half of the zat figure, he

belonged to the second class.

iii. If the sawar figure was less than half of the zat figure, he was

put in the third class.

The mansabdars were directly recruited, promoted, suspended and

dismissed by the emperor. Unlike the Jagirdari system, the

mansabdari system was not hereditary. The mansabdars could be

transferred by the emperor upon his sweet will. The mansabdari

troops were recruited by the mansabdar himself. The king however,

laid down general rules for recruitment, maintenance and payment of

troops.

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The mansabdars were highly paid. Akbar preferred to pay them

salaries in cash. After the death of mansabdar his immovable property

was taken by the king. Mansabdar had to maintain the record of

soldiers and horses so that these may come in the use of the king

while required. That is why this system could become the main base

of the power of Mughal Empire. Mansabdars also created situations

for the development of literature. Folk Art and Paintings were also

flourished under the guidance of these mansabdars. There was very

much dissimilarity in the salaries and allowances of the army

regiments of the mansabdars. The soldiers of mansabdars were not

responsible to the centre. Generally such kind of army used to obey

the mansabdar not the army commander.

By evaluating above mentioned merits and demerits, it becomes clear

that during the powerful kings this system contributed in the

expansion and consolidation of the empire but during the weak

successors mansabdars started to be out of control to the king and

became an important cause in time decline of Mughal Empire.

v/;k; 9'kkld vkSj fofHkUu bfro`Rr

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iz’u l-1 mu eqn~nks dk ewY;kdu dhft, ftUgkus Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ls ckgj {ks=ks ds izfr eqxy uhfr;ks o fopkjks dks vkdkj fn;kAmRrj& vdcj ds 'kkludky ls gh lkefjd egRo ds {ks=ksa ij fo’ks"k fuxjkuh j[kh tkus yxh Fkh vr% eqxy jktkvksa rFkk bZjku o rwjku ds iMkslh ns’kks ds jktuhfrd] jktuf;d fj’rs vQxkfuLrku dks bZjku o e/; ,f’k;k ds {ks=ks ls i`Fkd djus okys fgUnqdq’k ioZrks }kjk fu/kkZfjr lhek ds fu;U=.k ij fuHkZj djrs FksA

eqxyuhfr dk ,d izeq[k mn~ns’;] dkcqy ,oa dU/kkj ij fu;U=.k j[kdj ckgjh jktuSfrd [krjksa dk Hkkjr esa izos’k jksduk FkkA

vkWVkseu lkezkT; ds lkFk eqxyksa us vius lEcU/k bl izdkj cuk;s fd os vkWVkseu fu;U=.k okys {ks=ksa esa O;kikfj;ksa vkSj rhFkZ;kf=;ks ds LorU= vkokxeu dks cjdjkj j[kok lds tgkW eDdk ,oa enhuk ds egRo&iw.kZ rhFkZLFky fLFkr FksA

dU/kkj lQkfc;ksa vkSj eqxyks ds chp >xMs+ dh tM+ FkkA ;g fdyk uxj vkjaHk esa gqek;Ww ds vf/kdkj esa Fkk ftls 1595 bZ- esa vdcj }kjk iqu% thr fy;k x;kA 1622 bZ- esa ,d Qkjlh lsuk us |sjk Mky fn;k eqxy lsuk dks iwjh rjg rS;kj u gksus ds dkj.k ijkftr gksuk iM+k vkSj mls fdyk rFkk uxj lQkfc;ks dks lkSius iMsA

vkWVkseu jkT; ds lkFk vius lEcU/kksa es eqxyckn’kkg vke rkSj ij /keZ vkSj okf.kT; ds eqn~nksa dks feykus dh dksf’k’k djrk Fkk og yky lkxj ds cUnjxkg vnu vkSj vks[kk dks cgqewY; oLrqvksa ds fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu nsrk Fkk vkSj budh

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fcdzh ls vftZr vk; dks ml bykds ds /keZ&LFkyks o Qdhjksa esa nku esa ckWV nsrk FkkA

mi;qZDr dkj.kks ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gS fd 'kq:okrh eqxy lezkV m-i- lhek izkUr ds izfr vR;f/kd lrdZ FksA'kkgtgkW ds 'kkludky rd ml {ks= ij fu;U=.k ds dkQh l’kDr iz;kl fd;s x;s ijUrq ijorhZ 'kkldks ds }kjk bl {ks= ds izfr mnklhurk us gh ukfnj’kkg vkSj vgen 'kkg vCnkyh ds vkdze.k lqfuf’pr dj fn;sA iz’u la- 2& “’ksj’kkg vdcj dk vxz.kh Fkk”Amfpr rdksZ dh lgk;rk ls bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,AmRrj 'ksj’kkg lwjh e/;;qxhu Hkkjr dk ,d egku 'kkld Fkk ml dh lQyrk,a vkSj dk;Z brus egku Fks fd os mlds ijorhZ 'kkldks ds fy, vkn’kZ cu x,A

'ksj’kkg ,d dBksj ifjJeh]deZ’khy vkSj vuq’kklufiz; O;fDr FkkAog leku U;k; dk i{kikrh Fkk vkSj U;k; dks 'kklu dk ifo= ?kkfeZd drZO; ekurk FkkA

'ksj’kkg us vius lkezkT; dks iz’kklu dh lqfo/kk ds fy;s rFkk mles dk;Zdq’kyrk ykus ds fy, jkT; dks ‘ljdkj’ rFkk ljdkj dks ijxuk esa ckWVk gqvk FkkA

'ksj’kkg dh vdcj dh lcls cM+h nsu Hkwfe izcU/k ds {ks= es gSAlkjh Hkwfe dh uki djokdj Hkwfe dj fu;r dj fn;kAyksxks dh lqfo?kk gsrq lMdks ds fdukjs Nk;knkj o`{k yxok;sA

O;kikj dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, rFkk xjhc turk ds vkjke dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s 'ksj’kkg us vusd NksVs&cMs lksus] pkWnh rFkk rkWcs ds flDds pyk;s Fks mu flDdks esa ,d fuf’pr /kkrq vuqikr Hkh j[kk FkkA

'ksj’kkg igyk lezkV Fkk ftlus /kkfeZd mnkjrk rFkk leku O;ogkj dh uhfr dks viuk;kA mlus /keZ dks jktuhfr ls vyx j[kkA

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'ksj’kkg us fo’kky dsUnzh; LFkk;h+ lsuk dk fuekZ.k fd;kAlsuk dks udn osru] |ksMksa dks nkx yxokuk]lSfudks ds izf’k{k.k vkSj fujh{k.k uhfr;ks ij fo’ks"k cy fn;kA

'ksj’kkg us fu/kZuks ds fy, fu%’kqYd Hkkstuky; vkSj vLirky [kksys FksAmlus f’k{kk ds izlkj dks Hkh c<+kok fn;kA

'ksj’kkg us Hkou fuekZ.k esa cgqr :fp yhAfogkj esa lgljke esa cuok;k x;k mldk edcjk mldh Hkou fuekZ.k dyk dk LFkkuh; rFkk eqfLye 'kSfy;ks es leUo; dk izfrd gSA'ksj’kkg ds mi;qZDr dk;ksZ dk lw{e fo’ys"k.k djus ij ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd mlds vkxkeh eqxy’kkld vdcj us bUgh dk;ksZ@lq/kkjksa dks ;Fkkor ;k FkksMs cgqr la’kks/ku ds lkFk ykxw fd;k gSA vr% 'ksj’kkg dks vdcj dk vxz.kh ekuk tk ldrk gSAiz'u la- 3 eulcnkjh O;oLFkk D;k gS\ blds xq.k vkSj nks"kks dk ewY;kdu dhft,AmRrj& 'kCn ‘eulc’ vjch Hkk"kk ls fy;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ gS LFkku ;k inAeqxy O;oLFkk es eulc ljdkjh vf/kdkjh dk og in Fkk tks vf/kdkjh oxZ esa mldk ntkZ] mldk osru vkSj njckj es mldk LFkku fuf’pr djrk FkkA ;g ml vf/kdkjh }kjk j[ks x, lSfudks] gkfFk;ksa] |qMlokjks ] gdMks vkfn dh la[;kW ds okjs es Hkh tkudkjh nsrk FkkA

5000 ;k blls de ds eulcnkjks dks rhu Jsf.k;ks es foHkDr fd;k x;k Fkk%1- ;fn fdlh eulcnkj ds tkr vkSj lokj in leku gksrs Fks rks mls izFke Js.kh dk eulcnkj dgk tkrk FkkA 2- ftl eulcnkj dk lokj in tkr in ls vk/kk ;k mlls vf/kd gksrk mls nwljh Js.kh dk eulcnkj

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dgk tkrk Fkk 3- ftl eulcnkj dk lokj in mlds tkr in ds vk/ks ls de gksrk og r`rh; Js.kh dk eulcnkj dgykrk FkkA

lezkV Lo;a eulcnkj fu;qDr djrk Fkk rFkk ogh mldks ÅWpk ntkZ ns ldrk Fkk ;k inP;qr dj ldrk FkkA

tkxhjnkjh izFkk dh HkkWfr eulcnkjh izFkk oa’kkuqxr ugh FkhA lezkV viuh bPNk ls eulcnkj dks LFkkukUrfjr dj ldrk FkkAeulcnkj viuh lsuk esa HkrhZ Loe djrk Fkk ijUrq lezkV eulcnkjks dh lsuk dks HkrhZ djus o mudks izf’k{k.k rFkk osru nsus ds fu;e Lo;a cukrk FkkA eulonkjksa dks Åaps osru fn, tkrs FksA vdcj budks osru udn nsuk ilUn djrk FkkAeulonkjks dh e`R;w ds i'pkr mldh vpy lEifRr dks tCr dj fy;k tkrk Fkk muds fy, vius |ksMks dks nkxuk vius lSfudks ds gqfy;s ntZ djuk vfuok;Z Fkk rkfd og fuf’pr la[;k es lezkV dh lgk;rk ds fy, iSny lSfud vkSj |ksMs rS;kj j[ks blh dkj.k ;g eqxy lkezkT; dh 'kfDr dk izeq[k vk/kkj cu ldhA eulonkjks us lkfgR; ds fodkl ds fy, ifjfLFkfr;kW mRiUu dh ,oa bUgh ds laj{k.k es yksddyk;sa o yksd fp=dkfjrk Qyh QwyhA

vdcj ds 'kkludky es eulcnkjkas dh lSU; VqdfM;ks esa osru o HkRrs dh n`f"V ls vlekurk FkhAeulonkjksa dh lsuk dsUnz ds izfr mRrjnk;h ugh Fkh lkekU;r% bl idzkj dh lsuk lSfud dek.Mj dh ckr u ekudj eulonkj ds vuq:i dk;Z djrs FksA

mi;qZDr iz.kkyh ds xq.k nks"kksa dk ewY;kdau djus ij Li"V gksrk gS fd 'kfDr 'kkyh 'kkldks ds nkSjku rks bl iz.kkyh us lkezkT; ds lqn`<hdj.k esa ;ksxnku fn;k ysfdu tc ijorhZ 'kkld detksj gksus yxs rks eulonkj mPN`a[ky gksus yxs vkSj ;g O;oLFkk eqxy lkezkT; ds iru dk ,d dkj.k cuhA

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CHAPTER-10mifuos’kokn vkSj nsgkr

ljdkjh vfHkys[kksa dk v/;;uCOLONIALISM AND THE

COUNTRYSIDEExploring Official Archives

Q. 01. What are the problems of using official sources in wirting about the history of peasants.

Anns. Following are the problems in using official sources in working about the history of peasants :

(i) There are official sources and reflect only British official concerns and interpretation of all events from the outlook and angles of the English. For example, the Deccan riots commission was specifically asked to judge whether the level of Government revenue demand of the cause of the revolt.

(ii) Most of the events, revolts and happening have been presented in a biosed manner. The colonial Government and official had their own political, economic, religious, cultural and social interest. The had always tried to

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present picture of Indian Society people tradition culture and even the achievements.

(iii) The sources have been presented and recorded by such clever and naughty people who have intentially presented things with falls evidences also. For example, the Deccan Riot Commission alter presenting all the findings with such evidences which was utilize to give authencity to the report of the commission. The commission has presented this fabricated fact the Government demand was not the cause the peasants angles. It was the moneylenders (again Indian) who were to blames such argument is found very frequently in British colonial records. This shows that there was a persistent on the part of the colonial government to admit that popular discontent was ever on account of Government action.

(iv) Official reports, thus are invaluable sources for the reconstruction of history. But they have to be always read the case and just opposed with evidence called from newspapers, unofficial accounts, legal records and, where possible, oral sources.

Q. 02. What steps taken by the British East India Company to control the Zamindars ?

Anns. The British East India Company took the following steps mainly to maintain its control over the Zamindars.

(i) The zamindars’ troops were disband, customs, duties abolished, and their cutcheries (Courts) brought under the supervision of collector appointed by the company.

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(ii) The power to deliver local judgement was also taken away from zamindars. In fact zamindars hold their control and leadership through local caste and other panchayats. They lost their power to organize local police. Over time the collectorate emerged as an altenative centre of authority, severely restricting what the zamindar could do.

(iii) In case a Raja (powerful zamindars) failed to pay the land revenue, a Company official was speedly dispatched to his zamindari which explicit instruction “to take charge of the District and to use the most effectual means to destroy all the influence and the authority of the zamindar and his officers.

(iv) Some of the scholars believe that some trouble creaters were also used as tools to reduce the influence of Rajahs. For example, when the zamindar despactched their amlah (collector of revenue or representative of zamindar). Some naughty people use to create problem for zamindars. Some ryots deliberately delayed payment. Rich ryots and village headmen jotedars and mandals-were only too happy to see the Zamindar in trouble. The zamindar could therefore not easily arrest his power over them.

Q. 03. Why was the jotendars a powerful figure in many areas of rural Bengal ?

Anns. The jotedars a power figure in many areas of rural Bengal become while several Zamindars were facing a crisis at the end of the 18th century, a group of rich peasants were consolidating their position in the villages. For example, in rural area of North Bengal we get reference about a rich class of peasent they were known as jotedars.

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Causes :

(i) by the early nineteenth century, jotedars had acquired vast areas of land-sometimes as much as several thousand areas.

(ii) They controlled local trade as well as moneylending, exercising immense power over the poorer cultivators of the region

(iii) A large part of their land was cultivated through share croppers (adhiyars or bargadars) who brought their own plough, loboured in the field, and handed over half the produce to the jotedars after the harvest.

(iv) Within the villages, the power of jotedars was more effective than that of zamindars. Unlike zamindars who often lived in urban areas, jotedars were located in the villages and exercised direct control over a considerable section of poor villagers.

(v) Jotedars fiercely resisted efforts by zamindars to increase the jama of the village, prevented zamindari officials from executing their duties, mobilized ryots who were dependent on them, and deliberately delayed payment of revenue to the zamindars. In fact, when the estate of the zamindars were auctioned for failure to make revenue payment, jotedars were often amongst the purchasers.

v/;k; 10

iz’u 01- fdlkuksa dk bfrgkl fy[kus esa ljdkjh L=ksrksa ds mi;ksx ds ckjs esa D;k leL;k,¡ vkrh gSa \

mÙkj % fdlkuksa laca/kh bfrgkl fy[kus esa ljdkjh Jksrksa ds mi;ksx ds nkSjku vkus okyh leL;k,¡ (Problems during the use of Government sources to write history of farmers)

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1- fdlkuksa ls lEcfU/kr bfrgkl fy[kus ds dbZ L=ksr gSa ftuesa ljdkj }kjk j[ks x, jktLo vfHkys[k] ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr losZ{k.kdrkZvksa ds }kjk nh xbZ fjiksVksZ o if=dk,sa ftUgsa ge ljdkj dh i{k/kj dg ldrs gSa] ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr tkap vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ vFkok ljdkj ds fgr esa iwokZxzg ;k lksp j[kus okys vaxszt ;kf=;ksa ds fooj.k vkSj fjiksVZ vkfn 'kkfey gSA

2- ,sls ,sfrgkfld L=ksrksa ij n`f"Vikr djrs le; gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd ;s ljdkjh L=ksr gSa vkSj os ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa ljdkjh ljksdkj vkSj vFkZ izfrfcafcr djrs gSaA

mnkgj.kkFkZ % ¼v½ nDdu naxk vk;ksx ls fo’ks"k :i ls ;g tkap djus ds fy, dgk x;k Fkk fd D;k ljdkjh jktLo dh ekax dk Lrj fonzksg dk dkj.k FkkA lEiw.kZ lk{; izLrqr djus ds ckn vk;ksx us ;g lwfpr fd;k Fkk fd ekax fdlkuksa ds xqLls dh otg ugha FkhA

¼c½ fjiksVZ dk eq[; lkj ,oa nks"k (Main Gist and Defect of the Report) % blesa lkjk nks"k _.knkrkvksa ;k lkgwdkjksa dk gh Fkk blls ;g ckr Li"V gksrh gs fd vkSifuosf’kd ljdkj ;g ekuus dks dHkh Hkh rS;kj ugha Fkh fd turk esa vlarks"k ;k jks"k dHkh ljdkjh dk;Zokgh ds dkj.k Hkh mRiUu gqvk FkkA

¼l½ ljdkjh L=ksrksa dk egÙo ,oa lko/kkfu;k¡ (Importance of Government sources and precautions) % ljdkjh fjiksVZ bfrgkl ds iqufuekZ.k ds fy, cgqewY; L=ksr fl) gksrh gS ysfdu mUgsa ges’kk lko/kkuhiwoZd i<+k tkuk pkfg, vkSj lekpkj i=ksa] xsj&ljdkjh o`Ùkkarksa] oSf/kd vfHkys[kksa vkSj ;FkklaHko ekSf[kd L=ksrksa ls ladfyr lk{; ds lkFk mudk feyku djds mudh fo’oluh;rk dh tkap dh tkuh pkfg,A

iz’u 02- bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us tehankjksa ij viuk fu;a=.k c<+kus gsrq D;k&D;k dne mBk, \

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mÙkj % bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us tehankjksa ij viuk fu;a=.k c<+kus gsrq fuEu dne mBk,&¼v½tehankjksa dh lSU; VqdfM+;ksa dks Hkax dj

fn;k x;kA¼c½lhek 'kqYd lekIr dj fn;k x;k kvSj mudh

O;ogkfj;ksa dks dEiuh }kjk fu;qDr dysDVj dh ns[kjs[k esa j[k fn;k x;kA

¼l½ tehankjksa ls LFkkuh; U;k; vkSj LFkkuh; iqfyl dh O;oLFkk djus dh 'kfDr Nhu yh xbZA

¼n½ le; ds lkFk&lkFk] dysDVj dk dk;kZy; lÙkk ds ,d fodYih dsUnz ds :i ls mHkj vk;k vkSj tehankj ds vf/kdkj dks iwjh rjg lhfer ,oa izfrcaf/kr dj fn;k x;kA

iz’u 03- xzkeh.k caxky ds cgqr ls bykdksa esa tksrnkj ,d rkdroj gLrh D;ksa Fks\

mÙkj % xzkeh.k caxky ds cgqr ls bykdksa esa tksrnkj ,d rkdrokj gLrh blfy, Fks] D;ksafd %

¼v½18oha 'krkCnh ds var esa tgk¡ ,d vkSj dbZ tehankj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls ladV dh fLFkfr ls xqtj jgs Fks ogha tksrnkj /kuh fdlkuksa ds :i esa vusd xk¡oksa esa viuh fLFkfr etcwr fd, gq, FksA

¼c½19oha 'krkCnh ds 'kq: ds o"kks± ds vkrs&vkrs bu tksrnkjksa us tehu ds cM+s&cM+s Hkw&[kaMksa ij ¼tks dHkh&dHkh dbZ gtkj ,dM+ esa QSys Fks½ izkIr dj fy, FksA

¼l½ LFkkuh; O;kikj vkSj lkgwdkj ds dkjksckj ij Hkh bu tksrnkjksa dk fu;a=.k Fkk vkSj bl rjg ds vusd {ks=ksa ds xjhc dk’rdkjksa (Tillers of the land) ij O;kid 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k djrs FksA

¼n½ izk;% ;s tksrnkj viuh tehu dk cgqr cM+k Hkkx cVkbZnkjksa ds ek/;e ls tqrokrs FksA ;s cVkbZnkj ,d rjg ls tksrnkjksa ds v/khu gksrs FksA cVkbZnkj muds [ksrksa ij esgur djrs FksA vius gy vkSj cSy vkfn ykrs Fks vkSj Qly ds ckn dqy iSnkokj dk vk/kkj Hkkx tksrnkjksa dks ns nsrs FksA

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¼;½ dbZ xk¡oksa esa tksrnkjksa dh rkdr tehankjksa dh rkdr dh rqyuk esa vf/kd izHkko’kkyh gksrh FkhA ;s tksrnkj tehankjksa dh rjg tehuksa ls nwj 'kgjksa esa ugha cfYd xk¡o esa jgrs Fks vkSj bl rjg xk¡oksa ds xjhc xzkeh.kksa ds dkQh cM+s oxZ ij lh/kk fu;a=.k djrs FksA

¼j½ tc tehankj xk¡o dh tek ¼yxku½ dks c<+kus dh dksf’k’k djrs Fks rks ;s tksrnkj mu tehankjksa dk ?kksj fojks/k djrs FksA ;gh ugha tehankjh vf/kdkfj;ksa dks tksrnkj muds dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djus ls jksdrs FksA tks jS;r ¼dk’rdkj ;k tehu tksrus okys½ tksrnkjksa ds i{k esa gksrs Fks os tehankjksa dk tek] yxku bUgha tksrnkjksa ds b’kkjs ij nsj ls Hkqxrku djrs FksA bl rjg tehankjksa dh gkyr [kLr gks tkrh FkhA mudh tehankfj;ksa dh uhykeh gksrh Fkh rks tksrnkj vius /ku vkSj cVkbZnkjksa ds lg;ksx ls tehuksa dks [kjhn ysrs FksA

H O T S vH;kl ds fy, iz’u

(Exercise for Practice)

iz'u 1- vesfjdh x`g;q) us Hkkjr esa jS;r leqnk; ds thou dks dSls izHkkfor fd;k \

Q.1. How did the American Civil War affect the lives of ryots in India ?

iz’u 2- igkfM+;k yksxksa dh vkthfodk laFkkyksa dh vkthfodk ls fdl :i ls fHkUu Fkh \

Q.2. In What ways was the Livlihood of the paharias different from that of the Santhals.

iz'u 3- jktLo jkf’k ds Hkqxrku esa caxky ds tehankj izk;% pwd D;ksa djrs Fks\

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Q.2. Why Bangal Zamidars defaulted on payment ?

ikB&11foæksg vkSj jkt

1857 dk vkanksyu vkSj mlds O;k[;kuRebels and the Raj

(1857 revolt and its Representation)

1. Why did the Indian think during British period that their religion was in danger?

Ans. (i) Conservative Indians were angered by the various social reforms initiated by the British. The abolition of sati, legalizing of widow remarriages were regarded as unwanted interference in Indian Social.

(ii) Indian sentiments were also hurt by the Christian Missionaries.

(iii) In 1850, the government passed the Hindu property law under which even after converting to Christianity one could inherit one's ancestral property.

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(iv) The people's resentment was further fuelled by the Maulvis and Brahmins whose cry that their respective religions were in danger cloaked their selfish interests as these classes now lost their former importance.

2. What was the system of Subsidiary Alliance? How did it help the Britishers to consolidate their position in India?

Ans. The Subsidiary Alliance was a Boat of agreement between the British and on Indian ruler on the basis of Mutual understanding for performing administrative, military and political function. Provisions of the Subsidiary Alliance:(i) The Indian ruler accepting the Alliance would not

enter into alliance with any other power.(ii) Would not declare was against any power without

permission of the British.(iii) World allows the British resident to stay in his

state.(iv) Would acknowledge the Britishers as the

paramount power.(v) Would maintain some British force at his own

expense in his state.(vi) In return for accepting all these condition, the

British would protect the Indian ruler from internal and external danger.

Advantages of the Subsidiary System to the British.

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(i) The British were able to raise army at the expense of the Indian rulers.

(ii) They were able to raise army at the expense of the Indian rulers.

(iii) Successful in checking the French.

(iv) Increased their control without waging war.

(v) Chances of revolts on the part of Indian ruler were minimised.

3. “ A very high degree of Hindu Muslim Unity was observed in the 1857 revolt” Explain with example.

Ans. Unity of Hindus and Muslims : A very high degree of Hindu-Muslim unity was reflected in the 1857 Revolt. There was scarcely a man of either faith who did not show unity. An English man wrote, "....... the infanticide Rajput, the bigoted Brahman, the fanatic Musalman and the luxury living, Martha joined together in the cause. Cow killer and the cow-worshipper, the pig hater and the pig eater revolted jointly." Several Hindu rulers accepted Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah as their leader. Bahadur Shah had many prominent Hindu officers, who fought togetherly against the Britishers.

In Awadh prominent leaders of the revolt belonged to both the communities.

4. Analyse the causes of the unrest against the British rule in India.

or

"The revolt of 1857 came as a culmination of popular discontent with British policies and exploitation, "In the light of the statement explain the reasons of discontent of Indian people before 1857.

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Ans. (i) Ruin of Indian economy(ii) Wealth drain fro India(iii) Decay of Indian handcrafts(iv) Dispossession of several Indian rulers from their kingdoms.(v) Discriminatory social policies of the rulers.(vi) Interference in religious affairs of the people of

India(vii) Low salaries to Indian Military personal as

compared with their Europeur counterparts (viii) Arrogance of the English people.

5. Did the Revolt of 1857 have a popular character? Give reasons in support of your answer.

Ans. Yes, it was a popular Revolt.(i) Participation by civilians.(ii) Common Symbol like chapatis and Red Lotus (iii) Involvement of several regions (iv) Hindu-Muslim unity.(v) Involvement of the local leaders of different part of

India.

6. Explain the causes of the failure of the Revolt of 1857.

or

"The weaknesses of the Revolt were deeper" Explain why the Revolt failed inspite of some patriotic leaders.

Ans. (i) Lack of a common cause(ii) Lack of National consciousness(iii) Uncoordinated efforts

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(iv) Absence of effective Leadership(v) Lack of Nation wide Dimensions (vi) Loyalty of Several Rulers to the British(vii) Lack of Resources(viii) Lack of Good Generals(ix) Regular supply of the British forces (x) The British Supremacy on the sea.(xi) British Diplomacy.(xii) Hostility of several indigenous rulers.

ikB&11

iz'u 1. Hkkjrh;ksa us fczfV’k dky es ;g D;ksa lkspk fd mudk /keZ [krjs esa gS\

(i) vf/kdrj Hkkjrh; fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk lrhçFkk ij çfrca/k o fo/kkok fookg dks dkuwuh ekU;rk nsus dks] lekt ds vkarfjd ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi le>rs FksA

(ii) blkbZ fe'kufj;ksa us Hkkjrh;ksa dh /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks Bsl igqapk;hA

(iii) 1850 bZ- esa vaxzstksa us Hkkjrh; lEifÙk dkuwu ikl fd;k ftlesa mu Hkkjrh;ksa dks lgqfy;r nh tks blkbZ /keZ Lohdkj djrs gSaA

(iv) turk ds vlarks"k dks eqYyk o iafMrksa us Hkh c<+k;k fd mudk /keZ vaxzstksa ds dky esa vlqjf{kr gSA

iz'u 2. lgk;d la/kh çFkk D;k Fkh\ blus vaxzstksa dks lkezkT; foLrkj esa fdl çdkj lgk;rk dh\

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ykWMZ osystyh ds dky esa Hkkjrh; 'kkldksas o vaxzstksa ds e/; ç'kklu] lsok o jktuhfrd dk;ks± ij ijLij le>kSrk FkkA'krs± &

(i) ftu Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa us lgk;d la/kh ij gLrk{kj fd;s gSa( vius jkT; esa vaxzstksa ds vykok vU; fdlh 'kfDr ls le>kSrk ugha djsaxsA

(ii) vaxzstksa ls fcuk LohÑfr dksbZ ;q) ugha yM+saxsA

(iii) ,d vaxzst jsftMsUV dks vius jkT; esa jgus nsaxsA

(iv) jkT; dks vius [kpsZ ls ,d vaxzsth QkSth VqdM+h j[kuh gksxhA

(v) lgk;d la/kh dh 'krs± Lohdkj djus okys jkT; dh lqj{kk dh xkjaVh fczfV'k bLV bÆ.M;k dEiuh nsrh FkhA

lgk;d la/kh çFkk ds Qk;ns &

(i) vaxzstksa us bl O;oLFkk ds }kjk dbZ jkT;ksa ij viuk fu;a=k.k LFkkfir fd;kA

(ii) Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa ds [kpsZ ls ,d vaxzsth QkSt vaxzstksa ds fy, rS;kj gks x;hA

(iii) Ýkal dh rkdr ij fu;a=.k yxkus esa lQyrk feyhA

(iv) fcuk ;q) ds vaxzsth lkezkT; dk foLrkj gqvkA

(v) vaxzstksa ds fo#) foæksgksa esa deh vkbZA

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iz'u 3. “1857 ds foæksg ds nkSjku mPp Lrj dk fgUnw&eqfLye rkyesy dk vuqHko gqvkA” dFku dh mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;k djsaA1857 ds foæksg ds nkSjku mPp Lrj dh fgUnw&eqÆLye ,drk ns[kus dks feyhA vaxzst bfrgkldkjksa us bldks Lohdkj djrs gq, dgk gS fd xk; dkVus okys o xk; dh iwtk djus okys] lqvj ls ?k`.kk djus okys o lqvj dks [kkus okyksa ds e/; ,d:irk FkhA dbZ fgUnw 'kkldksa us cgknqj'kkg dks viuk usrk Lohdkj fd;kA cgknqj’kkg ds usr`Ro es vusds fgUnw o ewfLye usrk ,d lkFk vaxsztks ds fo:) yMsA cgknqj'kkg ds cgqr lkjs lSfud dek.Mj fgUnw Fks rFkk vo/k ds çeq[k usrk nksuksa gh leqnk;ksa ls FksA

iz'u 4. 1857 ds foæksg ds dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,AvFkok^^1857 dk foæksg fczfV'k ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa o 'kks"k.k ds fo#) tu vlarks"k dk çn'kZu Fkk** bl dFku ds lanHkZ esa 1857 ds foæksg ds dkj.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

(i) Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk iru(ii) Hkkjrh; /ku dk fons'kksa esa iyk;u(iii) gLrf'kYi dk iru(iv) Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa ds jkT;ksa dh gM+i(v) vaxzsth 'kkldksa }kjk lkekftd HksnHkko(vi) Hkkjrh;ksa ds /kkfeZd ekeyksa eas gLr{ksi(vii) ;wjksih;ksa o Hkkjrh; lSfudksa ds osru esa varj(viii) vaxzstksa dk tkfrxr vgadkj

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iz'u 5. D;k 1857 dks foæksg vf[ky Hkkjrh; pfj= dk Fkk\ leFkZu esa rdZ nsaAgka] fuEu rdks± ls ;g fl) fd;k tk ldrk gS fd 1857 dh Økafr dk pfj= vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj dk Fkk &(i) vke yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh(ii) ,d tSls çrhdksa dk mi;ksx tSls jksVh] dey dk Qwy(iii) ns'k ds fofHké Hkkxksa dk lg;ksx(iv) fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk(v) ns’k ds fofHkUu Hkkxkas ds LFkkuh; usrkvksa }kjk

Hkkx fy;k tkukA

iz'u 6. 1857 ds foæksg dh vlQyrk ds dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k djsaA

vFkok^^foæksg dh dfe;ka xgjh FkhaA** bl dFku ds lanHkZ esa ;g crkb;s fd foæksg ds jk"Vªh; usrkvksa ds usr`Ro ds ckotwn vlQy D;ksa gqvk\(i) mís'; dh ,d:irk dk vHkko(ii) jk"Vªh; psruk dk vHkko(iii) vkilh rkyesy dh deh(iv) ;ksX; usr`Ro dh deh(v) O;kid foLrkj dk vHkko(vi) dqN 'kkldksa dh vaxzstksa ds lkFk lgkuqHkwfr(vii) lalk/kuksa dk vHkko(viii) lsukifr;ksa ¼;ksX;½ dh deh(ix) vaxzstksa dks ckgjh lSfud lgk;rk

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(x) leqæ ij vaxzstksa dk vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh gksuk(xi) vaxzstksa dh dwVuhfr(xii) dqN LFkkuh; 'kkldksa dh vaxzstksa ds çfr

lgkuqHkwfrA

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CHAPTER-12vkSifuosf’kd 'kgj

uxjhdj.k uxj&;kstuk] LFkkiR;COLONIAL CITIES

Urbanisation, Plannings and Architecture

Q1. How did prominent Indian merchants establish themselves in the colonial city ?

Anns. Prominent Indian merchant establish themselves in colonial city in different phases. They establish themselves in all the three metro colonial cities i.e., Madras (Channai), Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata).

First of all these Indian merchants tried to establish their relation of the agents of the company. As there all colonial cities were trade centre and administrative official. Therefore the Indian merchants could easily get establish their relation with the Europeans. There cities were having different types of comforts such as modern hotels, restaurant, lodging, boarding, transport fancilities, roadways and shipping.

Later on Bombay become a major trade centre of opium with China. Prominent Indian merchant played active role in collecting opium from different places of Rajasthan and Malwa. They use to bring opium on the back of horses, ponies, camels by road transport etc. They use to earn a

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lot of money as middle man between farmers and companies agents and officials. Not only East India Company but some of the government official and later or other European also participated in illegal trade of opium. The Indian prominent merchant become very rich. They constructed big building in all big cities of colonial period.

As the industrial revolution in England started and expanded. These colonial cities became entry point for British manufacture goods and for the expert of Indian ram materials (which was to be used in large scale industries and factories of England). The prominent Indian merchant also participated in there trade activities.

The introduction of railways in 1853 meant a change in the fortunes of towns. Economic activity gradually shifted away from traditional towns which were located along old routes and rivers. Every railway station became a collection depot for raw materials and a distribution point for imported goods. For instance, Mirzapur on the Ganges, which specialized in collecting cotton goods from the Deccan, declined when a railway link was made to Bombay. With the expansion of the railway network, railway workships and railways colonies were established Railways towns like Jamalpur, Waltair and Bareilly developed.

The Indian merchants included the people of different communities and castes such as Parsi, Marwari, Konkani, Arbs, Gujarati. Baniyas, Boras and Jews. Some of the members of this community invested money in modern big industry, shipping and Airlines also. They donated money for construction of inns, wells, tanks, temples, Mosque, Churches and other places of religion and worships.

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Q2. To what extent are census data useful in reconstruction patterns of urbanization in the colonial context ?

Anns. Census data are very useful in reconstructing pattern of urbanization in the colonial context.

(i) We knew that every colonial government believe in colour and racial discrimination. There census data provide us the total number of the people in this way these data are useful of know extact number of population as well as the total population of while and balcks.

(ii) After knowing the number and exact population of white and blacks. It becomes easier to prepare town, planning, design its formation, provision for future expansion, keeping in view living standards, needs and style of the whites as well as of the blacks. These data also tell us upto what extant total number of people or total population had been effected adversely by the fearful or deadly diseases.

(iii) Census data provide us complete information about total number of different communities, their language, their works and means of livelihood as well as about their caste and religion also.

(iv) The growth of cities was mentioned through regular head counts. By the midnineteenth century several local censuses had been carried out in different regions. The first all-India census was attempted in 1872. Thereafter, from 1881, decimal (conducted every ten years) census become a regular feature. This collection of data is an invaluable source for studying urbanization in India.

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(v) When we look at these reports it appears that we have heard data to measure historical change. The endless pages of tables on disease and death, or the enumeration of people according their age, sex, caste and occupation, provide a vast mass of figures that creates an illusion of concreatensess. Historians have however, found that the figures can be misleading. Before we use these figures we need to understand who collected the data, and why and how they were gathered. We also need to know what was measured and what was not.

Q3:- Assess the impact of health and defence needs on town planning in Colonial Calcutta.

Ans. In 1756, Sirajudula the Nawab of Bengal sacked the small fort which the British traders had built to house their goods. Consequently when Sirajudaula was defeated in the Battle of Plassey, the British built a new fort. Fort William could not be easily attacked.

Around Fort William, a vast open space was left which came to be known as the Maidan or garer-math. This was done so there would be no obstructions to a straight time of fire from the Fort against an advancing enemy army. Soon the British began to move out of the Fort and build residences along the periphery of the Maidan. This was how the English Settlement in Calcutta started taking shape. The vast open space around the Fort became Calcutta’s first significant town planning measure.

Lord Wellesley was concerned about the conditions that existed in the Indian part of the city the fith, overcrowding and the poor drainge. He wrote a minute (an administrative order) in

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1803 on the need for town planning and set up various committees for this purpose.

It was believed that creating open places in the city would make the city healthier. Consequently many bazaars, ghats, burial ground and tanneries were cleared or removed.

After Wellesley’s departure, the Lottery Committee carried on with the work of Town Planning. In its drive to make the Indian areas cleaner, the committee cleared the river bank of encroachment and pushed the poor to the outskirts of Calcutta.

The outbreak of cholera and plague epidemics in the 19th century gave a further impetus to town planning. The government believed that there was a direct link between living conditions and the spread of disease. Densely built up areas were regarded as insanitary as it obstructed sunlight and circulation of air.

Read the following passage carefully. Answer all the questions given after it.

Escaping to the country side. (Page No. 3/8 Part III)

This is how the famous poet Mirza Ghalib described what the people of Delhi did when the British forces occupied the city in 1857.Limiting the enemy and driving him before them, the vectors (i.e. the British) overran the city in all direction. All whom they found in street they cut down.

For two to three days every road in the city from the Kashmiri gate to Chandni Chowk, was a battle field. Three gates, the Ajmeri, the Turocaman and the Delhi were still held by the rebels at the naked spectacle of this vengeful wrath and malevolent hatred the colour fled from men’s faces and a vast concourse of men and women…. took to precipitate flight through these three gates. Seeking the little villages and shrewdness outside the city, they drew breath to wait until such time as might favour their return.

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Passage Based Questions

Ques No. 1 Who was Mirza Ghalib? 1

Ques No.2 What has been described by Ghalib about the people of Delhi

when the British forces occupied the city in 1857?

3

Ques. No.3 Describe the Role of the ‘British forces, just after occupying the

city? 2

Ques No.4 Write the names of all historical gates mention in the above

passage?

2

ANSWERS

Ans .1 Mirza Ghalib was a famous Urdu Poet of Delhi in 19th Century.

Ans 2. (a) The People of Delhi were driven by the vectors (i.e the British).

Some rebels faced the British forces for two or three days. They kept under

their control the gates of Delhi- the Ajmeri gate, the Turocaman gate and

the Delhi gate.

(b) All the naked spectacle of the vengeful wrath and malevolent hatred the

colour fled from men’s face.

(c) A vast concourse of men and women of Delhi took to percipate flight

through different gates of the city.

(d)Seeking the little villages and shrines outside the city, the people of Delhi

drew breathe to wait until such time as might favour their return.

Ans 3 (i) Smiting the Mughal forces, other rebellious troops and the people

of Delhi the British troops occupied most parts of the city in last days of the

meeting of 1857, the forces engaged themselves in overrunning the city in

all direction. (ii) All whom they found in the street they cut down. For two

or three days every road in the city from the Kashmiri Gate to Chandni

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Chowk was a battlefield, after three days most of the rebels were forced to

send way to seek shelters in little villages and shrines.

v/;k; 12

iz’u 01- izeq[k Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa us vkSifuosf’kd 'kgjksa esa [kqn dks fdl rjg LFkkfir fd;k \

mÙkj % izeq[k Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa us vkSifuosf’kd 'kgjksa vFkkZr~ enzkl ¼psUubZ½] cEcbZ ¼eqacbZ½ vkSj dydÙkk ¼dksydkrk½ esa dEiuh ds ,tsUV ds :I esa jguk 'kq: fd;kA ;s lHkh cfLr;k¡ O;kikfjd vkSj iz’kklfud dk;kZy;ksa okyh FkhA blfy, Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa dks ;g 'kgj lqfo/kktud yxsA ;g rhuksa 'kgj canjxkg Fks vkSj buesa lM+ds] ;krk;kr] tgktjkuh ds lkFk&lkFk dkykarj esa jsyksa dh lqfo/kk izkIr gks xbZA Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k O;kikjh vkSj Qsjh okys 'kgjksa esa eky xk¡o ls [kjhndj Hkh ykrs FksA vusd Hkkjrh; O;kikjh tc iqjkus vkSj e/;dkyhu 'kgj mtM+ x, rks mUgsa NksM+dj os bu cM+s 'kgjksa esa vk x,A mUgksaus O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;k¡ djus ds lkFk&lkFk m|ksx&/ka/ks Hkh xk,A viuh vfrfjDr iw¡th bu 'kgjksa esa fuos’k dhA O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa ds ckjs esa j[ks x, ljdkjh fjdkMksZ vkSj foLr`r C;kSjksa ls dbZ izdkj dh tkudkjh izkIr djrs FksA 'kgjksa dh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, uxjikfydkvksa ls lg;ksx fy;k x;kA vusd O;kikjh bu cM+s 'kgjksa ds miuxjh; {ks=ksa esa Hkh jgus yxsA mUgksaus ?kksM+kxkM+h vkSj u, ;krk;kr ds lk/kuksa dks Hkh iz;ksx fd;kA Hkkjrh; O;kikjh dEiuh ds O;kikj esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs FksA eqEcbZ ds jgus okys O;kikjh] phu dks tkus okyh vQhe ds O;kikj esa fgLlsnkj FksA mUgksaus eqEcbZ dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks ekyok] jktLFkku vkSj fla/k tSls vQhe mRiknd bykdksa ls tksM+us esa lgk;rk nhA dEiuh ds lkFk xBtksM+ ,d equkQs dk lkSnk Fkk ftlls dkykarj esa ,d iw¡thifr oxZ dk fodkl gqvkA Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa esa lHkh

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leqnk;&ikjlh] ekjokM+h] dksad.kh] eqlyeku] xqtjkrh cfu,] cksgjk] ;gwnh vkfn 'kkfey FksA

iz’u 02- vkSifuosf’kd lanHkZ esa 'kgjhdj.k ds #>kuksa dks le>us ds fy, tux.kuk laca/kh vkadM+s fdl gn rd mi;ksxh gksrs gSa \

mÙkj % vkSifuosf’kd laca/k esa 'kgjhdj.k ds #>ku dks le>us ds fy, tux.kuk laca/kh vk¡dM+s cgqr mi;ksxh gksrs gSa %

¼v½blls 'osr vkSj v’osr (White and Black) yksxksa dh dqy tula[;k ;k vkcknh dks tkuus esa lg;ksx feyrk gSA

¼c½'osr vkSj v’osr Vkmu ds fuekZ.k] foLrkj vkSj muds thou laca/kh Lrj] Hk;adj chekfj;ksa ds tula[;k ij iM+s nq"izHkko vkfn dks tkuus esa Hkh tux.kuk laca/kh vk¡dM=s rqjUr tkudkjh nsus okys ifê;ksa dk dk;Z djrs gSaA

¼l½ tux.kuk laca/kh vk¡dM+s fofHkUu leqnk;ksa] dk;ks±] tkfr;ksa dh tkudkjh nsrs gSaA

iz’u 03- vkSifuosf’kd dydÙkk esa uxj fu;kstu ij LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk dh t:jrksa ds izHkko dk ewY;kadu dhft,A \

mÙkj % Hkkjr esa mifuos’kokn dk lh/kk izHkko uxj fu;ktu ij n`f"Vxkspj gksrk FkkA dEiuh ,oa vaxszth ljdkj us Hkkjr ds izeq[k canjxkg okys 'kgjksa dks fu;ksftr <ax ls clkus dk fopkj fd;kA bu 'kgjksa esa ,d 'kgj Fkk&dydÙkk] tks caxky lwcs dk ,d egRoiw.kZ 'kgj] vaxszth lÙkk dh jkt/kkuh ,oa okf.kT; dk dsUnz FkkA dydÙkk 'kgj ds fu;kstu dk izFke pj.k ykWMZ osystyh ds dk;Zdky es aizkjaHk gqvkA

¼v½ LokLF; % LokLF; ds n`f"Vdks.k ls cgr lkjs cktkjksa] ?kkVksa] dfczLrkuksa vkSj peZ’kks/ku bdkb;ksa dks lkQ fd;k x;kA buesa ls dqN dks gVk fn;k x;kA 'kgj dk ,d uohu uD’kk rS;kj fd;k x;kA blesa lM+d ds fdukjs ,oa vU; voS/k dCtksa dks gVkus dh flQkfj’k dh xbZA 1817 esa gStk rFkk 1896 esa Iysx

120

egkekjh us dydÙkk dks viuh pisV esa ys fy;kA fpfdRld bldh Bksl otg ugha crk ik,] fdarq ^tuLokLF;* dh vo/kkj.kk dks cy feykA ljdkj ,oa tkx:d ukxfjd ¼n~okjdkukFk VSxksj ,oa :Lre th dksoklth½ ;g ekuus yxs fd 'kgj dks LokLF;o/kZd cukuk vko’;d gSA vr5 ?kuh vkcknh okyh cLrh rFkk >ksifM+;ksa dks gVk;k x;kA LokLF; ds vk/kkj ij OgkbV ,oa CySd Vkmu tSls uLyh foHkktu gq,A

¼c½lqj{kk % dydÙkk 'kgj ds fu;kstu dk Hkkj ljdkj us vius Åij blfy, fy;k] D;ksafd ;g 'kgj lqj{kk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls laosnu’khy FkkA 1756 esa uokc fljktqn~nkSyk us dydÙkk ij geyk fd;k Fkk rFkk dEiuh dks djkjh f’kdLr nh FkhA

dEiuh us 1757 esa tc fljktqn~nkSyk dksijkftr fd;k mlds ckn mlus dydÙkk 'kgj dh fdykacnh 'kq: dh] rkfd vklkuh ls dydÙkk ij geyk u fd;k tk ldsA rhu xk¡o lqrkukrh] dksydkrk vkSj xksfoUniqj dks feyk dj dydÙkk 'kgj clk;k x;kA QksVZ fofy;e ds vklikl [kqyh txg NksM+h xbZ] rkfd geykojksa ij vklkuh ls xksyhckjh dh tk ldsA

bl izdkj ;g Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd dydÙkk 'kgj ds fu;kstu esa lqj{kk ,oa LokLF; dk O;kid izHkko FkkA

“ xzkeh.k {ks=ks dh vksj iyk;u ”

1857 esa fczfV’k lsuk }kjk 'kgj ij vf/kdkj djus ds ckn fnYyh ds yksxks us D;k fd;k bldk o.kZu izfl) 'kk;j fetkZ xkfyc bl izdkj djrs gS%&nq’eu dks ijkftr djus vkSj Hkxk nsus ds ckn fotsrkvks¼fczfV’k½ us lHkh fn’kkvks ls 'kgj dks mtkM+ fn;kAtks lMd ij feys mUgs dkV fn;k x;kA nks ls rhu rd d’ehjh xsV ls pkWnuh pkSd rd 'kgj dh gj lM+d ;q)Hkwfe cuh jghA rhu }kj& vtesjh] rqdZeku rFkk fnYyh vHkh Hkh fonzksfg;ks ds

121

dCts es Fks------------A bl izfr’kks/kh vkdzks’k rFkk |`.kk ds uaxs ukp ls yksxks ds psgjksa dk jax mM x;k] vkSj cMh la[;k esa iq:"k vkSj efgykW, ----------- bu rhuks }kjks ls gM+cM+k dj iyk;u djus yxsA’kgj ds ckgj NksVs xkWoksa vkSj nsoLFkyksa es 'kj.k ys viuh okilh ds vuqdwy le; dk bartkj djrs jgsA

vuqPNsn vk/kkfjr iz’u1- fetkZ xkfyc dkSu Fkk \ mÙkj¯ fetkZ xkfyc 19 oh 'krkCnh esa fnYyh dk ,d izfl) mnwZ Hkk"kk dk dfo FkkA

2- 1857 esa fczfV’k lsuk }kjk 'kgj ij vf/kdkj djus ds ckn fnYyh ds yksxks ds ckjsa xkfyc us D;k o.kZu fd;k gS\mÙkj ¼v½ nq’eu dks ijkftr djus ds ckn vkSj Hkxk nsus ds ckn fczfV’k yksxks us lHkh fn’kkvksa ls 'kgj dks mtkM fn;kA tks lM+d ;q) Hkwfe cuh jgh rhu }kj& vtesjh] rqdZeku rFkk fnYyh vHkh Hkh fonzksfg;ks ds dCts esa FksA\¼c½fczfV’k lsuk ds izfrjks/kh vkdzks’k rFkk |`.kk ds uaxs ukp ls yksxksa ds psgjs dk jax mM+ x;kA¼l½ cM+h la[;k es iq:"k vkSj efgyk;s rhuksa }kjks ls gMcM+k dj iyk;u djus yxsA¼n½’kgj ds ckgj NksVs xkaoks vkSj nso LFkyksa es 'kj.k ys viuh okilh ds vuqdwy le; dk bartkj djrs jgsA

3- mi;qZDr x/kak’k es of.kZr pkjks ,sfrgkfld }kjks ds uke fyf[k;sAmÙkjd’ehjh xsV] rqdZeku xsV] fnYyh xsV] vtesjh xsV

Ajmeri gate,Turcoman gate, Delhi gate, Kashmiri gate.mÙkj 4- fnYyh ij dCtk djus ds i’pkr fczfV’k lsuk dh Hkwfedk D;k jgh\

1857 dh dzkafr ds vfUre funks rd fczfV’k lsuk us fnYyh ds vf/kdka’k Hkkx ij dCtk dj fy;kA fczfV’k lsuk us lHkh fn’kkvksa ls 'kgj dks mTkkM fn;kA tks lM+d ij feys mUgs dkV fn;k x;kA nks ls rhu fnuksa rd d’ehjh xsV ls pkanuh pkSd rd 'kgj dh gj lM+d ;q+)Hkwfe cuh jghA cMh la[;k esa iq:"k vkSj efgyk,a rhu }kjks ls gM+cM+k dj iyk;u djus yxs rFkk 'kgj ds

122

ckgj NksVs xkaoks vkSj nsoLFkyksa esa 'kj.k ys viuh okilh ds vuqdwy le; dk bartkj djrs jgsA

H O T S vH;kl ds fy, iz’u

(Exercise for Practice)

iz'u 1- ^fczfV’k ljdkj us viuh tkrh; Js"Brk trkus ds fy, lksp&le> dj enzkl 'kgj dk fodkl fd;kA** mfpr rdZ nsdj bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A

Q.1. “The British Government consciously developed the city of Madras to reflect their racial superiority.” Justify the statement giving suitable arguments.

iz'u 2- cEcbz esa lkoZtfud Hkouksa ds fuekZ.k esa vaxsztksa }kjk iz;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ fdUgha nks okLrqdyk 'kSfy;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A izR;sd dk ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A

Q.1. Describe any two architectural styles used by the British in the construction of public buildings in Bombay. Give one example from each.

iz'u 3- vkSifuosf’kd 'kklu esa u;s uxjksa ds lkekftd thou esa vk, fdUgha pkj cnykoksa dh O;k[;k dhft, \

Q.1. Explain any four changes that come about in the social life in the new cities under colonial rule.

123

CHAPTER:-13Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement.

Ques. 1 ‘Non Cooperation was a form of Protest’. Evaluate this statement.

Ans:- Gandhiji was one of the greatest personality of the world. His main

principles were – Truth and Non Violence. Gandhiji decided to start non-

cooperation as a unique form of protest freedom struggle against the British

rule. He hoped that by coupling non cooperation with khilafat, Hindu and

Muslims could collectively bring an end to colonial rule.

During NCM (Non Coorperation Movement) Students stopped going

to school and colleges run by the British Government.

Lawyers refused to attend the court.

The working class went on strike in many towns and cities.

The country side was seething with discontent.Hill tribe in Northern

Andhra violated by the forest laws. Farmers in Awadh did not pay taxes.

These protest movements were sometime carried out in defence of the local

nationalist leadership.

By the Analysis of the above mentioned facts it can be said that

undoubtedly this was the first freedom struggle movement, in which most

of Indian castes and communities participated to protest British rule.

Ques.2 How did Mahatma Gandhi transform the nature of the National

movement?

Ans:- Gandhiji transformed the nature of the National movement by the

following thoughts, methods ideology, working styles movements etc.

The main principles of his philosophy were

i. Satyagrah

124

ii. Non violence

iii. Peace

iv. True sympathy for the poorest.

v. Empowerment of the lady.

vi. Communal Harmony

vii. Indian Rural areas and to think about interest of the people residing

in the villages and to motivate the other people to think, to act and

to inspire resourceful and influencial high up of the society in

favour of down trodden.

viii. Opposing untouchablility with his full vigor and strength.

ix. To stress both equally and their purity of aim and means alike.

x. To launch public welfare programme.

xi. To stress importance of cottage Industry.

xii. Charkha

xiii. Spinning wheels

xiv. Khadi etc

xv. To oppose colour discrimination alike.

Gandhiji utilized south Africa as practical lab for his ideological and

philosophical development. He raised his voice at full pitch their against

wrong policies and injustice done by the government of South Africa. He

utilize Satyagraha in South Africa also in several places in India.

When Gandhiji returned to motherland in 1915. In fact that time still

Indian National congress was confined in only urban areas upto people of

middle educated classes. He knew very well that its natural power rests

with the rural people, labour, ordinary men and women and young boys

and girls till all sections and people of Indian society would not join

freedom struggle against the colonial British power then it would be very

difficult to finish British authority from India.125

`Gandhiji said that British rule have rewarded India through out

spreading Poverty, hunger, low quality of life ,illiteracy, superstitions and

social disunity and disharmony.

Gandhiji opposed the owners of Indigo plantation of champaran. He

also press the cotton textile mill owners to revise the minimum wage of

the labourers.

Gandhiji was a true economic and social reformer. He advocated the

use of charkha and khadi. He stressed the importance of cottage and very

small industries.

Infact due to his efforts the face of Indian National Movement turns

from palaces to hunts, from urban areas or cities towards villages where

the real India resides. This was the greatest work of Gandhiji. This

converted the shape of National movement into a mass movement.

Ques3:-‘The Quit India Movement was truly a mass movement’. Justify

this statement.

Ans:- Due to the failure of the Cripps mission, Gandhiji decided to

launch his third major movement against British rule. This was called

Quit India Movement. This was to be a mass struggle on non violent lines

under leadership of Gandhiji. But on the Next day of the approval of

India Quit Movement resolution. Gandhi and other main congress leaders

were arrested. But the younger activist organized demonstrations and

strike in factories, schools and colleges in all parts of the country.

Particularly active in the underground resistance were socialist members

of the congress such as Jaya Prakash Narain and Ram Manohar Lohia,

Aruna Asif Ali. In some areas such as Satara and Midnapur “Independent

governments were proclaimed. The movement took the form of a violent 126

out break. The government succeeded in crushing the movement yet it

took more than 12 months to suppress this rebellion.

By Analysising above mentioned incidences it can be said that the

Quit India Movement was truly a mass movement. It brought into its

ambit hundreds of thousands of ordinary people. It brought the nationalist

feelings among the youth to such a stage that the day was not far off

when the British would have to Quit India.

v/;k; &13egkRek xka/kh vkSj jk"Vªh;

vkUnksyu

iz'Uk&1 Þvgl;ksx vkUnksyu ,d rjg dk izfrjks/k FkkÞ bl

dFku dk ewY;kadu dhft,A

mRrj & xka/kh fo’o ds egkure O;fDrRoks es ls ,d

FksAmuds izeq[k fl)kUr Fks & lR; vkSj vafglk A mUgksus

fczfV'k 'kklu ds f[kykQ vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks izfrjks/k ds ,d

mRÑ"V lk/ku ds :i esa 'kq: djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA mUgsa vk'kk

Fkh fd f[kykQr dks vlg;ksx ds lkFk tksM+us ls fgUnw vkSj

eqlyeku la;qDr :i ls vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk vUr dj ldrs gSaA

vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds nkSjku fo|kfFkZ;ksa us vaxzst

ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr Ldwy vkSj dkWyst tkuk NksM+ fn;kA

odhyksa us vnkyr esa tkus ls badkj dj fn;kA127

cgqr ls dLcks ,oa 'kgjksa esas Jfed oxZ gM+rky ij pys

x;sA

vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dk izfrjks/k ns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks= esa

Hkh fn[kkbZ ns jgk FkkA mRrjh vkU/kz dh igkM+h tutkfr;ksa

us oU; dkuwuksa dh vogsyuk dj nhA vo/k ds fdlkuksa us dj

ugha pqdk;kA bu fojks/kh vkUnksyuks dks dHkh&dHkh

LFkkuh; jk"Vªoknh usr`Ro dh voKk djrs gq, dk;kZfUor fd;k

x;kA

mi;qZDr rF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fu

%lansg ;g jk"Vªh; la?k"kZ dk ,slk igyk vkUnksyu Fkk ftlesa

Hkkjr dh T;knkrj tkfr;ksa ,oa leqnk;ksa us fczfV'k 'kklu dk

izfrjks/k djus gsrq Hkkx fy;kA

iz'Uk-2 egkRek xka/kh us jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds Lo:i dks

fdl rjg cny Mkyk\

mRrj & xka/kh th us jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds Lo:i dks

fuEufyf[kr fopkjksa] rjhdksa] fopkj/kkjk] dk;Ziz.kkyh]

vkUnksyuksa vkfn ds }kjk cny MkykA

muds n'kZu ds eq[; fl)kUr Fks & ¼1½ lR;kxzg] ¼2½

vfgalk] ¼3½ 'kkfUr ¼4½ nfjæukjk;.kksa ds izfr lPph gennhZ 128

¼5½ efgykvksa dk l'kfDrdj.k ¼6½ lkEiznkf;d lnHkko ¼7½

Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k {ks= ,oa muesa jgus okys yksxksa ds fgrksa

ds ckjs esa lkspuk] djuk vkSj yksxksa dks izsj.kk nsuk] ¼8½

vLi`';rk dk fojks/k djuk ¼9½ lk/ku ,oa lk/; nksuksa dh ifo=rk ij

cy nsuk ¼10½ dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe 'kq: djuk] ¼11½ dqVhj m|

ksx ds egRo ij cy nsuk] ¼11½ pj[kk] [kknh vkfn viukus ij cy

nsuk] ¼12½ jaxHksn dk fojks/k djukA

xka/khth us nf{k.k vÝhdk dks vius oSpkfjd ,oa nk'kZfud

fodkl dh O;ogkfjd iz;ksx'kkyk ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;kA mUgksaus

nf{k.k vÝhdk ljdkj dh xyr ,oa vU;k; iw.kZ uhfr;ksa dk [kqydj

fojks/k fd;kA mUgksaus dbZ ckj nf{k.k vÝhdk ,oa Hkkjr esa

lR;kxzg 'kq: fd;kA

tc 1915 esa xka/kh th viuh ekr`Hkwfe ykSVs okLro esa

ml le; rd dkaxzsl e/;eoxhZ; f'kf{kr yksxksa dh ikVhZ FkhA og

vPNh rjg ls tkurs Fks fd bl jk"Vª dh rkdr xzkeh.k yksxksa]

Jfedksa] loZlk/kkj.k] efgykvksa] ;qokvksa vkfn esa fufgr gSA

tc rd ;s lHkh yksx jk"Vªh; la?k"kZ esa ugha tqM+sxsa rc rd

fczfV'k lÙkk dks Hkkjr ls lekIr djuk laHko ugha FkkA

129

xka/kh th us dgk fd Hkkjr esa tks loZ= nfjærk] Hkq[kejh]

fuEu thou Lrj] vf'k{kk] vU/k fo'okl vkSj lkekftd QwV ns[kus

dks feyrh gS og fczfV'k 'kklu ds dkj.k gSA

xka/kh th us pEikju ds uhy ckxkuksa ds ekfydksa dk

fojks/k fd;kA oL= feyksa esa dke djus okys etnwjksa dh

U;wure etnwjh dks la'kksf/kr djus ds fy, fey ekfydksa ij ncko

MkykA

xka/khth ,d lPps vkfFkZd o lekt lq/kkjd Fks mUgksaus

pj[kk ,oa [kknh ds iz;ksx dh odkyr dhA mUgksaus dqVhj vkSj

vfry?kq m|ksxksa ds egÙo ij cy fn;kA

okLro esa mUgha ds iz;klksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i jk"Vªh;

vkUnksyu dks egyksa dh txg >ksifM+;ksa] 'kgj dh txg xkao

vkSj e/;e oxZ rd lhfer vkUnksyu dks loZlk/kkj.k rd izlkfjr djus

esa lQyrk izkIr gqbZA ;g xka/kh th dk lokZf/kd

egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku FkkA blls dkaxzsl tu&tu dh laLFkk cu

xbZA blus jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds Lo:i dks O;kid dj fn;kA

iz'Uk 3& Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu lPps vFkks± esa

O;kid tukUnksyu FkkA bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A

130

mRrj & fØI'k fe'ku ds vlQy gksus ds dkj.k dkaxzsl us

xka/kh th dh v/;{krk esa 8 vxLr 1942 bZ- dks Hkkjr NksM+ks

vkUnksyu izLrko ikl fd;kA ;g vfgalkRed vkUnksyu Fkk ysfdu

vkUnksyu dh LohÑfr ds vxys gh fnu xka/kh th ,oa vU;

egÙoiw.kZ dkaxzslh usrkvksa dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;kA ijUrq

ns'k ds ;qok dk;ZdrkZ gM+rkyksa rFkk rksM+QksM+ dh

dk;Zokfg;ka djds ns'k esa vkUnksyu pykrs jgsA Jherh v:.kk

vklQ vyh] jke euksgj yksfg;k] t;izdk'k ukjk;.k tSls lektoknh

lnL; Hkwfexr izfrjks/k xfrfof/k;ksa eas lcls vf/kd lfØ; FksA

foæksfg;ksa us lrkjk vkSj fenukiqj vkfn ftyksa esa Lora=

ljdkjsa LFkkfir dj yhA vaxzstksa us bl vkUnksyu dks

ccZjrkiwoZd nckus dk iz;kl fd;k fQj Hkh bl O;kid foæksg dks

nckus esa yxHkx 12 eghus dk le; yx x;kA

mi;qZDr ?kVukvksa dk lw{e fo'ys"k.k djus ds i'pkr~ dgk

tk ldrk gS fd okLro esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu lPps vFkks±

esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds fo:) O;kid tukUnksyu FkkA bl vkUnksyu us

cM+h la[;k esa gtkjksa uo;qodksa] tulkekU; dks viuh vksj

vkdf"kZr fd;kA bl vkUnksyu us uo;qodksa esa bl Hkkouk dk

lapkj fd;k fd Hkkjr ls fczfV'k 'kklu dh lekfIr esa vc T;knk oDr

ugha gSA

131

Chapter 14

Understanding Partitions- Politics, Memories Experiences

Q1.Examine the factors responsible for the growth of communalism in India.

Ans. At the outset it must be admitted that in spite of strenuous efforts

made by the congress leaders and rationalists, communalism could not

be checked. Ultimately communalism won when India was partioned

and Pakistan was created on the communalism theory of two nations. 132

It may be stated that communalism grew on account of the ‘Divide

and Rule’ policy of the British. Jinnah was not the sole originator of

this theory of two nations. The policy of ‘Divide and Rule’

encouraged Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to fight for the right of the

Muslims. Lord Curzon in 1905 encouraged the Muslims when he

divided Bengal and created a Muslim majority province. Iqbal in 1930

also favored separate treatment to the Muslims. The Hindu

Mahasabha established in 1916 also worked on communal lines

following factors led to communalist tendencies.

(1) Divide and Rule Policy of the British.

(2) Fear of the Muslim minority of its Suppression the Hindu

majority.

(3) Overemphasis on the glory of ancient India.

(4) Emergency of political parties on communal lines.

(5) Separate electorate for Muslims.

(6) Lack of education among the Muslim community.

(7) Frustration of the Muslim league on its inability to win election

in 1937.

(8) Demand for partition of India at the Lahore session of the Muslim

league in 1940.

(9) Direct Action by the Muslim league in 1946 and Communal riots.

Q2. Analyse the experiences of women from the partition?

Ans. The experiences of women in partition violent time were harrowing.

Women were raped, abducted, sold, often many times over, forced to

settle down to a new life with strangers in unknown circumstances.

Deeply traumatised by all that they had undergone. Some began to 133

develop, new family bonds in their changed circumstances. Their

money and ornaments were looted. At times therefore when the men

feared that their women wives, daughters, sisters, would be violated

by the enemy they killed the women themselves.

Q3 Pointing upon the destruction or slaughter on Mass scale at the time of

partition ,compare Indian holocaust with Germany?

Ans. Because several hundred thousand people were killed and innumerable

women raped and abducted. Millions were uprooted, transformed into

refugees in alien lands. Estimate of casualties were 2,00,000 to

50,00,000. In all probability, some 15 million had to move across

hastily constructed frontiers separating India and Pakistan. Stripped of

their local or regional cultures. They were forced to begin picking of

their life from scratch. There fire partition is considered as holocaust.

The Survivers themselves have often spoken of 1947 through other

words like maashal (Martial law), mara-mari, raula or hullar.

Though the people do not see any difference between the events of

India and Germany . Afterall this much difference we find that in

1947-48, the sub contitnent did not witness and state driven

extermination as was the case with Nazi Germany where various

model used. The ethnic cleansing That characterized the partition of

India was carried out by self self styled representative of religious

communities rather than by state agencies.

Q4 ‘The Partition of India was indispensable’.Explain?

Ans. By the strength of Indian National Congress and power of mass

movement ultimately British Government ready to free India in 1947.

But freedom could given with the partition of India in two separate 134

countries India and Pakistan. The causes for acceptance of the

Independence with partition were as under:

The British had been following a policy of creating feelings of

bitterness among the different communities in India. This policy of

Divide and Rule aimed to check the growth of Nationalism .When

they failed in their objectives, they decided to divide the country and

leave it.

The attitude of Mr. Jinnah, the most prominent leader of the Muslim

League, led to the partition of the country. Hepreached that the

Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations. Hence they could not

pull well together.

The British government followed the policy of appeasement towards the

Muslims. They asked the Muslim League leaders to ask for more and

more concession. They encouraged the Muslim to stress their demand

for Pakistan.

The recommendation of the various mission sent by the British Government

to solve the Indian Problem indirectly accepted the Muslim demand of

Pakistan.

The failure of Interim Government also made the partition of t he country

inevitable. In the absence of cooperation between the two major

parties of the country, the Muslim League and the Congress , the

Government could be run effectively.

Lastly we can say that willing of leaders for the freedom, Hindu Muslim

Riots , it was essential the partition of India.

iz'u 1 Hkkjr esa lkEiznkf;drk ds mn; ds fy, mŸkjnk;h dkj.kksa dk ijh{k.k dhft;sA

135

;g loZ lR; gS fd jk"Vªh; usrkvksa o dkaxzsl lnL;ksa }kjk vFkd iz;Ru ds ckotqn “h lkEiznkf;drk dks ugha jksdk tk ldkA vUrksxrok lkEiznkf;drk dh thr ml le; gks x;h tc Hkkjr dk foHkktu nks jk"Vªksa ds :i esa gqvkA ;g lc fczfV’k ljdkj dh QwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks dh uhfr dk ifj.kke FkkA bl uhfr dks lj lS;n~ vgen [kku }kjk eqlyekuksa dks vf/kdkj fnykus ds fy, cy fn;kA 1905 esa ykMZ dtZu }kjk caxky foHkktu dks Lohdkj dj c<+k;kA 1930 esa eks- bdcky }kjk eqlyekuksa dks vyx lek/kku ds uke ij cy fn;kA 1916 esa fgUnw egklHkk dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj mlus Hkh bl {ks= dks c<+k;kA vU; egRoiw.kZ dkj.k lkEiznkf;drk ds fy, fuEu Fks %&1- vaxzstksa dh QwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks dh uhfrA 2- fgUnw cgqer ls vYila[;d eqlyekuksa dks Hk; 3- izkphu Hkkjr dks vR;f/kd xkSjo’kkyh crkus ij tksj 4- lkEiznkf;d ikfVZ;ksa dk mn; 5- eqlyekuksa dks vyx izfrfuf/kRo 6- eqlyekuksa esa f’k{kk dk vHkko 7- 1937 ds pqukoksa esa eqfLye yhx dh gkj 8- 1940 ds yhx vf/kos’ku esa }h&jk"Vª fl}kUr dh Lohd`fr 9- 1946 esa eqfLye yhx }kjk izR;{k dk;Zokgh fnol o

fgUnw eqfLye naxks dh 'kq:vkrA

iz’u 2 caVokjs ds le; vkSjrksa ds vuqHkoks dk fo’ys"k.k dhft;sA

136

mŸkj caVokjs ds le; vkSjrksa ds vuqHko izk;% cgqr [kjkc jgsA vusd vkSjrksa dks vxok dj fy;k x;kA muds lkFk vekuoh; O;ogkj fd;k x;kA vusd ;qofr;ksa ls cykRdkj ;k tcju fookg vFkok fudkg fd, x,A vusd efgykvksa ds xqIr vax dkV fn, x,A vusdksa ds lkeus muds lqgkx ;k xksn mtkM+ nh xbZA vusd efgykvksa ls /ku vkSj xgus ywV fy;s x,A vusd efgykvksa dks 'kkafr LFkkfir gksus ds ckn muds ifjokj tuksa us gh mUgsa Lohdkj ugha fd;kA mUgsa viuk isV Hkjus ds fy, os’;ko`fr tSls fuanuh; O;olk; dks viukuk iM+kA vusd iq:"kksa us viuh eka] cgu] iRuh vkSj csVh dks thfor gh Lo;a tyk fn;k ;k ekj fn;k D;ksafd mUgsa nwj ls vkrh HkhM+ dks ns[kdj ;g iwjk ;fdu gks tkrk Fkk fd og vc vius efgyk ifjokjtuksa dh bTtr ugha cpk ik;saxsA

iz’u 3 Hkkjr foHkktu ds le; ds lkewfgd tu lagkj dh Hk;kudrk dks js[kkafdr djrs gq;s] Hkkjrh; egk/oal dh teZuh ls rqyuk dhft,A

mŸkjD;ksafd foHkktu ds le; dbZ yk[k yksx ekjs x;s u tkus fdruh vkSjrks dk cykRdkj vkSj vigj.k gqvkA djksMks mtM x,A yxHkx 20]00]000 ls 50]00]000 rd yksx ekjs x,A jkrksjkr yxHkx Ms< djksM yksxks dks “kjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp [kMh dh xbZ ljgnksa ikj tkuk iMk LFkkuh; o {kS=h; laLd`fr;ksa ls oafpr ;s yksx nksckjk frudks ls viuh ftanxh [kMh djus ds fy, etcqj gks x;sA blfy, “kjr foHkktu dks egk/oal dh laKk nh xbZ gSA

ftUnk cp tkus okys 1947 dks vdlj ek’kZy ykW] ekjkekjh jkSyk ;k gqYyM vkfn 'kCnks ls lEcksaf/kr djrs gSAHkkjr o

137

teZuh dh |Vukvksa ds chp dksbZ T;knk QdZ ugh Fkk ;k vUrj Fkk rks ek= ;g Fkk fd 1947&48 es Hkkjrh; miegk}hi es lQk, dh dksbZ ljdkjh eqfge ugh pyh tcfd ukRlh teZuh es fgVyj ds usr`Ro es ;gqfn;ks dk lQk;k gks jgk FkkA ogka yksxks dks ekjus ds fy, fu;a=.k vkSj laxBu dh reke vk/kqfud rduhdks dk bLrseky fd;k x;kAHkkjr foHkktu ds oDr tks uLyh lQk;k gqvk og ljdkjh fudk;ks dh ugh] cfYd /kkfeZd leqnk;ks ds Loa; Hkwa izfrfuf/k;ks dh dkjxqtkjh FkhA

iz’u 4 “Hkkjr dk foHkktu vifjgk;Z Fkk” Li"B dhft,AHkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl o tu lgHkkfxrk ds dkj.k varrksxRok ns’k dks 1947 bZ- es vaxzst Hkkjr NksMus dks rS;kj gks x;sA ysfdu Hkkjrh;ks dks ;g Lora=rk foHkktu ds lkFk Lohdkj djuh iMh ftlds dkj.k fuEu Fks %&1- vaxzstks us 'kq: ls gh lkEiznkf;d rkdrks dks c<+kok

fn;k rFkk ckaVks vkSj jkt djks dh uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;kAtc mUgs 1947 esa ns’k NksMuk iM+k rks tkrs tkrs ns’k dks Lora=rk foHkktu ds lkFk iznku dhA

2- ftUuk dh gB/kfeZrk Hkh blds fy;s ftEesnkj jgh D;ksfd fdlh Hkh fLFfr esa Lora=rk fcuk foHkktu ds ysus dks rS;kj u gq,A

3- vaxzstks us eqlyekuksa ds lkFk rqf"Vdj.k dh uhfr viukrs gq;s mUgsa ikfdLrku dh ekax ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA

4- vaxzsth ljdkj }kjk Hkkjrh; leL;kvks ds lek/kku ds fy, tks Hkh dfe’ku Hksts] mUgksus Hkh vizR;{k :i ls foHkktu dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rS;kj dhA

138

5- varfje ljdkj esa Hkh fgUnw&eqfLye lg;ksx dk okrkoj.k u cu ik;k vkSj foHkktu dh ifjfLFkfr;kW rS;kj gqbZA

6- izR;{k dk;Zokghfnol ds ckn eqfLye yhx us fgUnw eqfLye naxks dh 'kq:okr dh ]ftldk ,d ek= lek/kku foHkktu FkkA

blfy, var es ge dg ldrs gS] jk"Vªh; usrkvks dk Lora=rk ds izfr eksg] lkEiznkf;d ruko o naxks ds pyrs ns’k dk foHkktu vfigk;Z FkkA

&&&&&&&&&&

Chapter 15

FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION.

Ques.1 “The Resolution cast the horoscope of our Sovereign Democratic

Republic”. Prove this Statement.139

Ans:- On December 13, 1946, Pandit Nehru described the objective

resolution as a ‘Solemn Pledge to our people’. It gave expression to the

aspiration and ideals for which the people of India had worked and struggled

and embodied the broad objectives which the constituent assembly was to

set before itself.

The resolution ensured that safeguards would be provided to the

minorities, backward and tribal areas, depressed and other classes. The

resolution proclaimed that the ancient land would attain its rightful and

honored place in the world. This republic would be a union of autonomous

units in which residuary powers should be with the latter.

The Resolution also stated that the constitution framed by the

Assembly must guarantee and secure to all the people of India Justice-

social, economic and political; equality of status, of opportunity and

equality before law; freedom of thoughts , expression, belief, faith, worship,

vocation, subject, association and action subject to law and public morality.

Infact, all important elements had been included in the objective

resolution, constituent assembly had to frame the constitution by following

them: the Statement ‘The Resolution cast the horoscope of our sovereign

Democratic Republic”, given by Dr. K.M. Munshi seems to be true.

Ques.2:- Why Parliamentary system has been adopted in India? Is it relevant

today?

Ans:- The Chief merit of Parliamentary government lay in its ability to

satisfy the essential test of a democratic Executive viz.. a combination of

stability and responsibility. In India when the poverty and illiteracy of the

masses might well encourage the growth of Executive Despotism,

Responsibility was no less important than stability.

140

According to Dr. Ambedkar-under the parliamentary system there is

daily and periodic assessment of the responsibility of the Government.

On the basis of the assessment of last 58 years, it can be said that to

include parliamentary system in our constitution was a positive and praisable

effort which has played an important role in the stability of Democracy in

India.

Ques3:- How will you define the term ‘Secular’? Is India a Secular state?

Ans:- The term secular means that the state has no Religion of its own. The

State is neither religious, nor anti religions. The state observes complete

neutrality in Religious matter on the basis of following given detail India can

be called a secular nation.

In the Indian Constitution, the articles 25-28 of the right to freedom

of Religion have been granted to all persons residing in India. Accordingly

by all the persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience. Indian

citizens are free to change their religion on their own will.

Ques 4: Analyse the Relevancy of emphasis on the need of a strong government by the constitute assembly.

Ans. The constituent Assembly was emphasizing that the powers of the centre had to be greatly strengthened to enable it to stop the communal riots because this might lead many partitions of India, a strong government was also demanded because only this could plan (Government). Only a strong centre could plan for a well being of the country, mobilised the available economic resources, establish a proper administration and defend the country from any foreign aggression.

The chief reason for a strong centre was partition of India.That is why emphsis on strong centre was being given instead of giving more autonomy to the provinces. A strong demand for the need of centralization of the powers was due to communal riots especially in Bengal and Punjab during 1946 – 1947.

By observing contemporary circumstances it is clear that demand of a strong government at centre was relevant

141

v/;k;&15

lafo/kku fuekZ.k dk ;qx

iz'u 1& Þmís'; lEcU/kh izLrko gh gekjs Lora= x.kjkT; dh

tUedq.Myh gSÞ bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A

mRrj & 13 fnlEcj 1946 dks if.Mr tokgj yky usg: }kjk

lafo/kku ds mís';ksa lEcU/kh izLrko lHkk esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA

usg: ds vuqlkj Þbl izLrko esa gekjh og vkdka{kk;sa lfEefyr

gSa ftuds fy, geus brus dBksj la?k"kZ fd;s gSa lafo/kku lHkk

bUgha mís';ksa dks lEeq[k j[kdj gekjs lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k

djsxhAÞ

bl izLrko ls ;g fo'okl gqvk fd vYila[;dksa] fiNM+s gq,

dckbyh {ks=ksa] fiNM+h vkSj detksj tkfr;ksa ds fgr lqjf{kr

fd;s tk;saxsA izkphu vkSj egku Hkkjr ns'k fo'o esa ,d lEekutud

izfr"Bktud LFkku izkIr djsxkA

mís'; lEcU/kh izLrko ds }kjk ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd Hkkjr

dks Lora=] iw.kZ izHkqlÙkk lEiUu] yksdra=kRed x.kjkT;

cukuk vko';d gSA Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; jkT;ksa dk la?k gksxk rFkk

vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ jkT; esa fufgr gksaxhA lafo/kku lHkk }kjk

142

cuk;k x;k lafo/kku ,slh 'kklu O;oLFkk LFkkfir djsxk ftlesa lHkh

yksxksa dks leku vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd volj feysaxs]

lekurk ds vk/kkj ij lcdks iw.kZ U;k; feysxk rFkk lHkh yksx

dkuwu dh n`f"V ls leku gksaxsA lHkh ukxfjdksa dks vius fopkj

O;Dr djus] /keZ vkSj mikluk] dke vkSj O;kikj] lkgp;Z rFkk

fØ;kdykiksa dh iwjh Lora=rk gksxhA

okLro esa mís'; lEcU/kh izLrko esa os lHkh rRo 'kkfey

fd;s x;s ftu ij pydj lafo/kku lHkk dks lafo/kku cukuk FkkA

Mk- ,e-ds- eqa'kh dk ;g dFku lR; gh izrhr gksrk gS fd Þmís';

lEcU/kh izLrko Lora= x.kjkT; dh tUedq.Myh gSAÞ

iz'Uk 2& Hkkjr esa lalnh; iz.kkyh dks D;ksa viuk;k x;k

gS \ D;k ;g orZeku esa Hkh izklafxd gS \

mRrj & lalnh; iz.kkyh dh eq[; fo'ks"k;rk ;g gS fd ;g

yksdra=h; dk;Zdkfj.kh dh dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjrh gS vFkkZr~ ;g

ljdkj fLFkjrk rFkk vius mÙkjnkf;Ro ds izfr tkx:d gksrh gSA

yksxksa dh xjhch rFkk vf'k{kk ds dkj.k dk;Zdkfj.kh dks

rkuk'kkgh izÑfr dks izksRlkgu feyrk gS] mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh mruk

gh egÙoiw.kZ gS ftruk fd fLFkjrkA

143

Mk- vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj] Þlalnh; iz.kkyh esa ljdkj ds

mÙkjnkf;Ro dk izfrfnu dk rFkk FkksM+s&FkksM+s le; ds

vUrjky ds i'pkr~ vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA foxr 58 o"kks± ds

vkdyu ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lafo/kku esa lalnh;

iz.kkyh dk 'kkfey djuk ,d ldkjkRed ,oa iz'kaluh; iz;kl Fkk ftlus

Hkkjr esa yksdra= ds LFkkf;Ro esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk

dh gSA

iz'u 3& /keZfujis{k 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS \ D;k Hkkjr ,d

/keZfujis{k jk"Vª gS\

mRrj & /keZfujis{k 'kCn dk vFkZ gS & jkT; dk viuk dksbZ

/keZ ugha gksrkA jkT; u gh /kkfeZr gksrk gS vkSj u gh

xSj/kkfeZdA jkT; /kkfeZd ekeyksa esa lHkh /keksZ ds lkFk

leku O;ogkj djrk gSA

fuEufyf[kr o.kZu ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr dks ,d /keZfujis{k

jk"Vª ekuk tk ldrk gS & Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 25&28 ds

rgr Hkkjr ds lHkh fuokfl;ksa dks /keZ dh Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj

fn;k x;k gS rnuq:i lHkh ukxfjdksa dks vUr%dj.k dh Lora=rk

gSA Hkkjrh; ukxfjd viuh bPNk ls /keZ ifjorZu ds fy, Lora=

gSaA

144

iz'Uk 4& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku lHkk }kjk ,d 'kfDr'kkyh ljdkj dh

vko';drk ij fn, x;s cy dh izklafxdrk dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

mRrj & Hkkjrh; lafo/kku lHkk }kjk ,d 'kfDr'kkyh ljdkj dh

vko';drk ij blfy, cy fn;k tk jgk Fkk D;ksafd txg&txg gks jgh

fgald ?kVukvksa ds dkj.k ns'k ds VqdM+s&VqdM+s gksus dk

Hk; Fkk] blh dkj.k cgqr lkjs lnL; pkgrs Fks fd dsUæ dh

'kfDr;ksa esa Hkkjh o`f) gksuh pkfg, rkfd og lkEiznkf;d fgalk

dks jksd ldsA ,d 'kfDr'kkyh dsUæ dh blfy, Hkh vko';drk Fkh

rkfd og ns'k ds fgr esa ;kstuk cuk lds] miyC/k vkfFkZd

lalk/kuksa dks tqVk lds] ,d mfpr O;oLFkk LFkkfir dj lds vkSj

ns'k dks fons'kh vkØe.kksa ls lqjf{kr j[k ldsA

'kfDr'kkyh dsUæ dh LFkkiuk ij cy nsus dk loZizeq[k dkj.k

Fkk& Hkkjr dk foHkktuA blhfy, izkUrksa dks vf/kd Lok;Ùkrk

nsus ds LFkku ij ns'k esa ,dkfRed ljdkj LFkkfir djus ij cy fn;k

tkus yxkA 1946&47 bZ- esa txg&txg lkEiznkf;d naxksa ds

dkj.k Hkh 'kfDr;ksa ds dsUæh;dj.k dh vko';drk vkSj Hkh tksj

idM+ xbZA

rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk voyksdu djus ij ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd bl

izdkj dh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d 'kfDr’kkyh ljdkj vko’;drk

izklafxd FkhA145

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146