unit 5 skeletal system - badger anatomy & physiology · 2 ii. division of skeletal system a....

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1 Unit 5 Skeletal System I. Functions A. Support: > Internal framework, structure, anchors & supports soft tissue organs B. Protection: > Protects vital organs C. Movement: > Provides attach point for muscles > Bones & muscles act as levers D. Storage: > Fat, calcium, and phosphorus E. Blood Cell Formation: (hematopoiesis) > Occurs in spongy bone within red marrow cavities

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Page 1: Unit 5 Skeletal System - Badger Anatomy & Physiology · 2 II. Division of Skeletal System A. Axial Skeleton (blue) –Skull, ribs, spine –Protects organs B. Appendicular Skeleton

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Unit 5 Skeletal System

I.  Functions

A.  Support:> Internal framework, structure, anchors & supports soft tissue 

organs

B.  Protection:> Protects vital organs

C.  Movement:> Provides attach point for muscles> Bones & muscles act as levers

D.  Storage:> Fat, calcium, and phosphorus

E.  Blood Cell Formation: (hematopoiesis)> Occurs in spongy bone within red marrow cavities

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II.  Division of Skeletal System

A.  Axial Skeleton  (blue)– Skull, ribs, spine– Protects organs

B.  Appendicular Skeleton  (pink)– Limbs & attachments– Aids in movement

A.  Compact Bone: – Very dense & smooth appearance– Long diaphysis (shaft)

B.  Spongy Bone: – Small porous pieces of bone– A lot of open spaces (epiphysis) 

III. Classification of Bones **All bones have external layer of compact with spongy bone internally

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IV.  Shapes of Bones

A.  Long Bones:– Longer than wide– Shaft with heads on both ends– Mostly compact

B.  Short Bones:– Cube­like– Mostly spongy

C.  Flat Bones:– Thin, flat, curved– 2 layers compact around spongy

D.  Irregular Bones:– Varieties of shapes– Don't fit other categories

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A. Diaphysis – Shaft of the bone, mostly compact 

bone

> Periosteum:  fibrous connective tissue – Covers bone

> Medullary Cavity:  space inside Diaphysis– Adults:  yellow marrow (fat)– Infants:  red marrow (Hematopoiesis)

B. Epiphyses: – Ends of long bones (heads), mostly 

spongy bone

> Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage– Covers end of Epiphyses– Absorbs shock & reduces friction

> Epiphyseal plate: (growth plate)– Hyaline cartilage line across epiphyses

> Epiphyseal line: – Compact bone line across epiphyses– Signifies bone done growing

V. Bone ­ Gross Anatomy  (long bone)

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VI. Bone ­ Microscopic Anatomy

A. Cell Types:1. Osteocytes:  mature bone cells found in cavities

« Connected by gap junctions

2. Osteoblasts:  bone­forming cells« Will convert into osteocyte

3. Osteoclasts:  bone­destroying cells

VI. Bone ­ Microscopic Anatomy cont'd

B.  Haversian Systems / Osteon:  complex, consisting of a central canal & matrix rings with mature bone cells

> Lacunae:  tiny cavities in which mature bone cells are found

> Lamellae:  calcified matrix rings– Lacunae found in between rings– In compact bone:  rings of lamellae around central canal

> Central Canals:  run lengthwise through bone– Carry blood vessels & nerves

> Canaliculi:  tiny canals that connect lacunae together & to central canal

> Perforating (Volkmann's) Canals:  canals that run at 90 degree angles through the compact bone

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A. Formation (Ossification / Osteogenesis) & Growth:

1. Embryonic Development:– Skeleton composed of fibrous membranes & hyaline cartilage – Ossification begins ~6­7 weeks in development

« Intramembraneous Ossification» Skull flat bones & clavicles form from fibrous membranes

« Endochondral Ossification» Other bones form from hyaline cartilage

VII. Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling

Endochondral Ossification

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VII. Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling cont'd• Endochonral Ossification Steps:

a.  Bone Collar forms

b.  Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage (Primary Ossification Center)> Chondrocytes hypertrophy> Surrounding matrix calcifies> Chondrocytes die (nutrient diffusion inhibited)> Matrix begins to deteriorate

– Bone collar stabilizes

c.  Cavities are invaded with blood vessels, red marrow, osteoblasts,osteoclasts (known as the periosteal bud)> Spongy bone development begins (by osteoblasts)

d.  Medullary cavity forms & Diaphysis elongates> Osteoclasts form medullary cavity> Diaphysis elongates due to:

– Epiphyseal cartilage dividing & ossification "chases" cartilage formation along length of diaphysis 

e.  Ossification of Epiphyses (Secondary Ossification Center)> Similar to primary ossification (no medullary cavity)> Hyaline cartilage remaining when secondary ossification is 

complete:– Articular Cartilage– Epiphyseal Plates

(will discuss this in our next section)

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2. Growth (early adults)> Epiphyseal plates are site of long bone growth

> Steps are as follows:– New cartilage is formed on external face of epiphyseal plate 

surface that is farther away from medullary cavity

– Old cartilage on internal face of epiphyseal plate closest to medullary cavity is broken down and replaced by bony matrix

– Process controlled by growth & sex hormones« ends when epiphyseal plate is converted to bone« usually occurring at the end of puberty

> growth plate maintains constant thickness:

> rate of cartilage growth balanced by replacement of bony tissue

VII. Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling cont'd

Bone Growth

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Bone Growth

B.  Bone Remodeling (throughout life) ­ bones are remodeled in response to:

1.  Calcium levels in blood– If calcium levels get too low

« PTH (parathyroid hormone) released» Activates osteoclasts

• Bone broken down to release Ca+ into blood

– If calcium levels are too high« PTH release decreases

» Inhibit osteoclast activity« Osteoblasts are activated...deposit Ca+ into bone matrix as hard 

salts« Calcitonin plays minimal role in humans

2.  Pull of gravity and muscle stressa.  Bones become thicker and form larger projections to increase     strength in areas where muscles attach

« Osteoblasts lay down new matrix forming new bone where stress of muscle pulls

b.  Bones of inactive people atrophy & lose mass if not subjected to     stress

« Osteoclasts break down bone due to lack of stress from muscles

VII. Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling cont'd

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Kevin Ware

VIII. Bone Fractures and Repair

A. Types:

> Simple (closed): – Clean break, no skin penetration

> Compound (open): – Break, penetrates through skin

> Comminuted: – Many fragments

> Compression: – Crushed, osteoporosis

> Depressed: – Pressed inward, skull

> Impacted: – Broken ends pressed into each other

> Spiral: – Excessive twisting

> Greenstick: – Incomplete break, child

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VIII. Bone Fractures and Repair cont'dB.  Treatment:

1.  Reduction ­ the realignment of bone ends« Closed reduction ­ 

« Open reduction ­ 

2.  Immobilization ­ cast or splint

C.  Repair Process:1.  Hematoma is formed:

« Blood filled swelling

2.  Fibrocartilage Callus forms:« New capillaries formed (granulation tissue)« Repair tissue that contains cartilage matrix, bony 

matrix, & collagen fibers

3.  Bony Callus forms:« Spongy bone replaces fibrocartilage

4.  Remodeling:« Stress on bone causes remodeling at fractured site

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IX.  Axial Skeleton

• Skull, Vertebral Column, Thoracic Cage

A.  Skull:  formed by two sets of bones1.  Cranium:  consists of 8 bones

2.  Facial:  consists of 14 bones

> Frontal> Parietal> Temporal> Occipital> Ethmoid> Sphenoid

> Maxillae> Zygomatic> Mandible *> Nasal> Lacrimal> Vomer> Palantine> Inferior Nasal Conchae

> Hyoid

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B. Vertebral Column (spine): consists of 26 irregular bones

1. Cervical vertebrae: (C1­C7) ­ found in "           " region– Atlas ­ 1st vertebra (articulates with the skull), allows head to nod

– Axis ­ 2nd vertebra, allows rotation of atlas (& head) 

2. Thoracic vertebrae: (T1­T12) – Larger than the cervical, articulate with ribs

3. Lumbar vertebrae: (L1­L5) – Main weight bearing vertebrae

4. Sacrum: fusion of 5 vertebrae– Articulates with hip bones – Forms sacroiliac joints

5. Coccyx: fusion of 3 vertebrae (tailbone)

*Intervertebral disk ­ made of flexible fibrocartilage

IX. Axial Skeleton cont'd

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C. Thoracic Cage­ 

1. Sternum: – Fusion of manubrium, body, xiphoid process– Articulates with first 7 pairs of ribs

2. True ribs: first 7 pairs

3. False ribs: next 5 pairs– Share articulation point– Floating ribs ­ last 2 pairs that are not connected to 

the sternum at all

IX. Axial Skeleton cont'd

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X. Appendicular Skeleton

A. Pectoral Girdle: allows for great flexibility/movement of arms

1. Clavicle (collar bone)

2. Scapula (shoulder blade)

B. Pelvic Girdle: weight bearing / protection– Formed by 2 coxal (hip) bones – Each formed by fusion of 3 bones in the hip socket – Hip socket called acetabulum

« Ilium« Ischium« Pubis

most anterior bone"sit down" bone,

most inferior

articulates with sacrum

C.  Bones of the upper limbs:1.  Humerus ­ shoulder to elbow2.  Radius ­ thumb side of forearm3.  Ulna ­ pinky side of forearm4.  Hand ­ carpals, metacarpals,                phalanges

X. Appendicular Skeleton cont'd

D.  Bones of the lower limbs:1.  Femur ­ greater & lesser trochanters2.  Tibia (shin) ­ medial malleolus3.  Fibula ­ lateral malleolus4.  Patella ­ kneecap5.  Foot ­ talus, calcaneous, tarsals,                metatarsals, phalanges

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XI. Joints (articulations)*Joints are classified in 2 ways...

A. Functional:1. Synarthroses ­ immovable joints

2. Amphiarthroses ­ slightly moveable joints

3. Diarthroses ­ freely moveable joints

B. Structurally:1. Fibrous ­ sutures of the skull

« Bound tightly together by fibrous connective tissue

2. Cartilaginous ­ bone ends are connected by cartilage« ex.  pubic symphysis & intervertebral disk

3.  Synovial« Bone ends separated by joint cavity « Contains synovial fluid

« Features:» Articular cartilage» Fibrous articular capsule

• Lined with synovial membrane» Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid» Reinforcing ligaments