unification of italy and germany
TRANSCRIPT
NationalismNationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation rather than to an empire—to the people with whom they share a culture and history
“Italy” in 1815 was not a unified nation; it was divided into 3 regions:
Parts were foreign controlled by
Austria & France
Parts were controlled by
the Pope
Parts were independent & had their own king
In the 1830s, nationalism led to a unification movement as Italians began to see
themselves as having a shared history (ancient Rome, Renaissance), shared
territory, shared enemies (Napoleonic Wars)
Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini was a radical
who established the nationalist group Young Italy in 1831 to unify Italy & created a republic
Led a revolution in 1848 which led to a brief Italian republic (but Italy was not unified); Mazzini was overthrown & seen as too radical
Count Camillo di CavourIn 1849, the king of
Sardinia named Cavour Prime Minister; Cavour wanted to make Sardinia very powerful by increasing industry, reducing the Pope’s influence, & unifying Italy (but ONLY if Sardinia led the unification movement)
Giuseppe GaribaldiMeanwhile, in Southern Italy
remained isolated, radical nationalists prepared for a revolution
Giuseppe Garibaldi was a nationalist who had joined Young Italy & helped in the South American independence movements; he wanted a unified Italy under a republic
UnificationGaribaldi successfully led the
unification of the South, but Cavour is unhappy (does not want a republic; wants Sardinia’s king in charge)
Cavour tricked Garibaldi into giving up his conquests to Sardinia—Italy’s North & South are unified & a new Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy
By 1871, all French territories are reclaimed & unification is complete
German Unification
RealPolitik & the
Belligerent Bismarck
Germany in 1815Germany was the last European
country to unifyAfter the Congress of Vienna, 39
independent German states merged into the German Confederation
PrussiaPrussia badly wanted to unify these
39 states into a new nation, Germany–Otto von Bismarck was
Prime Minister of Prussia who used RealPolitik— pursue goals by any means necessary (go to war, lie, break treaties)
To do this, Bismarck led Prussia to war
Seven Weeks War against Austria led to the North German Confederation (a united
northern Germany under Prussia’s control)
Franco-Prussian War against France to convince the Catholics in southern Germany that unification with Prussia was better than
unification with France
A United GermanyAs a result of military victories,
Prussia gains support from all German states for unification; 25 states become united under 1 union:–In 1871—Wilhelm I becomes KaiserKaiser
(emperor); Bismarck becomes ChancellorChancellor (Prime Minister)
–Each state has a local ruler, army, & handles its own domestic affairs
–Kaiser heads national government