triumph, collapse of jeffersonian republicanism 1800-24

Ch 9 Jeffersonian Politics 1800-24 (30)1

Chapter 9Triumph, Collapse of Jeffersonian Politics

1800-1824

Vernon Maddux 30

Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826

3rd President 1801-1809


Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826

Founding Father, wrote Declaration of Independence June, 1775 Governor of Virginia (1779-81)U.S. Minister to France (1784-90), Secretary of State under George Washington (1790-94)Vice-President to John Adams (1796-18001771. He married Martha Wayles daughter of a wealthy Virginia plantation owner. They had six children, but only two daughters lived to adulthood.Sally Hemmings (1773-1835).

Born April 13 Shadwell Plantation, Goochland Co., VaDied July 4 Monticello, Albemarle Co., Va


Monticello

Monticello was completed in 1795


Jefferson’s Presidency 1801-1809The first liberal president in a modern sense?

Political Reform at Home1st President to live in Washington DC.Supported ordinary people over elites (his followers sometimes went too far).

1803 Louisiana Purchase (unconstitutional?).Bought for $15 million including 4 million in French debts owed to Americans. This ended Napoleon’s attempt to conquer North America

Problems with Burr: Florida and Western Schemes, Hamilton is killed July 11, 1804.His embargo against the British crippled the U.S. economy and harmed his presidency.

His failure to deal firmly with the British created conditions that led to the War of 1812.


Jefferson’s Great Explorers--Lewis & ClarkMeriwether Lewis

Jefferson’s distant cousin and his private secretary.Well-educated, he was responsible for most of the Expedition’s written reports.1808. Rewarded with the governorship of Louisiana, he died mysteriously Oct 11, 1809 by a gunshot to the head at Grinder's house, Natchez Trace, Tennessee,

Born: Aug. 18 1774 Albemarle Co., Va


Jefferson’s Great Explorers Lewis & Clark:William Clark Younger brother of

George Rogers Clark, he was also a distant relative to President Jefferson, Clark was a real frontiersman and co-leader of the Expedition. He did most of the scouting and hunting. When he died a well-respected Territorial Governor and Indian Agent, he was highly honored by Native Americans.

Lewis & Clark were followed by Pike and Long.

Born: Aug. 1 1770 Caroline Co, VaDied: Sept. 1, 1838 St Louis, Mo


American Explorers of the Great Plains 1806-1820

Zebulon Montgomery PikeA so-so explorer, he died a hero in the War of 1812

Compared to Lewis and Clark, he was ill prepared & poorly supported.1805. Ordered to explore the Mississippi River, he founded Ft Snelling (Mn) but failed the source.1806. Crossing Gr Plains, named Pike’s Peak but was captured by Spanish.

b. Jan 5 1779 New Jersey KIA 27 April 1813 Canada


Major Stephen Harriman Long

In 1820. Pres. Madison ordered Maj. Long lead a third official scientific expedition along the Platte & South Platte to central Colorado.On June 6, 1820, Long and 19 men traveled up the north bank of the Platte and met Pawnee and OtoIndians. He named Longs Peak on June 30 and climbed Pike’s Peak a month later. On his return, he wrote that the Plains from Nebraska to Oklahoma were "unfit for cultivation and of course uninhabitable by a people depending upon agriculture." On the map he made of his explorations, he titled the area a "Great Desert."

b. Dec 30 1784 –d. Sept 4 1864

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1784

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864


Supreme Court Established Article III of the Constitution provides for a Supreme Court, but the details were left to Congress. Sept. 24 1789 Congress set up

the federal court system with Judiciary Act of 1789. Sept. 24 1789 Pres Washington appoints Chief Justice John Jay, and five associate justices. Appointments were confirmed by the Senate in two days. Feb. 1 1790 First session of Supreme Court held in Royal Exchange building NY City. 1801 Pres John Adams appoints Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-1835). Marshall solidifies the loosely-defined powers of the court.


4th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1801-1835

John Marshall U.S. Secretary of State

Marshall was a Revolutionary War hero who laid the foundation for the modern Supreme Court.1801. Appointed by Adams, and disliked by Jefferson, Marshall established the principal of “Judicial Review.”He set precedent by rulings on several important cases including: 1803 Marbury vsMadison and 1819, Dartmouth College (next).

b. Sep 24 1755 Fauquier Co. Vad. 6 Jul 1835 Philadelphia, Pa


Marbury vs Madison 1803 voids anact of Congress thus creating a landmark ruling that establishesthe Court's authority to declare laws unconstitutional - a power not explicitly defined within the Constitution.

This 1803 decision marked the first time the United States Supreme Court declared a federal law unconstitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the opinion for the court. He held that it was the duty of the judicial branch to determine law (not the states). His opinion established the power of judicial review—that is, the court's sole authority to declare laws unconstitutional.


Supreme Court Case on Jeffersonian politics: New Hampshire vs. Dartmouth College

1769. Dartmouth College was founded as a private institution by a Royal charter.

1816. Jeffersonian Republicans swept the New Hampshire elections gaining governor and a majority in the legislature. Shortly thereafter the state arbitrarily decided Dartmouth should become a public institution and took control of the property without consultation or compensation.

1819. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled New Hampshire’s seizure was unconstitutional thus protecting private property from arbitrary government action. Dartmouth College

New Hampshire


Chesapeake-Leopard Affair June 22 1807

HMS Leopard hailed USS Chesapeake just after it left Baltimore headed for Africa demanding it turn over four British deserters.Capt Barron of the Chesapeake refused and the Leopard fired, killing 3 and wounding 18 on the American ship.The British boarded the ship, seized four men: one was hanged immediately and another died in a Canadian prison.

The American public was outraged but Jefferson did nothing.

HMS Leopard 1790-1814


War Drums along the OhioTerritorial Gov. of the NW, Gen. Arthur St Clair 1814-1818

1737. Born in Scotland to wealthy parents, he arrived in America as a British infantry officer in the 60th

Foot Regiment, “Royal Americans”1775. A Pennsylvania farmer, the 2nd

Continental Congress commissioned him Maj. Gen. of Continental forces.

1787. As Gov of NW Territory, he angered the Indians, opposed Ohio statehood, attacked the Constitution. Nov 4 1791 St Clair was routed and totally disgraced by a Miami force led by Little Turtle at Ft Wayne, Ohio.

In 1802 Jefferson dismissed him and he died in poverty.

Arthur St Clair 1737-1818


James Madison 4th president 1809-1817

and the War of 1812Madison’s economic sanctions failed to end the crisis with Britain.

The Embargo and Boycott angered New England.

The Frontier Indian Wars1810. The Shawnees attack Ohio settlers. Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa “Prophet” led an Indian confederacy against the US settlers.

James Madison 1751-1836

Father of Constitution


War of 1812After an outbreak of

Indian attacks in 1810.Phase 1: 1812-13 (North)

A naval war at sea and on the Great Lakes.

Phase 2: 1814 (Middle) British soldiers invade Chesapeake Bay and destroy public buildings in Washington DC, but fail at Ft McHenry.

Phase 3: 1815 (South) January, the British are defeated at the Battle of New Orleans


Naval Open Ocean War of 1812American “super” frigates, Constitution, Constellation, United States prove to be superior to British warships of the same rate and size.The U.S. Navy broke the British blockade and ravaged the British merchant fleet, hurting England’s economy and driving up London insurance rates more than 200%.USS Constitution won six victories against great odds and was never defeated.

The ship is still on active duty based in Boston harbor.USS Constitution

Commissioned in 1796 still considered an active warship of the U.S. Navy


Naval War on the Great LakesPhase 1: June 18 1812-Sept. 10, 1813

After the US declares war, the Royal Navy blockades the East Coast with 100 ships.

In April, 1813 US Gen. Pike invades Canada and burns York (Toronto).

The Americans wage and win, a naval war against the Royal Navy on Lake Ontario and Lake Erie.


Phase 2. Invasion of the Chesapeake and the Star-Spangled Banner September 4 1814

Key was held on HMS Surprise 8 miles from Ft McHenry during the all night bombardment on the fort. He saw the flag in the flashes of light and at dawn. Key was inspired to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner."


Capture and destruction of Washington DC. The Capital. Constructed in 1800, British soldiers torched it on

the evening of August 24, 1814.


The Executive Mansion British soldiers burned all public buildings, including the National library. Only one building survived: USMC headquarters at “8th & I,”

The thick sandstone walls of the President's House survived, although scarred with smoke and scorch marks. A popular myth is that the name “White House”came from the rebuilt mansion being painted to cover smoke damage, the name is recorded earlier and was first painted white in 1798. Reconstruction of the Capitol began in 1815 and was completed in 1830.

The Executive Mansion the morning after the attack.


Dolly Madison 1751-1836 First Lady of the United States

1771 Graduate of Princeton.A widow, she was introduced to Madison by Aaron Burr (m. 1794).When not in Washington DC, she and Madison lived at Montpelier for 42 years. One of the most likeable and outgoing First Ladies, she earlier served as hostess for Jefferson after his wife Martha died.Minutes before the British arrived, Dolly ran out of the White House carrying the standing portrait of George Washington.

Dolly Dandridge Payne 1768-1849


Phase 3. Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson "Old Hickory" saves the Union

March 1814, Jackson's decisive victory at Horseshoe Bend, Alabama, destroyed Creek resistance and opened more than 20 million acres of land to settlement. At New Orleans, he won an amazingly one-sided victory over Lord Pakenham’s British army-fresh from defeating Napoleon at Waterloo. Had the British conquered New Orleans, they undoubtedly would have held onto the Mississippi River and ended Western expansion by the US. Jackson became a great national hero and for the rest of the 19th Century, the Democrat Party celebrated January 8 as its own national holiday.

Battle of New Orleans January 8, 1815


The Destruction of Washington DC is offset by the Victory at New Orleans

1814, Dec. 24. Treaty of GhentSigned in Belgium on Christmas Eve, it is sent by ship to America but takes nearly a month to reach the United States.

1815, Jan 8. Battle of New Orleans.Andrew Jackson and his militia forces destroy the cream of the British Army and end British dreams of controlling the US or North America.

Maj.Gen Andrew Jackson 1767-1845


Hartford Convention Dec 15, 1814- Jan 5, 1815“Unaware of the impending victory at New Orleans, the NE Federalists considered secession and making a separate peace with Great Britain“

“Mr. Madison’s War” is very unpopular in New England who maintain close ties with the British. Federalists led by John Lowell and Timothy Pickering met at Hartford, (Conn) and call for a Constitutional amendment to protect their rights vs. the slave South. The pro-British Federalist delegates are quite hostile toward the US South and West.News of the Victory at the Battle of New Orleans destroyed the Federalist political party as newspapers portrayed them as traitors to the republic.

Timothy Pickering 1745-1829


Victory is followed by national celebration

“The Era of Good Feelings”1817-1819

Economic & Judicial nationalism spreads to the Mississippi River.

1820. Supremely confident, US citizens look to settle the West.For the first time Americans imagine the country extending coast to coast. 1824. Pres. Monroe issues “Monroe Doctrine” which warns European powers to stay out of Western Hemisphere. 1824. The election of John Q. Adams ends the “Virginia Dynasty.”

James Monroe5th President 1817-1825.


The election of 1824-Breakdown of Political Unity1819. Cotton market collapses,

resulting in a national bank panic.

1820. The Missouri Compromise creates an open rift between the North and South in Congress.1824. The presidential election is hotly contested between Northerner John Q. Adams and Southerner Andrew Jackson.

Jackson wins the popular vote but Adams becomes president because of his influence with Henry Clay on the electoral college.

John Quincy AdamsPresident 1825-1829


Continuing problems with Slavery 1820 Missouri Compromise1820. Bitter Southern politicians fight to obtain a guarantee of slavery.To protect their power in the senate, Southerners demand one slave state be admitted for every free state (they institute the filibuster).

The compromise draws a dividing line for slave states on the southern Missouri border.North of that line, no slavery is legal.*

*Slavery in Missouri is permitted as an exception. Both sides agree this compromise agree that it is but a

temporary fix.


John Quincy Adams 6th PotUS 1825-1829 Son of 2nd President

Jackson called his election “The Crime of 1824.”Adams and his administration is despised and constantly slandered by the supporters of Senator Andrew Jackson.Joining together across the nation, the Anti-Adams crowd create the first full-time, year-round political party, the Jacksonian Democrats.

John Quincy Adams 1767-1848


1820-24 Mexico and the Southwest1820. In Mexico, a rebellion against Spanish rule is launched from New Orleans - fails.1824. The Spanish are finally thrown out and home-born Mexicans take power for the first time. Most Mexican provinces and especially New Mexico and California feel completely isolated from the weak central government.

Spanish North America 1817

triumph, collapse of jeffersonian republicanism 1800-24

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