The Circulatory System

___________’s Big Book of Handouts

Transportation And Respiration Specific Learning Outcomes B11-3-01: Design and execute an experiment to investigate an aspect of the transportation or respiratory system.

(GLOs: C2, D1, E2) Examples: the effect of exercise on heart and/or respiratory rate; the effect of adrenalin on blood pressure; carbon

dioxide production as an indicator of metabolism… B11-3-02: Compare the characteristics of blood components in terms of appearance, origin, numbers, relative size, and

function in the body. (GLO: D1) Include: plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets) B11-3-03: Compare and contrast the characteristics of different blood groups. (GLO: D1) Include: ABO and Rh factor B11-3-04: Predict the physiological consequences of blood transfusions involving different blood groups. (GLOs: D1,

E2) B11-3-05: Describe the blood donation process and investigate related issues. (GLOs: B3, C4, C5, C6, C8) Examples: compatible blood groups, screening procedure, frequency of donation, use of donated blood products, blood-

borne diseases… B11-3-06: Compare the structure and function of blood vessels. (GLOs: D1, E1) Examples: diameter, elasticity, muscle layers, valves, what they transport... B11-3-07: Identify the materials transported between cells and capillaries. (GLO: D1) Include: carbon dioxide, oxygen, hormones, nutrients, and nitrogenous wastes B11-3-08: Describe the cardiac cycle. (GLO: D1) Include: systole and diastole B11-3-09: Describe, in general terms, the nervous and chemical control of heartbeat. (GLOs: D1, E2) B11-3-10: Explain the meaning of blood pressure readings and identify the normal range. (GLOs: B3, D1) Include: given as a ratio of systolic over diastolic B11-3-11: Identify factors that affect blood pressure or cardiac function and describe their effects. (GLOs: B3, D1) Examples of factors: exercise, caffeine, nicotine, shock, beta blockers, diuretics, hormones, stress... Examples of effects: low blood pressure, high blood pressure, increased heart rate… B11-3-12: Explain how transport systems help to maintain homeostasis in the body. (GLOs: D1, E2) Include: transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, and hormones; help maintain fluid balance; regulate body

temperature; and assist in the defence of the body against invading organisms B11-3-16: Investigate and describe conditions/disorders associated with transportation and/or respiration in the human

body. (GLOs: B3, C6, D1) Examples: cardiovascular diseases... B11-3-17: Identify personal lifestyle choices that contribute to cardiovascular and respiratory wellness. (GLOs: B3, C4,

D1) Examples: active lifestyle, not smoking…

HANDOUTS – BLOOD VESSELS

Name (first)_______________ (last) ______________________ Slot __ Date _____

Sections through an Artery, Capillary, and Vein

BLOOD VESSELS – Structure & Function Name: ____________________

Vessel FUNCTION STRUCTURE Relative Blood

Pressure Relative O2

content

ARTERY

ARTERIOLE

VEIN

VENULE

CAPILLARY

Name: __________________________________ Date ________________________

What Causes Varicose Veins?

It is thought that the wall of the vein becomes 'weak' in some sections of one or more veins. This section of the vein then dilates (widens) and become more prominent. If this occurs near a valve then the valve may become 'leaky' and blood may flow backwards.

Once this happens at one valve there is extra pressure of blood on the next valve down. A combination of a slightly weak wall and extra pressure of blood may then cause the lower valve to become leaky too, and so on. This process can take a long time, but may gradually progress along the length of a vein. Blood then 'pools' in the enlarged vein and makes it stand out.

Valves and Varicose Veins

HANDOUTS - BLOOD

Name (first)_____________ (last) __________________ Date _______

More on RBC-page 311 (last paragraph in left hand column)

10. A RBC rarely lives longer than ______________ months. 11. Any time the blood is low in oxygen (for example after an __________ or an

injury), the ________________ will produce more RBC.

12. Why do people who live at high altitudes have more red blood cells than people who live at lower altitudes?

13. Why do some high performance athletes like to train at high altitude?

Page 308-INTRODUCTION 1. Why is blood considered a tissue even though it is a liquid? 2. The fluid portion of blood is called ________________ and makes up

about _________%. This plasma contains ___________, dissolved ________, ______________, _____________, _____________ and waste products. The remaining solid portion of the blood ( ________%) is made up of _______.

3. Draw a sketch of the three main components of the blood, including

percentages. (use the space on the right of this box) (see figure 9.10)

RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC)- page 308

1. Another name for red blood cell is _______________________________. 2. RBC make up _______% of your blood. 3. RBC are responsible for ___________ _______________. 4. A mature RBC has no ____________, and instead contains _____________, an ________ containing

molecule that binds with ___________ allowing for its transport through the blood. 5. Why is it necessary for blood to be able to pick up and move oxygen?

6. How many molecules of oxygen can bind to one molecule of hemoglobin? ______

Fast Facts: 1. Blood makes up 7% of a person’s body weight. 2. In the 18th century, doctors used leeches to remove blood from patients. They believed this removed illness-causing demons.

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WHITE BLOOD CELLS (page 311)

14. Another name for white blood cell is _________________. 15. WBC make up about ______% of your blood, but numbers may double when fighting __________________. 16. All WBC have a _______________ and appear _______________. 17. Two types of white blood cells are ________________ and ______________. 18. Macrophages are cells that ________________ pathogens and are part of the body’s _____________ response. Macrophages are naturally occurring in the body. 19. Lymphocytes help the body to _______________ and fend off pathogens. Lymphocytes are developed by

the body to “ward off” attackers. 20. Define PATHOGEN:

PLATELETS (page 311) 20. Platelets are cell _____________________________.

21. These cells have no _______________ and only last about ____________.

22. Platelets play a role in _____________ and prevent excessive _________________.

BLOOD PLASMA (page 312)

23. Plasma is the __________ portion of the blood.

24. Plasma contains the blood _______. In addition, it contains dissolved proteins that help maintain blood ___________ and ___________, and it plays a role in the transport of _____________.

25. Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the water part of the plasma to form _____________________. This gets carried from the tissues to the _____________ for gas exchange.

OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD (page 313) 26. Why is blood called a connective tissue?

27. Blood absorbs _____________ and carries them to the liver where they are converted for __________ or _____________.

28. Secondly, the blood also removes _______________ and carries it to the ___________ for excretion.

29. Thirdly, blood carries ______________from their origin to the sites where they act.

30. Lastly, blood helps to prevent _______________ in the internal environment.

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_____/ 42

Name ______________________________ date __________

Steps in Blood Clotting (KNOW THIS!!!)

1. Platelets strike a rough surface (such as a cut). The platelets break, releasing a protein called thromboplastin.

2. This interacts with other proteins and enzymes that are already circulating in the plasma (such as prothrombin) as well as calcium and vitamin k help create “fibrin threads”.

3. The fibrin threads wrap around the damaged area, sealing the cut (trapping blood cells). (They form a “net”)

4. The clot “retracts” – pulling in to form a plug. (“Retraction”)

The Blood Clotting Process

Normal In Haemophilia In von Willebrand

Bleeding starts Bleeding starts Bleeding starts

.Step 1 Blood vessels constrict Blood vessels constrict Blood vessels constrict

.Step 2 Platelet plug forms Platelet plug forms Incomplete platelet plug; bleeding continues

.Step 3 What’s wrong?

Fibrin clot forms; bleeding stops

Incomplete fibrin clot; bleeding continues A clotting factor which is essential to the formation of the fibrin clot is missing or deficient (factor VIII in haemophilia A; factor IX in haemophilia B)

Incomplete or delayed fibrin clot; bleeding continues A clotting factor (called von Willebrand factor) that is is missing, deficient or abnormal is essential to the formation of the platelet plug itself

Blood Cells Lab – Lab Manual 1. Title Page:

a. Title • Write a descriptive title. Anyone who reads your title should be able to tell what your

experiment is about. • The title says what you did. It should be brief (aim for ten words or less) and describe the

main point of the experiment or investigation. An example of a title would be: "Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Borax Crystal Growth Rate". If you can, begin your title using a keyword rather than an article like 'The' or 'A'.

b. Name & name of partner(s) c. date d. name of teacher to whom you are submitting the lab report

2. Introduction

a. Introduction /Theoretical Background Information: (½ – 1 page) o Include any background information about the subject. What things are being used

&/or investigated? Talk about them! o Address the specific questions presented with each individual lab for guidance. o Use your textbook & internet as a source for this section.

b. Purpose (1 sentence):

o What question are you trying to answer in this investigation?

c. Hypothesis (1 sentence): o Write a statement that says what you are testing and what you expect the outcome to

be. o Include reasoning behind why you think this will be the result.

3. Materials:

• List all items used in the lab in BULLET form

4. Procedure: • Write out in list form the steps you took to complete the experiment. (bulleted/numbered) • Your procedure should be written with enough detail so that anyone else could repeat the

experiment. • Include any figures that may help your readers visualize what your experimental set-up may

look like. 5. Results/Data:

• This is your data section where you include data tables, graphs, and drawings of your data/observations when applicable.

o This is NOT where you explain your results…you just SHOW them. • All tables, graphs, and drawings should be titled and labeled appropriately and include units

of measurement. • A caption should be included with any graphs that explain what the reader is seeing in the

graph (this is not where you analyze the graph!)

6. Conclusions (Discussion):

• The minimum requirements for a conclusion include ALL of the following: a. Restate hypothesis and question and state whether hypothesis was supported by results

or not. b. Infer or explain results by restating your data and giving logical explanations of these

results. Draw conclusions based on the data obtained through your experiment. c. List TWO - three human or procedural errors in the experiment and how they could have

affected the results. Describe what you would change if you did the experiment again. Human errors are not the same as procedural errors. THESE ARE THINGS THAT DID HAPPEN TO YOU. (IF THERE WERE NONE, THEN

SAY WHAT COULD HYPOTHETICALLY GO WRONG IN THIS EXPERIMENT) d. Describe any experiments that are related to this experiment that may be pursued in the

future. e. The responses to the Lab Questions – Refer to each individual lab for specific lab questions

to include in this section.

Lab Report Rubric

Excellent (4 pts) Good (3 pts) Adequate (2 pts) Needs Work (1 pt) Not

attempted (0)

Introduction

1. Includes the question to be answered by the lab 2. states hypothesis that is based on research and/or sound reasoning 3. title is relevant.

One of the "excellent" conditions is not met, two conditions met

Two of the "excellent" conditions is not met , one is met

Introduction present, no exemplary conditions met

Materials & Methods

Description or step-by-step process is included, could be repeated by another scientist

Description included, some steps are vague or unclear

The description gives generalities, enough for reader to understand how the experiment was conducted

Would be difficult to repeat, reader must guess at how the data was gathered or experiment conducted

Data and Analysis

Results and data are clearly recorded, organized so it is easy for the reader to see trends. All appropriate labels are included

Results are clear and labeled, trends are not obvious or there are minor errors in organization

Results are unclear, missing labels, trends are not obvious, disorganized, there is enough data to show the experiment was conducted

Results are disorganized or poorly recorded, do not make sense ; not enough data was taken to justify results

Conclusions

1. Summarizes data used to draw conclusions 2. Conclusions follow data (not wild guesses or leaps of logic), 3. Discusses applications or real world connections 4. Hypothesis is rejected or accepted based on the data.

3 of 4 of the "excellent" conditions is met

2 of the 4 excellent conditions met

1 of the 4 excellent conditions met

Format and Lab Protocols

Lab report submitted as directed, and on time. Directions were followed, stations were cleaned. All safety protocols followed.

Most of the excellent conditions were met; possible minor errors in format or procedures

Some of the excellent conditions met, directions were not explicitly followed, lab stations may have been left unclean or group not practicing good safety (such as not wearing goggles)

Student did not follow directions, practiced unsafe procedures, goofed around in the lab, left a mess or equipment lost

Total (out of 20 )

Names: _________________ Date: ___________________

Blood Cells Lab

View the slide of normal human blood smear under medium or high power. Draw everything in your field of view in the space given, and label anything you can.

Specimen: ______________

Magnification: ______________

View the slide of Sickle Cell Anemia blood under medium or high power. Draw everything in your field of view in the space given, and label anything you can.

Specimen: ______________

Magnification: ______________

View the slide of Leukemia blood under medium or high power. Draw everything in your field of view in the space given, and label anything you can.

Specimen: ______________

Magnification: ______________

View the slide of trypanosoma blood smear under medium or high power. Draw everything in your field of view in the space given, and label anything you can. (Be sure to find a trypansoma!)

Specimen: ______________

Magnification: ______________

Lab Questions: Normal blood smear: 1. Describe how the number of RBC’s compares to the number of WBC’s in the slide of Normal blood. 2. Describe how the color and shape of RBC’s compare to WBC’s in Normal blood. 3. What cell structure makes a Red Blood Cell different from any other cell in the body? Explain. Leukemia Blood Smear: 4. Describe how the WBC’s in Leukemia blood compare to normal blood. Then, research in your textbook or

the internet, and say why you think this is.

5. Describe how the RBC’s in Leukemia blood compare to normal blood. Check in your textbook, and say why you think this is?

Sickle Cell Blood Smear: 6. Describe how the RBC’s in Sickle Cell blood compare to those in normal blood. Be specific.

7. Why/how could sickle-shaped red blood cells cause problems (and even death)?

Trypansoma Blood Smear: 8. Which are the parasites that are responsible for African sleeping sickness and which are their vectors?

(Note: vectors = an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection)

9. Describe the 2 phases of symptoms of African sleeping sickness.

1. Fill in the table below:

Blood group of patient Can donate to group(s) Can accept blood from group(s) A B

AB O

Rh+ Rh-

2. Complete the following chart:

+ means compatible - means not compatible (i.e. agglutination)

B Rh- AB Rh- O Rh- A Rh- B Rh+ AB Rh+ O Rh+ A Rh+ B Rh- AB Rh- O Rh- A Rh- B Rh+ AB Rh+ O Rh+ A Rh+

Donor

Recipient

Name: _________________

Name: _________________________

Note: Gene lA is dominant over i Gene lB is dominant over i Ex. Could a woman with blood type AB be the mother of a child with blood type AB?

(Explain using a Punnett square and list all possibilities)

Questions For each of the following questions explain your answer using a Punnett square 1. Could a man with blood type B be the father of a child with blood type AB? 2. Could a man with blood type O be the father of a child with blood type A?

3. Could a man with blood type A be the father of a child with blood type O?

4. Could a woman with blood type B be the mother of a child with blood type O?

5. Could a woman with blood type AB be the mother of a child with blood type O?

Phenotypes Possible Genotypes A AA or AO B BB or BO

AB AB O OO

In 1940 Karl Landsteiner discovered a new antigen on the red blood cells of the rhesus monkey. He called it the rhesus factor, or Rh factor, after the monkey. Later, the identical antigen was discovered on human red blood cells. Doctors discovered that 85% of the population had this Rh factor on their red blood cells. They were called Rh positive (Rh+).

The remaining 15% were called Rh negative (Rh-). They did not possess the Rh factor. The Rh factor is important in:

a. Blood transfusions: If a person is given a blood transfusion, the Rh type of the transfusion should be the same as the person who is receiving the transfusion. (e.g. an Rh+ person should be given an Rh+ transfusion).

b. The birth os Rh+ babies to Rh- mothers: When an Rh- woman has childrean with an Rh+ man they are

capable of producing Rh+ and Rh- children. Can you explain why? (Note: the Rh factor is produced by a gene which is dominant over the gene for Rh-).

All the Rh- babies have nothing to worry about. The Rh+ babies born to an Rh- mother may be born normal or with a condition known as

Erythroblastosis Fetalis, or Rh disease for short. A child with this disease may be born severely anemic or dead. What is the cause of this tragedy? The blood of a mother and the blood of her baby usually do not mix together while the baby is in the uterus. The baby makes its own blood. In the placenta, food, water, and oxygen pass from the mother’s blood vessels to the baby’s blood vessel. Carbon dioxide and other wastes pass from the baby’s to the mothers blood capillaries. However, it must be emphasized that there is no exchange of blood between the mother and child.

Rh+ red blood cell

Rh- red blood cell

If the first baby is Rh+ and if some tearing of tissues occurs during the birth process, Rh+ blood cells from the baby may enter the Rh- mother’s blood stream. Her body will treat these foreign blood cells as if they were germs and produce antibodies against them. If this woman becomes pregnant again with another Rh+ baby, the Rh+ antibodies will pass from the mother through the umbilical cord into the baby. The baby’s red blood cells will be attacked and destroyed by the Rh antibodies which have come from its mother. Treatment : If a baby has this condition, it may be treated by giving it blood transfusions while it is still in the mother’s uterus or immediately after it is born. How do you think this helps the baby? Another method of treatment involves the removal of plasma from the mother. This plasma contains Rh antibodies. Hence, the concentration of these antibodies in the mother’s blood is lowered. This leaves fewer antibodies in the mother which can affect the baby adversely. Prevention : This disease may be prevented by giving the mother an injection of WinRho or Rhogam which consists of Rh Immune Globulin (Rh antibodies). This injection is given 6 months into the pregnancy and again immediately after the birth of the baby. The injection of Rh antibodies destroys any of the baby’s Rh+ red blood cells which have entered the Rh- mother’s bloodstream. As a result, the mother’s lymphocytes do not produce antibodies against Rh+ blood and the next Rh+ baby will be safe. However, the WinRho is produced in Winnipeg by the Winnipeg Rh Institute which is located on the University of Manitoba campus. Winnipeg is one of the leading centers in the world for the treatment of Rh disease.

Name: _____________________

Rh Factor - Reading Article

1. Who was the scientist that discovered the Rh factor? What year was it discovered? 2. What was the Rh factor named after? 3. Of the entire population, what percentage would have the Rh antigen on their RBC’s? How many will lack

the antigen on their RBC’s? 4. When might the condition know as Erythroblastosis fetalis occur? (Note: Identify the mother’s antigens

and baby’s antigens) 5. What are the negative effects of this disease? 6. There are generally no complications if a woman is Rh- and she is pregnant for the 1st time with a baby

that is Rh+. If the blood of the mother and her baby mixes during child birth, what will the mother produce to treat the entrance of foreign blood cells?

7. Explain what happens if the same woman is pregnant with her 2nd child also with Rh+ blood. 8. What 2 treatments can be used in these circumstances? (Note: Be sure to explain each) 9. What ways might we prevent any negative effects related to Rh factors? Explain how they work.

HANDOUTS: THE HEART

1. Right Atrium 2. Right Ventricle 3. Left Ventricle 4. Left Atrium 5. Superior Vena Cava 6. Inferior Vena Cava 7. Aorta 8. Pulmonary Artery 9. Pulmonary Vein 10. Heart

Light purple Blue Red Orange Light blue Dark blue Pink Green Yellow Purple

Below: DO NOT color any part that does not have a number!

Diagram of the Heart

Blood Flow in the Heart

To right lung To left lung

Pick up O2, drop off

CO2

From the body

To the body

From the body To the body

Heart Diagram PRACTICE Name (first)_______________ (last) ______________________ Slot __ Date _____

DRAW ARROWS on this heart

SAMPLE WORDS: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, septum, blood from

body, blood from lungs, blood to body, blood to lungs, high 02, low 02

PRACTICE SAMPLE WORDS: Aorta, AV valve, inferior vena cava, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery,

pulmonary vein, pulmonary trunk, right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, semi-lunar valve, septum, superior

vena cava

Name: _______________________________

Flow of Blood and the Heart

Circle the correct choice AND fill in the blanks. Remember, Left and Right are important! (37 points) 1. Blood going into the heart first enters the atria / ventricles 2. The structure labelled c and L are the ____________ and ____________ ___________ ___________. 3. The structure labelled b is the _________ ___________. 4. The structure labelled a is the _________

____________________ valve. When ‘b’ contracts, blood passes through ‘a’ on its way to d, the right ___________.

5. Blood returns from the body / lungs through c and l and carries oxygen / carbon dioxide rich blood.

6. Blood exits the heart via structure e, called the _____________ ________________ passing through structure m called the _____________ _______________ valve along its way.

7. Structures o and p are the _________ and ________ _____________ arteries. 8. Structures o and p bring blood to the lungs / body to pick up carbon dioxide / oxygen and

drop off carbon dioxide / oxygen. 9. From the lungs, blood returns to the heart through structure j, the _______ ______________

___________ and structure k, the ________ ______________ _____________. 10. Structure g is the _________ ___________ and receives oxygen / carbon dioxide rich blood. 11. Structure h is the left ___________ which is separated from the left atrium by structure i called

the __________ _______________ valve. 12. Blood exits the heart to go to the lungs / body through structure f called the ____________

after passing through valve n called the _________ _______________ valve. 13. Veins such as structures ____, ____, ___, and ____ are under low / high pressure and carry

blood to / away from the heart. 14. Arteries such as structures ___, ___ and ___ are under low / high pressure and carry blood

to / away from the heart. 15. When a heart chamber contracts, it’s called systole / diastole. When a heart chamber relaxes,

it’s called systole / diastole.

j

g

c

a

d h

i

L

k

e

f

m=

n

o

b

p=

16. Pretend you are a red blood cell travelling through the body. Use the space below to construct a flow-diagram of the pathway the red blood cell would take starting from the right atrium back to the right atrium. For example: right atrium right atrioventricular valve right ventricle etc. (20 steps minimum = 20 points)

Name (first) __________________ (last) ________________________ Date __________

ARTHEROSCLEROSIS, HEART ATTACKS, and STROKES What is atherosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis is the build-up of fatty deposits called plaque on the inside walls of arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen and blood to the heart, brain, and other parts of the body. As plaque builds up in an artery, the artery gradually narrows and can become clogged. As an artery becomes more and more narrowed, less blood can flow through. The artery may also become less elastic (called "hardening of the arteries"). Atherosclerosis is the main cause of a group of diseases called cardiovascular diseases - diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Atherosclerosis can lead to clogged arteries in any part of the body. When the arteries to the heart are affected, angina (chest pain) or a heart attack may result. If arteries in the leg are affected, leg pain may occur. Atherosclerosis of the arteries to the brain can cause strokes. What is plaque? Plaque is a combination of cholesterol, other fatty materials, calcium, and blood components that stick to the artery wall lining. A hard shell or scar covers the plaque. Plaques have various sizes and shapes. Some plaques are unstable and can rupture or burst. When this happens, it causes blood clotting inside the artery. If a blood clot totally blocks the artery, it stops blood flow completely. This is what happens in most heart attacks and strokes. What causes plaque to form in arteries? Although many risk factors are well known, the exact causes of atherosclerosis are not clear. Too much cholesterol in the blood, damage to the artery wall, and inflammation appear to play important roles in plaque buildup. Researchers are studying why and how the arteries become damaged, how plaque develops and changes over time, and why plaque can break open and lead to blood clots. There may be other factors that prove to be important in causing atherosclerosis. What are the symptoms of atherosclerosis?

There are usually no symptoms until one or more arteries are so clogged with plaque that blood flow is severely reduced. This reduced flow of blood and oxygen to some part of the body (such as the heart) is called ischemia and may cause pain or discomfort. Some people have no symptoms until a blood clot forms, completely blocks an already narrowed artery, and causes a heart attack or stroke.

The symptoms you have depend on which arteries are badly clogged and what part of the body is affected by the reduced flow of blood. What are the Coronary Arteries? Notice how the heart supplies itself with oxygen and nutrients. Despite all of the blood which passes through the heart, it cannot use the nutrients from the blood which passes through its chambers. The heart muscle, like all other muscles, receives its oxygen from arteries (exchanged in capillaries). These are the coronary arteries, the first vessels to come off of the aorta. Blockage in these arteries is the cause of most of the heart disease in this country. Heart attacks, heart failure, angina, and sudden death all can occur from the blockages which occur in these vessels ("strokes" occur with blockages in the vessels to the brain).

http://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23atherosclerosishttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23plaquehttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23arterieshttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23bloodhttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23cardiovascularhttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23anginahttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23strokehttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23cholesterolhttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23ischemia

What Is a Heart Attack? http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/ A heart attack happens when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked and the heart can't get oxygen. If blood flow isn't restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Heart attacks most often occur as a result of coronary artery disease (CAD). This is a condition in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis). The build-up of plaque occurs over many years. Over time, plaque build-up in the coronary arteries can:

• Narrow the arteries so that less blood flows to the heart muscle • Completely block the arteries and the flow of blood • Cause blood clots to form and block the arteries.

HOW Heart Attacks Usually Happen: Eventually, the thin tissue covering the area of plaque build-up can split open, exposing the inside of the plaque to the bloodstream. The contents of the plaque activate the platelets in the blood, causing a clot to form over the rupture. Within minutes, that clot can become large enough to completely block the artery.

If the blockage isn't treated quickly, the portion of heart muscle fed by the artery begins to die. Healthy heart tissue is replaced with scar tissue. This heart damage may not be obvious, or it may cause severe or long-lasting problems.

So, heart attacks are usually the result of a blood clot that forms over a small, ruptured plaque (as shown in the diagram below) and are not typically due to a blockage from the plaque itself (as shown in the diagram above). This also means that the invasive procedures physicians traditionally use on more severe blockages (such as angioplasty, stents and bypass surgery) are not effective at preventing heart attacks. These procedures are generally done only at the spots where there is a high-level blockage (70% or more) in an artery. These blockages can cause symptoms, such as exertional chest or angina, and stents or bypass surgery can be very effective at relieving those symptoms. The problem is that an artery with a high-level blockage is very likely to have multiple smaller plaques throughout the rest of the artery. Stents and bypass surgery do nothing to prevent rupture of those plaques. Angioplasty

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/

What Is a Stroke? http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/ A stroke occurs if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a portion of the brain is blocked. Without oxygen, brain cells start to die after a few minutes. Sudden bleeding in the brain also can cause a stroke if it damages brain cells. If brain cells die or are damaged because of a stroke, symptoms occur in the parts of the body that these brain cells control. Examples of stroke symptoms include sudden weakness; paralysis or numbness of the face, arms, or legs (paralysis is an inability to move); trouble speaking or understanding speech; and trouble seeing.

A stroke is a serious medical condition that requires emergency care. A stroke can cause lasting brain damage, long-term disability, or even death. The two main types of stroke are ischemic (is-KE-mik) and hemorrhagic (hem-ah-RAJ-ik). Ischemic is the more common type of stroke.

1. An ischemic stroke occurs if an artery that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the brain becomes blocked. Blood clots often cause the blockages that lead to ischemic strokes.

2. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs if an artery in the brain

leaks blood or ruptures (breaks open). The pressure from the leaked blood damages brain cells. High blood pressure and aneurysms (AN-u-risms) are examples of conditions that can cause hemorrhagic strokes. (Aneurysms are balloon-like bulges in an artery that can stretch and burst.)

What risk factors raise my chances of having atherosclerosis? • having high blood cholesterol, especially high LDL

("bad cholesterol") and low HDL ("good cholesterol") levels

• aging and being male (women are affected more after menopause)

• having close relatives who had heart disease or a stroke at a relatively young age

• having high blood pressure • having diabetes • smoking • having trouble managing stress • being obese • being physically inactive The more risk factors you have, the more likely it is that you have atherosclerosis.

Can I prevent or reverse atherosclerosis? Yes. You can't do anything about your genes, your gender or your age, but you can adopt a healthy lifestyle. • Maintain a healthy weight and avoid weight gain as

you get older. • Get plenty of regular exercise - at least 30 minutes a

day, most days of the week. • Eat a healthy diet low in saturated fat and rich in fruits

and vegetables. • If you have high blood cholesterol or high blood

pressure, you may need medicine to help lower it. Stick to your treatment plan.

• If you have diabetes, follow your treatment plan. • If you smoke, stop. If stress is a problem, find ways to reduce or control

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/arm/http://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23menopausehttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23BPhttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23diabeteshttp://www.4woman.gov/Glossary/index.htm%23obese

Name (first)________________ (last) _________________________ Date _____________

The HEART

You may write on this sheet!

1. If you were to fill out a job description for the heart, list at least 4 criteria that it must meet (for e.g. it must be able

to beat about 70 X/minute).

2. There are _____________ chambers in the heart. Blood enters through the blood vessel called the

__________________ and exits through the blood vessel called the ______________________.

3. Complete the following heart beat sequence:

a) stage 1- the right ________________ contracts and sends blood into the right __________________.

b) Stage 2- the right _________________ contracts and pumps blood out to the _________________.

c) Stage 3- the left ____________ contracts and sends blood into the left ____________________.

d) Stage 4- the left __________________ contracts and pumps blood out the ____________________.

NOTE: both atrium and both ventricles beat ________________________________.

4. Why do the atria have thinner walls than the ventricles? 5. Why does the left ventricle have the thickest walls out of all the heart chambers?

6. What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?

7. Explain what causes the “lub-dub” sound of the heart: The “lub” is the softer/louder sound that is caused when the _______________ close. The “dup” is the softer/louder sound that is caused when the ____________________ close.

CONTROL OF THE HEART BEAT 8. A bundle of muscle tissues on the wall of the _______________________

_______________________ stimulate fibers in the heart to contract/relax.

9. These fibers are called the ____________________________.

10. Page 318: Increased activity in muscles produces a faster rate of ________________________________

(use of oxygen by the cells). This in turn causes _________________ levels in the blood to increase. Receptors

transmit a message to the _______________________________ in the brain telling it to release the hormone

_____________________________. This causes the S.A. Node to fire more ____________________________,

increasing the heart rate. The heart rate slows when a hormone called ______________________________ is

released.

11. Page 319: Other factors that can cause adrenaline to be released include: ____________________,

____________________, ________________________, ____________________ or ______________________.

These reactions are commonly referred to as the “F____________________________” response.

In Summary: As heart rate increases, blood flow to the muscles increases, so they in turn get more oxygen!

Page 319: CARDIAC OUTPUT

12. What is cardiac output?

13. What two factors influence the heart’s cardiac output?

14. Explain why a low heart rate indicates high fitness levels. BIOFACT!

15. What is the heart rate of an elite cross country skier? ______________________. What is their cardiac output? __________________ How does this compare to that of an average person? ___________________________

Sections through an Artery, Capillary, and VeinFUNCTIONValves and Varicose VeinsPage 308-INTRODUCTIONName ______________________________ date __________Steps in Blood Clotting (KNOW THIS!!!)The Blood Clotting ProcessLab Report RubricWhat Is a Stroke? http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/The HEARTYou may write on this sheet!

CONTROL OF THE HEART BEATPage 319: CARDIAC OUTPUT