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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 5, No 4, 2015

© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on January 2015 published on May 2015 640

Site suitability analysis using remote sensing and GIS

for proper selection of solid waste disposal ground within Rajarhat

Gopalpur municipal area, Kolkata, West Bengal Jaya Pradhan and Kaberi Samanta

School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Raja S.C. Mallick Road,

Kolkata – 700032, West Bengal, India

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Decadal population growth and the increasing demand of land in main city (Kolkata) have

driven the population to setup Satellite Township around the Kolkata Metropolitan

Development Authority. These Satellite Townships are known as Urban Local Body (ULB)

or Municipality, under Kolkata Metropolitan area, Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality (RGM) is

one of them. The municipal authority provides various facilities to its population but their

sanitation and solid waste management system has not reached a satisfactory level. In present

scenario urban solid waste management is considered as one of the most serious

environmental problems confronting municipal authorities in urban areas. One of these

impacts is due to improper location of dumping site without considering any environmental

norms. This paper deals with determination of suitable site selection for disposing urban solid

waste generated from Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality area, using Geographical Information

System (GIS) techniques. Multi-criteria analysis & weightage overlay analysis has been done

for solid waste disposal site selection in this study. GIS can provide an opportunity to

integrate field parameters with population and other relevant data with other associated

features, which would in turn help in selection of suitable disposal sites.

Keywords: GIS, Remote Sensing, Solid waste management, Multi-criteria, Weightage

overlay analysis, SRTM.

1. Introduction

Solid waste is unwanted materials generated from combined residential, industrial and

commercial activities in a given area. Most urban areas in the country are plagued by acute

problems related to solid waste due to continuous migration of people from rural and semi-

urban areas to towns and cities (Dr. S.R. Shukla, 2000). Management of solid waste

facilitates in reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment and human health

and supports economic development and improved quality of life. A number of processes are

involved in effective management options for solid waste disposal for a municipality. These

include monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling and disposals. As a third

world country, India has a major problem in managing solid waste. This is an impending

threat to global environmental health (Akhtar Mohammad, 2013). The solid waste generated

is directly proportional to the growth rate. It is hazardous to its inhabitants due to

mismanagement by Urban Local Bodies (Yogeswar Singh et al, 2012). Most of the Urban

Local Bodies disposes off solid waste into open land, vacant areas and by road sides. Such

unscientific disposal creates unhygienic conditions. Mainly in rainy season these wastes

Site Suitability Analysis using Remote Sensing and GIS

For proper selection of solid waste disposal ground within Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipal Area,

Kolkata, West Bengal

Jaya Pradhan and Kaberi Samanta

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 5 Issue 4, 2015 641

degrades and emits carbon dioxide, methane, other toxic gases which in turn toxicates water

bodies which causes jaundice, nausea, asthma (Nishanth.T et al, 2010).

The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India developed a Guidance

Manual for Solid Waste Management for all Urban Local Bodies and published a set of Rules

in 2000 to manage solid waste. Government ordered all Urban Local Bodies to establish a

sustainable Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) system including treatment and sanitary landfill

by 2003. In order to give a push to Municipal Solid Waste Management in cities,

Government of India had sanctioned the 12th and 13th Finance Commission Grants and

funds were also allocated for improvement of Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM)

under flagship projects like Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM),

Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) from

2005 onwards. Funds for Municipal Solid Waste Management projects are also available

from State Government funds. Many Urban Local Bodies have put in place systems of door

to door collection, transportation, treatment and a safe disposal of waste. Despite pilot

projects and achievements, most Urban Local Bodies continue to face challenges. The non-

compliance issue is still true after 14 years of the notification of the Municipal Solid Waste

Rules, 2000 (Municipal Solid waste Management Manual, 2014). Remote sensing and GIS

techniques are a new kind of aid that can solve a part of the problem cost effectively. This

technique helps in selecting a suitable site for dumping waste.

The existing Waste Management in Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality is ineffective and cause

problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation. The selection of solid waste

disposal site for this area does not consider the environmental factors. A Disposal site must

consider all the socio-economic, environmental and land use factors within the city as well as

people safety. GIS can analyze the suitable site selection for urban waste disposal considering

all the criteria (Multi-criteria Analysis). The present study intends to find out a suitable site

for the disposal of urban solid waste generated from Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality with the

help of remote sensing and GIS techniques.

2. Objectives

1. Identification and quantification of sources of generation of solid wastes within the

selected study area.

2. To select the suitable site as waste disposal ground depending on multi-criteria

analysis through GIS application.

3. Study area

The Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality established in the year 1994, is one of the newly built

Urban Local Body of the state of West Bengal. It is situated in the southern part of the district

24 Parganas North. The Geographical location is 22°37'12" latitude and 88°25'48" longitude.

The municipal area is bounded by the following:

1. On the north - Dum Dum Municipality, Netaji Subhas International Airport.

2. On the east - Panchayat area, New Township.

3. On the south - Bidhan Nagar Municipality, South Dum Dum Municipality,

4. On the west - Dum Dum Cantonment Canal. (figure 1).







The current Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality includes 35 number of wards is 28 sq kms area

and inhabited by 402844 persons, according to census report of 2011, Govt. of India. The

historically famous Najrul Sarani (Previously Known as V.I.P Road) goes through the Urban

Local Body. The Municipality is situated 11 km from Kolkata by road. It is accessible by

Eastern Railways from Sealdah. Nearest Railway station is Dumdum Junction and Dumdum

cantonment. Dumdum Metro Railway station is also at a distance of 5 km from the

municipality. Kolkata port at Kidderpore is the nearest port, at a distance of 25 kms. However

Haldia port is also connected by National High Ways situated at a distance of 130 kms. It is

only 5 km away from Dumdum International Airport which is known as Netaji Subhas

Chandra Air Port. The Municipality is well connected by road and flyover network which

takes only 10 minutes to reach Air port (Draft Development Plan Main book for 2007-12).

Figure 1: Image showing the map of the study area.







4. Methodology

To achieve the above objectives of this paper following methodology has been adopted.

Primary data & Secondary data collection has been done as the first step. Global Positional

System (GPS) location data of primary waste collection points have been collected. Recent

landuse, road network & water bodies have been digitized on Ikonos image (Google Earth) of

the year 2014, 0.5m (approx) resolution. Shttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM

image, 90m resolution data has been used to understand the topography of the study area.

Population density map has been computed using census data of 2001 & 2011. After Slicing

the SRTM data, it has been used with landuse, buffer maps of road network & canal map,

population density map (2011) to make zonation of the area into three categories (low,

medium & high). Then vector images have been converted to raster image according to

zonation. All maps has been reclassified, weightage overlaid, conditioned respectively to get

the required site. To get highly concentrated areas major filtering has been run. The whole

process has been done in Arc GIS 10.

4.1 Result and Discussion

According to Central Pollution Control Board 1, 27,486 TPD (Tons per day) of Municipal

Solid Waste was generated in India during 2011-12, with an average waste generation of 0.11

kg/ Capita/day. Of the total waste generated, approximately 89,334 TPD (70%) of Municipal

Solid Waste was collected and only 15,881 TPD (12.45%) was processed or treated

(Municipal Solid waste Management Manual, 20014). Whereas Small towns, generates

100gm solid waste per person per day and in large towns 500gm per person per day (Akolkar,

A.B, 2005). Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality generates waste about 470gms/capita/day

(Municipal Data). The municipality had total population of 271811 in the year 2001 and

402844 in the year 2011.There are 60 slums with no access to municipal sanitation services.

With an increase in population and horizontal expansion of the municipal, it is becoming very

difficult to locate a waste disposal site within easy access in the Urban Local Body. Increase

in solid waste generation in future will aggravate solid waste disposal problem, unless the

proper site is not identified. In 2001 the total waste generated was 127.75 MT/Day and in

2011, it increased to 189.34 MT/Day (figure 2). In this municipality solid waste is broadly

classified in to three categories as Bio-degradable, Non bio-degradable and plastic waste

(table 1).

Figure 2: Graph showing the percentage of waste generation.







Table 1: Table showing the type of waste collection from every primary collection points

(Vat).

Vat

NO.

Ward

No.

Waste

Collected

from wards

Total waste

collection in

MT

Total Bio-

degradable

waste in MT

Total Non

Bio-

degradable

waste in MT

Total Plastic

waste in MT

1 0008 5,6,7,8,9 21.92810059 8.771227228 12.06014792 1.096692921

2 0010 10 4.847839832 1.93913441 2.666245808 0.242455808

3 0013 12,13,14 9.825400352 3.930159561 5.40383967 0.49139967

4 0024 24 4.918340206 1.967335899 2.705021925 0.245981925

5 0025 11,22,23,25 19.51070023 7.804292162 10.73064412 0.975794122

6 0026 26,27,28,33 26.35950089 10.54378484 14.49735613 1.318321131

7 0035 32,34,35 17.14459991 6.857850179 9.429317634 0.857457634

8 0016 15,16,17 9.482749939 3.793100322 5.215387742 0.474262742

Source: Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality, Sanitary Department.

Waste is collected from door to door by cycle van, disposed in the primary collection points

(8 points) & after that 40% of it removed by trucks to the dumping ground Gorui Mathkol,

which is located at 20 km away from Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality at the boundary of

Baranagar & South Dumdum Municipality. But 20% is disposed in open land & 40% in

disposed around various canals like Kestopur Khal, Dumdum cantonment canal, Airport

canal & Noai Khal a comparative chart of daily waste generation (figure 3) and primary

waste collection point map (figure 4) of Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality are given below:

Figure 3: Graph showing the comparision of ward wise daily waste genaretion.







Figure 4: Image showing the existing solid waste facilities.

The suitable site selection for urban waste disposal has been done by Multi-criteria Analysis.

An attempt has been made to combine a set of criteria to achieve a single composite basis, a

score function, for a decision according to a specific objective. Then reclassified map

has been used to locate suitable sites for solid waste disposal in this study area. The

environmental, economic, social criteria have been considered for evaluation.

4.1.1 Selected factors for waste disposal site selection

Different factors have been selected for the overlay and buffer analysis. This information is

basically needed to process the multi-criteria analysis.

4.1.2 Road network

The linkages of urban centre are possible to the development of part road, rail waterway, and

airways. In Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality the main transport network is road. It is served

by network of black top road, concrete road, brick road and kutcha road. The total length of

road is 355 km. Most of the roads are concrete and black top roads.

4.1.3 Population distribution

The present density of population of Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality stands at 22292

persons per sq. km and the highest density found in ward no. 16, 21, 22, 25, 28 29, 27 & 30

and density varies there from 35118 to 50301 persons per sq. km. Low density population

wards are 2,7,1,3 where the structures are sparsely built and dominated by vacant land.







4.1.4 Landuse pattern

The land use/land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio-economic

factors and their utilization by man in time and space. The landuse/landcover categories of

Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality include built up, vegetation, water body and vacant land.

Most of the land is covered by built up area owing to growth of population.

4.1.5 Water bodies/canal

Water bodies, mainly ponds have seen in Rajarhat Gopalpur Municipality. The people mainly

use the water of pond and Pisi-culture. In the municipal area there are 220 numbers of ponds.

The large size of pond is seen in ward no. 26, 25, 22, 11 and all the ward of the municipality

area, have small ponds, the total area is 0.510251 sqkm.

4.1.6 DEM

For representation of terrain’s surface, SRTM data has been used. Shuttle Radar Topography

Mission (SRTM) obtained elevation data on a near-global scale to generate the most

complete high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth. This data has been

reclassified into intervals or area. By slicing this raster data has been divided into 3 groups

with equal area-highland area, moderate area and lowland.

The role of Geographic Information System (GIS) in solid waste management is very large as

many aspects of its planning and operations are highly dependent on spatial data. GIS is a

tool that not only reduces time and cost of the site selection but also provides a digital data

bank for future monitoring program of the site. The methodology utilizes GIS to evaluate the

entire region based on certain evaluation criteria for the analysis of landfill site suitability.

These criteria are grouped into two main categories including physical and social economical

information. The principal criteria that used for spatial analysis are landuse, slope, population

density, distance from major road and distance from canal. The Criteria and sub criteria used

in development of GIS database is shown in the table 2.

Table 2: Table showing the Criteria and sub criteria used in development of GIS database.

Physical criteria Landuse/landcover

DEM

Socio-economic criteria

Population

Distance from major road

Distance from canal

Various shape files were created after creation of different layers in Arc GIS. Topology has

been built for each layer. Topology is the mathematical relationship built between objects and

it makes an explicit bond between geographic features in the data base. After attributing the

data, road (figure 5), canal (figure 6), population density (figure 7), landuse/landcover (figure

8), and elevation maps (figure 9) ware created and suitability scores were given. Score 1 is

least suitable site, score 2 is moderately suitable and 3 is most suitable site. Then those maps

are converted to raster files and separate datasets were created. For the analysis all the raster







datasets, different layers having different score were overlayed and weightage were allocated

to them according to the key parameter.

Table 3: Table showing the suitability scores given for distance from major roads.

Road distance (metre) Suitability score

0-100 1

100-200 2

200-300 3

.

Figure 5: Image showing the buffer distance of major roads under the study area.

Table 4: Table showing the suitability scores given for distance from major canals.

Canal distance(metre) Suitability score

0-100 1

100-200 2

200-300 3







Figure 6: Image showing the buffer distance of canals under the study area.

Table 5: Table showing the suitability scores given for population density 2011.

Population zone Suitability score

8826-22292 3

22293-35117 2

35118-50301 1







Figure 7: Image showing the population density map.

Table 6: Table showing the suitability score given for landuse classes.

Landuse/landcover classes Suitability score

Built up 1

Waterbody 1

Vacant land 3

Vegetation 2







Figure 8: Image showing the landuse/landcover map of the study area.

Table 7: Table showing the suitability score given for DEM image.

Elevation (metre) Suitability score

<100 3

100-200 2

>200 1







Figure 9: Image showing the elevation map of the study area.

The suitable site for solid waste disposal has been prepared based on multi criteria analysis

process. In the decision process, at this phase each alternative is evaluated and analyzed

in relation to others in terms of specific decision rules. The rule is used to rank the

alternatives under consideration. The ranking depends upon the decision maker is preference.

Here four suitable sites have been located by the multi criteria analysis method and are

shown in figure 10 Each of these plotted points has satisfied all the criteria adopted for

highly suitable sites for solid waste disposal. With the use of majority filter in spatial

analyst tool, the area highly suitable of dumping waste has been obtained. Below is the map

of suitable dumping ground sites:







Figure 10: Image showing the suitable dumping sites of the study area.

4.1.7 Most suitable dumping sites of study area are:

Figure 11: Image showing most suitable dumping sites of the study area.







These three areas (figure 11) are the most suitable site because they have low & medium

population density, open land, and avarage distence from the major canals & road

connectivity to collect, dispose and process the waste.

5. Conclusions

Determination of suitable sites for the disposal of urban solid waste is one of the major

problems in Municipalities. This study used GIS integrated standard methodology for the

selection of sites, which are suitable for the disposal of solid wastes. This methodology

incorporates factors which are essential to identify the sites which have no or minimum

adverse impact on environment. In fact, many other parameters are required for this study,

but the most important parameters have been taken into consideration. The rapid pace of

urbanization, the need is felt for a complete solid waste management project. Existing solid

waste disposal system to be scientifically upgraded providing collection of garbage from

every household regularly, segregation of municipal solid waste & proper disposal of

municipal waste. In order to protect water bodies and underground water table, guard walls

are required at various locations. Additionally, depending upon the quantum of solid waste at

the collection sites, method of effective disposal, conversion and incineration facilities must

be planned in tune of the modern practices.

5.1 Suggestions

1. Dumping grounds can be created where bush types of vegetation cover prevails as it

would not hamper ecosystem and ideal for dumping ground is vacant area but in this

case some precautions should be taken as:

2. Dumping ground should be created as per the quantity of daily generation of solid

waste.

3. It should be developed in such a manner that it has deep rooted wall so that wastes

stored would not be exposed to open atmosphere.

4. Surrounding land toxicities would not increase by the contamination of the solid

waste.

5. Dumping ground should be accessible to the users.

6. Manual handling of the waste should be prohibited.

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to the Rajarhat Municipality for providing the Census data and Solid

waste data.

6. References

1. Akhtar Mohammad, (2013), locating suitable solid waste landfills sites using GIS and

Remote sensing techniques in Quetta city, Pakistan, Research Proposal, Balochistan

University of Information Technology, Engineering & Management Sciences, Quetta

– Pakistan.

2. Akolkar. AB., (2005), Status of Solid Waste Management in India, Implementation

Status of Municipal Solid Wastes, Management and Handling Rules 2000, Central

Pollution Control Board, New Delhi.







3. Dr. S.R. Shukla, (2000), Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, Ministry of

Urban Development Government of India, Available at

http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Manual%20on%20m

unicipal%20solid%20waste%20management_%20MoUD_GOI_2000.pdf accessed on

3 July 2014.

4. India, The Ministry of Urban Development, (2014), Municipal Solid Waste

Management Manual, Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering

Organisation (CPHEEO) in collaboration with German International Cooperation,

Available at

http://moud.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moud/files/pdf/Draft%20on%20manual.pdf

accessed on 10 December 2014.

5. Nishanth.T, Prakash M.N, and Vijith.H, (2010), Suitable site determination for urban

solid waste disposal using GIS and Remote sensing techniques in Kottayam

Municipality, India, International journal of geomatics and geosciences, 1(2), pp 197.

6. Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality, (2012), Draft Development Plan Main book for

2007-12, Overview of the Municipality, CMU, KUSP, pp 24.

7. Yogeshwar Singh, Dr. M.S. Chauhan, and Dr. S.K. Katiyar, (2012), SWM of Kolar

Municipality Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, International Journal of

Advance Technology & Engineering Research, 2(1), pp 30-33.

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