sialkot solid waste management strategy and action plan

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TA 7321 PAKPunjab Cities Improvement

Investment Program

Government of Punjab The Urban Unit

Sialkot Solid Waste ManagementStrategy and Action Plan

Draft Final

December 2010

(J40252334)

GHK Consulting Ltd.


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Investment Program



Draft Final

December 2010

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Sialkot Solid Waste ManagementStrategy and Action Plan Table of Contents

GHK Consulting LimitedJ40252334

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 11.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5

2.0 EXISTING PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES ......................................................... 9

2.1 Sialkots Municipal Waste ....................................................................................... 9

2.2 Existing Municipal System .................................................................................... 10

2.3 Summary of Constraints and Challenges .............................................................. 14

3.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ....................................................... 19

4.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN .................................................. 23

4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 23

4.2 Tranche 1 SWM Investment Package (2010-12) .................................................. 23

4.3 Tranche 2 SWM Investment Package (2013-15) .................................................. 26

4.4 Implementation Schedule ..................................................................................... 27

4.5 Cost Estimates ..................................................................................................... 28

ANNEXURE

Annex A1: SIALKOT WASTE ASSESSMENT SURVEY .............................................. 31Annex A2: IMPACTS OF UNCONTROLLED WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................... 34Annex A3: Solid Waste Management Facility Design Concepts ................................... 39

FIGURES

Figure 1: Current Status of Solid Waste Management ........................................................ 5Figure 2: Sialkots Municipal Waste Generation ................................................................. 9

Figure 3: Municipal Waste Composition ........................................................................... 10

Figure 4: TMA Waste Collection Vehicles ......................................................................... 11

Figure 5: Municipal Waste Collection Methods ................................................................. 11

Figure 6: Waste Collection Sample Results ...................................................................... 12

Figure 7: Burning Wastes at a Sialkot Dumpsite ............................................................... 12

Figure 8: Recycler Bicycles .............................................................................................. 13

Figure 9: Sialkot Waste Incinerator ................................................................................... 14

Figure 10: Outlines the tentative implementation schedule ............................................. 27

TABLES

Table 1: Sialkot Solid Waste Management Establishment ............................................... 10

Table 2: Sialkot Solid Waste Management: Key Constraints and Challenges .................. 15

Table 3: SWM Sector Performance Indicators ................................................................. 20

Table 4: The Sialkot Recycling Initiative .......................................................................... 24


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Sialkot Solid Waste ManagementStrategy and Action Plan Acronyms & Abbreviations


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ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

GCL Geosynthetic Clay LinerIWM Industrial Waste Management

I&S Infrastructure & Services

kg Kilogram

km Kilometer

LFG Landfill Gas

m Cubic Meter

MFF Multitranche Finance Facility

MWM Medical Waste Management

PAK Pakistan

Q Quarter (Of A Calendar Year)Rs. Rupee

SWM Solid Waste Management

SWSC Sialkot Water and Sanitation Company

TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration

TO Tehsil Officer

TPD Tons Per Day

US United States


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Executive Summary

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Sialkot Solid Waste ManagementStrategy and Action Plan Executive Summary


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Sialkots solid waste management (SWM) system is in a state of disarray. Of the 125,000tons per year of municipal solid waste generated, only 25 percent enters the municipal wastesystem, leaving 75 percent of the population without waste collection. Practically all

municipal waste is either burned, dumped or buried illicitly on vacant land throughout thecity, causing significant environmental damage and threatening human health. Worse, thereare no SWM systems for potentially hazardous industrial waste; systems dealing withmedical waste are also inadequate. Sialkots municipal waste generation is destined toaccelerate to 300,000 tons per year by 2030, resulting in an estimated total of 4.3 milliontons of municipal waste being generated during 2010-30. Solutions are needed urgently.

The SWM Strategy directly addresses the needs, striking a balance between the currentconstraints and capacity limitations on one hand, and the urgency to transform the sectorand provide a basic level of service on the other. It is guided by the following principles, (i)waste is a resource, (ii) individuals must accept responsibility for and cost of their ownwaste, (iii) resource recovery and recycling is a priority, (iv) source (household) segregation

must be maximized, (v) the informal sector plays a critical role in recycling, (vi) publicparticipation is essential, (vii) residual waste must be properly handled, treated anddisposed, (viii) the system must be run on incentivized, performance based principles, and(ix) all stakeholders have different responsibilities and each should be effectively integrated.

The SWM Action Plan is designed to rapidly transform SWM sector functions, operationsand implementing institutions. Under the plan, by 2016 the SWM system will provide areliable, sustainable house-to-house municipal waste collection service to every wastegenerator in the city, achieve a recycling efficiency of 30 percent, ensure that all residualwaste is transported and disposed of in an environmental safe and socially responsiblemanner, and in conjunction with other implementing stakeholders, make progress in initiatingand improving the citys industrial and medical SWM systems. The plan has two distinct

investment tranches; Tranche I (2010-12), and Tranche 2 (2013 onwards)Tranche I includes the following three components;

1. Development and implementation of a recycling system support and publicawareness program in order to promote public awareness and support developmentof the private sector led recycling industries in Sialkot.

2. Installation of a new waste collection and transfer system to provide waste collectionfor every waste generator in Sialkot, and consisting of direct vehicle collection andmanual community collection methods.

3. The siting, permitting, final design and contract procurement for a new SWM facilityfor Sialkot.

Tranche 2 (2013-15) includes, (i) construction and operation of the SWM facility, (ii) furthersupport for recycling and SWM public awareness initiatives, and (iii) support to developmedical and industrial waste management strategies and action plans

Outline capital costs for Tranche 1 investments are estimated at US$ 4.364 million, andTranche 2 investments are estimated at US$ 12.328 million. The SWM Department of theSWSC will be responsible to develop and operate the Sialkot SWM system.


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Sialkot Solid Waste ManagementStrategy and Action Plan Executive Summary


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Sialkot Solid Waste Management Strategy (2010)

SWM Generators ServedPopulation 0.809 MillionHouseholds 0.119 Million

Commercial/Institutional Establishments 0.010 Million

Per Capita Waste GenerationHigh Income 0.35 kg/capita/dayMedium Income 0.31 kg/capita/dayLow Income 0.28 kg.capita/day

Annual Municipal Waste Generation2010 0.125 Million Tons2030 0.300 Million Tons2010-30 Total Generation 4.3 Million Tons

Sialkot Existing Municipal System (2010)Recycling Efficiency >10 Percent

Collection Efficiency 25 PercentCollection Method Tractor Trailer/Manual TransferEngineered Disposal Sites NoneDisposal Methods Open Dumping

Annual TMA Expenditure (2008) US$ 1.65 MillionHazardous Waste Management System None

SWM Strategy Performance Indicators (2018)Recycling Efficiency 30 Percent (Minimum)Waste Generator Awareness of SWM Issues 100 PercentPopulation Served by Regular Waste Collection 100 PercentNumber of Missed/Late Daily Collection Cycles >3 PercentResidual Waste Reaching Disposal Facility 100 PercentHazardous Waste Processed and Disposed 25 Percent

SWM Action Plan

Tranche 1 (2010-12)Estimated Cost US$ 4.364 MillionDuration 2010-12Components Recycling System Support and Public Awareness

ProgramWaste Collection and Transfer SystemSolid Waste Management Facility (Siting, Designand Procurement)

Tranche 2 (2013-15)Estimated Cost US$ 12.328 Million

Duration 2013-15Components Recycling System Support and Public AwarenessProgramSolid Waste Management Facility (Construction andOperation)Strategy Development and Action Plan: Industrialand Medical WasteManagement

1Urban Unit 2010

2GHK Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey. 2010


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Investment Program


Section 1

Introduction

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Section 1Introduction


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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Sialkots urban infrastructure sectors vary markedly. On one hand, the functioningsectors of civil aviation (with a privately developed international airport), theimproving road network (with upgraded arterials),the developed telecommunications

networks and to some extent, its water supply systems. On the other hand howeverare its municipal waste management systems, both solid waste and wastewater,which are in a state of disarray. In fact a solid waste management (SWM) systemdoes not even exist for the majority of the population of Sialkot, or for its over 5,000industrial and commercial waste generators. All of Sialkots 350 tons per day (TPD)of municipal solid waste and all its industrial waste are dumped sporadically onvacant land throughout the city.

If Sialkot is to further industrialize and urbanize, if it is to continue as the Punjabsthird largest economic hub and Pakistans second highest foreign exchange earner, itwill need to dramatically transform the way in which it deals with solid waste (Figure1). By 2030, Sialkots population is destined to double to over 1.6 million and its

industrial base is set to further expand; it is essential that SWM systems are put inplace now to support this growth going forward.

This strategy provides a roadmap to completely transform Sialkots SWM sector;transitioning it to an integrated, fully functioning and sustainable system which willserve the city for the coming decades. The strategy is divided into three easy-to-understand parts. The first part (Section 2) summarizes the current SWM situationand practices in Sialkot, and the implications on the city of these practices over thelong term. The second part (Section 3), presents the proposed SWM improvementstrategy, outlining its guiding principles, vision and performance indicators. And thethird part (Section 4) presents the SWM action plan, including a high priority, phasedinvestment program for immediate implementation.

Figure 1: Current Status of Solid Waste Management


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Investment Program


Section 2

Existing Practises and Challenges

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Section 2Existing Practices and Challenges


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2.0 EXISTING PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES

2.1 Sialkots Municipal Waste

Sialkot currently generates about 350 tons of municipal solid waste daily, or about

125,000 tons per year. Due to its population growth and increases in its economicactivity, Sialkots daily generation is destined to accelerate to about 195,000 tons peryear by 2020, and then to about 300,000 tons per year by 2030 (Figure 2).Cumulatively, from 2010 to 2030, Sialkot will generate about 4.3 million tons ofmunicipal waste. To put this in perspective, if all this waste were placed in a line ofstationary waste trucks, the length of the line of trucks would be about 25,000 kmlong, extending over half way round the earth. Or looking at it another way, if thiswaste was laid out in a 3 meter thick blanket, it would extend over an area of about 2square kilometers (km). This is, therefore, a significant amount of waste.

Figure 2: Sialkots Municipal Waste Generation

Sialkots waste generation is set to increasefrom about 125,000 tons per year (2010)

to over 300,000 tons per year in 2030

If all of Sialkots municipal waste to 2030was placed in a stationary line ofwaste trucks, it would extend over

half the way round the world

About 40 percent of Sialkots household waste is food and organic waste (Figure 3overleaf)3. This is followed by plastics and paper (each around 13 percent), glass (8percent), leather, wood and metals (3-4 percent each) and electronic waste (2percent); with the balance (14 percent) being other wastes. Surveys indicate there islittle variation in the composition of waste from Sialkots high, medium and low

income residential communities; variations are generally less than two percent for agiven waste component.

Although the composition of municipal wastes from commercial and institutionalestablishments are more difficult to estimate, samples indicate that they are also highin organic and food waste (about 40 percent), and in paper/cardboard (16 percent)and plastics (13 percent); with smaller fractions of wood (4 percent), glass (3percent), metals (2 percent) and leather (1 percent).

3Appendix A: Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey. (Asian Development Bank, May 2010)


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Figure 3: Municipal Waste Composition

Source: GHK Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey. 2010

2.2 Existing Municipal System

The responsibility for Sialkots municipal SWM collection, transfer, treatment anddisposal rests with the Infrastructure & Services Department of the Sialkot TehsilMunicipal Administration (TMA). Currently, the Solid waste management unit of I&Sdepartment has a staff of about 1,156 employees, of whom about 470 are full timeregular employees, the balance being hired on a daily, as-needed basis. The detailsare shown in Table 1. Tehsil Officer I&S and Chief Officer HQ are incharge of overallsanitation services. A Chief Sanitary Inspector, with the help of sanitary inspectors,and sanitary supervisors implement the overall SWM operations. The balance ofstaff includes machine drivers; with the balance being unskilled and semi-skilledwaste collectors, road sweepers and labourers.

Records infer that in 2008, the TMA apportioned Rs. 137.20 million (US$ 1.65million) for SWM operations, representing about 15 percent of the TMAs totalbudget. A significant 87 percent (Rs. 119.30) of the SWM budget was spent onsalaries, leaving only Rs. 17.90 million (US$ 0.22 million) for all other expenditures,such as fuel, equipment maintenance and other operations. The departmentsexistence therefore is limited to supporting its large manual labour pool, andoperating a few basic pieces of equipment4. Indeed, it operates only 28

Table 1: Sialkot Solid Waste Management Establishment

Position Total Post Regular Temporary Contract Vacant

Chief Sanitary Inspector 1 1 0 0 0

Sanitary Inspectors 6 2 0 0 4

Sanitary Supervisors 29 29 0 0 0

Tractor Drivers 28 14 0 1 13

Sanitary Workers 1047 379 511 155 2

Maskhi cum Sanitary Workers 45 45 0 0 0

Total 1156 470 511 156 19

Source: Schedule of Establishment TMA Sialkot

4 The SWM Departments asset base includes 36 tractor units, 28 trolleys, 7 front end loaders, 1

mechanical sweeper, 3 water tankers, 70 pumps and 1 jetting machine. It has an office located at theTMAs Fort headquarters, and a small, dilapidated equipment yard and storage area near the fire stationin Sialkots center.

0.00

20.00

40.00

Food/Organic

Paper/Cardboard

Plastics

Glass

Wood

Metals

Leather/Rubber

Electronics

Other

Percen

t

Household Waste

Commercial/Institutional Waste


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rudimentary tractor-trailer vehicles for its waste collection (Figure 4), which traverseparts of the city to pick up wastes piled daily at 146 designated collection points. Asthere is no properly designed disposal site, these wastes are dumped in open areasand waste grounds on the outskirts of the city.

Figure 4: TMA Waste Collection Vehicles

Currently, the SWM Department only collects about 25 percent of Sialkots municipalwaste. The balance, which is a startling three quarters of the citys waste (Figure 5),is therefore being dumped, burned or buried illicitly by private individuals and haulersthroughout Sialkot.

Figure 5: Municipal Waste Collection Methods

Source: GHK Assessment

SWM Departmentof TMA, 25

Private Disposal,75


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A survey of about 300 households in Sialkot5, which are not serviced by the SWMDepartment, revealed that about half of the households have assigned a privatewaste collector (picker) to collect their waste (Figure 6). An additional 39 percentdump their waste themselves, and 15 percent dispose of it through other methods,such as burning it. The waste of only one percent of households surveyed (threehouseholds) is collected by private truck or trolley. As these methods mostly involvemanual handling and collection, it infers that the majority of Sialkots municipal wasteis dumped in nearby localities to where it is generated

Figure 6: Waste Collection Sample Results

Source: Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey 2010

All the municipal waste, whether being collected by the SWM Department, selfdisposed, or picked up by private waste workers, ends up filling old depressions, riverbanks, drainage channels, flood plains, vacant lots or other such areas throughoutthe Sialkot urbanized area. Many of the dumping grounds utilized are not thatnoticeable to most people, due to their small size, and hidden and dissipatedlocations. The damage that they cause to the environment and to nearbycommunities however is serious. Figure 7 shows a Sialkot dumping site, which in thiscase includes waste which has been set on fire, releasing harmful contaminants intothe atmosphere.6

Figure 7: Burning Wastes at a Sialkot Dumpsite

5Appendix 1: Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey

6Further information is provided in Appendix B: Impacts of Uncontrolled Waste Disposal

45

39

15

1-

5

1015

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Private Waste Picker Self Dumping Other (Such As Burning) Directly by Private Truckor Trolley

Percent


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Although many components of Sialkots waste stream are potentially recyclable,there are very few recycling practices in the city. Public awareness of environmentalissues is relatively low, especially relating to recycling and waste managementissues. As a result, the primary (household) segregation of recyclable components iscorrespondingly low. Downstream markets for recycled fractions are not yetdeveloped in Sialkot; the recycling of specific components can only flourish whenthere are viable and sustainable markets.

Informal waste recyclers do operate within the city however; their number isestimated at several hundred by the SWM Department. These individuals, operatingalone or in small groups, scour the waste piles of Sialkot, eking out higher-valuerecyclable materials to be sold on to consolidators, who package the materials fortransport to Lahore and other major cities.

Prices paid per kilogram (kg) by consolidators to the local recyclers in Sialkot arehighly variable; plastic bottles and electrical cable (Rs, 10-12 per kg), paper andcardboard (Rs.6 per kg), and glass and other metals (Rs. 4 per kg). Overall

however, the amount of materials currently being recycled in Sialkot is likely to besmall, possibly less than 5 percent of total waste.

Figure 8: Recycler Bicycles

Recycler bicycles, with specially designed cloth containers for the storage of different recycled materials

Despite the success of its vibrant industrial and manufacturing base, Sialkot currentlylacks any industrial solid waste collection, treatment and disposal systems. Virtuallyall industrial solid wastes are being comingled with general municipal wastes anddumped in the same manner throughout the citys outer lying areas.

Sialkot has over 5,000 businesses registered with the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce& Industry (SCCI), and many of them generate significant quantities of industrialwaste. The SCCI and many of its members are keen to address their industrial waste

issues.


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Regarding medical waste management (MWM), the Sialkot TMA has installed amedical waste incinerator at one of the Government hospitals, the Alama IqbalHospital (Figure 9). The incinerator is supposed to accept the medical waste of all ofSialkots Government and private medical facilities for thermal destruction. Siteinspection however revealed that the incinerator was not functioning, and accordingto local reports, had not functioned for some time.

Figure 9: Sialkot Waste Incinerator

Although national policies and a regulatory framework are in place for the SWMsector, including functioning Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), there is nocity level policy framework to provide specific guidance and regulation of SWM sectordevelopment. 7 Currently, the enforcement of regulatory policy is virtually impossiblein Sialkot, as there is no viable or sustainable SWM system in place, and until now,no strategy to put one in place.

2.3 Summary of Constraints and Challenges

The key constraints facing the sector are summarized in Table 2. On every countthere are significant challenges; in fact the entire sector is really still in its infancy.

One thing is clear however, and that is that a lot of waste is to be generated in Sialkotover the coming decades; estimated to 2030 at 4.3 million tons of municipal waste,and in addition, a significant quantity of hazardous industrial and medical waste. Asis, the current municipal system will collect progressively less and less of the totalpercentage of municipal waste, currently conjectured at a poor 25 percent; forcinghouseholds, commercial and institutional establishments to dispose of more andmore of their own waste. To 2030, the equivalent of a carpet of waste equivalent to3 m in thickness and 2 square km in area is to descend on Sialkot, whether it be insmall discrete waste piles scattered within communities, or larger scale dumpinggrounds in selected locations.

7National policies include the (i) Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (1992), (ii) PakistanEnvironmental Protection Act (1997), and (iii) National Environment Policy of Pakistan (2005).


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There are also significant missed opportunities in recycling; valuable materials arebeing thrown. Through the initiation of a simple and coordinated recycling approach,recycling efficiencies can be vastly improved, healthy working conditions can beinstituted, and sustainable livelihoods strengthened for hundreds if not thousands ofrecyclers, many of which are relatively poor and marginalized.

Table 2: Sialkot Solid Waste Management: Key Constraints andChallenges

Sialkot Solid Waste Management: Key Constraints and Challenges

ImplementingInstitutions

The TMAs SWM Department is poorly resourced and unable to meet itsresponsibilities.

It is significantly understaffed in the management and skilled labourcategories.

Its budget allocation is only sufficient to cover salaries and basic equipmentoperations for an estimated 25 percent of municipal waste demand.

Waste Collection TMA only collects an estimated 25 percent of the municipal waste.

The balance is being burned, dumped or buried by private individuals andcollectors.

Waste generation is increasing; communities will endure increasing wastevolumes.

Waste Dumping All municipal waste is dumped on vacant lots, flood plains, drainage channels,river banks and other open areas throughout the city.

These practices consume, degrade and devalue vast areas of land within theurbanized area, cause significant environmental damage and threaten thehealth and safety of nearby communities.

Industrial WasteManagement

There are no industrial waste management (IWM) systems in Sialkot.

Industrial wastes are being comingled with municipal wastes and dumped in

the same manner, greatly elevating environmental and public health risks.Medical WasteManagement

There is little evidence that the existing medical waste incinerator is operable,or that appropriate MWM procedures are being followed.

There is a strong possibility that hazardous medical waste is being comingledand dumped in the same manner as municipal waste.

Recycling Valuable recycled materials are being thrown away due to the lack of acoordinated, sustainable approach to primary segregation and recycling.

Employment opportunities are being lost, especially for lower income,marginalized groups.

PublicAwareness

Public awareness of environmental and solid waste management issues islow.

The primary segregation of recycled materials in Sialkot is largelyundeveloped.

Regulation A national framework is in place; local provisions are not.

Current practices cannot meet even a basic level of compliance


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Section 3

Solid Waste ManagementStrategy

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Section 3Solid Waste Management Strategy


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3.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

The Sialkot SWM strategy strikes a balance between the existing SWM status,constraints and capacity limitations on the one hand, and the urgency to transformthe sector and provide a basic level of service on the other. It is driven by the

following guiding principles;

1. Waste is a resource,2. All individuals must assume responsibility for the waste they generate,3. Prevention, reduction and recovery for recycling and reuse is a priority focus,4. Source (household) segregation is essential to any sustainable solution,5. The informal sector plays a critical role in recycling,6. Active public participation is essential,7. Residual waste must be properly handled, treated and disposed,8. The system has to be run on efficient, performance based commercial

principles.9. Private sector participation should be prioritized and an enabling environment

created,10. Economic incentives need to be established,11. All stakeholders have different roles and responsibilities in ensuring effective

SWM, and they should be effectively integrated.

Based on these principles, the strategy is designed to transform the existing SWMsystem into a fully integrated, transparent and efficient system; which meetsinternationally recognized standards and practices. The vision includes;

1. An effective regulatory framework for the environmentally safe and healthymanagement of all municipal and hazardous solid wastes generated inSialkot,

2. Efficient, coordinated, integrated and transparent institutions, able toeffectively manage the citys waste over the long term,

3. An educated, involved and environmentally-aware Sialkot public, able andwilling to; reduce waste generation, maximize source segregation, complywith waste collection requirements, pay for SWM services, improvecommunity health conditions, and help eliminate illicit waste dumping,

4. A sustainable, regularized and equitable house-to-house waste collection andtransfer system serving all areas of Sialkot, using motorized vehicleswherever possible, and a highly organized system of manual collection andcommunity storage where it is not; gradually eliminating waste scavenging inthe streets and waste burning and illicit dumping in vacant areas,

5. A vibrant and sustainable private sector-led recycling system building onprimary source segregation, where the recycling of wastes is maximizedwithin a healthy and safe working environment,

6. Environmentally safe and socially responsible collection, transfer and disposalof all residual municipal wastes,

7. Environmentally safe and socially responsible storage, collection, transfer,treatment and disposal of all of Sialkots (industrial and medical) hazardouswastes,

8. Creating an enabling environment and supporting private sector involvementin the segregation, recycling, collection, transfer, treatment and disposal ofwastes, and prioritizing the involvement of lower income recycler groupswherever possible,


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Section 3Solid Waste Management Strategy


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In this context, Table 3 provides outline performance indicators for the SWM sector,with indicative targets for 2018 and 2025 milestones.

Table 3: SWM Sector Performance Indicators

IndicatorPerformance Target

Q1, 2018 Q1, 2025

Waste Reduction and Recycling

Recycled waste as a percentage of total municipal wastegenerated

30 Percent 40 Percent

Number of Sialkot residents aware of and involved in SWMissues as a percentage of total population.


Waste Collection, Transfer and Disposal

Number of municipal waste generators regularly and reliablyserviced by municipal collection (residential and commercial) asa percentage of total number of generators.


Residual waste reaching disposal site as a percentage of total

residual waste generation


Number of missed/late house-to-house collection cycles as apercentage of total cycles

3 Percent 1 Percent

Hazardous (Industrial and Medical) Waste Management

Amount of hazardous waste processed and disposed of as apercentage of total residual hazardous waste generation



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Solid Waste ManagementAction Plan

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Section 4Solid Waste Management Action Plan


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4.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN

4.1 Introduction

The proposed SWM action plan will rapidly transform the SWM sector; its functions,

operations, and implementing institutions. Under the plan, the SWM system willprovide a reliable, sustainable house-to-house municipal waste collection service toevery waste generator in the city, achieve a recycling efficiency of at least 30percent, ensure that all residual waste is transported and disposed of in anenvironmental safe and socially responsible manner, and in conjunction with otherimplementing stakeholders, make progress in initiating and improving the citys IWMand MWM systems. The municipal SWM system will be managed and implementedby the Sialkot Water and Sanitation Company (SWSC), a Government ownedcorporation to be established under the principles of efficient, accountable andtransparent infrastructure service provision.

The SWM system will be established in two distinct phases. The first phase

(Tranche 1, 2010-12) will focus on establishing three key system components, (i)waste segregation and recycling, (ii) a city-wide municipal waste collection andtransfer system, and (iii) the detailed siting, permitting, design and contractprocurement for development of a single SWM facility (including a sanitary landfillfacility), which will serve the needs of the city until 2030 and beyond. The secondphase (Tranche 2, 2013-15) will include (i) construction and commissioning of theSWM facility, (ii) acceleration of waste segregation and recycling initiatives, and (iii)assisting industrial groups to develop and implement an IWM strategy and actionplan8; and the Sialkot TMA to further evaluate Sialkots MWM sector to develop anMWM strategy and action plan. The two recommended development phases arepresented as follows.

4.2 Tranche 1 SWM Investment Package (2010-12)

4.2.1 Component 1: Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program

This component includes a program of activities to support the fledgling recyclingindustry in Sialkot in order to promote public awareness and household recycling,and accelerate recycling efficiencies. The program is envisioned to include (i) reviewand inventory of existing Sialkot recycling practices, (ii) national and regionalevaluation of recycling initiatives being implemented in other cities for potentialreplication in Sialkot, (iii) formulation and implementation of a recycling strategy forSialkot, (iv) mobilization of and support to recycling communities in Sialkot, and (v)

piloting waste segregation and recycling innovations. It will also include a targetedpublic awareness program in order to, (i) raise awareness of environmental andSWM issues, (ii) provide public education and information campaigns on wastesegregation and recycling, and (iii) solicit public support to eliminate the illicitdumping of wastes. The program is to be designed and directed by SWM specialistsengaged under the SWSC Management Contract, and implemented under contractby national consultants and NGO groups active in the Sialkot SWM sector. Table 4provides additional information regarding the potential for recycling in Sialkot.

8The Chamber of Commerce has expressed interest to evaluate disposal options for the industrial wastes

generated from their 5,400 member organizations. This will include surveys and analysis of all ofSialkots industrial waste and development of an IWM strategy and action plan for future implementationby the private sector.


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Table 4: The Sialkot Recycling Initiative

The Sialkot Recycling Initiative

The value of recoverable materials in Sialkots waste to 2030 could well exceed US$ 50 million.Added to this are the cost savings from not having to pay to transfer and dispose of these materials,potentially another US$ 15 million. Recycling is responsible; it saves valuable resources and reusesthem; it cuts down on pollution, and if properly organized, can create a new industry in Sialkot andprovide hundreds of jobs. Recycling is therefore a priority focus.

The aim for Sialkot is to continue to build the fledgling system in the private sector, where recyclersdirectly purchase materials from waste generators (households and commercial and institutionalestablishments), on selling them to the recycling industries, while working in a safe and hygienicmanner. To achieve this, primary (household) segregation must be rapidly improved throughongoing public awareness. Existing informal recyclers need to be properly trained to improveefficiency and assure more healthy working practices. Downstream markets have to be identified, asdo the mechanisms necessary to reach these markets. Innovative recycling methods need to beresearched and piloted.

Component 1 is therefore designed to evaluate these key issues, and develop and implement anoverall strategy.

4.2.2 Component 2: Waste Collection and Transfer System

A new municipal waste collection and transfer system is to be introduced in Sialkot inTranche 1, providing door-to-door collection services for all household andcommercial waste generators in Sialkot. It will completely replace the existingsporadic systems operated currently by the TMAs SWM Department, privateindividuals and private waste collectors.

Due to access and other physical constraints, two different collection systems areproposed, described as follows;

1. System 1 - Direct Vehicle Collection System: This system consists of thedirect collection of municipal waste from the generator source by waste truck,the waste then being transferred directly to the waste disposal facility. This isa system which is common in developed countries, where a waste truckfollows a specific routing and time window to collect waste from householdsand commercial and institutional establishments in a certain collection zone.Due to vehicle access constraints, it is estimated that initially, only 30 percentof waste generators in Sialkot can be served by this collection method.

It is proposed that vehicles with waste carrying capacities of 5 cubic meters(m) and 10 m be used for this system; the larger trucks being used whereaccess permits. Each waste truck will be operated by a driver, and include

four waste workers who walk alongside the truck and lift the waste into thetruck. All waste truck personnel will be provided with protective equipment,and training in health and safety protection.

The waste trucks will also be designed with slidable vertical separationpanels, to allow recyclable materials to be stored separately from generalwaste. Preliminary projections for Sialkot indicate that on average, a 5 mtruck can service up to 415 households and corresponding commercial andinstitutional establishments on a single collection round; while a 10 mcollection truck can service twice this amount. The system is to be operatedon a two day collection frequency; that is, waste collection is every other day.

Household, commercial and institutional waste generators of this system arealso to be provided with specially designed waste collection containers under


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Tranche 1. Constructed from resilient, lightweight high density polyethylene orsimilar material, the containers will have compartments to allow separatestorage of recycled materials from general waste. Containers supplied tocommercial and institutional establishments will be larger than householdcontainers due to the additional volume of waste generated by the former.

2. System 2 - Manual Community Collection System: This system consists ofthe manual door-to-door collection of wastes from households, commercialand institutional establishments for transfer by hand cart to designatedcollection containers, strategically located within a given community9.

Each container will be placed at a designated location for a 24-hour period,after which time it will be collected by a container truck for transfer to thewaste disposal facility, and replaced each day with an empty container. It isestimated that 70 percent of waste generators in Sialkot will be served by thiscollection method, and both 5 m and 10 m volume collection containers willbe utilized depending on vehicle access.

Projections indicate that on average, a 5 m container of this system canservice up to 485 households and corresponding commercial and institutionalestablishments per day; while a 10 m collection truck can service twice thisamount10. Collection will be daily. As in System 1, each container will alsoinclude slidable vertical separation panels, to allow recyclable materials to bestored separately from general waste.

Each container will be serviced by up to four community waste collectors.They will collect waste door-to-door from the nearby communities designatedfor that container and manually transfer the waste to the container. Eachcollection truck used for the collection and transfer of the containers to the

waste disposal facility will include a driver and one helper.

All waste management personnel will be provided with protective equipment,and training in health and safety protection. Similar to System 1, wastecollection containers will also be provided to each waste generator of thissystem. Sliding partitions will be included in the containers to provide theseparate collection of recyclable materials from general waste.

The design phase of each waste collection and transfer system will involvediscussions with and analysis of individual communities in order to refine the systemdesign for each community. In certain cases it may be advantageous to modify thecollection system; for example, to utilize an even larger container, or in certain

circumstances, to use small mechanized waste collection vehicles to replace manualhouse-to-house collection methods.

At this stage of feasibility, the following vehicle and equipment compliment isrecommended for the Sialkot waste collection and transfer system.

9 There are several community container systems being used locally; one known as the arm -roll system

where a truck pulls a wheeled conta iner onto the flat bed of the truck, and one known as the skipsystem, where the truck has a specially designed hoist to lift the container onto the flat bed of the truck.

10The reason that the containers of System 2: Manual Community Collection System can accommodate

the waste of more generators than the equivalent sized waste trucks of System 1; Direct VehicleCollection System is that the (lower income) per capita generation rate of the former is less than that ofthe (higher income) per capita generation rate of the latter.


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1. Direct Vehicle Collection System (System 1): Total of eighteen 5 m collectiontrucks and nine 10 m trucks.

2. Manual Community Collection System (System 2): For the 5m capacitytrucks, a total of 21 trucks and 147 waste collection containers; and for the 10m capacity trucks, a total of 5 trucks and 35 waste collection containers.

4.2.3 Component 3: Solid Waste Management Facility (Siting, Design andProcurement)

A multi-use, integrated solid waste management facility (facility) is to bedeveloped*11, which will serve the municipal SWM needs of Sialkot to at least 2030.Design concepts of the facility are attached (Appendix C). The 70- hectare facility isenvisioned to contain the following components;

3. Site office.4. Research and development center.5. Parking and maintenance facility for all waste collection vehicles.

6. Designated area for pilot recycling initiatives.7. Sanitary landfill, complete with engineered environmental control systems,including leachate and landfill gas collection and treatment systems.

8. Earth material excavation areas to provide materials for landfill constructionand to be used an after-use buffer zone.

Landfill siting, permitting, detailed design, and construction procurement for thefacility will be completed during Tranche 1 (2010-12), leading immediately to facilityconstruction and operation in Tranche 2 (2013-15)12. The landfill will initially beconstructed in Tranche 2 to provide disposal volume for the first two to three years ofoperation; following this, it will be progressively expanded over a number of phases,with a total life capacity to 2030 and beyond.

4.3 Tranche 2 SWM Investment Package (2013-15)

At this stage is it envisioned that Tranche II (2013-15) will include the following threeprimary initiatives, (i) construction and operation of the SWM facility, including thesanitary landfill, (ii) additional assistance for the recycling sector through extension ofthe Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program, and (iii) assistance tothe Sialkot TMA to further evaluate Sialkots MWM sector to develop an MWMstrategy and action plan; and to industrial groups in the development andimplementation of an IWM strategy and action plan.

Following completion of the Tranche 2 investments, the Sialkot municipal SWM

system will essentially be in place, with active primary waste segregation andrecycling, a fully functioning waste collection and transfer system, andenvironmentally and socially responsible waste disposal which has the capability toaccept Sialkots residual waste to beyond 2030

11

In the interim period up to commissioning of the new facility,the government plansto continue to utilize the existing disposal practices while trying to reduce their environmental impacts.


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4.4 Implementation Schedule

Figure 10: Outlines the tentative implementation schedule

TRANCHE 1

1 Component 1: Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program

2 Component 2: Waste Collection and Transfer System

3 Component 3: Solid Waste Management Facility (Siting, Design, and Procurement)

TRANCHE 2

1 Component 1: Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program

2 Component 2: Solid Waste Management Facility (Construction and Operation)

3 Component 3: Strategy Development and Action Plan:

Industrial and Medical Waste Management

Legend

Feasibility AssessmentDetailed Design and Procurement

Construction

Operation

TRANCHE 2TRANCHE 1

ADB PAK-7321: Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

YEAR

2012 2013 2016COMPONENT

20152010 2011 2014


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4.5 Cost Estimates

Figure 11 presents the outline capital costs for SWM system development, dividedinto Tranche 1 and Tranche 2 investments. As shown, the capital costs for Tranche1 investments are estimated at US$ 4.364 million, whereas Tranche 2 investments

are estimated at US$ 12.328 million.

Figure 11: Outline Cost Estimates

Number UnitUnit Cost

(US$)Amount (US$)

Total

(US$)

TRANCHE 1

1.0 Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program 200,000

1.1 Recycling System Support and Public Awarenss Program 200,000

2.0 Waste Collection and Transfer System 3,582,103

2.1 Collection Containers

2.1.1 Household 118,704 each 6 715,0842.1.2 Commercial/Institutional 10,000 each 12 120,482

2.1.3 Community Pushcarts 692 each 181 125,060

2.2 System 1 Direct Vehicle Collection

2.2.1 Waste Collection Truck (5 Cubic Meter Capacity) 18 each 36,000 648,000

2.2.2 Waste Collection Truck (10 Cubic Meter Capacity) 9 each 45,000 405,000

2.3 System 2 Manual Community Collection

2.3.1 Arm Roll Truck and Superstructure (5 Cubic Meter Capacity) 21 each 32,000 672,000

2.3.2 Arm Roll Container (5 Cubic Meter Capacity) 147 each 1,700 249,900

2.3.3 Arm Roll Truck and Superstructure (10 Cubic Meter Capacity) 5 each 45,000 225,000

2.3.4 Arm Roll Container (10 Cubic Meter Capacity) 35 each 3,000 105,000

2.4 Waste Equipment Storage Area

2.4.1 Storage Area Renovation 146 each 1,000 146,000

2.5 System Design (5 Percent of 2.1 to 2.4) 170,576

3.0 SWM Facility: Siting, Design and Procurement 581,406

3.1 SWM Facility: Siting Design and Procurement 581,406

(5 Percent of Tranche 2 Capital Cost)

TOTAL 4,363,509

TRANCHE 2

1.0 SWM Facility Construction 11,628,119

1.1 Land1.1.1 Land 70 hectare 38,675 2,707,229

1.2 General

1.2.1 Site Mobilization 1 sum 25,000 25,000

1.2.2 Site Clearing 70 hectare 5,000 350,000

1.2.3 Entry Road Improvements 1 sum 50,000 50,000

1.2.4 Fencing 5,007 lin m 50 250,350

1.2.5 Gate/Guardhouse 1 sum 15,000 15,000

1.2.6 Surface Drainage 4,312 lin m 20 86,240

1.2.7 Access Roads

1.2.7.1 Paved 450 lin m 150 67,500

1.2.7.2 Unpaved 1,910 lin m 30 57,300

1.2.8 Hardstanding Surface 79,200 m 5 396,000

1.2.9 Weighbridge/Office 1 sum 150,000 150,000

1.2.10 Site Office 1 sum 35,000 35,000

1.2.11 Research and Development Center 1 sum 50,000 50,000

1.2.12 Utilities 1 sum 20,000 20,000

1.2.13 Wheel Wash 1 sum 10,000 10,000

1.2.14 Lighting 1 sum 15,000 15,000

1.2.15 Landscaping 1 sum 30,000 30,000

1.2.16 Signage 1 sum 1,000 1,000

1.2.17 W orkshop and Fuel Storage 1 sum 200,000 200,000

1.2.18 Contractor Office 3 sum 30,000 90,000

1.3 Landfill Facility

1.3.1 Earthworks

1.3.1.1 Excavation/Deposition (Site Internal) 500,000 m 3.00 1,500,000

1.3.1.2 Compaction 450,000 m 2.00 900,0001.3.2 Composite Liner/Leachate Collection System 62,500 m 35 2,187,500

1.3.3 Leachate Treatment System 1 sum 750,000 750,000

1.3.4 Landfill Gas Collection and Treatment System

1.3.4.1 Landfill Gas Collection System 1 sum 200,000 200,000

1.3.4.2 Landfill Gas Flaring System 1 sum 100,000 100,000

1.3.5 Environmental Instrumentation

1.3.5.1 Groundwater Monitoring Wells 4 each 12,000 48,000

1.3.5.2 Gas Emission Testing Equipment 1 sum 2,000 2,000

1.3.6 Landfill Equipment

1.3.6.1 Sheepsfoot Compactor/Tractor 4 each 100,000 400,000

1.3.6.2 Bulldozer 1 each 450,000 450,000

1.3.6.3 Excavator 1 each 350,000 350,000

1.3.6.4 Dumptruck 3 each 30,000 90,000

1.3.6.5 Pick Up Truck 3 each 15,000 45,000

2.0 Recycling System Support and Public Awareness Program 200,000

2.1 Recycling System Support and Public Awarenss Program 200,000

3.0 Medical/Industrial Waste Management Assessment and Strategy 500,000

3.1 Medical/Industrial Waste Management Assessment 500,000

TOTAL 12,328,119

Sialkot Solid Waste Management SystemTranches 1 and 2: ADB TA PAK 7321: Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program

System Component

OUTLINE COST ESTIMATES


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Investment Program



Annexure

December 2010

(J40252334)

GHK Consulting Ltd.


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Annex A1Sialkot Waste Assessment Survey


Page 31

ANNEX A1: SIALKOT WASTE ASSESSMENT SURVEY

A week-long solid waste survey was conducted in Sialkot between 30 April 2010 and 6 May201013. The survey assessed the amount and characteristics of waste from individualgenerators of four representative target groups, (i) a higher income residential community

(Model Town), (ii) a medium income community (Shahbpura), (iii) a lower incomecommunity (Bonkan), and (iv) a selected number of commercial and institutionalestablishments (establishments). A total of 100 households were surveyed in each of thethree residential community samples, and 34 establishments in commercial and institutionalsamples.14

Methodology

The methodology used included; (i) selection of sample areas, (ii) door-to-door surveys ofindividual households and establishments to introduce the program and collect basic data,(ii) daily distribution and collection of two color-coded plastic bags for each generator, onefor wet waste and one for dry, (iii) waste transfer and storage at the processing facility, (iv)

waste segregation, weighing, and recording, and (v) disposal of the waste.

Figure A1.1: Waste Sample Transfer

13The survey was performed by a group of Sialkot-based NGOs under contract through ADB PAK-7321:

Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program.14These included samples from schools, mosques, hospitals, government institutions, offices, shops,restaurants and markets.


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Figure A1.2: Waste Processing Center

Results

Table A1.1: Household Generation Rates

Component High Income Model TownMedium Income

ShahabpuraLow Income

Bonken

Glass 0.16 0.17 0.16

Metals 0.07 0.07 0.08

Paper/Cardboard 0.36 0.27 0.26

Plastics 0.33 0.27 0.26

Food/Organic 1.02 0.88 0.72

Wood 0.11 0.09 0.07

Leather/Rubber 0.10 0.07 0.05Electronics 0.04 0.03 0.03

Other 0.27 0.30 0.36

Average (Per Household) 2.46 2.15 1.99

Average (Per Capita) 0.35 0.31 0.28

The average daily household generation was found to be 2.46 kg/household/day for the highincome group, 2.15 kg/household/day for the medium group, and 1.99 kg/household/day forthe low income group. Converting these to an average per-capita generation rate15 revealsthat the daily per capita generation for the high, medium and low income groups are 0.35kg/person/day, 0.31 kg/person/day and 0.28 kg/person/day respectively. The weighted per-capita generation assuming a 10-60-30 distribution for high-medium-low income is 0.30

15Assuming an average household size of seven.


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kg/person/day. Being a relatively well developed industrial-based city, this comparesfavourably with a similar waste assessment performed in Karachi in 2007, where theweighted average per-capita generation rate was found to be 0.33 kg/person/day16.

Figure A1.4 summarizes the waste composition for the high, medium and low incomegroups. As shown, about 40 percent of household waste is food and organic waste, followedby plastics, paper (around 13 percent each), glass (8 percent), leather, wood and metals (3-4 percent each) and electronic waste (2 percent); As shown, there is little variation betweenthe groups for each waste component.

Figure A1.4: Household Waste Composition

Figure A1.5 presents the average weighted household composition alongside the averagecomposition of the commercial and institutional establishments. As shown, the compositionof both groups are similar, both with high organic/food waste content, followed by paper andplastics, and to a lesser extent, glass, wood, metals, leather/rubber and electronic waste

Figure A1.5: Municipal Waste Composition

16ADB 4753-PAK: Preparing the Mega City Sustainable Development Project

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

Percent

Household Waste Commercial/Institutional Waste


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Annex A2Impacts of Uncontrolled Waste Management


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ANNEX A2: IMPACTS OF UNCONTROLLED WASTEMANAGEMENT

Without a functioning SWM system, Sialkots urban population and its environment willcontinue to endure significant environmental and human health impacts. This appendix

briefly summarizes these impacts, described in terms of three primary issues; direct wastecontact, uncontrolled waste dumping and social impacts.

Direct Waste Contact

Anyone exposed to solid waste without adequate protection faces potential health risks.This is of concern in Sialkot, due to the large amount of uncollected waste, illicit dumping,waste scavenging, and the potential that dangerous hazardous wastes (industrial andmedical) are present in the general waste stream.

Asian health surveys of workers and scavengers who are exposed to waste without properprotection tell a grim story (Figure A2.1): many suffer from illnesses and health effects17

Poor working conditions and a lack of protective clothing also result in excessive accidentrates: worker populations commonly suffer from lacerations, wounds, and bites from dogs,rats and other disease vectors.

Figure A2.1: Communities in Danger

Surveys showing percentages of waste workers with illnesses and health complaints at Asian dumpsites

Particulate and dust levels can be high where waste is piled, and can include asbestos,silicotic and other dangerous dusts. Decomposing wastes also produce gases, includingmethane, carbon monoxide, and volatile organics containing toxic and carcinogeniccompounds. Waste burning, which is a practice in Sialkot, releases hazardous compounds

into the atmosphere.18

Organic materials in waste provide a perfect feeding and breeding ground for insects andvermin; exposed waste piles can quickly become infested by flies, insects and mosquitoes(elevating malaria and dengue risks)

17Including diarrhea, fever, chronic coughs and phlegm, colds, shortness of breath, skin infections, skinulcers, respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments and visual problems. Other afflictions include dysentery,

bronchitis, asthma and pneumonia, as well as the prevalence of parasites and malnutrition.18 These can include dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are known mutagens and

teratogens (causing fetal defects), and are suspected human carcinogens (causing cancer).


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Figure A2.2: Vermin Breeding Ground

Waste Dumping

From the small scattered waste piles in the outer communities of Sialkot, to the largerdumping grounds within Sialkots urban area, solid waste dumping is causing acute

environmental damage and threatens public health. Whether by truck, cart or by hand,waste is almost always uncovered when it arrives at its intended dumping destination,unnecessarily exposing nearby humans to direct contact with the waste as it decomposes.Many dumpsites in Sialkot are located in low-lying, often waterlogged areas, developed withthe misconception that the waste provides a suitable, inert foundation for futuredevelopment, when in fact all it does is seriously pollute and degrade the land. This isespecially relevant in Sialkot, due to its high groundwater table.

Waste is normally dumped directly onto the natural land surface, without any engineeredcontainment systems. It is then left uncovered, sometimes picked through by recyclers,sometimes set on fire to remove metals, and then left permanently exposed to the elements,grazing animals and vermin. Waste piles can quickly build up in the dumping grounds,

resulting in the potential for large scale sliding; waste can also block natural and artificialdrainage pathways causing flooding.

As waste piles decompose and degrade, and rainfall penetrates the exposed waste,contaminated liquids form inside. These liquids, known as leachate, can contain cocktails oforganic and inorganic contaminants, which can be dangerous to humans and theenvironment. Worse, leachate can percolate through the sides of waste piles, flowing ontoand polluting adjacent lands, rivers, other waterways and drainage channels. Anydownstream uses of these waters can affect humans directly, such as the consumption anduse of river and surface water which is polluted with leachate.

Leachate can also percolate through the base of the waste and into the underlying rocks.Here, it may also mix with and contaminate the groundwater within the rocks.


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Figure A2.3: Waste Piles

Rodent populations can flourish, causing outbreaks of leptospirosis (causing fever and nerveinflammation), bubonic plague (a lymphatic infection spread by rodent fleas) and hanta virus(a lethal infectious respiratory disease).

Human feces and pumped septage, often present in waste, can also contain dangerouspathogenic organisms; this can inadvertently be ingested by domestic animals grazing onwaste and re-enter the food chain. Added to this are the industrial and medical wasteswhich can enter the municipal waste stream in Sialkot; these can be toxic, infectious,reactive, ignitable, radioactive or corrosive.

This polluted groundwater can later be extracted through groundwater wells, resulting in thedirect contamination of humans from the polluted well water.

Waste decomposition can also generate large amounts of gas, known as landfill gas. Thesegases contain significant quantities of methane, followed by carbon dioxide, and traces ofmany other gases and contaminants. Landfill gas is potentially toxic, explosive, and is apotent greenhouse gas; it contributes significantly to global warming. Figure A2.4 shows thecontaminant pathways for leachate and landfill gas, and a summary of the dangers ofuncontrolled dumping are shown on Figure A2.5 overleaf.


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Figure A2.4: Contaminant Pathways

Social Impacts

Many of Sialkots residents are familiar with the illicit dumping of waste within the city; aproblem which has existed for many years. Whether a community endures the dumping ofits own waste, or is accepting vast quantities of waste from other areas, there are manysocial impacts caused. Dumped waste is unsanitary, visually ugly and potentially threatensnearby communities and environs. It can devalue surrounding land and asset prices,restricting their future use. Dumpsite operations can also exact a toll on communities from

noise, dust, odors, litter, traffic and accidents along access corridors and around dumpsites.Communities are also often concerned about the impacts of exposed waste, landfill gas andleachate pollution, and about uncontrolled migrant recycling colonies building up aroundsites and along access corridors.

All in all, uncontrolled dumpsites and waste dumping cause a range of social impacts.These can however can be mitigated through proper SWM planning and implementation,including the development of environmentally safe waste treatment and disposal facilitiesand their supporting systems.


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Figure A2.5: Dumpsite Dangers

Habitat Destruction

Unplanned waste dumping and dumpsite proliferation can permanentlydestroy natural habitats and cause other environmental damage.Dumping can impact on endemic species, cause species imbalance,

and cause the explosive growth of insect and rodent populations.

Noise, Dust, Odors, Litter

Dumpsites disrupt neighbouring communities. Waste trucks thunderthrough communities, bringing noise, traffic, dust and scattered wasteproblems. Odors and blowing litter from dumpsites are also frequentproblems, due largely to the waste not being covered.

Disease Vectors

Organics and food waste within general waste make a perfect habitat for

vermin, such as flies, mosquitoes, rats, dogs and birds. Unchecked,vermin populations can grow explosively, resulting in infestations atdumpsites and within surrounding communities.

Exposed Waste

Dumped waste is rarely covered. It needlessly exposes dumpsiteworkers to waste, propagates dangerous scavenging practices,increases the likelihood of waste fires, augments vermin infestations,and accelerates leachate and landfill gas production.

Drainage and Flooding

Dumpsites often block natural and built drainage pathways, causingfloods and increasing the likelihood of flood waters contactingcontaminated waste.

Slope Instability

Unchecked garbage mounds can quickly become unstable. If they arepiled up too steeply, or if they are placed on an inclined or wet surface,they can slide with little warning. Sliding waste can be a killer, as undercertain conditions, it can smother entire communities.

Leachate Contamination

As waste decomposes, and rainfall penetrates it, liquids form within it.These liquids, known as leachate, contain contaminants which leak outand pollute adjacent rivers, waterways, and underlying groundwater.These contaminants can pass on to humans if they drink or use thepolluted waters.

Landfill Gas Pollution

Decomposing waste produces large amounts of gas within the waste,known as landfill gas. Being laden with methane, carbon dioxide andmany contaminant compounds, landfill gases can be explosive, toxicand are potent greenhouse gases.


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Annex A3Solid Waste Management Facility Design


Page 39

ANNEX A3: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY DESIGNCONCEPTS

The conceptual layout of a proposed SWM facility for Sialkot has been developed, in order todemonstrate the feasibility of incorporating this important SWM component in the overall

SWM strategy19

. The SWM facility envisioned covers an area of approximately 70 hectares,and is designed to serve Sialkots municipal waste disposal and other needs until 2030 andpossibly beyond. Ideally it will be accessed through a purpose-built, three-lane access road,one lane for truck queuing, one for site access and one for exit. The entire facility boundarywill be fenced, surface drainage provided, and the entrance will include a lockable maingate. The general layout of the conceptual facility is shown on Figure A3.1, and the facility isenvisioned to include the following key operation areas;

Facility Service Area (Figure A3.2)

This is a multi-function area which will host the following components,

a. Four lane (on-site) access road leading to the weighbridge and the facility areas.b. A weighbridge with a single platform each side. Every waste truck entering and

leaving the site will be weighed and the weights electronically recorded.c. A site office and parking area, from where all SWM system activities will be directed.

This facility will be staffed by the SWM Department of SWSC.d. A research and development center to manage various SWM research tasks such

as waste characterization surveys, recycling initiatives and training.e. A vehicle workshop and parking areas, capable of fully servicing all waste collection

vehicles, landfill equipment and other equipment and vehicles.f. Parking areas and an office for all waste collection vehicles and equipment.g. Perimeter and on site drainage.h. A vehicle washing area, to clean vehicles exiting the site.

Sanitary Landfill (Figure A3.1,Figure A3.3 and Figure A3.4 )

With a total footprint of about 25 hectares, the landfill is projected to accommodate all ofSialkots municipal waste to 2030 and beyond. It will be constructed in cells. The initial cell,to be constructed during Tranche 2, will have a base area of about 6.25 hectares, providingdisposal capacity for the initial two to three years of operation. The landfill will beconstructed with the following features;

a. An excavated and recompacted base to form a solid foundation20.b. A base of compacted, engineered fill materials, to form the base of the landfill21.

c. A composite liner and leachate collection system to contain contaminated liquidsfrom percolating through the base (Figure A3.3)d. A soil protective layer over the liner and leachate collection system.e. Daily and intermediate covers to cover the waste every day.f. A landfill gas (LFG) collection system.

19Although an initial siting assessment was undertaken as part of project preparation activities, a suitable,long term site for the proposed facility needs to be secured following further detailed site assessmentand public consultation activities. This is to be completed during Tranche 1, leading to facilityconstruction and commissioning during Tranche 2.

20The depth required will be based on geotechnical testing of the earth materials during the design phase;for planning purposes at this stage a depth of 2 meters has been assumed.

21It is envisioned that the entire base of the landfill facility will need to be raised above existing ground

level to help mitigate the unlikely potential of short term flooding impacts around the selected site. Forplanning purposes at this stage, a height of 1 meter above existing grade is assumed.


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g. Final covers, including erosion control features and vegetation.h. Site drainage.i. Landfill equipment, including three sheepsfoot compactors/tractors, an excavator,

two dump trucks and a bulldozer.

Leachate and Landfill Gas Treatment Facilities (Figure A3.1)

As shown on the drawings, areas have been allocated for these facilities. They will becompletely fenced, and access restricted. It is envisioned that the LFG treatment facility willinitially consist of a flare system; later on, the potential of LFG recovery for secondary usescan be evaluated. The potential also exists for the facility and the LFG component to beregistered under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), potentially making the siteeligible for Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).

Earth Material Excavation Areas (Figure A3.1)

Excavation areas are also provided within the site to provide earth materials to be used in

landfill construction and for daily cover over the waste. These areas also provide a bufferzone.


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Figure A3.1: General Layout of the Conceptual Facility


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Figure A3.2: Design Concepts: Facility Service Area


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Figure A3.3 Design Concepts: Landfill Base Configuration


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Figure A3.4: Design Concepts: Landfill Surface Configuration


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GHK Consulting Limited

Clerkenwell House, 67 Clerkenwell

Road London EC1R 5BL UK

GHK Consulting Limited

House No. 5, Officer Block,

Noor Pur Road Muslim Town

sialkot solid waste management strategy and action plan

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