Self-Strengthening Movement(1861-1895)

Restore Qing Dynasty Provincial Leadership “Modernization” Imperial Maritime Custom Revenues

Robert Hart (1835-1911)

Self-Strengthening Rationale Ti ( 體 ) and Yong ( 用 )

Chinese ethical principles of human relations and Confucian teachings

techniques of wealth and power. (Technology and institutions)

Growing Importance of Chinese Provincial officials Zeng Guofan (1811-

1872) Hunan Army Li Hongzhang (1823-

1901) Huai Army Zuo Songtang (1812-

1885) Zhang Zhidong (1837-

1908) Zhang Zhidong

Restoration to Self-Strengthening

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872)

Revive Confucianism Restore Traditional

Schools Jiangnan Arsenal

Yung Wing (1828-1912, Yale Graduate 1845)

Translation schools Yung Wing (容閎 )

Self-Strengthening (1861-1895) Zuo Zongtang (1812-

1885) Suppression of Muslim

Uprising Fuzhou Shipyards Nanyang (Southern) Fleet

Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) Huai Army Suppression of Nian Tianjin Massacre, 1870 Beiyang (Northern) Fleet Premier Diplomat Industrial Enterprises,

Railroads

Foreign Relations 1860-1880 Treaty of Tianjin (1858) and

Convention of Peking (1860) Zongli Yamen 1861

Prince Gong

International Law W.A.P. Martin

Foreign Missionaries Saving souls vs.

modernization

Western Advisors Customs Revenues

Treaty Temple Tianjin

Political Figures in Qing CourtLate Nineteenth Century

Empress Dowager, Cixi (1835-1908)

Prince Gong (1833-1898)

Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861-1874)

Guangxu Emperor (r.1875-1908) (1889-1898

“independent”)

Guangxu Emperor

Flaws in Self-Strengthening Lack of strong emperor to lead No coordination among self-strengtheners Lack of institutional reform and exams Foreign Hostilities

Foreign Hostilities Anti-missionary violence (教案 )

Tianjin Massacre 1870 Foreign Encroachment Russia Ili

Treaty of St. Petersburg 1881

British colonize Nepal, Burma

Sino-French War 1884-85 Indochina

Sino Japanese War 1894-95 Korea

The French taking Bac Ninh in 1884