Empires of the 16th and 17th Century I. Ottoman Empire created by Osman (1258-1326)

a. Created a small state for his people the Ottomans

b. His successors would expand the state           i. Advantage of gunpowder                        

`

IV. Safavids and the Shi’a Empire a. Create an empire based on the Shi’a branch of Islamb. Fought against the Ottomans most notably c. Great Ruler Shah Abbas brings them a golden age of cultural blending and acceptance

V. Mughal Empire (Mongols)a. Spread Islam to Hindu Indiab. Effected Architecture such as the Taj Mahal (As seen below)

VI. Spain’s Empirea. Philip II inherited Spain

1. Expands to control Portugal and parts of

a.  Africab.  Indiac.  East Indies

2. Gains incredible wealth through holdings in the Americas

a. Creates a large standing army

b. Literature                i.  Don Quixote man of La Mancha

1. by Miguel De Cervantes2. Known as the birth of the Modern European Novel

                     

VII. Francea. Between 1562 and 1598 many wars were fought between the Huguenots and Catholicsb. Henry of Navarre (Bourbon Dynasty)

                 i. Huguenot King, Opposed by Catholics1. For his country Henry converts

                      iii. 1598 signs Edict of Nantes1. Declaration of religious tolerance

c.      Louis XIII             i. Appointed strong minister, Cardinal

Richelieu`(increases monarchy's power)1. Did not allow Huguenot towns to have walls2. Weakened noble’s power

a. Ordered to take down their fortified castles

ii. Changed the 30 Years War from a religious to a political conflict

d.      Louis XIVi. Archetype of the absolute monarch

1. Centralized Power2. Ruled through Devine Right

a. King was ordained by God             i. Weakened power of the nobles

1. Placed them at the palace so he could keep an eye on them

                        ii. Mercantilism   1. Make France as self sufficient as

possible                                    2. Government funded businesses                                    3. High tariffs on imports         iii. Created Versailles

1. symbol of royal power

VIII. 30 Years War (1618-1648)a. fought between Catholics and protestants b. Results            i. Germany Devastated

ii. Peace of Westphalia (1648)1.Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria2. Strengthened France3. Ended religious wars in Europe4. Introduced the new method of peace negotiation where all parties meet

IX. Prussiaa. Fredrick II “Fredrick the Great”

              i.  Create a militaristic society            ii. Gained lands in Prussia in the

                                     

XI. Russiaa. Peter the Great (1672-1725)

                  i. Russia had almost no exposure to the West and the Renaissance or Reformation

                          ii. Visits West on “Grand Embassy”1. Gets ideas for reform and the idea that the sea was the future of Russia

b. . Attempt at Westernizationa. Introduced Potatoesb. Began a Newspaperc. Told the nobles to dress in western fashions

                       

XII. Englanda. Charles I

                 i. Needed money for wars with France and Spainii. 1628 Parliament refuses to grant the King money unless he signed a petitioniii. King agreed so he could get them money then ignored it

b. English Civil War (1642-1649)     i. Charles I needed money to put down a rebellion in

Scotland and needed to call Parliament into session to get it

1. Parliament passes laws to limit the Power of the King

a. Charles tried to arrest members of Parliament leading to a riot causing him to flee England

            ii. Those loyal to Charles (Cavaliers) vs. the supporters of Parliament (Roundheads)

           iii. 1644 Oliver Cromwell begins winning battles and continues until the Kings capture in 1647

1. King executed in 1649 after standing triala. Why is this so important?b. Cromwell establishes a Commonwealth but ends it in favor of a dictatorship

                                        i. A puritan Cromwell seeks to usher in an age of morality

iv. Restoration                   1. After Cromwell’s death his government fell

and the people asked Charles II to come rule England Decreased the strict moral rules instituted by Cromwell

e.  Glorious Revolution            i. After Charles II, James II becomes King

1. Flaunts his Catholicism and violates English law by appointing Catholics to high office2. Parliament protested and James dissolved it3. Has a son greatly concerning the public about a line of Catholic Kings

a. Parliament asks Mary, James older sister, to have her husband William of Orange overthrow the British king

                                         i. Mary was protestant                                                    ii. William agrees and invades

England 1. James II flees

ii. Results of the Glorious Revolution1. Constitutional Monarchy created through the Bill of Rights of 1689

a. No                                         i. Suspending of

Parliamentary law                                                ii. Levying taxes w/o consent

of Parliament                                                iii. Interfering with freedom

of speech in Parliamentiv. Penalty for someone who petitions grievances

XIII. Chinaa. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)b.  Qing Dynasty

                i. Policy of isolationism                         

XIV. Japana. Era of Sengoku (warring states)

{1467-1568}         i. Powerful samurai create a

feudalism1. Underneath are daimyou (nobles)

a. Tokugawa unites Japani Creates Tokugawa Shogun

1. Line of rulers linked by blooda. Much like the Monarchs of Europe

2.      Societya. Feudalism

             i. Emperor 1. Daimyo/Shogun

a. Samurai                                                 ii. Peasants/ Artisans

iii. Merchants

The Age of ExplorationI. Factors influencing exploration (God, Glory,

and Gold)a. Muslims controlling the land route to

Asia           i. Forces Europeans to explore new

ways to the Westb. Spread Christianityc. Technological advances

               i. Caravel1. Sturdy2. Triangular sails

ii. Astrolabe

iii. Magnetic compass

d. Impacti. Paper, compass, silk, porcelain

(China)ii. Textiles, numeral system (India and

Middle East)iii. Scientific transfer—medicine,

astronomy, mathematics

II. Portugala.  Prince Henry

ii. Founded a navigation schoolb. . By 1460 Portuguese ships had traveled

down the west coast of Africa and established trading posts there

c. Bartholomew Dias reached the Southern tip of Africa 1488

d. Vasco De Gama sailed around Africa and reached Calicut in India

i. Established first sea route to India

e. Trading Empire               i.  Conquered important ports in west

Indiaa. Lead to the ownership of the islands of Malecca or “Spice Islands”

f. Nations such as Spain follow suit as Ferdinand Magellan sails to the Phillipenes and clams them for Spain

III. Competing claims in the Easta.  1600- Dutch and English attempt to

create their own trade empires           i. Dutch owned the largest fleet in the

worldii. Eventually Dutch andEnglish break the Portuguese hold on the east

                     iii. Compete with each other for dominance

1. Both create East India Companies eventually the Dutch get the better of the competition

IV. Japana.  Portuguese came in 1543

i. Brought firearms among other items1. Way of the Samuri ending

b. Christian missionaries                i. Welcomed because they were

associated with trade                      ii. Began converting large numbers of

Japanese to Christianity1. Upset Tokugawa Ieysau2. By 1612 he focused on ridding his country of Christians

iii.      1637- uprising led by many Christians infuriates the Japanese leadership

iv. Ended religious tolerance in Japan

c. Closed country policy                i. By 1639 Japan had safely

excluded itself from both merchants and missionaries

                  ii. Nagasaki was the only port remaining open for trade

VI.  Atlantic Explorationa. Spanish, Columbus discovers Caribbean

islands in 1492b. Portuguese, Ferdinand Magellan 1522

               i. Circumnavigates the globed. Spanish, Ponce De Leon, 1513,

                i. Claims modern day Floridae. French, Jacques Cartier 1534

               i. Discovers St. Lawrence River ii.Follows it toward island and named it Mont Royal

VII. Spanish in Americasa. Hernando Cortez, 1519

               i. Lands on the shore of Mexicoii. Carved through Mexico in hopes of gold and silver

                     iii. reaches Aztec capitol of Tenochtitlaniv. Aztec leader Montezuma II thinks Cortez is a god

                     v. Conquers the Aztecs because1. Superior weaponry2. Other tribes assistance3. Disease

b. Francisco Pizarro, 1532 and the Incas                  i. Defeated Incas

c. Spain’s influence on the Americasi. Live with the conquered people, intermarrying ii. Mestizos- mixed Spanish and Native Americans

           iii. Encomienda system1. Conquered people basically slaves to Spanish2. Many natives revolt but without success

                     iv. Catholic priests accompany conquests

1. Create Santa Fe in what is now New Mexico

VIII. New France (Canada)a. Fur trade dominates

IX.  Englisha. Establish Jamestown in 1607

             b. Puritans settle in “New England”, 1620

               

IX. Slavery And the New World           a. Death of Native Americans causes a

need for cheap labor           b. Plantations require large number

of laborersi. Why Africans

1. Exposed to European disease2. Had experience farming3. Foreign to the land

      c. Between 15 and 1600i.  300,000 Africans were deported to the Americasii. 1.2 million in the 1600’s

c. Many African rulers play a cooperative role in the slave trade

c. Triangular tradei. First route

1. European goods to West Africa

a. Exchange for Africans2. Africans transported across Atlantic sold in the West Indies

b. Exchange for Sugar3. Merchants bought sugar and Tobacco in West Indies and sailed back to Europe

d. Slavery in Americas            i. Poor treatment

1. Sold at auction2. Not properly fed or clothed

ii. Some revolted

e. Results               i. Africa

1. Lost generations of most fit2. Devastated society

a. Tore apart familiesb. Introduced guns

                                              i. Increased warii. America

1. Allowed for economic, colonial success2. Agriculture

a. Allowed SC to become a successful rice growing state

II. Columbian Exchangea. Global transfer of foods, plants and animals b. From America to Europe

           i. Potatoes and Corn1. For longer healthier lives!

c. From Europe to America               i. Livestock

1. Horses2. Cattle 3. Pigs

    ii. Disease1. Kills native Americans

III. Commercial Revolutiona. New wave of business and trade practices prompted by successes in colonization of

the Americasb. Capitalism

i. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nationsii. System based on private ownership and investment for profit

                     iii. Merchants obtain wealth rivaling governments

                     

b. Joint-Stock Companies                i. People pooled their wealth for a

common investment                     ii. Many people invest little because

one person was not willing to take the risk and lose a great deal of money

c. Mercantilism               i. Country’s power depended mainly

on wealth1. Through favorable balance of trade2. Obtain as much gold and silver as possible

ii. Colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country

The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

I. Scientific Revolutiona. New way of looking at the world based on observation and

questioning accepted beliefs

b. Caused by mixing of cultures

II. Geocentrism vs. heliocentrism      a. Nicolaus Copernicus

i. Created heliocentric model of the universe in On the Resolutions of Heavenly Bodies

b. Johannes Kepleri. Continues Copernicus’ research and discovers planets motion is governed by a law of motion

c. Galileo Galileii. Objects fall at a standard speedii.Used the newly created telescope to publish Starry Messenger

1. Told of                                     a. Jupiter’s moons

b. Moon craters iii. Church

1. Did not like scientific findingsSubjected Galileo to the inquisition and he recanted

III. Scientific methoda. Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideasb. Process

i. Name the problem or questionii. Form an educated guess (hypothesis)     of the cause of the problem and make predictions based upon the hypothesis

iii. Test your hypothesis by doing an     experiment or study (with proper controls)

  iv. Check and interpret your results  v. Report your results to the scientific

     community

       

c. Newton               1. Certain all objects are effected by

universal, natural lawsi. Motionii. Gravity

2. Every object attracts every other object

IV. Discoverya. William Harvey

i. Circulation of Blood

b. Medicinei. Edward Jenner introducing a vaccine for smallpox in Early 1700’s

V.      Hobbes     a. Convinced by the horrors of the English Civil War comes up with a philosophy dealing with the state of nature

b. Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection.

c. Leviathan

i. Best government has a strong executive

VI. Lockea. Two Treatises on Government—

People are sovereign; consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property. .       b. All men are born equal with natural

rights of life, liberty, and property1. Used by Jefferson in America’s Declaration of

IndependenceVII. Voltaire

a. Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state

VIII. Montesquieua. Believed the government should be divided into several different

parts1. Separation of Powers2. On the Spirit of Laws

i. Argued for checks and balances

Where can you see this philosopher’s work in today’s society? Constitution of the US

IX. Rousseaua. Wrote The Social Contract

1. Government was a free agreement between peoples for a common good

XII. Impacta. Changed ideas of church and stateb. Belief in progress

i. Science was now seen as an avenue to improve life

                ii. Gives people the belief that human reason could solve social problems

c. Secularismi. People question the churchii.Scientific discoveries conflicting with church doctrine

d. Importance of the individuali. When people stopped looking to the church they turn inwardii. Encouraged to create their own barometer of right and wrong

e. Representative artists, philosophers, and writers •• i. Johann Sebastian Bach— Baroque Composer •• ii. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart— Classical Composer •• iii Eugène Delacroix—Romantic School Painte

ALL OF THIS LEAD TO

REVOLUTIONS INREVOLUTIONS IN

AMERICAAMERICA

FRANCEFRANCE

French Revolution I.  Feudalism

a. People of France were divided into 3 Estates

           i. First1. Clergy

a. Owns 10% of landb. Provide education

ii. Second1. Rich Nobles2. 2% of population own 20% of land3. Paid almost no taxes

i. Third1. 98% of the population2. 3 groups

a. Bourgeoisiei. Merchantsii. As rich as noblesiii. Feel they should have more a voice in politics

                                      iv. Believed enlightenment ideals

                                                    v. Paid high taxes

b. Workers (servants)                                       i. Low wages

ii. Often went hungry

c. Peasants                                   i. 80% of population

ii. ½ of income due to nobles in taxesiii. Want change

What were the 3 Estates? Who were members of each Estate? 11stst Estate Estate

ClergyClergy 22ndnd Estate Estate

NoblesNobles 33rdrd Estate Estate

Merchants and peasantsMerchants and peasants

b. Reasons for Change                i. Enlightenment

1. Equality, Liberty, Fraternityii. Example of American Revolution

c. Estates General (May 1789)               i. Each has one vote

ii. Usually dominated by 1st and 2nd

1. Overrule the 3rd

a. Tired of this b. Want to create National Assembly

II. Storming of the Bastille (July 1789)a.    Crowd attempts to get guns from

Bastille in order to defend against foreign soldiersb. Lead to a rebellion throughout Francec. October 1789 peasants storm Versailles and force the King and Queen out of power

III. Reform throughout Francea. Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789)

      

d. Radicalismi. Jacobins

1. Lead by Jean Paul Marat2. Wanted to behead the enemies of France, domestic and foreign 3.    Try and execute Louis XVI (Jan., 1793)

a. Declare France a Republic

ii. New leaders recruit an army of 800,000 by 1794

e. Reign of Terrori. Maximilien Robespierre (1793)

1. Wants a Republic of virtue2. End all semblance of Monarchy

ii. Creates Committee on Public Safety1. Heads committee2. Decides who should be enemies

                                  a. Begins beheading themb. Nearly 40,000c. 85% Third Estate

3. Uses the position to dispatch political rivals4. Arrested by National Convention (1794)

a. Feared Robespierrei. Had him beheaded

IV. Resultsa. End of the absolute monarchy of

Louis XVI

b. Rise of Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte

I. Napoleona. Becomes a hero after defending the

National Convention (1795)b. Coup d’Etat (1799)

                  i. Napoleon has his troops march into the legislature and a vote is made to create a new executive

                     ii. Group of 3 consuls, one of which is Napoleoniii. Napoleon seizes power from the other consuls and becomes emperor (1804)

c. Policies                  i. Set up taxes and a national bank

ii. Decreased government corruptioniii. Set up schoolsiv. Signed concordat with Pope Pius

VII1. Recognized the power of the church2. Separated Church and State3. Gained the support of the church

v. Napoleonic Code

d. Foreign Affairs                i. Americas

ii. Napoleon, frustrated with Louisiana sold it to Jefferson (1803)

From whom did Napoleon sell the Louisiana territory? Thomas Jefferson (America)Thomas Jefferson (America)

iii. Attempt to Unify Europe1. Controlled

a. Austrian Netherlandsb. Parts of Italy and Switzerland

2. Created the greatest empire since the Romans (1805)

3.  Wants to conquer Britaina. Britain had great navy

i. Napoleon wants to defeat it

b. Battle of Trafalgarii. French lose big

                                 iii. British naval supremacy

c. Napoleon couldn’t invade Britain

4.    Invasion of Russia (1812)a. Russians refuse to meet Napoleon in open battleb. Scorched Earth Policy

                      i. Burn all crops/ livestockii. Starve the enemy

c. Napoleon takes Moscow, Sep. 1812                        i. Waits for treaty

      ii. Doesn’t happen iii. Forced to retreat during

winter

f. Fourth coalition         i. Austria, Britain, Russia,

Prussia, and Sweden        ii. By April, 1814 Napoleon

defeated, accepts terms1. Banished to Elba

iii. Napoleon fails to Unite all of Europe

Europe in 1812Europe in 1812

The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Main ObjectivesMain Objectives

e It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

e It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Key Players at Vienna

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich

(Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna

Key Principles Established at Vienna

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy (Restore Monarchy)

V Compensation

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy (Restore Monarchy)

V Compensation

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Count Cavour [The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

Sardinia-Piedmont: Cavour sides with

France against Austria gains lands in N. Italy

Sardinia-Piedmont: Cavour sides with

France against Austria gains lands in N. Italy

Italian unification:Long after the rest of Europe (aside from Germany)[“

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, Cavour sides with Prussia Gains Venetia 1866

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, Cavour sides with Prussia Gains Venetia 1866Austria looses control of Venetia.

Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Italy is united!

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood&

Iron”

RealpolitikBy any means

necessary

The “IronChancello

r”

TheGerman

Confederation

TheGerman

Confederation

[Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

[Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

PrussiaPrussia

AustriaAustria

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Leads directly to the unification of Germany

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Leads directly to the unification of Germany

German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag

Unified German Empire, 1871

Latin American Revolutions

I. Haiti (Saint Domingue)a.   French colonyb.  Slaves majority of populationc.   Revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

           i. Ex-slaveii. Freed the slaves iii. Signed an agreement with French they didn’t honor

1. Imprisoned and diediv. Declared Haiti independent

d. First black colony to gain independence

Mexico HaitiColumbiaVenezuelaBrazil

II. Societya. Viceroys/ colonial officers

i. runs colonyb. Mestizos

               i. European and Nativesc. Creoles

i. Locally born people with foreign ancestry

III. SOUTH American Revolutiona. Simon Bolivar

i. Brilliant Venezuelan Generali.   Declares Venezuelan

independence (1811)b. Bolivar takes control of the armies

i. Bolivar wins many battlesii. Wins independence from Spain

IV. Once upon a time in Mexico….a. Miguel Hidalgo (priest)

                   i. Calls for a revolution (1810)1. Grito de Dolores

ii. Defeated in Mexico City (1811)b. Jose Maria Morales

                i. Defeated in 1815c. Independence

               i. Liberals take over politics in Spainii. Creoles worried about their power side with revolutionariesiii. Independence declared 1821iv. Central America breaks from Mexico 1823

V. Monroe Doctrine was issued by American President, James Monroe in 1823.

A. Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent. B. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace

• and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

V. Monroe Doctrine was issued by American President, James Monroe in 1823.

A. Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent. B. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace

• and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

Artists and Painters of the 16-18th Centuries

                      Johann Sebastian Bach— ComposerJohann Sebastian Bach— Composer                       Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart— Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart—

Composer Composer                       Eugène Delacroix—PainterEugène Delacroix—Painter                       Voltaire—PhilosopherVoltaire—Philosopher                       Miguel de Cervantes—NovelistMiguel de Cervantes—Novelist

New forms of art and literatureNew forms of art and literature     Paintings depicted classical subjects, Paintings depicted classical subjects,

public events, natural scenes, and living public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits).people (portraits).

New forms of literature evolved—the novel New forms of literature evolved—the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ (e.g., Cervantes’ Don QuixoteDon Quixote).).

Industrial Revolution I. England    a. Birthplace of the industrial revolution

i. Why?1. Natural resources

a. Water and coal fuelb. Iron orec. Riversd. Harbors

2. Economic strengtha. Stability of banks leads to more people taking out loans to create machines

3.      Political Stability

II. Agriculture       a. Wealthy farmers bought smaller farms and

created enclosuresb. Jethro Tull creates the seed drill (1701)

           c. Crop Rotation1. Planting different crops in succeeding seasons to maximize soil nutrients

d.      Improved breeding techniques

III. Inventionsa. More efficient cotton spinner

i. Cotton Gin1. Eli Whitney 2. Increased demand for slaves

b. Wealthy merchants bought large machines and housed them in factories

         

Bessemer Process: Making Steel

c. Steam engine (James Watt)            i. Miningii. Steamboat

d. Improved roads

The flying shuttle

Early locomotives

e. Railway               i. Spring up in England

ii. Stephenson creates the rocket engine to run between Liverpool and Manchester

                     iii.  Impact1. Spur industrial growth2.  Cheap fast transportation3. Creates jobs4. Improved agriculture who could now get their products to markets in distant cities

Impact of Railroad on travel times

IV.  Spread of Industrializationa. United States

               i. 1790 first factory in USii. 1813, Lowell mechanizes every aspect of creating cloth

b. 1820’s becomes bigger industryc. Employs women

i. 12 hour days, 6 days a week

d. Doesn’t boom until after 18651. Reasons

a. Natural resourcesb. Inventions

                               i. Light bulbc. Railroads

                                    i. In order to create rails one needed a great deal of money

d. People buy stock, create corporations

i. Businesses owned in part by stock holders, who do not have a hand in day to day dealings of the company

VI. Resultsa. Inequality of industrialized vs. unindustrialized nationsb. Creation of colonization for manipulation of

resources           i. Leads to Imperialism

ii. Mainly by the Westc. Society

            i. Improvements in wealth and health1. Despite the inequalities urban workers faced

ii. Emerging middle classiii. Increased pollutioniv. Increased educational opportunitiesv. Increased political participation

1. Leads to social reform

VII. Social movementsa. Laissez-fair economics

               i. Championed by Adam Smiths’ Wealth of Nations

                     ii. Idea that government regulation of trade would hurt the economyiii. An economy will prosper if allowed free trade

What does Laissez Fair mean?

Hands offHands off

   b. Capitalismi. Economic system where money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit

c. Socialism               i. Believed it was governments jobs to help

improve people’s lives      

    e. Utopiai. Cooperative living place where one could build the perfect society

f. Marxismi. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (1849)

1. Friedrich Engels2. Means of production are controlled by the people3. Gov. should actively plan the economy and not leave it to free market

ii. Wealthy control the means of production and the poor need to revolt and establish controliii. This perfect socialism he called Communism

VIII. Unionizationa. Speak for the workers of a particular trade

through collective bargainingb. If organizations don’t agree workers can strike

                i. Until 1875 outlawed in Englandii. America Unions join to ultimately form organizations like the AFL

c. Grievancesi. Workers angery over poor working conditions, long hours, bad pay, and child labor

IX. The impact the Industrial Revolution had on the lives of women, children, and the family:

A. Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory systemB. Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wagesC. Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits highD. Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

E. Women argue for suffrage

Life During the Industrial Revolution

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

Worker Housing

The Age of ImperialismI. Imperialism

a. Economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.

II.  In Africaa. Congo

               i. Belgiumb. Motives

i. Industrialization caused need for more resources

                     ii. Racism1. Industrialized vs. Unindustrialized

nationsiii. Social Darwinism

c. Factors leading to Imperialism               i. Weapons

ii. Steam engine allowed for easy travel to conquered lands

                     iii. Quinine1. Negates malaria

iv. Africa fractured1. Many tribes and cultures

d. Colony- Direct control over a countrye. Protectorate- Military control over a country by protecting itf. Sphere of Influence- Economic control over a country

II. Egypta Isma’il

               i. Supported building the Suez Canal1. Egyptian labor and French money2. Competed in 18693. 1882 British controlled by occupying Egypt

c. Allows British much quicker access to lands in Asia and Africa

In 1882 who controlled the Suez Canal? BritishBritish

III. Indiaa. East India Company dominates India

               i. Had its own military lead by British Elite 1. Staffed by sepoys (Indian soldiers)

b. Considered by British the most valuable colonyi. Rich in resourcesii. Large population market

c. Controlled Indian economy through economic policy (sphere of influence)

           i. Couldn’t compete for goodsii. Had to supply raw materialsiii. Had to purchase finished goods

How did Britain Control India?

Through its economyThrough its economy

d. Goods               i. Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton and opium

1. Opium trade with Chinae. Impact of colonialism

               i. Positives: British Build1. Railroads2. Irrigation3. Communication4. Dams5. Bridges6. Protection by British troops

     ii. Negatives1. Little political and economic power2. Increased production of cash crops in favor of textiles

a. Caused famine

f. Sepoy rebellion (1857)           i. Sepoys find that cartridges of their rifles

sealed with beef and pork fat and refuse to fightii. Sepoys jailed

1. Next day rebel and take Delhi2. Move onto central India

iii. Rebellion doesn’t last due to internal fracturingiv. Rebellion marks the beginning of official British rule over India

1. Portion Britain ruled was known as the Raj

g. Indian Nationalismi. Fueled by British ruleii. Indians felt it was not fair to be second class citizens in their own country

IV. Southeast Asiaa. Dutch East India Company

               i. Set up rigid social structure with Dutch on topb. British establish a port at Singapore

                i. To compete with Dutch trade with Chinac. French Indochina

               i. French merchants use missionary killing as spark

1. Napoleon III orders the invasion and Vietnam becomes a French colony, along with

a.      Laosb.      Cambodia

ii. French set up a social structure where they are at the head

1. Hold all political positions

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              

                                                         

What country comes to control Vietnam? FranceFrance

d. Impact on indigenous peoples                i. Growing economy

ii. Increased transportation due to roads and railsiii. Education, health and sanitation improveiv. Large migration of peoples into the area to work

1. Cultures blenda. Hindus, Christians, Muslims, and Buddhistsb. Leads to clashes in the region

V. Pacific Islandsa. U.S. acquire Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines as a result of the Spanish American War (1898)b. Philippines

                i. Emilio Aguinaldo gains independence for Philippines

1. U.S. defeats Aguinaldo and prepares Philippines for self rule

ii. United States assists Aguinaldo’s defense against nationalist and gains a sphere of influence

VI. Chinaa. Economy allows China to be self-sufficient

                i. By the 1700’s has a booming agricultural economy

1. Based greatly on rice2. Other crops allow China to feed its vast population

ii. Mines1. Salt, tin, iron and silver

What country annexed Hawaii in 1898? United StatesUnited States

e. Nationalism     i. The Boxer Rebellion

1. Frustrated with their loss of power the Chinese people rebel2. Poor resent privileges given to foreigners and Christians in particular3.  1900 surround the European section of Beijing and keep it under siege for several months

a. Defeated quickly by a multinational force

4. Forces the government to become more attentive to the people’s needs

VII. Japana. Ends isolationism (1853)

                  i. Commodore Matthew Perry and “suggests” Japan open their ports

b. Japanese people fear losing their country to

foreigners                i.  Force the Tokugawa to step down ending

the military dictatorship crated in the 12th centuryii. Meji Era Begins (1867)

Why did Japan end isolationism?

Fear of war with the United StatesFear of war with the United States

VIII. U.S. Imperialism in Latin Americaa. Weak government

                i. Ruled mostly by military dictatorsb. Latin America unindustrializedc. Economic Imperialism

                i. Uneven trade balance1. Trade raw goods and buy finished goods

                     ii. Receive loans for facilities for industry1. High interest rate2. Can’t pay it back

a. Foreigners gain control

d. Monroe Doctrine              i. James Monroe says stay out of the

Americase. Cuba declares independence

              i. 1895, Jose’ Marti fights for independenceii. 1898 Spanish-American Wariii. America concerned with holdings in Cuba, gets involved

f. Panama Canal    i. Began by the French, became too costly

ii. Americas wish to build the Canal1. Panama overcharges

iii. Theodore Roosevelt1. Supports a revolution in Panama against Columbia2. Win and give US rights to the Canal

iv. Opened 1914

World War I I. Causes

a. Nationalism               i. Deep devotion to one’s nation

ii. Caused intense competitions between nations as a result ofiii. Territorial disputes

1. France- Alsace- Lorraine2. Austria Hungary/ Russia

a. Balkans3. Different ethnicities

a. Serbianb. Bulgarianc. Romaniand. Each wanted independence

b. Imperialism  i. Countries competing for resources (colonies)

in Africa and Asiac. Militarism

               i. Nationalism leads to an arms raceii. Great powers begin creating armies that could be quickly mobilizediii.Also created strategic plans for mobilizationiv. Kaiser Wilhelm II creates large navy to compete with England

d. Alliance system                 i. Bismarck united united Germany by 1871

1. Saw France as a threata. Created the Triple Alliance

i. Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungaryii. Each would come to the aid of the other during an altercation

What were the 4 main causes of WWI? MilitarismMilitarism Alliance SystemAlliance System ImperialismImperialism NationalismNationalism

2. Kaiser Wilhelm II comes to powera. Militaristicb. Lets alliance with Russia lapse

i. Russia responds by creating another allianceii. Triple Entente

1. Russia, France, and Great Britain2 Created in response to Germanys alliance system

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

i. Western Front Trench Warfare1. Living in dug trenches for long periods of time2. Stalemate3. Short geographical gains with great personnel loss4. No Mans Land

a. Space between the trenchesb. Many die

5. Germans battle of Verduna. Each side loses 300,000

6. Battle of the Somme Rivera. Each side loses over 1 million

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

e. Eastern Front               i. More mobile then the West

ii. Russia1. Can’t receive supplies (Germany controls the Baltic)2. Not industrialized3. Receive massive casualties4. Will lead to?

a. Due to civil unrest a revolution breaks out

                                              i. Vladimir Lennon signed treaty in 1918 with Germany

a. Harsh on Russiab. Lost lands in Eastern Europe

The Russian The Russian RevolutionRevolution

The Russian The Russian RevolutionRevolution

Nicholas IINicholas II Nicholas IINicholas II Became Czar Became Czar

in 1894in 1894Econ. growthEcon. growth “ “Bloody Bloody

Sunday” Sunday”

Russia in WWIRussia in WWIRussia in WWIRussia in WWI

1915 - hard times!1915 - hard times!Czar Nicholas II to the Czar Nicholas II to the front…mistake!front…mistake!1. 1. Causes of Russian RevolutionCauses of Russian Revolution

The March RevolutionThe March RevolutionThe March RevolutionThe March Revolution

March 1917 riotsMarch 1917 riotsNicholas Nicholas abdicatesabdicatesSet up a Set up a provisionalprovisional gov’t gov’tRevolutionary socialists Revolutionary socialists ((SovietsSoviets & & BolsheviksBolsheviks))

V.I. LeninV.I. LeninV.I. LeninV.I. LeninExiled to Exiled to Siberia (1895)Siberia (1895)

Returned in Returned in April 16, 1917April 16, 1917

““Peace, Land, Peace, Land, and Bread” and Bread”

The Bolshevik RevolutionThe Bolshevik RevolutionThe Bolshevik RevolutionThe Bolshevik Revolution

Red GuardsRed Guards attack the attack the provisional governmentprovisional government

End private ownershipEnd private ownershipNew red flag…hammer New red flag…hammer and sickleand sickle

Russian RevolutionCzar Abdicates, Romanov family killed

Failure of Provisional

Government

Bolsheviks takeover under Lenin

Russia Under LeninRussia Under LeninRussia Under LeninRussia Under LeninDistribute farmlandDistribute farmlandTreaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Reds vs. WhitesReds vs. WhitesReign of Terror Reign of Terror Romanov family shotRomanov family shot

Russia Under LeninRussia Under LeninRussia Under LeninRussia Under LeninNew Economic Policy New Economic Policy (NEP)(NEP)

USSR (1922)USSR (1922)Bolsheviks to Bolsheviks to CommunistsCommunists

I.I. Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin Entrenchment of communismEntrenchment of communism

ii. ii. Stalin’s policies (five-year plans, Stalin’s policies (five-year plans, collectivization of farms, state collectivization of farms, state industrialization, secret police)industrialization, secret police)Great PurgeGreat Purge

I.I. Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin Entrenchment of communismEntrenchment of communism

ii. ii. Stalin’s policies (five-year plans, Stalin’s policies (five-year plans, collectivization of farms, state collectivization of farms, state industrialization, secret police)industrialization, secret police)Great PurgeGreat Purge

Effects of Russian Revolution

Civil War between Reds and Whites, April 1918

Russia makes peace with Germany, March, 1918

Communist government under Lenin’s New Economic Policy 1921

Russia renamed USSR 1922

c. United States gets drawn into war               i. Germany begins unrestricted submarine

warfare1. Sink Lusitania

a. Passenger ship carrying Americans

ii. Zimmerman Telegram1. Telegram from Germany to Mexico urging them to attack the U.S.

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

d. Birth of the Total War economic policy                i. Countries fully mobilized towards war

1. Governments a. Suppressed anti-war activityb. Created propaganda

i. To win public supportii. Not entirely accurate

c. Told companines                  i. What to produce

ii. How much to produce iii. How much to preserve (rationing)

2. Unemployment nearly disappearsa. Women get an opportunity to work

V. Allies Wina. Due to American reinforcements Germany loses

i. Leads to collapse of central powers1. Austria-Hungary collapses2. Germans turn on Kaiser

                                    a. He steps downb. Germany signs an armistice

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

PlayersTREATY OF VERSAILLES

George Clemenceau (France)

Woodrow Wilson (United States)

David Lloyd George (Great Britain)

Provisions League of Nations: 

Peace organization US didn’t join

Territorial Losses: 

Germany loses Alsace-Lorraine to France and all oversees colonies   

Military Provisions: Germany may not: Create ArmyCreate NavyHave weapons

War Guilt: Germany responsible for WWI and forced to pay allies $33 billion in reparations

Results Germany angry over war guilt

Mandated territories angry they did not instantly gain independence Eventually tensions and the lack of power in the League of Nations will lead to WW II

VI. The end of Empires

The following empires were destroyed by The following empires were destroyed by WW IWW I RussianRussian OttomanOttoman Austro-HungarianAustro-Hungarian GermanGerman

During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves.

After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control).

The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.

                                                                                     

VII. Global Depression1. Economy

a. Germans print money to pay reparations

i. Causes massive inflationii. Bread costs 200 marks

ii. United States1. Stock Market crashes, 1929

a. Banks fail                                   b. Collapse of prices in world trade

i. Global trading comes to a stand still

VIII. Rise of Fascismi. the Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.

      i. Emphasized loyalty to the State and obedience to its leaderii. Dictatorialiii. Benito Mussolini (Italy)

1. Rose to power due to the anger the people felt over depression2. Controlling leader

a. Secret police

i. Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party1. Tried a march on Munich, failed and was imprisoned

a. Wrote Mien Kompf                                        i. German Aryan race superior

ii. Gypsies, Jews, and Slavs were inferioriii. Treaty of Versailles is an outrageiv. Will bring Germany to glory

Nazi Rise to Powera. Inflation and depressionb. Democratic government weakened

cAnti-Semitismd. Extreme nationalisme. National Socialism (Nazism)

f. German occupation of nearby countries

3. Defies Versailles Treatya. Germany begins rebuilding its armed forces, 1935

                        i. League of Nations does nothingb. Germany takes the Rhineland, 1935

                          i. Buffer with Francec. Britain suggests appeasement

ii. Mussolini, Italy takes Ethiopia (1935)1. League of Nations does not take action

iii. 1936 Germany united with Italy and Japan to form the Axis

Who were the members of the Axis? GermanyGermany ItalyItaly JapanJapan

v. Western policy of isolation and appeasement1. United States remains isolationist

a. Did not want to get dragged into another war

2. Germany expands into Czechoslovakia and Austria into the Third Riech (1938)3. Munich Conference

a. Britain and France choose to appease Hitler and give him the Sudetenland

i. Hitler then takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and Mussolini takes Albania

ii. Hitler sets his sites on Polanda. Believes Britain and France won’t risk war

vi. Soviet Non-Aggression Pact1. The democracies of the west did not trust soviet communism and negotiations to have them enter the conflict to stop Germany’s aggression were slow2. 1939 Stalin signed a pact with Hitler to not wage war on eachother3. Hitler’s expansion and the Soviet Union’s non aggression set the stage for war

World War II

I. Germany’s Blitzkrieg, or lightning wara. Poland

               i. Due to the non aggression pact it fell quickly due to the blitzkrieg

1. Fast attacks by quick plains and tanks, followed by troops

ii. Soviets quickly occupy their portion of Polandiii. Triggers World War

1. Great Britain and France declare war on Germany September 3, 1939

iv. Germany quickly takes France

b. The Battle of Britain               i. “We shall fight on the beaches, we hall fight on

the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets…we shall never surrender.” –Winston Churchill

                     ii. Germany’s Operation Sea Lion was designed to:

1. Knock out the Royal Air Force (RAF)2. Land troops on British Shores

b. Soviet Union (Hitler’s greatest blunder)               i. Operation Barbarossa

ii. Hitler drives deep into the Soviet Union1. Soviets unprepared and untrained2. Soviets employ scorched earth strategy

                iii. Hitler halted at Leningrad turns to Moscow1. Gets stuck in the soviet winter

a. Troops wearing summer uniformsb. Lack of supplies from Europe c. Forced to turn back

                                                      

                                  

Why was invading the Soviet Union Hitler’s greatest blunder? Forced him to fight a two front warForced him to fight a two front war Ignored the past and Napoleon’s failureIgnored the past and Napoleon’s failure Allowed for American assistance to be Allowed for American assistance to be

realized during the warrealized during the war Lost him many soldiers and suppliesLost him many soldiers and supplies

d. United States’ assistance               i. Slow to enter war

1. Isolationistii. Lend-Lease Act

1.Loaning Europe weapons2. Protecting ships carrying those weapons

iii. Roosevelt met Churchill to create the Atlantic Charter

1. Serve as the allies peace plan for after WW II2. Supported

a. Free trade and right of a nation to choose its own government

What leaders were known as the “Big Three?” Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

III. War in the far Easta. Japan (Emperor Hirohito)b. Military lead by General Hideki Tojo

           i. Attacks Pearl Harbor/ “A date that will live in infamy”

1. Located in Hawaii2. December 7, 19413. Motivates America to mobilize

c. Industrialization of Japan, leading to drive for raw materialsd. Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China                   

c. Allies Strike Back (Lead by General Douglas Macarthur)         

Who was the leader of the Allied forces in the Pacific? General Douglas MacarthurGeneral Douglas Macarthur

   iii. Allied offensive1. Douglas Macarthur’s strategy of island hopping

a. Hop from weak Japanese islands closer to Japanb. Cut supply lines from Japan to its stronger islands and let them starvec. Began with the Battle of Guadalcanal

i. Proved the Japanese perseverance in battleii. Eventually taken by the Allies in February, 1943 after six months

What was island hopping?

Hop from weak Japanese islands Hop from weak Japanese islands closer to Japancloser to Japan

Cut supply lines from Japan to its Cut supply lines from Japan to its stronger islands and let them starvestronger islands and let them starve

II. Soviet Uniona. Soviets hold at Stalingrad

               i. Germans lose 1 million men to winter, starvation, illness, and fightingii. Stalingrad held despite being bombed to the groundiii. Germans eventually surrender in February 1943

III. Italya. Majority of Italy taken in 1943 by Allied forcesb. Rome taken by 1944c. April, 1945 Italy completely liberatedd. Mussolini captured, shot and hanged in Milan

Where did the Soviets stop Hitler? StalingradStalingrad

IV. Europe (Lead by Dwight Eisenhower)a. D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Operation Overlord)              

i. British, French, Canadian and British troops attack Normandy, Franceii. Successful and by September Allies had liberated France and several other Western European nationsiii. Lead by General Eisenhower

c. Germany surrenders      i. Hitler commits suicide

ii. Germany surrenders May 7, 19451. V-E Day

What is May 7, 1945 referred to as? Victory in Europe dayVictory in Europe day

c. The Atomic Bomb               i. America fearing great casualties with taking

Japan decided to use the atomic bomb to end the war quickly

1. Truman warns Japanese that if they do not surrender their will be rain of ruin from the air2. August 6, 1945 bomb dropped on

Hiroshima killing 73,000 peoplea. Three Days later another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki

ii. Japan surrender on September 2, 19451. V-J Day

VI. Europe and Japan After the Wara. European powers’ loss of empires b. Establishment of two major powers in the world: The United States and the U.S.S.R.c. War crimes trialsd. Division of Europe—Iron Curtaine Establishment of the United Nations

i. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1. Established and adopted by members of

the United Nations 2. Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government

f. Marshall Plan- Monies from US to Europe to rebuildg. Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Warsaw Pact

What was the American plan to rebuild Europe called? The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

• • During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide During World War I, Great Britain and France agreed to divide large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East large portions of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East between themselves.between themselves.

• • After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and After the war, the “mandate system” gave Great Britain and

France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and France control over the lands that became Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French Palestine (British control) and Syria and Lebanon (French control). control).

• • The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate The division of the Ottoman Empire through the mandate system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East. system planted the seeds for future conflicts in the Middle East.

b. Nuremberg Trials                i. 22 Nazis accused with crimes against

humanity1. 12 sentenced to death

c. Japan               i. U.S. occupation

1. Demilitarization2. Democratization

ii. Create a constitution (Strongly influenced by US)

                          1. Devine right of emperor ended2. Women could vote3. Diet created

a. Parliamentary democracy

THE MANDATE SYSTEM

A. the mandate system established after World War I was phased out after World War II. With the end of the mandates, new states

were created in the Middle East.

B. Mandates in the Middle Easti. Established by the League of Nationsii. Granted independence after World War IIiii. Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences

  C. French Mandates in the Middle Easti. Syriaii. Lebanon

  D. British Mandates in the Middle Easti. Jordanii. Palestine (part became independent as the State of Israel)

The Holocaust  Genocide: The systematic killing of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group of people. Also known as ethnic cleansing. The Holocaust: Hitler killing the Jews for more “living space” to make room for the Aryan (white) race. Concentration camps for Jews were throughout Germany, Austria, Poland, Russia, Italy, etc.

I.  Policy of Anti-Semitism began in early 1930’sa. Blamed Jews for their failure in WW I and hard times afterwardb. Hitler used them as a scapegoat c. 1933- Jews may not hold public officed. Nuremburg laws

                i. Jews may not1. Be citizens2. Hold certain jobs3. Own property

e. Jews had to wear a yellow star on their sleeve to identify them

II. Kristallnacht “night of broken glass”a. 1938- Nazis launch violent attacks on the jewish community destroying

               i. Businessesii. Homesiii. Synagogues

b. Killed at least 100 jewsIII. Jews flee the country in search of safety

a. Many to England and Franceb. Most to Americac. Including Albert Einstein

IV. Jewish Ghettosa. Hitler herded Jews into sections of Poland and sealed them off with walls and barbed wire

               i. Attempt at starving them and killing them through disease

1. Jews still hung on a. Some entered a resistance smuggling food and other suppliesb. Continued their traditions

V. The Final Solutiona. Genocide of the Jews in Europe to purify the populous and pave the way for the Aryan raceb. Hitler had his SS round up men, women and children line them up and shoot them

               i. Buried in mass gravesc. Those the SS did not reach were placed in concentration camps

                i. Slave camps where they would work 12 hours for 7 days a week

1. Poorly fed2. Often beaten and killed

d. 1941-42 Final exterminationi. Germany builds camps with gas chambers designed to exterminate the Jews

                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                  

The Cold War

I. A Bi-Polar global system is createda. Two superpowersb. Yalta Conference (1945)

                i. Britain, United States and Russia meetii. Germany divided into occupation zones created by the Alliesiii. East European countries would have free elections

What was decided at the Yalta conference? Germany divided into occupation zones created by the AlliesGermany divided into occupation zones created by the Allies East European countries would have free electionsEast European countries would have free elections

a. Differing goals after WW II               i. Soviets

1. Encourage Communism in other countries2. Rebuild economy and industry3. Control Eastern Europe4. Keep Germany divided

ii. United States1. Encourage democracy2. Gain access to raw materials and markets promote capitalism3. Rebuild European governments to promote stability and new markets4. Reunite Germany

iii. Causes great friction

II. United Nations Createda. Replaced League of Nations in 1945b. Created to save members from future warsc. 11 member security council has the real power

               i. 5 permanent members 1. USSR2. USA3. China4. Britain5. France

III. Soviets control Eastern Europe (Iron Curtain)a. Russia secures countries in East Europe as communist “buffer” for protection

Margaret Thatcher British Prime Minister Opposed Soviet communism – “Iron Lady” Free trade and less government regulation of business Close relationship with United States and U.S. foreign policy Asserted United Kingdom’s military power

b. Potsdam conference                i. Truman (America), Churchill (Britain), and

Stalin (USSR) meet to discuss Stalin’s violation of the Yalta agreementii. Truman demanded Stalin to allow free elections in Eastern Europe and the Soviet refused

1. Created the “iron curtain” between the democratic Western Europe and the Communist Eastern Europe

iii. Stalin says capitalism and communism cannot exist in the same world

What is the figurative name for the separation between communist Eastern Europe and Democratized Western Europe?

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain

c. Germany               i. Remains split East communist and West

democraticii. Berlin Wall built

IV. Policy of Containmenta. After the war both the USSR and US attempted to expand their political philosophies around the globeb. President Truman stated that Communism needed to be contained to its current borders

               i. Create democratic alliancesii. Help weak nations resist Soviet Influence

c. Truman Doctrine               i. Support of countries rejecting communism

1. Including dictators and warlordsd. Marshall Plan

                i. 12.5 billion to rebuild Western Europeii. Do not allow them to fall to communist influence

What was containment?

Truman’s belief that communism needed to Truman’s belief that communism needed to be contained to prevent a domino effect in be contained to prevent a domino effect in the world.the world.

V. Berlin Airlifta. 1948- Britain, US, and France leave West Germany and allow their zones to unite

               i. Irritates Soviets and they cut off Berlin’s Western zones

1. Threatens to starve the cityb. British and Americans airlift supplies into the city for 11 months until the USSR caved

StatisticsCargo (short tons)

Flights Total Food Coal Other

USA 189,963 1,783,573 296,319 1,421,119 66,135

UK 87,841 541,937 240,386 164,911 136,640

France 424 896 unk unk unk

Total 278,228 2,326,406

VI. Divided worlda. Formation of NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization

              i. Formed in response to the Berlin airliftb. Soviets respond with the Warsaw Pact

                i. Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czech., Hungary, Romania, Albania, and Bulgaria

c. Nuclear deterrence               i. The peacemaker

1. Nuclear weaponsii. Arms race

1. Trying to create a more devastating weapons than your opponent

What was the “arms race?”

Attempt by the US and USSR to create Attempt by the US and USSR to create every increasingly destructive weapons as a every increasingly destructive weapons as a means of intimidating one another and means of intimidating one another and securing their way of life.securing their way of life.

VII. Increase in science and technologya. ICBMb. Space Race

                i. Sputnik I soviet satellitec. “open skies” proposed by Eisenhower, rejected by the Soviet Union

               i. Proposed that each country be able to fly over eachothers guard against surprise nuclear attackii. Eisenhower authorizes CIA to do high altitude flyovers

1. U-2 plane crashed in Soviet Uniona. Increased tensions

What country had the first satellite in space? What was it called?

USSRUSSR Sputnik Sputnik

VIII. Battle for territory around the globea. China

               i. Mao Zedong and the communists win peasant support due to improved food production

1. Dominated Northeast

ii. Chaing Kai-Shek and the nationalists dominate the Southwest

Who was the leader of communist forces in China? Mao ZedongMao Zedong

iii. After WW II was over the two resumed their civil war (1946-1949)

1. Although nationalists had a larger troop base and American support they lost

a. Did not win popular support of the peopleb. Deserters join the Communist partyc. 1949 Chiang and nationalists retreat to the island of Taiwan

2. Mao proclaimed the new nation the Peoples Republic of China

iv. The aftermath1. United States supports Taiwan2. Soviet Union supports China

a. Soviet/ China split 1959                                    i. Chinese do not want to follow

USSR’s lead in foreign policyii. Soviets refuse to share Nuclear secrets

3. North Korea and South Korea split along the 38th parallel 4. China expands into Manchuria and Tibet

Taiwan and South Korea followed what kind of government?

DemocracyDemocracy

   v. China under Mao Zedong1. Becomes dictatorial2. Seized landholdings and divided them among the peasants

a. Then they join collective farmsb. Was not successful

3. Companies come under government ownership

a. Also unsuccessful

4. Cultural Revolution (1966)a. Those who supported Mao’s new revolution were The Red Guardb. Championed those who worked with their hands/ peasants and rejected art and intellectual pursuitsc. Lashed out at the intellectual and socially advantaged

                                    i. Thousands imprisoned or killedd. By 1976 on the brink of civil war

i. Mao had Red Guard disbanded

Deng Xiaoping Reformed communist economy to market economy leading to rapid economic growth

Communist control of government continued

b. Korean Conflict                i. 1950, North Korea launched a surprise

attack on South Korea supported by Chinaii. South Korea turns to UN

1. USSR absent from the security council, boycotting recognition of Taiwan2. UN responds under the leadership of Douglas Macarthur

a. Fired by Truman for suggesting nuclear strike

          iii. Eventually N. Korea driven back to the 38th parallel by 1952 iv. Aftermath

1. N. Koreaa. Communist dictatorship

                                                                                                                                      i.      Lead Kim Il Sung then Kim Jung Ilb.      Created Nuclear weapons but has serious economic problems2.      S. Koreaa.      Supported by USb.      Eventually becomes democratic in 1987Very economically successful

North Korea had what political system? CommunistCommunist

IX. War in Vietnama. Young Vietnamese nationalist Ho Chi Minh turned to the communists to drive the French from Indochina

                i. French sentence Ho to death and he fleesb. Ho return in 1941 after Japan takes French Indochina

                i. Ho’s forces faught with the French until 1954 when they had a critical victory at Diem Bien Phu

              i. Had widespread support in the rural areasd. Frances loss to the Vietnamese scares America who fear that after one nation fell in Southeast Asia others would follow

i. This became known as the domino theory

Who was the communist leader of the North Vietnamese forces? Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh

e. Geneva conference               i. Decided Vietnam would be divided at 17th

parallel 1. North ruled by communist 2. South anti communist

a. Resistance of Vietcong began

f. Communists taking control of S. Vietnam               i. United States involvement

1. Gulf of Tonkin Resolutiona. President Lyndon Johnson (US) declared that Vietnamese boats had attacked American destroyers

i. Sends American troops to Vietnam

1. Had the best equipped army but had two shortcomings

a. Fighting guerilla war in unfamiliar terrainb. Did not have popular support of the people

2. Withdrawala. Vietnamization

i. After years of unsuccessful attempts at waging war and protests at home President Nixon decided in 1969 for a phased withdrawal

What was vietnamization?

President Nixon’s decision in 1969 for a President Nixon’s decision in 1969 for a phased withdrawalphased withdrawal from vietnam from vietnam

ii. Ho Chi Minh aided the Vietcong with troops and munitions

1. In 1971 North Vietnam took control of the South

iii. Postwar Vietnam1. Harsh restriction on south

a. Many flee2. Vietnam United as a Communist Country

Who was victorious during the Vietnam War? The communist North VietnameseThe communist North Vietnamese

X. Cubaa. Revolution

               i. 1950’s- US support for Batista led to a revolution

1. Headed by Fidel Castroa. Creates a communist Cuba

i. United States initiates a trade embargo

ii. Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)1. US to support a local uprising in Cuba

a. Went very poorly

b. Cuban Missile Crisis               i. Due to the Bay of pigs the new leader of the

USSR, Nikita Khruschev sent nuclear missiles to Cubaii. Discovered by US and declared unacceptable

1. President Kennedy blockaded Cubaa. US prepared to invade Cuba

iii. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if America decided not to invade Cubaiv. Aftermath

1. Cuba reliant on USSR2. Support their revolutions in Central/ South America and Africa

The United States was worried about what in Cuba? Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons

XI. Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europea. Czechoslovakia

               i. Leonid Brezhnev new Soviet Leaders(1964)1. Adopted repressive policies

ii.Attempted to adopt policies to reduce censorship and promote socialism

1. 19682. Brezhnev ordered Warsaw pact countries to invade Czech. To prevent the satellite from rejecting communism

XII. Stabilization a. United States policy of Détente (easing tensions)

               i. Richard Nixon1. 1st to visit communist China and Soviet Union2. In Soviet Union had the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) and signed the Salt I treaty, 1972

                                    a. Limited number of missiles each country could have

ii. Backed away from direct confrontation with USSRiii. Reduced tension between the two countries

What was the U.S. policy of détente’ and under whom was it implemented?

Easing of tensions with Soviet UnionEasing of tensions with Soviet Union Richard NixonRichard Nixon

b. Ronald Reagan abandons Détente                i. Due to increased altercations in Central

America and the Middle East Reagan began backing away from Détente

1. Announces SDI- Strategic Defense Initiative

a. Star Warsi. Protect America from enemy missiles

What was Star Wars-SDI?

A defense initiative to protect the United A defense initiative to protect the United States from Soviet Attack.States from Soviet Attack.

XIII. End of the Cold War Satellite Nations become nationalistic and oppose the Soviet Union a. Reforms in Poland              1. People protest in 1988

i. Gain first free election in 1989b. Spurns Hungary to attempt economic reform

1. 1989 depose the Communist rulers2. By 1994 the socialist party gained a majority of the seats in Parliament

c. Fall of the Berlin Wall               i. People demand freedom and the right to

travel outside of East Berlin after border closed in 1989

1. Wall falls October 18 when German leader allowed people to travel freely in an attempt to save Communism in East Berlin2. Germany reunified in 1990

d. Czechoslovakia               i. Inspired by Berlin as many as 550,000

protesters unite in Prague ii. Politburo resigns

iii. Romania followed suit

In what country is Berlin located? GermanyGermany

e. Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in the Soviet Union (1982)

              i. Announces a policy of glasnost (openness of ideas)

1. Allows people rights to free speech not previously allowed

ii. Announces perestroika (1985)1. Economic restructuring2. United States had spent the Soviets out of competition and their was much poverty among the population3. Private ownership of some businesses allowed

a. Allows for Europe and America to be more actively involved in trade

What does Glasnost and Perestroika mean? Who came up with these reforms?

Glasnost- opennessGlasnost- openness Perestroika- economic restructuringPerestroika- economic restructuring Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev

  iii. Defied by Luthuania in 19901. Gorbachev sends in troops to quell the uprising2. People want independence

                     iv. Boris Yeltsin defies Gorbachev and calls for peace more quickly

1. Becomes Russia's first democratically elected President in 1991

Independence Movements

I. The United Nations Chartera. Guaranteed colonial populations the right to self- determination

II. India and Pakistana. British massacre at Amristar (1919)

               i. Causes a massive increase in nationalism in India

b. Gandhi begins nonviolent protests in 1920c. Congress of India

i. National political party in Indiaii. Made up of Muslims and Hindus

d. Muslim League                i. Preached a separation from the Congress

and Hindus

e. After WW II (1946)               i. British ready to transfer power

1. Self determinationii. Muslims and Hindus riot against each other in Calcutta

1. 5,000 die in 4 days with 15,000 injurediii. Partition concept adopted

1. Separates the area into a Hindu and Muslim area

iv. 1947 a bill passes allowing for freedom of the Indian sub-continent

1. Areas have to decide whether they will be Hindu or Muslim2. Division of area into India and Pakistan

a. Caused general unrest between Muslims and Hindus

                 v. Muslims kill Sikhs and Hindus and visa versavi. Pakistan and India fight over Kasmir

1. Resolved by a UN cease fire in 1949f. Civil War in Pakistan

i. East Pakistan separates from West and creates new nation of Bangladesh

g. Indian Democracyi. Jawaharlal Nehru - a close associate of

Gandhi, supported western style industrialization

ii. 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination

iii. Ethnic and religious difference caused problems in the development of India as a

democratic nation iv. New economic development has helped to

ease financial problems of the nation f. Indira Gandhi

i. Closer relationship between India and the Soviet Union during the Cold War

ii. Developed nuclear program

III. Africaa. Nationalism increased as the education and middle class rose angry about economic exploitationb. Reasons for desire of independence

                i. Nationalismii. Resent imperial rule and economic exploitation

c. Kenya                i. British controlled good farmland

ii. British forced to accept black self- strong leadership of Jomo Kenyattaiii. Violent struggle left 10,000 black and 100

white Kenyans deadiv. Kenyatta named president when Kenya

becomes independent in 1963

d. Congo                i. Belgium grants independence in 1960

1. Leads to civil war and internal turmoil ending with the reign of Mobutu Sese Seko

a. Changes the name to Zaireb. Dictatorial

ii. Becomes democratic after Mobutu overthrown in 1997

2. Name changes back to Congo

e. Algeria               i. 1945 altercation between Algerian

nationalists and French troops left thousands of Muslims and hundreds of French dead

             ii. 1954 the National Liberation Front (NLF) announces intents of fighting for independence through guerrilla warfare

1. French send troops and war ensuesiii. France agrees to allow for transition to Algerian independence

                          1. July, 1962 independence grantediv. Resulted in turmoil among Islamists and democratic governmentv. Civil war breaks out and continues to this day

f. West Africai. Peaceful Transition

1. Angola               a. Portugal

b. Last to give up colonies, 19752. Nigeria

g. South Africa               i. Apartheid

1. 1948 result of Dutch South African nationalism 2. Complete separation of the races3. Blacks make up 75% of population and given 13% of land4. Policy forced them to become international lepers

i. Black protest1. African National Congress

a. Organized boycotts and protestsb. Lead by Nelson Mandela

2. Police subdue protests brutallyii. Steps toward democracy

1. 1989 F.W. De Klerk elected presidenta. 1990 legalized ANC and released Nelson Mandela from Prisonb. 1991 repeal apartheid

2. Democratic elections helda. Mandela elected

Modern Middle EastI. UN Mandates

A. French Mandates in the Middle East i. Syriaii. Lebanon

B. British Mandates in the Middle East i. Jordanii. Palestine (part became independent as the State of Israel)

II. Palestine and Israela. Both Palestinians and Jews lay claim to the holy landb. In early 20th century Jews begin to move in great numbers to Palestine

               i. Fearing persecution they requested a separate nation be carved out of the holy land

c. After WW II the U N partitioned Palestine giving a great deal of its territory to the Jews

i. They create Israeliii. Golda Meir-Prime Minister seeks US aidii. Arabs and Palestinians outraged

1. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria invade days after Israel declared a sovereign nation2. Israel wins war

II. Palestine and Israela. Both Palestinians and Jews lay claim to the holy landb. In early 20th century Jews begin to move in great numbers to Palestine

               i. Fearing persecution they requested a separate nation be carved out of the holy land

c. After WW II the U N partitioned Palestine giving a great deal of its territory to the Jews

i. They create Israelii. Arabs and Palestinians outraged

1. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria invade days after Israel declared a sovereign nation2. Israel wins war

d. Conflicts                i.  Egypt seized the Suez Canal (1956)

1. Israel assisted by Europe took back the canal quickly

ii. Six Day war (1967)1. Egypt again seeks to attack Israel with Soviet weapons and other Arab nations2. Israel launched a pre-emptive strike defeating the Arab countries in six days

                                  a. Lost 800 and killed 15,0003. Results

                                    a. Israel claims1. Jerusalem2. Sinai Peninsula3. Golan Heights4. West Bank

                                                             

iii. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat planned an attack on the holiest of Jewish days Yom Kippur (1973)

a. Successfulb. Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir a counter attack and regained the lost territory

e. Attempts at Peace               i. President Sadat proposes peace in 1977

a. Says Israel must return land taken during the six-day war

ii. President Jimmy Carter negotiates the Camp David Accords

a. Egypt would recognize Israelb. Israel gave up the Sinai Peninsula

f. Palestinians living in Israel demand independencei. Call on the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) for assistance

1. Lead by Yasir Arafat2. Launch attacks on Israel throughout the 1970’s and 80’s

ii. Israel retaliates and attacks PLO bases in Lebanoniii. 1987 PLO begins intifida

1.      Uprising g. 1993 Oslo Accords

i. Israel’s Yitzhak Rabin agrees to give Palestine’s Arafat control of the Gaza Strip and West Bank

1. Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremists

III. Irana. Wealth from Oil and traditional values clashb. Shah Pahlavi supports Westernization

i. Iranian nationalists unite und Prime Minister Mossaddeq and force the Shah to fleeii. US fears the country will fall to the Soviet Union and restores the Shah to power

c. With US support Shah Pahlavi Westernises               i. Still great fiscal disparity

ii. Brutality by Shah’s policeiii. Angers the religious leaders or Ayatollahs

1. One in particular lead the resistance Ayatollah Khomeini2. Spurred the Iranian workers to strike

d. 1979 Khomeini forces the Shah to flee and establishes a Muslim state

i. Reinstated Islamic values e. Khomeini’s policies

               i. Anti-USii. Has Islamic revolutionaries seize the US embassy in Tehran

1. Reaction to US granting Shah asylum 2. Hostages not released until 1981, 444 days after capture

 

iii. Supported radical overthrows of secular governments

1. Increased tensions with Iraqa. Shi’a Muslims in Iran and Sunni Muslims in Iraqb. Go to war in 1980 for eight yearsc. US secretly sold weapons to Iran in an attempt to get their hostages released

IV. Afghanistana. 1950’s Soviet influence increasedb. 1970’s Muslims threaten to overthrow Communist control

               i. Soviets invade in 19791. Find themselves mired in Afghanistan

a. USSR’s Vietnam2. US gives Afghanis weapons3. Soviets withdraw after 10 years

MODERN TIMES

I. Migrations of refugees and othersA. Refugees as an issue in international conflictsB. Migrations of “guest workers” to European cities

II. Ethnic and religious conflictsA. Middle EastB. Northern Ireland

         C. BalkansC. Africa

III. Unequal Opportunities dependent on access to technologiesA. Widespread but unequal access to A. Widespread but unequal access to computers computers and instantaneous and instantaneous communicationscommunications

B. Genetic engineering and bioethicsB. Genetic engineering and bioethics

IV. Differences in Economically developed and developing nations

Geographic locations of major developed and Geographic locations of major developed and developing countriesdeveloping countries

Economic conditionsEconomic conditions C. Social conditions (literacy, access to health C. Social conditions (literacy, access to health care)care)

D. Population size and rate of growthD. Population size and rate of growth E. TE. The countries of the world are increasingly dependent on he countries of the world are increasingly dependent on

each other for raw materials markets, and financial each other for raw materials markets, and financial resources, although there is still a difference between the resources, although there is still a difference between the developed and developing nationsdeveloped and developing nations

V. Modern Global Challanges

A. Environmental challengesA. Environmental challenges• i. Pollutioni. Pollution• ii. Loss of habitatii. Loss of habitat• iii. Ozone depletioniii. Ozone depletion• B. Social challengesB. Social challenges

B. Social ChallengesB. Social Challenges• PovertyPoverty• Poor healthPoor health•         IlliteracyIlliteracy•         FamineFamine• MigrationMigration

VI. how economic independence is changing the world A. Role of rapid transportation, communication, and A. Role of rapid transportation, communication, and

computer networkscomputer networks B. Rise and influence of multinational corporationsB. Rise and influence of multinational corporations C. Changing role of international boundariesC. Changing role of international boundaries D. Regional integration (European Union)D. Regional integration (European Union) E. Trade agreements—North American Free Trade E. Trade agreements—North American Free Trade F. Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization F. Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization (WTO)(WTO)

G. International organizations— United Nations (UN), G. International organizations— United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF)International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Examples of International Terrorism Examples of International Terrorism • • Munich Olympics Munich Olympics • • Terrorist attacks in the United States (9/11/2001) Terrorist attacks in the United States (9/11/2001)

- motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden). - motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden). • • Car bombings Car bombings • • Suicide bombers Suicide bombers • • Airline hijackers Airline hijackers