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Self-Strengthening Movement(1861-1895)
Restore Qing Dynasty Provincial Leadership “Modernization” Imperial Maritime Custom Revenues
Robert Hart (1835-1911)
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Self-Strengthening Rationale Ti ( 體 ) and Yong ( 用 )
Chinese ethical principles of human relations and Confucian teachings
techniques of wealth and power. (Technology and institutions)
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Growing Importance of Chinese Provincial officials Zeng Guofan (1811-
1872) Hunan Army Li Hongzhang (1823-
1901) Huai Army Zuo Songtang (1812-
1885) Zhang Zhidong (1837-
1908) Zhang Zhidong
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Restoration to Self-Strengthening
Zeng Guofan (1811-1872)
Revive Confucianism Restore Traditional
Schools Jiangnan Arsenal
Yung Wing (1828-1912, Yale Graduate 1845)
Translation schools Yung Wing (容閎 )
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Self-Strengthening (1861-1895) Zuo Zongtang (1812-
1885) Suppression of Muslim
Uprising Fuzhou Shipyards Nanyang (Southern) Fleet
Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) Huai Army Suppression of Nian Tianjin Massacre, 1870 Beiyang (Northern) Fleet Premier Diplomat Industrial Enterprises,
Railroads
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Foreign Relations 1860-1880 Treaty of Tianjin (1858) and
Convention of Peking (1860) Zongli Yamen 1861
Prince Gong
International Law W.A.P. Martin
Foreign Missionaries Saving souls vs.
modernization
Western Advisors Customs Revenues
Treaty Temple Tianjin
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Political Figures in Qing CourtLate Nineteenth Century
Empress Dowager, Cixi (1835-1908)
Prince Gong (1833-1898)
Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861-1874)
Guangxu Emperor (r.1875-1908) (1889-1898
“independent”)
Guangxu Emperor
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Flaws in Self-Strengthening Lack of strong emperor to lead No coordination among self-strengtheners Lack of institutional reform and exams Foreign Hostilities
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Foreign Hostilities Anti-missionary violence (教案 )
Tianjin Massacre 1870 Foreign Encroachment Russia Ili
Treaty of St. Petersburg 1881
British colonize Nepal, Burma
Sino-French War 1884-85 Indochina
Sino Japanese War 1894-95 Korea
The French taking Bac Ninh in 1884