Rise of Islam

What is Islam?

• A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad

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Basic Beliefs of Islam

1. One God: (Allah= Arabic world for God

2. Judgment Day3. Acceptance of prophets,

including Moses and Jesus4. Muhammad was the last

prophet by God

Founding of Islam

• 570 AD Muhammad born in Mecca (Makkah)

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The Prophet Muhammad

Founding of Islam

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• 610 AD Muhammad was told by a vision of the angel Gabriel that he would be a prophet so began preaching in Mecca

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Muhammad receiving the message from Gabriel

Founding of Islam

• Islamic religion spread from Mecca to Medina along trade route

• 622 AD: Muhammad fled to Medina (Madinah) because of threats to his life

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Spread of Islam from Mecca to Medina 570 AD to 622 AD

Founding of Islam

• 630 AD: Muhammad returned to Mecca and was accepted

• 632 AD: Muhammad died in Medina (Madinah)

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Five Pillars

• As part of the Islam, all true Muslims must perform five duties:

1. Affirmation of faith

2. Prayer

3. Almsgiving

4. Fasting

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Affirmation of Faith

• The duty to recite the creed: “There is nothing worthy of worship save Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”

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Prayer

• The duty to pray to God five times each day (facing Mecca)

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“The rewards for the prayers which are performed by people assembled together are double of those which are said at home.” From The Sunnah

Almsgiving

• The duty to give away alms and to help the needy

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“A man's giving in alms one piece of silver in his lifetime is better for him than giving one hundred when about to die.”

From The Sunnah

Fasting

• The duty to keep the fast of Ramadan

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“A keeper of fasts, who does not abandon lying and slandering, God cares not about his leaving off eating and drinking.”

From The Sunnah

Pilgrimage

• The duty to visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime

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Quran (Koran)

• Islamic Holy Book

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“Read the Qur'an constantly; I swear by him in the hands of whose might is my life, verily the Qur'an runneth away faster than a camel which is not tied by the leg.”

From The Sunnah

Holy City: Mecca

• Mecca (Birthplace of Muhammad)

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Spread of Islamic Civilization

Islamic religion spread rapidly over great distances: Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia, Spain, Asia Minor, Russia, and India

Where did Islam spread?

Why??

• Quran instructed them to spread their faith.

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Expansion

• 635 AD: Muslim Conquest of Damascus, Syria

• 637 AD: Muslim Conquest of Iraq

• 638 AD: Muslim Conquest of Jerusalem

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Expansion

• 641 AD: Muslim conquest Egypt

• 649 AD: Muslim conquest of Persia

• 718 AD: Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) mostly occupied by Muslims

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Expansion ceases

• 732 AD: Battle of Tours

–**Muslims were defeated** and Islamic expansion into Europe stopped

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Tours is a city located in France.

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11th Century

• Turks seize most of Asia Minor from Byzantine

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13th Century

• Tatars conquer Russia, converted to Islam

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1453

• Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, End of Byzantine Empire

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The Split in Islam

Split of Islam

• 656 AD - two groups split over how the religious leaders should be chosen;

• Shi’ite (Shi’a)

• Sunni

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SHIITE (Shi’a)

• Mostly in Iraq & Iran

• Thought leader must be related to Muhammad through his daughter Fatima & Ali

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The 12 Imams, believed to be descendants of Muhammad daughter Fatima and son-in-Law Ali and the infallible true leaders of Islam.

SUNNI

• Majority of Muslims

• Leader should be any devout Muslim that the Muslims would accept

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Shi’a v Sunni

• Two groups fought each other; Sunni won & began the 1st Muslim Empire: The Umayyad Empire

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Umayyad Empire (661- 750AD)

• Sunni influenced.• Official language = Arabic• Moved capital to Damascus, Syria

(strategically located).• Conquered land to the Indus River

(Pakistan), North Africa, & Spain

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Islamic expansion ceases

UMAYYAD EMPIRE EXPANSION CEASES FOLLOWING LOSS AT

THE BATTLE OF TOURS IN FRANCE (732AD)

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Abbasids vs. Umayyad

• Abbasids defeated Umayyad in 750 AD

– Built a new capital in Baghdad, Iraq

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The non-shaded region shows the Abbasid Caliphate

The Muslim World fractures

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Beginning in 800 AD Islamic Empire began to break up and by 1000 AD only controlled area around Baghdad.

Fracture to Autonomous Dynasties:• Faced internal problems such as; financial, political, social, and military• Local governors act independently to central authority• Local authorities begin to act as individual provinces or states

Cultural Contributions

• Architecture (ex: Dome of the Rock, mosques)

• Islamic Civilization preserved and extended ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian Learning

• Mosaics

• Arabic alphabet04/19/23 44

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Dome of the Rock

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Mosque in Istanbul

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Islamic Mosaics

Cultural Contributions and Achievements

• Universities

• Translation of ancient texts into Arabic

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Students in the ancient Islamic University

Scientific achievements

• Arabic numerals (adapted from India), including zero

• Medicine

• Expansion of geographic knowledge

• Astronomy

• Algebra

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Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), the father of modern surgery, performed surgeries under inhalant anesthesia, and invented the plaster and many surgical instruments.

Pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation = pharmacology

Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis)

Medicine

• Al-Razi-– Chief physician at hospital in Baghdad– Compiled a huge medical encyclopedia,

explaining diseases so doctors could tell them apart.

• Ibn Sina– Scholar and doctor– Wrote the textbook Canon of Medicine– Used in Europe until 1650

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Mathematics

• Al-Khwarizmi– Compiled Arabic math

book, Algebra

– Developed Algebra

– Also worked in the field of astronomy and geography

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A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra

Geography

• Al-Idrisi– Cartographer, geographer, Egyptologist– Sent people to countries to study geographic

features– Developed more accurate maps

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The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by al-Idrisi in1154,one of the most advanced ancient world maps.Modern consolidation, created from the 70 double-page spreads of the original atlas.