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1790-1848Chapter 4, Sections 1-3

REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE AND LATIN

AMERICA

• At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of Europe tried to uproot the “revolutionary seed” and suppress nationalist fervor. Others, however, challenged the order imposed in 1815. The clash of people with opposing ideologies, or systems of thought and belief, plunged Europe into more than 30 years of turmoil.

AN AGE OF IDEOLOGIES

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• Included monarchs and their officials, noble landowners, and church leaders

• Some peasants, who wanted to preserve traditional ways also supported it

• Supported a return to the world before 1789 (they had benefited under the old order)

• Supported restoration of royal families to power• Supported a social hierarchy in which lower classes

respected and obeyed their social superiors• Supported an established church– Catholic in Austria and southern Europe– Protestant in northern Europe– Eastern Orthodox in eastern Europe

CONSERVATISM

• Believed natural rights and constitutional government lead to chaos

• Suppressed revolutionary ideas• Opposed freedom of the press• Used troops to crush protests• Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria

was one of the most outspoken conservatives

CONSERVATISM

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• Mostly the middle class (bourgeoisie) –business owners, bankers, lawyers, newspaper editors, and writers

• Supported a government based on written constitutions

• Supported separation of powers within the government

• Opposed divine-right monarchs, the old aristocracy, and established churches

• Supported rights of liberty, equality, and property

LIBERALISM

• Believed rulers should be elected by the people and be responsible to them (republican form of gov.)

• Government should protect rights such as freedom of thought, speech, and religion

• Early 1800s – believed only male property owners or those with a financial stake in society should have the right to vote (later supported universal male suffrage)

• Supports laissez-faire economic policies (little government involvement)

LIBERALISM

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• People with a common heritage unite to try to form their own homeland

• Developed as a result of years of being shuffled between rulers who exchanged land and the people who lived on it through wars, marriages, and treaties– The Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman empires

included diverse people who sought to create their own identities and nations

NATIONALISM

• Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and nationalism, revolutionaries fought against the old order. During the early 1800s, rebellions erupted in the Balkan Peninsula and elsewhere along the southern fringe of Europe.

EUROPEAN REVOLTS IN THE EARLY 1800S

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• The first Balkan people to revolt were the Serbs led by Karageorge who led a guerilla war against Ottoman rule from 1804 to 1813

• Although unsuccessful, the struggle fosters a sense of Serbian identity

• This created a revival of Serbian literature and culture• In 1815, Obrenovic turns to Russia for assistance in

leading a second, more successful revolution– Russians and Serbs both speak Slavic languages and practice Christian Orthodox religion

• In 1830, Serbs win autonomy (self-rule)• Russia continues to defend Serbian interests.

SERBIA

• Greeks revolt against the Ottomans in 1821.• Romantic writers support the Greeks.• In the 1820s, Britain, France, and Russia force

Ottomans to grant independence to some Greek provinces.

• In 1830, Greece is forced to accept a German king – a move made by European leaders to show that nationalistic revolutions were not supported

GREECE

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• Rebels in Spain, Portugal, and some Italian states

• France crushes the revolt in Spain.• Austria crushes a revolt in Italy.

Although troops put down these revolts, the demands of liberals and nationalists would continue to dominate Europe and other parts of the world.

OTHER REVOLTS

• With your partner, complete the chart on European Revolutions in 1830 and 1848.

• You should be able to complete this during class.

• HOMEWORK: Revolutions in Latin America Chart and Terms/People

FOR THE REST OF THE PERIOD…